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What was the Second Industrial What was the Second Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

What was the Second Industrial What was the Second Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

First IR: 1750-1830 in EnglandFirst IR: 1750-1830 in England

Second IR: 1850-1870s throughout Second IR: 1850-1870s throughout EuropeEurope

Rather than textiles & railroads, this Rather than textiles & railroads, this focused around new “modern” industries:focused around new “modern” industries: ChemicalsChemicals SteelSteel ElectricityElectricity OilOil Automobiles (end of the century)Automobiles (end of the century)

First IR: 1750-1830 in EnglandFirst IR: 1750-1830 in England

Second IR: 1850-1870s throughout Second IR: 1850-1870s throughout EuropeEurope

Rather than textiles & railroads, this Rather than textiles & railroads, this focused around new “modern” industries:focused around new “modern” industries: ChemicalsChemicals SteelSteel ElectricityElectricity OilOil Automobiles (end of the century)Automobiles (end of the century)

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What was New?What was New?

• Banks determined investment Banks determined investment priorities, not individualspriorities, not individuals

• 22ndnd IR not isolated to one country: IR not isolated to one country: GB, Germany & USA took the leadGB, Germany & USA took the lead

– Germany’s emergence as major Germany’s emergence as major economic power coincided with economic power coincided with emergence as political factoremergence as political factor

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Relative Share of World Relative Share of World ManufacturingManufacturing

Relative Share of World Relative Share of World ManufacturingManufacturing

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What was new…Part 2What was new…Part 2• Built upon the society and Built upon the society and

technology that emerged from the technology that emerged from the First IRFirst IR

• More emphasis upon science & More emphasis upon science & technologytechnology

• Often pioneering work done by large Often pioneering work done by large firms, not private entrepreneursfirms, not private entrepreneurs

• Growth of “white collar workers”Growth of “white collar workers”

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Social Results of Social Results of IndustrializationIndustrialization

• Population growth of 17Population growth of 17thth C. C. became an explosion in the 18became an explosion in the 18thth C. C.– 1800-1850: 40% population increase1800-1850: 40% population increase– 1850-1900: 50 % population increase1850-1900: 50 % population increase

•266 million to 401 million266 million to 401 million•Europeans were 25% of the world Europeans were 25% of the world

populationpopulation•Began to leave Europe and head to the Began to leave Europe and head to the

Americas, Africa, Asia & AustraliaAmericas, Africa, Asia & Australia

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UrbanizationUrbanization

• Greatest social result of the IRGreatest social result of the IR– Previous to IR, vast majority of people Previous to IR, vast majority of people

lived on farmslived on farms– After IR, vast majority of people lived in After IR, vast majority of people lived in

citiescities

• Pros: new ideas flourish, creativity Pros: new ideas flourish, creativity increased, education possible for allincreased, education possible for all

• Cons: traditional social bonds Cons: traditional social bonds dissolved, people become alienateddissolved, people become alienated

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The Urban EnvironmentThe Urban Environment• Conditions in cities were Conditions in cities were

bad before the IR, but bad before the IR, but new population pressures new population pressures & industries intensifies & industries intensifies filth and diseasefilth and disease– Open sewersOpen sewers– Cholera & disease affect Cholera & disease affect

middle class, toomiddle class, too• House of Commons had to be House of Commons had to be

closed due to stink from the closed due to stink from the River ThamesRiver Thames

– 1840s: Public Health 1840s: Public Health movements lead to greater movements lead to greater role for governmentrole for government

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Medical BreakthroughsMedical Breakthroughs

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur (1822- (1822-1895) discovers 1895) discovers bacterial in 1868bacterial in 1868

Joseph Lister Joseph Lister (1827-(1827-1912) began 1912) began sterilizing wounds, sterilizing wounds, stopping death from stopping death from septicemiasepticemia

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HousingHousing• Tenements were Tenements were

crowded, badly built, crowded, badly built, had poor sanitationhad poor sanitation– Usually 200 people Usually 200 people 1 toilet 1 toilet

• Crowded near Crowded near factories due to factories due to absence of public absence of public transportationtransportation

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Urban PlanningUrban Planning• Mid-19Mid-19thth Century efforts at urban Century efforts at urban

planning and improvements in public planning and improvements in public transportation allowed people to live transportation allowed people to live away from workaway from work– Paris as the model Paris as the model

Baron HaussmanBaron Haussman

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Class StructuresClass Structures

• Despite increased wealth, there Despite increased wealth, there continued to be a great disparity of continued to be a great disparity of wealthwealth

– Richest 5% had 1/3 of national incomeRichest 5% had 1/3 of national income

– Richest 20% had 50-60% of natl. incomeRichest 20% had 50-60% of natl. income

• Increased total wealth led to a Increased total wealth led to a complicated class system, with many complicated class system, with many levelslevels

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Social Groups Who Lost Social Groups Who Lost GroundGround

• Rural AristocracyRural Aristocracy: gradually lost power : gradually lost power in GB, France & Low Countries; in GB, France & Low Countries; retained power in Russia & Germany retained power in Russia & Germany until 20until 20thth C. C.

• PeasantsPeasants: as populations moved into : as populations moved into cities, rural peasants became more cities, rural peasants became more marginalizedmarginalized

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New Social Classes Created New Social Classes Created by the IRby the IR

• Factory OwnersFactory Owners: easy mobility : easy mobility resulted in large numbersresulted in large numbers– By mid-19By mid-19thth century they sought to century they sought to

assimilate with the old ruling classesassimilate with the old ruling classes• Bought titlesBought titles• Sent children to private schoolsSent children to private schools

• Working Class (Proletariat)Working Class (Proletariat): resulted : resulted from massive # of people moving from massive # of people moving into the cities, selling their labor, not into the cities, selling their labor, not productsproducts

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The New Middle ClassThe New Middle Class• Urban Middle Class = 20% of city Urban Middle Class = 20% of city

populationpopulation– Capitalist BourgeoisieCapitalist Bourgeoisie: owned factories, : owned factories,

sought to copy the aristocracysought to copy the aristocracy– Professional Middle ClassProfessional Middle Class: merchants, : merchants,

lawyers, doctors, engineerslawyers, doctors, engineers• Increased power and importance as Increased power and importance as

knowledge-based skills come to the fore in knowledge-based skills come to the fore in societysociety

– Lower Middle ClassLower Middle Class (new class): dentists, (new class): dentists, teachers, nursesteachers, nurses• Typically identified with MC values though Typically identified with MC values though

wealth was equal to that of WCwealth was equal to that of WC

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Middle Class CultureMiddle Class Culture

• Lots of £ to spend onLots of £ to spend onfoodfood

• Use of servantsUse of servants• Good homesGood homes• Values = hard work, education, Values = hard work, education,

religionreligion• Insecurity about social and economic Insecurity about social and economic

positionposition– Try to climb higher on the ladderTry to climb higher on the ladder– Led to many of the 20Led to many of the 20thth Century’s political Century’s political

problemsproblems

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The Working ClassThe Working Class

• ProletariatProletariat (80%) of urban population (80%) of urban population– Means workers for wages, who do not Means workers for wages, who do not

own means of productionown means of production– Aristocracy of labor = highly skilled Aristocracy of labor = highly skilled

craftsmen craftsmen printers, masons, foremen printers, masons, foremen• Always under pressure from new technology Always under pressure from new technology

– Semi-skilled labor = bricklayers, Semi-skilled labor = bricklayers, pipefitterspipefitters

– Unskilled labor = factory workers, Unskilled labor = factory workers, domestic servantsdomestic servants

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Working Class CultureWorking Class Culture• Hard life meant emphasis upon funHard life meant emphasis upon fun

– Drinking, sports, racing, music hallsDrinking, sports, racing, music halls

• Religion was more or less irrelevant Religion was more or less irrelevant to the working classes, though many to the working classes, though many continued to be baptizedcontinued to be baptized– In Europe, churches tended to be seen In Europe, churches tended to be seen

as tools to preserve the status quoas tools to preserve the status quo

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Family Life & SexFamily Life & Sex

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Marriage:Marriage:The Triumph of Romantic LoveThe Triumph of Romantic Love

• Pre-marital sex & illegitimate births Pre-marital sex & illegitimate births increased until 1850increased until 1850

• Illegitimate births decrease after Illegitimate births decrease after 18501850– Stabilization of working classStabilization of working class– Contraception was availableContraception was available– Higher tendency to marry once woman Higher tendency to marry once woman

got pregnantgot pregnant

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The FamilyThe Family

• MC & WC kinship ties remained strongMC & WC kinship ties remained strong– Source of support & welfareSource of support & welfare

• Family no longer a unit of production Family no longer a unit of production but becomes a unit of consumptionbut becomes a unit of consumption– Adult male as “breadwinner” reinforced Adult male as “breadwinner” reinforced

male authority in the homemale authority in the home

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Women & WorkWomen & Work• Pre-Industrial pattern of working MC Pre-Industrial pattern of working MC

women disappearswomen disappears– Less need for their labor due to Less need for their labor due to

machines & higher salaries of husbandsmachines & higher salaries of husbands

• As women are excluded, idea As women are excluded, idea develops that women unable to work develops that women unable to work as effectively as menas effectively as men

• Ideal develops of woman’s place at Ideal develops of woman’s place at home, cooking and providing for the home, cooking and providing for the husband and familyhusband and family

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ChildrenChildren• Parent-child relationship Parent-child relationship

based upon lovebased upon love• Fewer children + lower Fewer children + lower

death rate = each child death rate = each child valued morevalued more

• Birthrate fell to maximize Birthrate fell to maximize economic positioneconomic position

• Children controlled and Children controlled and repressed by parents & repressed by parents & societysociety

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SexualitySexuality

• MC developed a MC developed a distinct sexual distinct sexual ideology: separation ideology: separation of family from the of family from the rest of liferest of life– ““Cult of Domesticity”Cult of Domesticity”

= order and = order and naturalnessnaturalness

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SexualitySexuality• Putting women Putting women

on pedestal gave on pedestal gave domestic power, domestic power, but reduced but reduced overall role in overall role in societysociety

• Use of restrictive Use of restrictive clothing clothing emphasized the emphasized the sexuality of sexuality of womenwomen– BustlesBustles– GirdlesGirdles

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SexualitySexuality

• Women seen as either Women seen as either a “mother” or a a “mother” or a “whore”“whore”

• Especially strong Especially strong among urban men among urban men who had a wife & who had a wife & family as well as high family as well as high availability of availability of prostitutesprostitutes

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Men & WomenMen & Women• Prostitution was very commonProstitution was very common

– 30,000+ prostitutes in London by end of 30,000+ prostitutes in London by end of centurycentury

– Poverty of many = opportunity for Poverty of many = opportunity for wealthy men to buy sexwealthy men to buy sex