1. 2 pauline worship: balance or chaos? normative or unique? valid for today? pip ch4, 5, 6...

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Pauline Worship: Balance or Chaos?

Normative or Unique?

Valid for Today?

PIP Ch4, 5, 6

Pauline Worship: Balance or Chaos?


Valid for Today?

PIP Ch4, 5, 6

©2012Barry Liesch Biola University La Mirada, California©2012Barry Liesch Biola University La Mirada, California

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Romans 12: 1,2 NRSVRomans 12: 1,2 NRSV

I appeal to you, therefore, brothers and I appeal to you, therefore, brothers and sisters, by the mercies of God, to present sisters, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your acceptable to God, which is your spiritual act spiritual act of worship.of worship.

Do not be conformed to this world, but Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your be transformed by the renewing of your minds, so that you may be able to discern minds, so that you may be able to discern what is the will of God what is the will of God −− what is good what is good and acceptable and perfect. and acceptable and perfect.

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I a__ to you, therefore, brothers and I a__ to you, therefore, brothers and sisters, by __________________, to present sisters, by __________________, to present your _____, as a ____ ____, holy and ____to your _____, as a ____ ____, holy and ____to God, which is your ________________________.God, which is your ________________________.

Do not be __________________, but be____ by Do not be __________________, but be____ by the ____________,so that you may be able the ____________,so that you may be able to discern w___ i_ to discern w___ i_

t_ w__ of G__, what is good and ____ and t_ w__ of G__, what is good and ____ and ____. ____.

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I appeal to you, therefore, brothers and I appeal to you, therefore, brothers and sisters, by the mercies of God, to present sisters, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your acceptable to God, which is your spiritual act spiritual act of worship.of worship.

Do not be conformed to this world, but Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your be transformed by the renewing of your minds, so that you may be able to discern minds, so that you may be able to discern what is the will of God what is the will of God −− what is good what is good and acceptable and perfect. and acceptable and perfect.

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““SSpiritual act” piritual act” of worshipof worship Translates the Greek word Translates the Greek word “logos”“logos”

LogosLogos also includes the sense of also includes the sense of informed act informed act of worship/serviceof worship/service rational act rational act of worship/serviceof worship/serviceGod wants us to worship with a full God wants us to worship with a full

understanding of what we are doing.understanding of what we are doing.

Our worship should be Our worship should be spiritualspiritual and and intelligent!intelligent!

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Overlap of Temple, Synagogue, ChurchOverlap of Temple, Synagogue, Church

Temple/Temple/SynagogueSynagogue//ChurchChurch coexist (30-70AD) coexist (30-70AD)10001000______________________________________________70AD70AD

200?200?______________________________________________ _ _ ________________________________

JJ HS P RevHS P Rev

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200?200?______________________________________________ _ _ ________________________________

JJ HS P RevHS P Rev J=Jesus, HS=Holy Spirit, P=PaulJ=Jesus, HS=Holy Spirit, P=Paul

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200?200?______________________________________________ _ _ ________________________________

JJ HS P RevHS P Rev J=Jesus, HS=Holy Spirit, P=PaulJ=Jesus, HS=Holy Spirit, P=Paul Book of Revelation ca 90AD Book of Revelation ca 90AD

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200?200?______________________________________________ _ _ ________________________________

JJ HS P RevHS P Rev J=Jesus, HS=Holy Spirit, P=Paul, J=Jesus, HS=Holy Spirit, P=Paul, Book of Revelation ca 90AD Book of Revelation ca 90AD Disciples & PaulDisciples & Paul

Attended Temple, Synagogue, and ChurchAttended Temple, Synagogue, and Church

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Extreme Edges of NT WorshipExtreme Edges of NT Worship

Worship in Jerusalem Worship in Jerusalem (Conservative?)(Conservative?) Influenced by Temple, SynagogueInfluenced by Temple, Synagogue Jews comprise the majorityJews comprise the majority RuralRural Setting SettingWorship in Corinth Worship in Corinth (Cutting-Edge?)(Cutting-Edge?) Influenced by Gentile culture, PaulInfluenced by Gentile culture, Paul Gentiles comprise the majorityGentiles comprise the majority Big CityBig City setting (1/4 million people) setting (1/4 million people)

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Extreme Edges of NT WorshipExtreme Edges of NT Worship

Jewish Christians in JerusalemJewish Christians in Jerusalem Went to Temple & SynagogueWent to Temple & Synagogue Hours of prayer (9, 12, 3 o’clock)Hours of prayer (9, 12, 3 o’clock) Taught, broke bread, prayed in homesTaught, broke bread, prayed in homesGentile Christians in CorinthGentile Christians in Corinth Instructed in Jewish PracticesInstructed in Jewish Practices Jewish practices reinterpretedJewish practices reinterpreted Temple now the body of ChristTemple now the body of Christ Christ the true PassoverChrist the true Passover Believers as priestsBelievers as priests

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Pauline Worship

is different from the

Synagogue(Stunning differences!)

Pauline Worship

is different from the

Synagogue(Stunning differences!)

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Pauline Worship in Corinth

Normative or Unique?Pauline Worship in Corinth


Discuss laterDiscuss later Was Paul’s concept of worship in Was Paul’s concept of worship in

Corinth representative of Gentile Corinth representative of Gentile churches in general?churches in general?

Are the Pauline practices of worship Are the Pauline practices of worship valid today?valid today?

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What was Pauline worship like?What was Pauline worship like?

His authoritative letters... His authoritative letters... Reveal a worship by the SpiritReveal a worship by the Spirit

We who worship by the Spirit We who worship by the Spirit Phil 3:3Phil 3:3

Show body-life, charismatic dynamicShow body-life, charismatic dynamic Interactive koinoniaInteractive koinonia Charismatic gifting Charismatic gifting

Paul was read in worship servicesPaul was read in worship services I charge you before the Lord to have this letter read to all I charge you before the Lord to have this letter read to all

the brothers the brothers I Thess 5:27I Thess 5:27

Paul provides a snapshotPaul provides a snapshot Not comprehensive--focus on problemsNot comprehensive--focus on problems

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Pauline “House” ChurchesPauline “House” Churches

Small churches in homesSmall churches in homesSome were extended householdsSome were extended households Hotel-like compoundsHotel-like compounds

Connecting apartments, rented roomsConnecting apartments, rented rooms TavernTavern

Cross section of societyCross section of society Slave owners, slaves Slave owners, slaves Craftsmen, business clientsCraftsmen, business clients

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Services with Maximum Participation

Elements of FreedomServices with Maximum Participation

Elements of Freedom

Spontaneous, Body-Life ParticipationSpontaneous, Body-Life Participation ““Everyone”, “anyone”, “someone,” “all”Everyone”, “anyone”, “someone,” “all”

EveryoneEveryone has a hymn, a word of instruction, a has a hymn, a word of instruction, a revelation, a tongue, or an interpretation.revelation, a tongue, or an interpretation. (1 Cor (1 Cor 14:26)14:26)

If If anyoneanyone speaks in a tongue, s speaks in a tongue, someoneomeone must must interpretinterpret (1 Cor 14:31)(1 Cor 14:31)

If an unbeliever…comes in while If an unbeliever…comes in while everybodyeverybody is is prophesying, he will be convinced by prophesying, he will be convinced by allall… and … and judged by judged by allall. . (1 Cor 14:24)(1 Cor 14:24)

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What if you were to walk in… see…

The Look of Pauline Services!What if you were to walk in… see…

The Look of Pauline Services! Salutations/BenedictionsSalutations/Benedictions

Grace be to you and peace from God our Father Gal 1:3Grace be to you and peace from God our Father Gal 1:3

Doxology/AcclamationsDoxology/Acclamations Thanks be to God! Jesus is Lord! Maranatha!Thanks be to God! Jesus is Lord! Maranatha!

Spontaneous prayer, Liturgical prayerSpontaneous prayer, Liturgical prayer Reading of OT Scripture, Paul’s LettersReading of OT Scripture, Paul’s Letters Responsive AmensResponsive Amens Collection (offering)Collection (offering) Breaking of BreadBreaking of Bread

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The Look of Pauline Services!What if you were to walk in… see…

The Look of Pauline Services! BaptismBaptism Prostration, Raising Hands, Holy KissesProstration, Raising Hands, Holy Kisses Hymns, Psalms, Spiritual SongsHymns, Psalms, Spiritual Songs Singing/Praying in the spirit/with the mindSinging/Praying in the spirit/with the mind Body-life interactionBody-life interaction Instruction, preaching, edificationInstruction, preaching, edification Tongues, InterpretationTongues, Interpretation Prophecy, Revelation, DiscernmentProphecy, Revelation, Discernment HealingHealing

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Importance ofImportance of

Holy SpiritHoly SpiritGifts of the SpiritGifts of the Spirit

for Pauline worshipfor Pauline worship

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Importance ofImportance of

Holy SpiritHoly SpiritGifts of the SpiritGifts of the Spirit

for Pauline worshipfor Pauline worshipfor worship today?for worship today?

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Pauline Worship

Spiritual gifts in Cor 12-14Pauline Worship

Spiritual gifts in Cor 12-14 Now concerning spiritual gifts…Now concerning spiritual gifts… I Cor 12:1I Cor 12:1 God has appointed in the God has appointed in the

church, first apostles, second church, first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then prophets, third teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healing, miracles, then gifts of healing, helps, administrations, various helps, administrations, various kinds of tongues.kinds of tongues.

I Cor 12:28I Cor 12:28

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Pauline Worship


Spiritual gifts in Cor 12-14 The contentionThe contention

When translations read “When translations read “spiritspirit-ual”-ual” Should read “Spirit”, or pertaining to the SpiritShould read “Spirit”, or pertaining to the Spirit

Now concerning Now concerning spiritual giftsspiritual gifts… … 12:112:1 Emphasis on Emphasis on endowmentendowment with the with the SpiritSpirit

Now about Now about gifts of the Spiritgifts of the Spirit… … 12:112:1 Emphasis on manifest Emphasis on manifest SpiritSpirit who endows who endows

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Pauline Worship


Spiritual gifts in Cor 12-14 Gordon FeeGordon FeeThe small case “spiritual” probably The small case “spiritual” probably

should be eliminated from our should be eliminated from our vocabulary [in Pauline books] … vocabulary [in Pauline books] …

where “spiritual” tends to mean where “spiritual” tends to mean “religious,” “nonmaterial” or “religious,” “nonmaterial” or something close to “mystical” or something close to “mystical” or even “the interior life of the even “the interior life of the believer.”believer.”

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Pauline Worship


Spiritual gifts in Cor 12-14

In fact there is not a single In fact there is not a single instance in Paul where this word instance in Paul where this word refers to the human “spirit” and refers to the human “spirit” and has to do with “spiritual life.”has to do with “spiritual life.”

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Pauline Worship



In fact there is not a single In fact there is not a single instance in Paul where this word instance in Paul where this word refers to the human “spirit” and refers to the human “spirit” and has to do with “spiritual life.”has to do with “spiritual life.”

It is an adjective that primarily It is an adjective that primarily refers to the Spirit of God.refers to the Spirit of God.

spiritual people = spiritual people = SpiritSpirit (adjective) people (adjective) people spiritual songs = spiritual songs = SpiritSpirit (adjective) (adjective) songssongs

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Pauline Worship



The words Spirit, spirit, and The words Spirit, spirit, and spiritual…have become flabby spiritual…have become flabby through subjectivizing indulgence through subjectivizing indulgence and lack of exegetical exercise.and lack of exegetical exercise.

Eugene H. PetersonEugene H. Peterson

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Pauline Worship

Charismatic gifts I Cor 14:14,15

Pauline Worship

Charismatic gifts I Cor 14:14,15

Praying/singing with the spirit & mindPraying/singing with the spirit & mind I shall pray/sing with the S/spirit and I shall I shall pray/sing with the S/spirit and I shall

pray/sing with the mind also.pray/sing with the mind also.

Praying in tongues with “my spirit”Praying in tongues with “my spirit” For it I pray in a tongue, my spirit prays…but my For it I pray in a tongue, my spirit prays…but my

mind in unfruitful…mind in unfruitful…

Tongues in public worship (minor role)Tongues in public worship (minor role) Three at most/one at a time (orderly)/interpretedThree at most/one at a time (orderly)/interpreted More extensive use in private devotions?More extensive use in private devotions?

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Pauline Worship

Charismatic giftsPauline Worship

Charismatic gifts HealingHealingTo one is given the word of wisdom…to another gifts To one is given the word of wisdom…to another gifts

of of healinghealing by the Spirit…to another the effecting of by the Spirit…to another the effecting of miracles miracles I Cor 12:8-10I Cor 12:8-10

And God has appointed …first apostles, second And God has appointed …first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracles, then gifts of prophets, third teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healinghealing….….

I Cor 12:28I Cor 12:28

Pentecostal Churches: healing emphasizedPentecostal Churches: healing emphasized

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Pauline Worship

Charismatic giftsPauline Worship

Charismatic gifts Prophecy (major role) Prophecy (major role)

Forth telling and/or fore-tellingForth telling and/or fore-telling ““for edification, exhortation, comfort” I Cor 14:3for edification, exhortation, comfort” I Cor 14:3

Testing of prophecies/Gift of discernmentTesting of prophecies/Gift of discernment

Do not put out the Spirit’s fire; do not treat Do not put out the Spirit’s fire; do not treat propheciesprophecies with contempt. Test everything. Hold on to the with contempt. Test everything. Hold on to the good.good. I Thess 5:19-21I Thess 5:19-21

Grudem/Vineyard/Debate on ProphecyGrudem/Vineyard/Debate on Prophecy Fallible? Different from OT Prophets/Apostles? Fallible? Different from OT Prophets/Apostles? Occurs during closeout (5 phase format)Occurs during closeout (5 phase format)

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Are you a Cessationist?Are you a Cessationist?

Cessationists believe the more spectacular works and gifts of

God ceased with the apostles, or at the very latest with the early Church Fathers.

These gifts include not only tongues and prophecy, but also all other 'power' gifts in which God overrides the order of nature.

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Are you a Cessationist?Are you a Cessationist?

Four types of cessationistsFour types of cessationists

1. no miraculous, 1. no miraculous, andand

no apostles, prophets, pastors, teachersno apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers

2. no miraculous of any kind2. no miraculous of any kind

3. occasional miracles, but no new revelation3. occasional miracles, but no new revelation

4. miracles only in unevangelized 4. miracles only in unevangelized lands/situationslands/situations

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Are you a Continualist?Are you a Continualist?

Four typesFour types1. Cautious continualist: Piper1. Cautious continualist: Piper

Cautious on prophecy, tongues, healingCautious on prophecy, tongues, healing

2. Third Wave continualist: Grudem2. Third Wave continualist: Grudem Healing, prophecy, tongues (very minor role)Healing, prophecy, tongues (very minor role) VineyardVineyard

3. Moderate charismatic: Hayford3. Moderate charismatic: Hayford4. Full Gospel/Assemblies of God4. Full Gospel/Assemblies of God

Tongues as evidence of Baptism of the Spirit Tongues as evidence of Baptism of the Spirit

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Argument for CessationArgument for Cessation

Miracles authenticate doctrine in NTMiracles authenticate doctrine in NT Today Scripture is sufficient (no need for miracles)Today Scripture is sufficient (no need for miracles)

Chasing after prophecy, tongues diminishes Chasing after prophecy, tongues diminishes the authority of Biblethe authority of Bible

Prophecy requires 100% accuracy (or false)Prophecy requires 100% accuracy (or false) ““God told me”--How do you know?God told me”--How do you know? Danger of ego elevationDanger of ego elevation Haven’t experienced anything supernaturalHaven’t experienced anything supernatural Skeptics: “provide me incontestable proof”Skeptics: “provide me incontestable proof”

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Argument for ContinuationArgument for Continuation

Nowhere does scripture say gifts of the Spirit have Nowhere does scripture say gifts of the Spirit have ceasedceased To say so is exegetically indefensibleTo say so is exegetically indefensible

Arguments against are all circumstantialArguments against are all circumstantial Prophecy in NT can be fallibleProphecy in NT can be fallible

Test the Spirits/Gift of DiscernmentTest the Spirits/Gift of Discernment We’re too influenced by Western mind-setWe’re too influenced by Western mind-set The fruit from continualists is goodThe fruit from continualists is good

God is blessing charismatics world-wideGod is blessing charismatics world-wide Most Latino churches are Pentecostal CharismaticsMost Latino churches are Pentecostal Charismatics

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Is it Cessationist or Continualist?Biola’s Doctrinal StatementIs it Cessationist or Continualist?Biola’s Doctrinal Statement

During the foundational era of the ChurchDuring the foundational era of the Church (i.e., the time of Christ and the Apostles) (i.e., the time of Christ and the Apostles) God gave special manifestations of the God gave special manifestations of the overtly supernatural and miraculous overtly supernatural and miraculous gifts (e.g., tongues, healings, miracles) as gifts (e.g., tongues, healings, miracles) as "signs" that witness to the validity of "signs" that witness to the validity of those bearing new canonical revelation those bearing new canonical revelation (c.f. II Cor. 12:12; Heb. 2:3-4). (c.f. II Cor. 12:12; Heb. 2:3-4).

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Is it Cessationist or Continualist?Biola’s Doctrinal StatementIs it Cessationist or Continualist?Biola’s Doctrinal Statement

Beyond the foundational eraBeyond the foundational era, God in , God in His sovereignty may grant any His sovereignty may grant any spiritual gift and work spiritual gift and work miraculously for the benefit of His miraculously for the benefit of His Church at any time.Church at any time.

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Wise as serpents/Harmless as dovesIntroducing/Experiencing ChangeWise as serpents/Harmless as dovesIntroducing/Experiencing Change Visit cessationist & continualist churchesVisit cessationist & continualist churches

Visit to identify with wide range of persuasionsVisit to identify with wide range of persuasions Ability to empathize/understand concernsAbility to empathize/understand concerns

Some storiesSome stories Saddleback: Southern BaptistSaddleback: Southern Baptist Azusa Street (HP): 1903? -> AOG (14 mill)Azusa Street (HP): 1903? -> AOG (14 mill) Marvin Mayers: the way Mexicans prayMarvin Mayers: the way Mexicans pray Dr. Cook: scripted lifted handsDr. Cook: scripted lifted hands Vineyard: healing, prophecy, tongues (less)Vineyard: healing, prophecy, tongues (less) Latino churches, Rhumba (beats)Latino churches, Rhumba (beats) Rhumba/Lexicon/Apple storyRhumba/Lexicon/Apple story Biola & beardsBiola & beards

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What was Pauline worship like?What was Pauline worship like?

Some claim it wasSome claim it was Primitive and simplisticPrimitive and simplistic A chaotic “free for all”A chaotic “free for all”But it was Spirit-led and exhibited But it was Spirit-led and exhibited Balance of liturgical & free-formBalance of liturgical & free-form Amazing richnessAmazing richness Body-life interactionBody-life interaction

Small group participation (50 people?)Small group participation (50 people?)

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Pauline Worship

Liturgical ElementsPauline Worship

Liturgical Elements

Formal Salutations & BenedictionsFormal Salutations & Benedictions Grace & peace to you from God our Father Grace & peace to you from God our Father

and the Lord Jesus Christ and the Lord Jesus Christ (I Cor 1:3)(I Cor 1:3)

May the grace of the Lord Jesus, and the love May the grace of the Lord Jesus, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all. be with you all. (2 Cor 13:14)(2 Cor 13:14)

Maranatha! The grace of the Lord Jesus be Maranatha! The grace of the Lord Jesus be with you all. with you all. (1 Cor 16:23) (1 Cor 16:23)

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Pauline Worship


Liturgical Elements

Liturgical PrayerLiturgical Prayer Blessed be the God and Father of our Blessed be the God and Father of our

Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of

mercies and God of all comfort, who mercies and God of all comfort, who

comforts us in all our affliction comforts us in all our affliction

2 Cor 1:3-42 Cor 1:3-4

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Pauline Worship


Liturgical Elements

Acclamations & DoxologiesAcclamations & Doxologies But thanks be to GodBut thanks be to God! He gives us the ! He gives us the

victory through our Lord Jesus Christ victory through our Lord Jesus Christ (1 (1 Cor 15:57)Cor 15:57)

But thanks be to GodBut thanks be to God (2 Cor 2:14)(2 Cor 2:14)

Thanks be to GodThanks be to God for his indescribable for his indescribable gift gift (2 Cor 9:15)(2 Cor 9:15)

Fixed phrases (similar to 18 Benedictions)Fixed phrases (similar to 18 Benedictions)

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Pauline Worship

Astonishing Array of Elements!Pauline Worship

Astonishing Array of Elements!

In comparison with Pauline In comparison with Pauline worship, the Protestant worship, the Protestant Churches of our own era are Churches of our own era are very much poorer, very much poorer,

not only in respect of the free not only in respect of the free working of the Spirit, but also working of the Spirit, but also of what is liturgical.of what is liturgical.

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Pauline Worship

Harmonious CombinationPauline Worship

Harmonious Combination

It is precisely in this It is precisely in this harmonious combination of harmonious combination of freedom and restriction that freedom and restriction that there lies the greatness and there lies the greatness and uniqueness of the early uniqueness of the early Christian serviceChristian service

Oscar CullmannOscar Cullmann

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The Look of Pauline ServicesWhat if you were to walk in… see…

The Look of Pauline Services BaptismBaptism Prostration, Raising Hands, Holy KissesProstration, Raising Hands, Holy Kisses Instruction, preaching, edificationInstruction, preaching, edification Hymns, Psalms, Spiritual SongsHymns, Psalms, Spiritual Songs Body-life interactionBody-life interaction Singing/Praying in the spirit/with the mindSinging/Praying in the spirit/with the mind Tongues, InterpretationTongues, Interpretation Prophecy, Revelation, DiscernmentProphecy, Revelation, Discernment HealingHealing

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Pauline Worship

Astonishing Array of Elements!Pauline Worship

Astonishing Array of Elements!

Paul has preserved everything Paul has preserved everything which can contribute to the which can contribute to the “building up” of the body of “building up” of the body of Christ. Christ. Oscar CullmannOscar Cullmann

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Pauline Worship

Dependence on the SpiritPauline Worship

Dependence on the Spirit

Paul seems to never have wavered Paul seems to never have wavered

in his confidence that the Spirit’s in his confidence that the Spirit’s leading was to be wholly trusted, leading was to be wholly trusted, and that it would be wrong to seek and that it would be wrong to seek ease and safety with some lesser ease and safety with some lesser but more calculable guide.but more calculable guide.

Alexander McDonaldAlexander McDonald

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Rich and Poor Together?

The Lord’s TableRich and Poor Together?

The Lord’s Table

Divisions, Factions existedDivisions, Factions existedYour meetings do more harm Your meetings do more harm

than good.than good....as you eat, each of you goes ...as you eat, each of you goes

ahead without waiting for ahead without waiting for anybody else. One remains anybody else. One remains hungry, the other gets drunk.hungry, the other gets drunk.

I Cor 11:21I Cor 11:21

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The Lord’s Table

Divisions, Factions existedDivisions, Factions existedDon’t you have homes to eat Don’t you have homes to eat

and drink in? and drink in? Or do you despise the church Or do you despise the church

of God and humiliate those of God and humiliate those who have nothing? who have nothing? I I Cor 11Cor 11

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The Lord’s Table

Paul’s decisionPaul’s decision Confine agape feasts to private homesConfine agape feasts to private homes

At home: observe the norms of your social classAt home: observe the norms of your social class Eliminate social stratificationEliminate social stratification

At church: observe the norms of the At church: observe the norms of the congregation --> be one bodycongregation --> be one body

Because there is one loaf, we, who are many, Because there is one loaf, we, who are many, are one bodyare one body 1 Cor 10:171 Cor 10:17

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Pauline Worship in Corinth

Normative or Unique?Pauline Worship in Corinth


DiscussDiscuss In what ways is Pauline worship different In what ways is Pauline worship different

from Synagogue worship?from Synagogue worship? Externally and Internally Externally and Internally

Was Paul’s concept of worship in Corinth Was Paul’s concept of worship in Corinth representative of Gentile churches in representative of Gentile churches in general?general?

Are the Pauline practices of worship valid Are the Pauline practices of worship valid today?today?

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Synagogue/Corinthian Worship ContrastedSynagogue/Corinthian Worship Contrasted

SynagogueSynagogue Corinthian Corinthian (Gentile)(Gentile)On Sabbath On first day of weekOn Sabbath On first day of weekPresence of 10 males Where 2 or 3 gatheredPresence of 10 males Where 2 or 3 gatheredMembership by birth Membership by faithMembership by birth Membership by faithSeats of honor Assembly rules?Seats of honor Assembly rules?Regulated by President Gift of discernmentRegulated by President Gift of discernmentCircumcision BaptismCircumcision BaptismTorah lectionary Paul’s letters readTorah lectionary Paul’s letters readScroll ceremony Lord’s TableScroll ceremony Lord’s TableHomily Prophesying in turnsHomily Prophesying in turnsFixed prayers Improvised prayersFixed prayers Improvised prayersYarmulkes Men bare-headedYarmulkes Men bare-headed LawLaw Spirit energized Spirit energized

1. 2 pauline worship: balance or chaos? normative or unique? valid for today? pip ch4, 5, 6...

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