1 2 think about… 23.1meaning of health and disease 23.2effects of lifestyles on health recall...

2

Think about…

23.1 Meaning of health and disease

23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health

Recall ‘Think about…’

Summary concept map

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A Hong Kong Health Index survey has recently been completed.

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It measured the health status of Hong Kong people.

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Some of the survey results:

16.1% of people have chronic diseases (長期病患 )

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40.1% of people do not exercise regularly


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30.4% of people have had sleep problems in the past week


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What is healthAre people without diseases considered healthy

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What are the health benefits of regular exercise

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How is healthaffected by insufficient sleep

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23.1 Meaning of health and disease

• a disease is a condition in which any body part cannot function normally

• recognized by signs (病徵 ) and symptoms (症狀 )

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What is a sign?

• can be noticed by the patient, doctor, nurse and other observers

• examples: fever and irregular heart rate

23.1Meaning of health and disease

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What is a symptom?

• can only be felt by the patient

• examples: headache and tiredness


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Meaning of health

by World Health Organization (WHO) (世界衛生組織 ):

• a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being


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physical

• the body parts function normally

Meaning of health23.1Meaning of health and disease

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Meaning of health

mentalphysical

• one feels good about oneself• the body parts function normally


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Health

Meaning of health

• one gets along well with other people• one feels good about oneself• the body parts function normally


social

mentalphysical

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.It is recognized by

1 A disease is a condition in which any body part cannot functionnormally

symptoms

signsand .


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2 Health is a state of completemental social


physical , and well-being.

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• some diseases (e.g. genetic diseases) are inborn

• many other diseases are related to the way we live (e.g. diet, exercise)

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• a balanced diet helps maintain a healthy body and provides a suitable amount of energy

Diet23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health

food pyramid

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• deficiency in any one food substance can lead to deficiency diseases

1 Eating too little

Deficiency in Deficiency disease

Protein Kwashiorkor

Vitamin A Night blindness

Vitamin C Scurvy

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• deficiency in any one food substance can lead to deficiency diseases


Vitamin D Rickets

Calcium Rickets

Iron Anaemia

1 Eating too little

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• no single food can provide all food substances

people who are selective about their diets must plan their diets welle.g. vegetarians

should eat a variety of plant foods

1 Eating too little

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• people with anorexia nervosa refuse to eat

various deficiency diseases and even death

thin and weak

1 Eating too little

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• excess cholesterol (膽固醇 ) can block the arteries to the cardiac muscles

2 Eating too much

wall of artery

cholesterol

heart attack (心臟病發作 ) and stroke (中風 )

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• acid is produced when sugar is metabolized by oral bacteria

tooth decay (蛀牙 )

acid dissolves the enamel of teeth

2 Eating too much

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• some foods like salted fish have a high salt content

high blood pressure (高血壓 )

damage to the brain and kidneys

2 Eating too much

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• when energy input > energy output, we gain weight

obesity

heart disease, diabetes and arthritis (關節炎 )

2 Eating too much

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Exercise23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health

1 Strengthen the heart and lungs• aerobic exercise (需氧運動 ) involves

contraction of large muscles

jogging swimming cycling

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Physical fitness

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• the heart and lungs work harder to meet the body’s increased oxygen demand

• 30 minutes of aerobic exercise daily

Exercise1 Strengthen the heart and lungs

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2 Keep bones and muscles strong• strength training exercise requires

muscles to work against force or weight

increases bone density

muscles get stronger and bigger

Exercise

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3 Improve suppleness• some exercise involves a range of

movement of joints

improves suppleness (柔軟性 )

less likely to have injuries or pain suffered by stiffness in joints

Exercise

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4 Promote mental and social well-being• exercise stimulates endorphin (內啡肽 ) production

• endorphins reduce the feeling of pain and anxiety

Exercise

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• exercise enables people to gather with friends

Exercise4 Promote mental and

social well-being

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5 Reduce the risk of diseases• when exercising, energy is obtained by

breaking down glycogen and fats manage body weight

and prevent obesity

Exercise

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• regular exercise lowers the risk of:- high blood pressure, heart disease

and stroke- osteoporosis (骨質疏鬆症 )

- diabetes

Exercise5 Reduce the risk of diseases

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• helps recover both physically and mentally

Rest23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health

• adults need 7–9 hours of sleep each day

• teenagers need 9.5 hours

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• during sleep, the release of growth hormone (生長激素 ) is at its peak


• growth hormone stimulates growth

• insufficient sleep affects our alertness, judgment, reaction time, memory and mood

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• insufficient sleep also links to:


- high blood pressure

- diabetes- obesity

- depression (抑鬱症 )

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• develop good rest and sleep habits:

Avoid working continuously for long hours. Take a break to recover from stress and fatigue.

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Avoid heavy meals close to bedtime. Digestive processes can disturb sleep.

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Maintain regular bedtime and waking time.

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At bedtime, keep your bedroom dark and quiet.

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Old people need less sleep.


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In fact, old people have less sleep because they are more easily disturbed by light or noise than young people.


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• many diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, etc.

Personal hygiene23.2 Effects of lifestyles on health

• keeping ourselves clean can reduce the chance of catching or spreading diseases

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• sebum (皮脂 ) is an oily substance secreted from the skin

1 Hygiene of hair

makes the hair and skin supple• excess sebum may result in the

formation of dandruff (頭皮屑 )• hair should be washed with mild

shampoo at least twice a week

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• after washing, dry the hair thoroughly

• do not share combs and hats

prevent the spread of head lice (頭虱 )

• head lice suck blood from the scalp, causing itchy spots scratching may lead to

inflammation

1 Hygiene of hair

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• hands can pick up disease-causing agents easily

2 Hygiene of hands

• we may catch diseases when touching our eyes, nose or mouth with contaminated hands

• wash our hands frequently

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• our body smells when bacteria break down chemicals in the sweat

3 Hygiene of skin

• take a bath every day to reduce body odour (體臭 )

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• athlete’s foot (腳癬／香港腳 ) is a skin disease caused by fungi

• to prevent this: - dry the skin with a towel

after taking a bath - do not share towels,

socks and other clothes

3 Hygiene of skin

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• good oral hygiene reduces bad breath and prevents dental diseases

4 Oral hygiene

• good habits for oral health:

a) brush your teeth properly and regularly

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b) use toothpaste containing fluoride 　(氟化物 )

- alkaline in nature: neutralizes the acid produced by oral bacteria

- fluoride: helps prevent tooth decay

4 Oral hygiene

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- abrasive (磨料 ): removes plaque (牙菌膜 )

b) use toothpaste containing fluoride 　(氟化物 )

4 Oral hygiene

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c) use dental floss (牙線 ) to remove plaque between teeth

d) do not eat too much sugary food and bite very hard materials

4 Oral hygiene

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e) have a balanced diet with adequate calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D

f) have a dental check-up at least twice a year

4 Oral hygiene

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- tar (焦油 )

Smoking, alcohol and drug abuse


1 Smoking

- nicotine (尼古丁 )

- carbon monoxide

• cigarette smoke contains over 4000 chemicals:

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• tar and other chemicals may lead to cancers of the mouth, throat, stomach, pancreas and kidneys


• responsible for 90% of lung cancer cases

i) Smoking-related diseases

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number of cigarettes smoked per day

0 1-14 15-25 >25050

100150200250300

annu

al d

eath

rat

e pe

r 10

0 00

0 m

eni) Smoking-related diseases

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• tar irritates the lining of air passages


chronic bronchitis (慢性支氣管炎 )

- air passages are narrowed

less oxygen reaches the air sacs


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chronic bronchitis

- air passages are narrowed

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• emphysema (肺氣腫 )


- walls of the air sacs are broken down

- surface area for gas exchange is reduced

difficulty in breathing


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normal tissue creates large surface area with many capillaries, which are filled with RBCs (red cells)

Destruction of tissue leaves little surface area for gas exchange, few capillaries and large air space

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shortness of breath

COPD- Chronic bronchitis

-Emphysema

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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• nicotine increases heart rate and causes constriction (收縮 ) of blood vessels


increased risk of heart attack and other heart diseases

• carbon monoxide reduces ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen


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• nicotine is addictive



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• chance of miscarriage (流產 ) increases


• babies born are smaller and lighter

ii) Effects of smoking on pregnancy

• chance of premature delivery (早產 ) increases

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• increases the risk of:


iii) Passive smoking (吸食「二手煙」 )

- lung cancer

- asthma (哮喘 )

- heart diseases• smoking in public areas

is banned in HK

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asthma Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways

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2 Alcohol abuse (酗酒 )

• drinking too much alcohol or too often leads to health, work or relationship problem

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• a depressant (抑制藥 )


slows down the function of central nervous system

i) Immediate effects of alcohol

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• affects:- judgment

- physical co-ordination

• a depressant (抑制藥 )

- blurred vision

- slurred speech- loss of balance


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• drinking a large quantity at one time:


- unconsciousness

- a coma- death


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• drinking a large quantity over time causes addiction and other problems:


ii) Long-term effects of alcohol

- inflammation of stomach lining, pancreas and liver

- cirrhosis (肝硬化 )

fibrous scar tissue

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- high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke

- cancers of the mouth, oesophagus and throat

ii) Long-term effects of alcohol• drinking a large quantity over time

causes addiction and other problems:

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• alcohol can pass through the placenta rapidly and harm the foetus


iii) Effects of alcohol on pregnancy

- miscarriage

- baby born dead

• increases the risk of:

- low birthweight

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• babies whose mothers drink heavily are more likely to have:


- mental retardation

- poor coordination

iii) Effects of alcohol on pregnancy

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ALCOHOL METABOLISM

Break Down and Removal

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Alcohol consumption and Health

• Alcohol is the most favourite mood-altering drug

• Effects are both pleasant and unpleasant

• alcohol is a toxic drug that produces pathological changes (cirrhosis) in liver tissue and can cause death.

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• readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract

• cannot be stored and therefore, the body must oxidize it to get rid of it.

• Alcohol can only be oxidized in the liver, where enzymes are found to initiate the process.

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Small Amounts Unmetabolized (10%)

• Sweat

• Urine

• Breath

Most of the alcohol consumed is metabolized in the liver, but the small quantity that remains unmetabolized permits alcohol concentration to be measured in

breath and urine.

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Alcohol Metabolism

• Mainly in the Liver

• 1st liver enzymeAlcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)-----> Acetaldehyde

• 2nd liver enzymeAcetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)-----> Acetic Acid

• Acetic Acid oxidized by body organs----> CO2 + H2O

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Mitochondrion

Cellular metabolism of alcohol

EtOH

Acetaldehyde

Acetate

CytosolADHNAD+

NADH

ALDHNAD+

NADH

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Metabolism of alcohol

• A number of metabolic effects from alcohol are directly linked to the production of an excess of acetaldehyde.

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Toxicity of acetaldehyde

• acetaldehyde exerts its toxic effects by inhibiting the mitochondria reactions and functions.

• a vicious circle: a high acetaldehyde level impairs mitochondria function, metabolism of acetaldehyde to acetic acid decreases, more acetaldehyde accumulates, and causes further liver damage:

• hepatitis and cirrhosis.

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Factors affecting Absorption & Metabolism

• Food. The rate at which alcohol is absorbed depends on how quickly the stomach empties its contents into the intestine. Explain why fatty foods delay alcohol absorption.

• Gender. Women have higher BAC's after consuming the same amount of alcohol as men. Explain.

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Factors affecting Absorption & Metabolism

• Food. The rate at which alcohol is absorbed depends on how quickly the stomach empties its contents into the intestine. Explain why fatty foods delay alcohol absorption.

• Gender. Women have higher BAC's after consuming the same amount of alcohol as men. Explain.

This is attributed to women's smaller amount of body water, thus a higher BAC for the same amount of alcohol absorbed in women than in man. An additional factor may be that women have lower activity of the alcohol metabolizing enzyme ADH in stomach.

The higher the dietary fat content, the more time food stay in stomach and the slower the process of absorption will take place.

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BAC--Blood alcohol concentration

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) after the rapid consumption of different amounts of alcohol by eight adult fasting male subjects

The statutory limit of alcohol concentration in driver is 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood in the UK.

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Blood Alcohol Concentration• The ratio of alcohol

in blood to the total volume of blood as a percentage

• THE PERSUMPTIVE LEVEL OF INTOXICATION = 0.10%

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Eyes: impaired visual acuity, distorted vision �

Throat (1): irritates and damages esophagus�

induces vomiting, may eventually cause cancer �Heart (4):

weakens the heart, increases blood pressure, �increased risk of heart attack

Lungs: high amounts may cause breathing to stop, then �

death Stomach (2):

irritation of stomach lining, peptic ulcers, �inflammation, bleeding lesions and cancer

Intestines: (3) irritates lining, resulting in nausea, vomiting, �

diarrhea,. inhibits nutrients and vitamins processing�

Liver (5): causes fat accumulation around liver �

leads to its inflammation and destruction of cells �(hepatitis)

results in lesions and scarring, along with cirrhosis�

Reproductive: decreases testosterone �

increases sexual desire, but decreases sexual �performance

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Hepatic Complications of Alcohol

Fatty Liver

Alcoholic Hepatitis

Cirrhosis

Cancer

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A polymorphismSome　people　have　an alteration in the ALDH gene,　called　a　polymorphism,　that　makes　it　slow to convert acetaldehyde into acetic acid.　　What　is　your　recommendation　to　those　who　have　this　deficiency?　

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A polymorphismSome　people　have　an alteration in the ALDH gene,　called　a　polymorphism,　that　makes　it　slow to convert acetaldehyde into acetic acid.　　What　is　your　recommendation　to　those　who　have　this　deficiency?　

They will have slower elimination of alcohol, and accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood causes more severe toxic effects –hangover, in body. For someone who have this deficiency, they should avoid alcohol.

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Alcohol Acetaldehyde Acetate ALDH 2-1

Alcohol ACETALDEHYDE Acetate

One Gene Variant Leads to Higher Brain Acetaldehyde

~ 50% of Asians (Japanese, Chinese, Korean) have the ALDH2-2 version of ALDH, a slow- working version.

Would you expect higher or lower rate of alcoholism of Asians compare to Caucasians?

ALDH 2-2

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Alcohol Acetaldehyde Acetate ALDH 2-1

Alcohol ACETALDEHYDE Acetate

One Gene Variant Leads to Higher Brain Acetaldehyde

~ 50% of Asians (Japanese, Chinese, Korean) have the ALDH2-2 version of ALDH, a slow- working version.

Would you expect higher or lower rate of alcoholism of Asians compare to Caucasians?

ALDH 2-2

Asians have much lower rates of alcoholism.

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DISULFIRAM (Antabuse®)

• Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase activity• Leads to increased acetaldehyde after

drinking alcohol.

Suggest one practical use of (Antabuse®)

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DISULFIRAM (Antabuse®)

• Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase activity• Leads to increased acetaldehyde after

drinking alcohol.

Antabuse can help some quit drinking.

Suggest one practical use of (Antabuse®)

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Psycho-Social Complications

• Drink driving convictions

• Domestic violence• Impaired work/loss of

job• Accidents • Marriage breakdown• Depression

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• taking of drugs without following medical advice

3 Drug abuse (濫用藥物 )

• use of dangerous drugs for non-treatment purposes

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• some commonly abused drugs:

Heroin Cannabis MDMA


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• some commonly abused drugs:

Ketamine Methyl-amphetamine

Cough medicine


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• health problems caused by heroin:

- breathing and menstrual problems

- overdose may result in a coma


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• health problems caused by cannabis, MDMA, ketamine or methyl-amphetamine:

- thinking is affected

- reduced concentration, poor motor control and slow response


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• many drugs are addictive

withdrawal symptoms (戒斷症狀 ) occur when stop taking drugs

• many drugs have interactions with other substances

death


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Psychoactive Drugs act at synapses If the drug increases the effect of the neurotransmitter it is called an agonist.

•Mimic Neurotransmitters •Stop Removal of Neurotransmitters from the Synapse •Increase Production of Neurotransmitters

•Block the Receptor Sites •Speed Removal of Neurotransmitters from the Synapse •Decrease Production of Neurotransmitters

If it decreases the effect of the neurotransmitter it is called an antagonist.

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1

Kwashiorkor


Night blindness

Scurvy


Protein

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

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1



Vitamin D

Rickets

Iron

Rickets

Calcium

Anaemia

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2

Heart attack


stroke

Tooth decay obesity

High blood pressure

Excess of Health problem

Cholesterol ,

Sugar ,

Salt

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a Exercise strengthens the and .

3 Health benefits of exercise:

heart


lungs

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strong.b Exercise keeps and


bones


muscles

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of the body.c Exercise improves


suppleness


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and well-being.d Exercise promotes


mental


social

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such as diabetes.e Exercise reduces the risk of


diseases


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and depression.

4 Insufficient sleep affects alertness, judgment, , and mood. It is also linked with

reaction time


blood pressure, diabetes,

memory

highobesity

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from our hands. This reduces our risk of and spreading diseases.

5 Hand washing can remove disease-causing agents


catching

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.

, and heart diseases. Smoking during pregnancy can also lead to and

6 Smoking can cause lung cancer,chronic bronchitis


emphysema

miscarriage premature

delivery

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, and loss of balance.

7a Immediate effects of alcohol include poor judgment and physical co-ordination, blurred


slurred speechvision

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, cirrhosis, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke and .

7b Long-term consumption of alcohol can lead to ,addiction


cancer

inflammation

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purposes.

8 Drug abuse is the taking of drugs without following , or the use of dangerous drugs for

medical advice


non-treatment

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, a or even death.

, lead to reduced concentration, ,

9 Drug abuse can cause and problems, affect

breathing


menstrualthinking

poor motor control

slow response coma

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What is health? Are people without 1diseases considered healthy?Health is not just an absence of disease. It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

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What are the health benefits of 2regular exercise?Regular exercise benefits different body parts, such as the heart, and promotes mental and social well-being.

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How is health affected by 3insufficient sleep?People without sufficient sleep think and act slowly. Lack of sleep is also linked with high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and depression.

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Health

is not just an absence of includes

disease

physical well-being

mental well-being

social well-being

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Healthaffected by

diet

exercise smoking, alcohol and drug abuse

rest personal hygiene

1 2 think about… 23.1meaning of health and disease 23.2effects of lifestyles on health recall...

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