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TRANSCRIPT
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• Let’s just dive right in …
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Change the World
• You can change the world by giving a speech
• It’s one of the most effective ways to start the process of change
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Change the World
• When you give a speech to just a few people we usually call it a “talk”
• Especially if it’s done where you work
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Change the World
• Regardless what you call it the “ingredients” are the same
• That is, how to prepare, how to present, etc.
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Change the World
• Today we’ll stick to changing something where you work
• Changing the world is a graduate-level class
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Change the World
• Maybe it’s changing the way you do system configuration
• Or the system for reading email
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Change the World
• Presenting these changes in “public” may also help you get a promotion
• I think that’s a pretty good change
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Four Simple Steps
• Any talk – no matter the subject, setting, or the size of the audience – is built using these four simple steps
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Prepare
• Your ideas• What you want the audience to
learn / remember
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Prepare
• Your words• How you’re going to convey your
ideas to your audience
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Prepare
• Your materials• To support your words and ideas
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Practice
• Out loud• Because it engages a different part
of your brain
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Practice
• By yourself• Until you feel comfortable
• Then with an audience of 1
• Then with a video camera• Yes, you have to watch the tape
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Practice
• Try to combine 1 + video
• Watch it together
• Combine comments and examples from playback
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Practice
• If possible / appropriate, with several people in the audience• The bigger the real audience, the
bigger the practice audience (proportionally)
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Relax
• Before your talk, take some time to relax
• A little nervousness is OK
• Too much is bad
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Present
• Just a few important points
• In a clear, strong voice
• Using “good” words
• With help from your body
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That’s All
• That’s all there is to it!• It’s simple and straight-forward
• Why do so many people get it wrong?• I guess that’s why you’re here today
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That’s All
• We’ll spend the rest of the day exploring each of those four steps in more detail
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Let’s Start Over• Now that I’ve taught you
everything you need to know, let’s back up and take care of some administrative stuff – like introductions
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Introduction
• Let’s start by examining the name of this class in a bit more detail …
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Introduction
• Talks you’d give where you work
• To your co-workers
• About work
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Introduction
• Intended for people who have never given a talk
• Review / improvement for people with some experience
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Introduction
• a/k/a “Techies” • Sysadmins
• Netadmins
• Developers
• Etc.
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Introduction
• Examples• Conference report to your group
• Explaining new procedure to your group
• Convincing peer group + bosses to adopt new technology
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Introduction
• Examples• Explaining new security procedures
to whole company
• Explaining new mail system to whole company
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Objectives
• Bare minimum intro to public speaking• Aim you in the right direction
• Give you some practice
• Answer a few questions
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Objectives
• Obviously this class won’t make you an expert
• You first talk after this class will still be really hard
• And probably not very good
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Simple v. Easy
• I make this look easy• At least, I hope I make it look easy
• I’ve had thousands of hours of practice
• Yes, thousands
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Objectives
• Note that I said “four simple steps”
• Not “four easy steps”
• Simple != easy
• Often, simple == hard
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Objectives
• The only way to get better is to practice
• And practice
• And practice some more
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Who is this guy?
• Teaching since 1977• Full-time 1990 – 1996
• First programming job 1978
• First sysadmin job 1987
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Who is this guy?
• Too many work talks to remember
• Seven conference talks & tutorials• Plus opening remarks, intros, etc.
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• So let’s get to it …
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Four Simple Steps
1. Prepare
2. Practice
3. Relax
4. Present
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Prepare / Ideas
• Ideas == your message• The points you’re trying to make
• the information you’re trying to convey
• Words are how you express those ideas
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Prepare / Ideas
• No matter how good a speaker you are, if you aren’t clear on the idea (point) you’re presenting, you can’t give a good talk
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Prepare / Ideas
• Focus on ideas first
• Since they’re the most important
• Then worry about the words
• Materials last
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Prepare / Ideas
• You can’t cover it all• You can’t cover very much, really
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Prepare / Ideas
• Pick a few key points and stick to those• Or the most important few facts
• Or the most convincing few arguments
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Prepare / Ideas
• If topic is complex …
• Consider writing a (short?) paper
• Paper covers things in detail
• Give out in advance
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Prepare / Ideas
• Presentation covers just the high points of the paper
• Reinforces those high points
• Gives audience a chance to ask questions
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Prepare / Words
• Carefully consider the words you select
• No profanity
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Prepare / Words
• “Eschew obfuscation”
• That is, don’t use big / fancy words just to make yourself sound important
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Prepare / Words
• Most likely you’ll use those words incorrectly and will thus wind up sounding pretentious
• Or even dumb
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Prepare / Words
• Pay attention to grammar
• Things like subject / verb agreement• Singular v. plural
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Prepare / Words
• Use words correctly
• Use the correct words
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Prepare / Words
• “Mute point” v. “moot”
• “Somewhat unique”
• “Irregardless” v. “regardless”
• “Fact” v. “factor”
• “Affect” v. “effect”
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Prepare / Words
• Buy a good dictionary• And use it
• Lots of web pages about these problems• Use them, too
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Prepare / Words
• I strongly recommend
• The Chicago Manual of Style
• Online @ $35/year• Because language and usage
changes
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Prepare / Materials
• Materials are slides, etc. to support your words
• They also remind you of the words you want to say
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Prepare / Materials
• Rely on them only for emphasis, not “real” content
• Unless you have a really cool graph• But only if people can easily see it
from 30 feet away
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Prepare / Materials
• Even with a really cool graph or chart you’re still going to have to say something about it
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Prepare / Materials
• Two sets of materials
• Maybe three
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Prepare / Materials
• 1) Your notes
• 2) What you show your audience
• The two are almost always different!
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Prepare / Materials
• Can combine yours + audience using “presenter mode”• But check that fonts/available size
is big enough to read from however far away you’ll be
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Prepare / Materials
• 3) A supporting paper• Usually distributed in advance
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Prepare / Materials
• Limit slides to an image that reinforces your point
• Or to a very few words that express the core of the current point
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Prepare / Materials
• Or even just a word or two that reminds the audience where you are on the agenda
• My typical slides have 3 words on them
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Prepare / Materials
• If possible, no bullet points
• You don’t want your audience reading while you’re talking
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Prepare / Materials
• Remember, your materials reinforce your words
• They don’t deliver content
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Prepare / Tools
• Start with ideas, free-form
• Then organize
• Then pick words
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Prepare / Tools• At this point, formatting gets
in your way• Focus on capturing your
ideas• Organization, words, and
materials all come later
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Prepare / Tools
• For ideas and words, use a simple editor
• NO FORMATTING!
• Just trying to capture ideas
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Prepare / Tech
• Use these to create your materials:
• Microsoft PowerPoint
• Apple Keynote
• OpenOffice Impress
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Prepare / Tech
• There are also web-based programs:• S5
• Google Docs
• Prezi
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Prepare / Tech
• They aren’t as easy to “drive”
• If they don’t work with a remote clicker, they’re worthless
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Four Simple Steps
1. Prepare
2. Practice
3. Relax
4. Present
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Your Inner Critic
• We all have this voice inside our head that tells us all the things we’re doing wrong
• I call this your “inner critic”
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Your Inner Critic
• Some things your critic tells you are good
• “You’re saying ‘um’ too much”
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Your Inner Critic
• Everything else just gets in your way
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Your Inner Critic
• A big part of practice is fixing the mistakes your inner critic points out
• Don’t give your critic anything to complain about
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Your Inner Critic
• The other part of practice is learning to ignore your critic
• During your talk it’s too late to fix the problems• Except “um”
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Your Inner Critic
• During your talk:
• NEVER let your critic speak out loud
• NEVER answer or talk back to your critic out loud
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Your Inner Critic
• (give example of critic speaking out loud)
• (give example of talking back to / answering out loud)
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Practice
• You want to practice three things:• Words
• Timing
• Technology
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Practice
• Practice is how you work out the kinks in all of these
• It’s also how you get more comfortable speaking your words
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Practice / Words
• Words
• Think about the actual words you plan to use then say them out loud
• Yes, OUT LOUD
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Practice / Words
• You need to get used to actually speaking, not thinking about speaking
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Practice / Words
• It uses a different part of your brain• One that doesn’t get much practice
in this setting
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Practice / Timing
• Practicing out loud is also the only way you can learn your timing• Specifically, how long it takes to say
the words for each slide/idea/point
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Practice / Timing
• Start with total time
• Subtract time for Q&A
• Count number of ideas / points / sections
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Practice / Timing
• Assign weights to each• 3 @ 1:1:1 v. 3 @ 1:2:2
• Divide available time by weighted counts• 60 @ 20:20:20 v. 60 @ 12:24:24
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Practice / Timing
• I like to tell the audience my planned timings
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Practice / Timing
• Create slides to clearly mark sections• I make the background of the last
slide in each section a different color
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Practice
• Practice several times, in several different ways
• Start sitting in front of your computer, in a room by yourself, with the door closed
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Practice
• Next, stand up and do it again
• If possible, try it in the room where you’ll give your talk
• Still alone
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Practice
• If possible, try “the full monty” – in the room, with your computer and the projector and your remote clicker
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Practice
• If appropriate, do at least one practice run with someone listening to you• Get feedback
• Also, helps you get used to talking in front of people
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Practice
• Practice your technology
• At a minimum• Test that your clicker works with
you laptop and your software
• Test that you know how to get your laptop to use two screens
• Use an external monitor instead of a projector
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Practice
• More about presentation technology in “Present” section
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Practice
• If using presenter mode, test that you know how to get that working
• Again, use an external monitor for testing
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Practice
• Test that your laptop works with the intended projector
• Or any projector
• But “target” projector is best
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Practice / Tools
• These are some tools to help you practice:
• Video recording
• Audio recording
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Practice / Tools
• Watch what you do with your hands, the things in your hands, what you look at, etc.
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Practice / Tools
• Listen to your speed, intonation, enunciation, “tics” (“um,” “ah,” “OK,” or even phrases “for example,” “basically,” etc.)
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Bad News
• I have some bad news for you …
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Bad News
• Because you won’t give enough talks to get good at it
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There’s Hope
• But wait, there’s hope
• You can improve …
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There’s Hope
• Practicing before a talk isn’t as good as giving lots of talks
• But it’s a LOT better than not practicing
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Practice / Bad News
• Vanishingly few people ever get to be good at something without a lot of practice
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Practice / Bad News• Malcolm Gladwell claims
“expert” == 10,000 hours of practice
• That’s 6½ years of teaching 52 weeks / year, 5 days / week, 6 hours / day
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Practice / Bad News
• Most of you won’t give nearly enough talks to get really good at it
• Toastmasters can help
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Practice / Bad News
• But hopefully this class will save you from being really bad at it
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Practice / Bad News
• But only if you take my advice
• And if you practice before each talk
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Relax
• As I said this morning …
• A little nervousness is good
• Too much is bad
• This is about getting from bad to good
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Relax
• Right before the talk
• Do not …
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Relax
• Make changes• Unless parameters like time have
changed
• Rehearse your talk• If you’re not prepared, rehearsing
now will just add to the pressure
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Relax / Before / Don’t
• Run errands, exercise, do work, deal with life stuff, eat a big meal, squeeze in an appointment with doctor / barber / accountant, etc.
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Relax / Before / Don’t
• Travel to the talk
• Get there early
• If possible, the day before
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Relax / Before
• You want to be ready for your talk
• Don’t do anything that will make you late or distract you
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Relax / Before
• Yes, this can be hard at work
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Relax
• Take some time to relax
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Relax
• Pranayama is (in effect) the yogic practice of breathing
• You don’t have to do yoga• But if you have an existing yoga
practice, now is a fine time for some simple sitting meditation
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Relax
• Find a place where no one will disturb you• If necessary, go sit in your car
• Sit, relax, breathe slowly• Don’t think about your talk
• Yes, I know that’s hard to do
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Relax
• When possible, I like to do the set-up at least one hour in advance then go sit and relax
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Relax
• This may not be possible• But if you practiced with the
exact equipment in the room where you’ll be giving the talk (say, the night before), it’s almost as good
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Relax
• Leave time to …
• Get to the venue
• Set up• If not done in advance
• Go to the bathroom
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Relax / Leave Time
• Get a small (!) drink
• Attach your microphone
• Take off your badge
• Maybe chat with a few people in the audience
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Relax
• While waiting to start, stay off the stage
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Relax / Tools
• Set a timer so you aren’t late for your talk
• Lets you not think about the time
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Relax / Tools
• If you’re paranoid, set two timers
• Or set a timer and have a friend come get you
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Present• Three ways to convey your
message
• Your voice• Includes your words
• Your body
• Your materials
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Present
• All three matter
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Present / Voice
• Talked about selecting words in “prepare”
• This is about how you say those words
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Present / Voice
• Lots of “parts”• Rhythm, timing
• Pronunciation, enunciation, jargon
• Intonation, volume
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Present / Voice
• Rhythm, timing (including pauses)
• Speak at a natural speed
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Present / Voice
• At first you’ll probably be nervous and that makes you speak too fast; pay attention to this and slow down
• Not too slow because that’s even worse
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Present / Voice
• It’s OK to pause• Usually for effect
• Also for collecting your thoughts between points• But keep these brief
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Present / Voice
• Pronunciation, enunciation, jargon
• Learn the correct pronunciation• Especially for new or foreign terms
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Present / Voice
• Speak clearly• No gum or candy in your mouth
• Tape recorder really helps here
• Practice audience/reviewer/coach helps even more
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Present / Voice
• Limit jargon
• Especially if audience isn’t expert in the topic• It intimidates them
• It confuses things
• It doesn’t convey meaning
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Present / Voice
• Goal is to make it easy for audience to understand your point (idea, whatever)
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Present / Voice
• Even if audience is expert, define jargon the first time you use it
• Then, use only when appropriate
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Present / Voice
• Intonation, volume
• Intonation == pitch (frequency, musical note)• Well, close enough
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Present / Voice
• Carries meaning• Pitch goes up at end of
sentence == a question• In English
• Usually• Except in some places
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Present / Voice
• Wrong intonation confuses people
• And makes some people want to strangle you
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Present / Voice / Intonation
• Monotone is bad
• Always too loud or always too soft is bad
• Too loud at the wrong time is bad
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Present / Voice
• Yelling is bad, even for emphasis
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Present / Voice
• OK to vary volume, but not too much
• Again, reserve for emphasis
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Present / Body
• 10% used to convey message• Hand gestures, facial expressions,
focus/gaze
• 90% used to distract from message
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Present / Body
• Bad habits, nervous “tics”
• Playing with objects
• Like keys
• Especially if it makes noise
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Present / Body
• Playing with body• Hair, nails, nose, whatever
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Present / Body
• Moving around too much• Or jumping
• Standing rigid
• Death grip on lectern
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Present / Body
• Empty pockets
• Remove badge
• Take off phones/devices
• Remove bluetooth headset/earpiece
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Present / Body
• Remove glasses• If you don’t need them
• Tie shoes• Use double knots
• Check zippers/buttons/belt• No “wardrobe malfunctions,” please
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Present / Body
• Put everything away• And out of reach
• In your backpack is good
• Turn off/silence electronics
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Present / Body
• Not about body, but since we’re talking about setting electronics to be silent
• And about minimizing distractions …
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Present / Body
• Set laptop to silent
• Turn off network
• Stop all pop-ups
• Stop all other programs• Just to be safe
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Present / Body
• On the 10% side . . .
• Point at slides (with laser) only with charts/graphs
• Everything else on your slides should be obvious
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Present / Body
• Use natural hand gestures
• But only if that’s how you talk off the stage
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Present / Body
• I use my hands a lot when I talk
• I hope it’s not distracting
• No one has ever told me “too much”
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Present / Body
• If you’re the same way, fine
• If not, don’t change
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Present / Body
• One hazard: dropping or throwing the remote• I’ve considered a wrist strap a la
racquetball
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Present / Body
• Lots of “rules” in “formal” “public speaking” settings• Like conferences
• Don’t really apply here
• Just a few guidelines
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Present / Body
• Neat and clean
• Comfortable
• Appropriate for audience
• Dress up a bit if talking to managers
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Present / Body
• Not flamboyant• No message on t-shirts• Want people to remember
your message• not your clothing• or the slogan on your shirt
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Present / Body
• “Clothing + Tech”
• If using a clip-on mic wear a shirt with buttons• Polo or “business”
• Clip mic in the center!
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• (picking up where we left off before lunch and your talks)
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Present
• Talked about what words to put on slides in “prepare”
• This is about the appearance of the words
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Present / Materials
• Unified layout
• Unified color scheme
• Unified fonts scheme
• Unified font sizes
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Present / Materials
• OK to use plain/bold/italic from same family
• Not OK to use multiple font families
• No Comic Sans MS!
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Present / Materials
• As much as possible, try to keep font sizes for different parts of slides (title, 1-2-3 bullet levels) the same on every slide
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Present / Materials
• Choice of font
• Pick something clean and simple
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Present / Materials
• You want people to see and remember your message, not the whacky font you used
• These slides all use Arial
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Present / Materials
• Font size
• Make it easy to read from 2/3 the way back in the hall
• But not too big to read from the front row
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Present / Materials
• My slides have very few words so I have the option to use an even larger font size if that’s appropriate
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Present / Materials
• No formula for font size v. distance
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Present / Materials
• Too many variables• The projector
• Screen/projector sesolution
• Screen size, height
• Distance to screen
• Etc.
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Present / Materials
• Set up the projector in the room and see for yourself what looks good
• Check from 1st row and 2/3 back
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Present / Materials
• If you’re young and don’t wear glasses, ask someone with worse eyesight to help you
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Present / Materials
• If you stick to very few words per slide, you may not have to reformat your slides if you increase the font size
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Present / Materials
• Very simple layout
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Present / Materials
• PowerPoint themes suck!• Menu / Format / Slide Design
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Present / Materials
• Make slides hard to read
• Detract from your message
• Serve NO PURPOSE
• Please don’t use them• Same for any other program
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Present / Materials
• Solid color type on solid background
• I like light on dark
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Present / Materials
• Dark on light is also OK
• Lots of contrast is good
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Present / Materials
• See what looks best in your room
• Depends a lot on the lighting
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Present / Materials
• Test from the front row, because that’s where the screen will be the brightest
• Very large projectors and screens can be very bright
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Present / Materials
• Backgrounds of white, black, very dark blue, very dark green are usually best
• You’d think white would be too bright but often it’s not
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Present / Materials
• In general, avoid vibrant colors
• They’re reserved for safety gear and emergency signs for a reason
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Present / Materials
• Transitions between slides
• NONE
• Really, just pretend that feature doesn’t exist
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Present / Materials
• Like themes, transitions are just a distraction
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Present / Tech / HW
• Projector or large display• Depending on the room
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Present / Tech / HW
• Separate screen that faces you
• Can be your laptop screen or external monitor
• Where you can see it
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Present / Tech / HW
• Your speaking notes• For your eyes only
• Copy of what the audience sees
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Present / Tech / HW
• Why?
• Because you NEVER want to turn your back on your audience
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Present / Tech / HW
• Especially not while words are coming out of your mouth!
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Present / Tech / HW
• Remote clicker• Unless you are 100% certain you’ll
be chained to the lectern
• RF or IR
• Prefer RF• Line-of-sight problems
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Present / Tech / HW
• If clicker isn’t working, STOP USING IT!
• Really annoying to watch someone fight with clicker• Over and over and over
• “Stop using it already!”
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Present / Tech / HW
• $25 to $150
• Most have a laser• You need this!
• Some have a timer / alarm
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Present / Tech / HW
• Get one that’s comfortable for you
• I like my $29.95 model• It costs more now
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Present / Tech / HW
• Timer or clock
• Or both
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Present / Tech / HW
• Where you can easily see them
• Even with a spotlight in your eyes
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Present / Tech / SW
• Microsoft PowerPoint• Or OpenOffice equivalent
• Apple Keynote
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Present / Tech / SW
• Anything else:
• Must work with remote presenter
• Must not require a mouse
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Present / Tech / SW
• Must not require a network connection
• Must not induce motion sickness• (a la “Prezi”)
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Wrap-up
• Any questions?
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Slides & Notes
• For personal use only
• Not for distribution
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Thank you!
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Thank you!
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Thank you!
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Thank you!
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Thank you!
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Thank you!
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Thank you!
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Thank you!