1

25 OCTOBER 2010ESSAY OPTIONany nutrition topic of your choice-1000 words             of text, references extra, typed, double spaced                5 marks each for: a)   grammar, expression and presentation,b) logicc) relating topic to material presented in classd)   conclusionsAA DISPLACEMENT THEMESEABUCKTHORN BERRIES-FUNCTIONAL FOOD CONTAINING OMEGA 3 (ALA) AND OMEGA 6(18:2) FATTY ACIDS

Thrombin formed as result of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for coagulation

2

BODY FAT ACCUMULATION

Waist – all males and post-menopausal females

Hips- pre-menopausal females

3

Lecture 7a- 25 October 2010

Water-soluble vitamins

4

VITAMINS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES-structures DO NOT PROVIDE ENERGY-NO KCAL VALUE BUT CAN ASSIST AS COENZYMES IN METABOLISM THAT YIELDS ENERGY ARE NEEDED IN MICROGRAM OR MILLIGRAM QUANTITIES AND THEREFORE ARE MICRONUTRIENTS 

5

WHAT ARE THE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS 

B CLASS AND C  

B CLASS 

THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1)

RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)

NIACIN (VITAMIN B3)

VITAMIN B6

FOLATEVITAMIN B12

PANTOTHENIC ACIDBIOTIN

6

B CLASS THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1)

 FUNCTION-coenzyme in energy metabolism

-normal appetite-nervous system functioning

 SOURCES-whole grains, liver, legumes, nuts DEFICIENCIES- beriberi (mental confusion, peripheral paralysis, anorexia, edema) TOXICITIES – none known

7

RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)

 FUNCTION-coenzyme in energy metabolism,

-tryptophan to niacin conversion SOURCES- milk and other dairy products, whole grain breads, eggs meat, green leafy vegetables DEFICIENCIES- dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue, photophobia, reddening of the cornea TOXICITIES-none reported

8

NIACIN (VITAMIN B3)

 FUNCTION-coenzyme in energy metabolism

-promotes normal nervous system function SOURCES-all protein foods, whole grain and enriched breads and cereals DEFICIENCIES-4 Ds (pellagra-dermatitis, diarrhea,

dementia, death) TOXICITIES-flushing, liver damage, low blood pressure, gastric ulcers, diarrhea (deficiencies)?, nausea, vomiting

9

VITAMIN B6

 FUNCTION-coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid

metabolism-helps convert tryptophan to niacin-helps produce insulin, hemoglobin and

nerve coverings and antibodies

SOURCES –meats, fish, poultry, fruits, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, nuts DEFICIENCIES-dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions, and anemia TOXICITIES-depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches

 

10

FOLATE FUNCTION-coenzymes in DNA synthesis-vital for new cell synthesis and transmission of heredity SOURCES-leafy vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver, orange juice, fortified foods (eg breads) DEFICIENCIES-diarrhea, swollen tongue, anemia, depression, mental confusion, fainting, fatigue TOXICITIES- mask B12 deficiency

11

VITAMIN B12

 

FUNCTION-coenzyme in the synthesis of new cells-activates folate-maintains nerve cells-metabolism of some fatty and amino acids

 SOURCES-meat, fish, poultry, milk, dairy products, eggs DEFICIENCIES-glossitis, anorexia, indigestion, weight loss, anemia, numbing of hands and feet, decreased sense of position, poor muscle coordination, poor memory,irritability, depression, paranoia, delirium and hallucinations TOXICITIES-none reported

12

PANTOTHENIC ACID FUNCTION-part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism SOURCES-meat, poultry, whole grain cereals and legumes DEFICIENCIES-rare- general failure TOXICITIES-perhaps diarrhea

13

BIOTIN FUNCTION-coenzyme -energy metabolism

-fatty acid synthesis -amino acid metabolism, -glycogen formation

 SOURCES-eggs, liver, yeast breads, gastrointestinal tract flora DEFICIENCIES rare-anorexia, fatigue, depression, dry skin, heart abnormalities TOXICITIES-none reported

14

VITAMIN C FUNCTION- collagen synthesis, antioxidant, promotes iron absorption, hormone synthesis, immune function SOURCES-citrus fruits and juices, broccoli, cauliflower, cantaloupe, kiwi fruit, mustard greens, strawberries, tomatoes DEFICIENCIES-scurvy (bleeding, muscle degeneration, delayed wound healing) TOXICITIES-diarrhea, cramps,headache, insomnia, fatigue, hot flashes, gout, aggravation   

15

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT 

ABSORPTION-DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD VIA FACILITATED

TRANSPORT  

TRANSPORT-TRANSPORTED FREELY INBLOOD

16

FUNCTIONAL FOODS ALL OF FOODS HAVING SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF VARIOUS VITAMINS  TWO ISSUES

CONCENTRATIONS 

SEPARATION OF EFFECTS- EG CANCER

17

VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS (VITAMINS AS NUTRACEUTICALS) No need if good diet- good diet will meet the nutritional functions of the vitamins Can get beneficial effects that cannot get from diet (concentration issue) Here get concentration but also potential toxicity

18

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 

HEART DISEASE 

NIACIN-LOWER CHOLESTEROL ANDLDL AND INCREASE HDL

 VITAMIN C-ANTIOXIDANT

19

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED 

STROKE 

NIACIN-LIPID LEVELS 

VITAMIN C-ANTIOXIDANT

20

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED 

CANCER  VITAMIN C-ANTIOXIDANT

21

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED 

METABOLIC STRESS: INFECTION, TRAUMA (E.G. HEAD INJURY) BURNS SURGERY

 INCREASED NEED, DUE TO FLUID LOSS,FOR B AND C VITAMINS

-B AND C VITAMINS GIVEN THROUGH :FEEDING TUBE-OR INTRAVENOUSLY

22

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED  

BIRTH DEFECTS-NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (NTDs)E.G. SPINA BIFIDA

 

PRIOR TO PREGNANCY- FEMALE USE OF FOLATE TO PREVENT NTDs

23

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED 

COMMON COLD

VITAMIN C

24

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED 

SMOKING 

BODY VITAMIN C LEVELS ARE DECREASED BY SMOKING

25

WHATS NEW IN WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN RESEARCH  HIGHER FEMORAL NECK BONE DENSITY INELDERLY MEN AND WOMEN CONSUMINGHIGHER AMOUNTS OF B6

ALSO THEY HAD REDUCED RISK OF NON-VERTEBRAL FRACTURES

BONE 2007 AUTHORS ARE Yazanpanah et al.