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4-4:10 PM 18-Nov-2008 Clean Energy University Spin Out Panel

Thanks to:

Exponential technologies forreading & writing genomes

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Renewable Energy Resources: Human 15 TW

http://www.xprize.org/files/downloads/saul_griffith_presentation.pdf

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Photovoltaics vs PhotosynthesisEnergy efficiency for photovoltaics at 10-40% and 11% for photosynthesis, but the first is peak performance and ignores storage, while the latter is calculated from grams of biofuel per hectare per year (including night & winter).

Energy Density:Lithium ion Battery 0.7 kJ/g (Bio)Diesel fuel 43 kJ/g

Atmospheric CO2 is adressed by few energy sourcesTotal : 2E18 g1% added by human activities15% removed by photosynthesis yearly (algae 30X more efficient) Agricultural biomass: 3% of the total & 15% yearly change

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CO2 reduction

“to preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed .. CO2 will need to be reduced from its current 385 ppm to at most 350 ppm.” 9% = 2E17 g

USA: 7E9 meters of highways * 3E6 g/m = 2E16 g

James Hansen, et al. Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2: 217-231 (2008)

CO2 maintenance: 2% of arable land to replace all

petro-fuel with algal (US 40K km2) vs farm animals 80%

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Bio-petroleum from grasses or algae Immiscible Products Facilitate Purification

• Separate from water without distillation• Decrease toxicity to producer strain• >2 million liters in 2009

aqueous

organic

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Extracellular Intracellular

Localization

Dis

trib

uti

on

(%

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tal)

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110

3,000

50

3 monthsLeverage current infrastructure &

engines

Fatty acid derived

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Algal, fungal pathways to triglycerides, alkanes, olefins, terpenes

Botryococcus brauniidecarbonylase

http://www.biofuelsdatabase.org/map/alkane-decarbonylation_map.shtml http://www.springerlink.com/content/p6451qx982638856/fulltext.pdf

Methylelcosene from Prasiola stipitata

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2 million liter scale example: 2000-06

Dupont/Genencor: 1,3 Propanediol (7 years & $400M R&D)135 g/l at 3.5 g/l/h, 51% yield135 g/l at 3.5 g/l/h, 51% yield (90% of theoretical) from glucoseheoretical) from glucose

27 changes to 4.6 Mbp E.coliackA aldA aldB arcA crr edd gldA glpK mgsA pta ptsH ptsI yqhC Saccharomyces: DAR1 GPP2 Klebsiella: dhaB1,B2,B3,X; orfX,Y P1.5.gapA P1.6.ppc P1.6.btuR P1.6.yqhD Ptrc.galP Ptrc.glk (13 knock-outs, 8 insertions, 6 regulatory changes) http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6432686-description.html

GlycerolDAR1 GPP2

Glycerol-3-P

- NADH- NADH

3HPA

coB12 - NADPH

yqhDdhaB1-3 1,3 propanediol

Yeast Klebsiella E.coli

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Improving process yield, health, safety:

What threatens all biological systems?

What do all viruses have in common? or lack?

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PEG-pAcPhe-hGH (Ambrx) high serum stability314 TAG to TAA changes

IsaacsCharalelChurchSunWang CarrJacobsonKong Sterling

New genetic code: viral-resistance, novel amino acidsno functional GMO DNA exchange

TTT

F

30362 TCT

S

11495 TAT

Y

21999 TGT

C

7048

TTC 22516 TCC 11720 TAC 16601 TGC 8816

TTA

L

18932 TCA 9783 TAASTOP

STOP

2703 TGA STOP 1256

TTG 18602 TCG 12166 TAG 314 TGG W 20683

CTT

L

15002 CCT

P

9559 CAT

H

17613 CGT

R

28382

CTC 15077 CCC 7485 CAC 13227 CGC 29898

CTA 5314 CCA 11471 CAA

Q

20888 CGA 4859

CTG 71553 CCG 31515 CAG 39188 CGG 7399

ATT

I

41309 ACT

T

12198 AAT

N

24159 AGT

S

11970

ATC 34178 ACC 31796 AAC 29385 AGC 21862

ATA 5967 ACA 9670 AAA

K

45687 AGA

R

2896

ATG M 37915 ACG 19624 AAG 14029 AGG 1692

GTT

V

24858 GCT

A

20762 GAT

D

43719 GGT

G

33622

GTC 20753 GCC 34695 GAC 25918 GGC 40285

GTA 14822 GCA 27418 GAA

E

53641 GGA 10893

GTG 35918 GCG 45741 GAG 24254 GGG 15090

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DNA technology tracked Moore’s law (2X / 2 yr) until 2004-8 (10X / yr)

40X 98% genome $5K in 2008 ($50 for 1%?)

0.0000001

0.000001

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

$/bp

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