1 an updated species check-list for the genus cassia l...

JOUR. OF NAT. RESOUR. & ENVIRON. STU. , 4. 2, 1-12, (6) 2016 ISSN 1683-6456 (Print): ISSN 2332-0109 (Online)

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An Updated Species Check-list for the Genus

Cassia L. sensu lato in the Sudan Wail E. Abdalla1,2*, Abdel Gabbar N. Guma'a3, Gamal E.B. El Ghazali2 & Hassan E. Khalid1,4

1. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Research Institute, Khartoum;

2. College of Sciences & Arts at Al Rass, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia;

3. Faculty of Education, University of Khartoum, Khartoum;

4. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum.

* Correspondence to the First author (e-mail: [email protected])

Date Received, April 10, 2016 Date Accepted, May 30, 2016

Abstract- Fresh plants and herbarium specimens of 23

species (16 indigenous and 7 exotic) belonging to the

genus Cassia L. sensu lato, which represent the total

number of species belonging to this genus in Sudan

(including South Sudan), were examined

morphologically. The study supported the segregation of

the genus into three allied genera (Senna, Chamaecrista

and Cassia sensu stricto) and provided additional

characters for their recognition. indented identification

keys to the three allied genera and to the species within

each genus were presented and the names of the species

from the Flora of Sudan were updated accordingly. The

species Senna surattensis (Burm.f.) Irwin & Barneby

(exotic) has been identified to the first time in Sudan.

Index Terms: Cassia, Chamaecrista, identification key,

morphology, Senna.

I. INTRODUCTION

The Flora of Sudan has been scantily updated since the

work of Andrews [1] [2] [3], nevertheless, fewer

attempts have been made; such as the works of El

Amin [4] on the trees and shrubs of the Sudan,

Sommerlatte and Sommerlatte [5] on the trees and

shrubs of the Imatong Mountains, Wickens [6] on the

Flora of Jebel Marra, Sahni [7] on important trees of

northern Sudan, Friis and Vollesen [8, 9] on the Flora

of the Sudan-Uganda border area east of the Nile, and

Vogt [10] on identification, propagation and uses of

common trees and shrubs of dry land- Sudan.

Therefore, efforts that will participate in updating the

Flora of Sudan are badly needed.

The genus Cassia L. is considered important due to its

various economic uses including medical properties

[11]

This work has been extracted from a PhD thesis by the

first author at the Sudan Academy of Sciences (2008)

and sponsored by the National Centre for Research,

Khartoum, Sudan.

[12] [13] [14]. Taxonomically, it has been found that

some species are difficult to determine due to the

presence of morphological complexes within the

genus.

Accordingly, this genus was segregated by some

workers into three allied genera, although some

authors still place all species in a single genus, i.e.

Cassia L. sensu lato [15].

Irwin and Barneby [16] [17] have raised the genus

Cassia L. sensu lato to the level of subtribe (Cassiinae)

and elevated previous subgenera to generic rank, viz.

Senna Mill. and Chamaecrista Moench, in addition to

Cassia L. sensu stricto, under the tribe Cassieae Bronn

ex Irwin & Barneby of Caesalpinioideae.

In Sudan, 23 species belonging to the genus Cassia L.

sensu lato were cited in different floristic studies, 16

of which are indigenous while 7 are exotic species [2]

[4] [5] [7] [18] [19] [20]. Broun and Massey [20]

recorded 13 Cassia L. species. They regarded C.

kotschyana Oliv. and C. sieberiana DC. as separate

species, whereas Andrews [2], Wickens [6] and El

Amin [4] regarded C. kotschyana Oliv. as a synonym

for C. sieberiana DC. Andrews [2] recorded 14 Cassia

L. species. He changed the names C. obovata Collad.,

C. acutifolia Del. and C. goratensis Fresen. of Broun

and Massey [20] to C. italica (Mill.) Lam., C. senna L.

and C. singueana Del., respectively. Wickens [6] in

his regional work on the Flora of Jebel Marra (western

Sudan) recorded 7 Cassia L. species. He corrected the

name C. tora L. of Broun and Massey [20] and

Andrews [2], usually given to the Asian species, to the

name of the African species C. obtusifolia L. El Amin

[4] in his work on the trees and shrubs of the Sudan,

recorded 18 Cassia L. species including 5 exotic ones.

mailto:[email protected]


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He followed the names given by Andrews [2] and

Wickens [6].

The objective of the present study is to make a recent

check-list to the genus Cassia L. sensu lato in the

Sudan (including South Sudan) and to update the

classification and nomenclature of the species, in an

attempt to participate in updating the Flora of the

Sudan.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fresh plants (collected mainly from Khartoum State,

west Kordofan (El Fula & Babanosa) and Blue Nile

State (Dinder)) as well as herbarium specimens

deposited at various Sudanese herbaria (University of

Khartoum Herbarium, Forests National Corporation

Herbarium and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Research

Institute Herbarium) were used to study members of

the genus Cassia L. sensu lato in the Sudan. A total of

23 species were studied including 16 indigenous and 7

exotic.

Fresh herbarium specimens were prepared and

deposited at the Herbarium of the Medicinal and

Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Centre

for Research, Khartoum.

Micro-morphological characters were examined under

Adac M6C-10 Stereo Microscope, while macro-

morphological characters were checked with X10 lens

or naked eye.

Photographs of various members of Cassia L. sensu

lato in Sudan were presented in this study so as to

facilitate identification of these species to non-

taxonomists.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Detailed morphological examination of various

members of the genus Cassia L. sensu lato in Sudan

revealed the results which are presented in the

following tables (Tables: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

The genus Cassia L. sensu lato has been segregated

into three allied genera. An indented identification key

to these allied genera in Sudan is presented in table (1).

.

.


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Table 1: Key to the Genera of subtribe Cassiinae Irwin & Barneby (Cassia sensu lato)

A. Filaments of the 3 abaxial stamens distinctly curved, ≥ 4 times longer than their anthers; bracteoles 1 or

2, inserted near the base of pedicels; pods cylindrical or subcylindrical, ≥ 30 cm. long, mostly

indehiscent, septate; seeds ≥ 30/ pod, dorsiventrally compressed, not areolate; extrafloral glands absent

…… Cassia sensu stricto

AA. Filaments of all stamens straight or slightly curved, usually shorter than or only twice as long as their

anthers; bracteoles absent or 2, inserted in the middle of pedicel or above; pods more or less flattened,

≤ 20 cm. long, mostly dehiscent, septate or not septate; seeds ≤ 30/ pod, laterally compressed, areolate

or not areolate; extrafloral glands present or absent:

B. Bracteoles 2, inserted in the middle of pedicel or above; anthers ciliolate; pods valves

coiling on dehiscence; seeds rhombic or subrhombic, not areolate; extrafloral glands

always present, flat or cushion-shaped … Chamaecrista

BB. Bracteoles absent; anthers glabrous; pods valves not coiling on dehiscence; seeds ovate-

oblong, usually areolate; extrafloral glands often present, fusiform or globular ……...Senna

The genus Cassia L. sensu stricto comprises 7 species in Sudan. An indented identification key to these 7 species

is presented in table (2).

Table 2: Key to the species of the genus Cassia sensu stricto in the Sudan

A. Trees up to 8 m. high; branches glabrous; leaflets glabrous, apex acuminate, base cuneate; petioles

6-8 mm. long; racemes up to 10 cm long; bracts linear-lanceolate; pods brown, dehiscent

……..………. C. arereh (Fig. 1. A)

AA. Trees 10 to 20 m. high; branches pubescent; leaflets pubescent, apex rounded or attenuate; petioles

up to 5 cm. long; racemes more than 10 cm. long; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate; pods black,

indehiscent:

B. Leaflets 4-5 pairs:

C. Trees up to 18 m. high; petals yellow; pods up to 60 cm. long … C.

fistula (Fig. 1. B)

CC. Trees up to 25 m. high; petals pink or white; pods up to 90 cm. long.. C.

mannii

BB. Leaflets 6-14 pairs:

D. Petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; inflorescence terminal leafy corymbs . C.

javanica ssp. nodosa (Fig. 1. D)

DD. Petioles more than 1.5 cm. long; inflorescence solitary racemes or erect

panicles:

E. Leaflets sparsely pubescent beneath; inflorescence erect

panicles … C. thyrsoidea (Fig. 1. F)

EE. Leaflets densely pubescent beneath; inflorescence solitary

racemes:

F. Leaflets oblong or elliptic-oblong; racemes

erect, up to 15 cm. long; petals red or pink, up to

1.5 cm long …….…. C. grandis (Fig. 1. C)


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FF. Leaflets elliptic or ovate-elliptic; racemes

pendulous, up to 40 cm long; petals yellow,

more than 1.5 cm long ………... C. sieberiana

(Fig. 1. E)

The genus Chamaecrista Moench comprises 3

species in Sudan. An indented identification key

to these 3 species is presented in table (3)

Table (3) Key to the species of the genus Chamaecrista Moench in the Sudan

A. Leaflets 2 pairs; indumentum sticky because of glandular-based setae; rachis glandular between

the 2 pairs of leaflets; inflorescences usually terminal; stamens 5, subequal sized; stigma fan-

shaped … C. absus (Fig. 2. A)

AA. Leaflets more than 7 pairs; indumentum pubescent to pilose but not sticky; rachis eglandular;

inflorescences usually supra-axillary; stamens 10, unequal sized; stigma punctiform:

B. Leaflets 20-80 pairs, glabrous except on margins, small (2-9 X 0.5-1.25 mm); petiolar

gland dish-shaped, small (0.4-1.0 mm in diameter), mid-nerve excentric; rachis

serrate to crenate-crested along upper side; inflorescences 1-3-flowered

……………………………………………….….. C. mimosoides (Fig. 2. B)

BB. Leaflets 7-18 pairs, shortly and densely pubescent on both surfaces, larger (10-30 X

2-6 mm), mid-nerve almost centric; petiolar gland cushion-shaped, larger (1-1.25 mm

wide); rachis channeled but not crenate-crested along upper side; inflorescences 3-8-

flowered …………..…….……...… C. nigricans (Fig. 2. C)

The genus Senna L. comprises 13 species in

Sudan. An indented identification key to these 13

species is

presented in table (4)


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Table (4) Key to the species of the genus Senna L. in the Sudan

A. Leaf-rachis glandular:

B. Inflorescences 1-2-flowered; pods dehiscent …..…..……………………..….. S. obtusifolia (Fig. 3. E)

BB. Inflorescences more than 2-flowered; pods indehiscent or only breaking at transverse septa:

C. Shrubs often scrambling or spreading; pods almost cylindrical ……. S. bicapsularis (Fig. 3. A)

CC. Shrubs or small trees often erect; pods flattened or subcylindrical:

D. Leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; glands on leaf-rachis columnar and rather caducous

..…………………..……………………………..…… S. petersiana (Fig. 4. B)

DD. Leaflets oblong-elliptic or obovate-elliptic; glands on leaf-rachis fusiform or stipitate and

rather persistent:

E. Axes of flowers bear glands similar to those on leaf-rachis; pods subcylindrical and

torulose, with stiff and rather hard valves ……………… S. singueana (Fig. 4. D)

EE. Axes of flowers eglandular; pods strap-shaped and not torulose, with papery valves:

F. Stipules broadly reniform, persistent ………....…. S. auriculata (Fig. 2. F)

FF. Stipules linear-ensiform, subpersistent ………… S. surattensis (Fig. 4. E)

AA. Leaf-rachis eglandular or with only finger-shaped gland-like bodies:

G. Plants evergreen trees; pods up to 30 cm long ………….....................................…. S. siamea (Fig. 4. C)

GG. Plants shrubs, undershrubs or herbs; pods up to 17 cm long:

H. Leaflets with uppermost pair clearly largest: ...….

I. Uppermost pair of leaflets pair up to 10.5 X 4.3 cm; staminodes present …………………

…………………………………………………………………. S. occidentalis (Fig. 3. F)

II. Uppermost pair of leaflets pair up to 19 X 12 cm; staminodes absent .. S. alata (Fig. 2. D)

HH. Leaflets equal or subequal-sized; pods flattened:

J. Stipules ovate-cordate, 1-2.5 cm long; pods linear-oblong, 5-9 cm long, 10-15-seeded

………………………………………………………………... S. didymobotrya (Fig. 3. B)

JJ. Stipules more or less triangular, less than 1 cm long; pods falcate or reniform, rarely straight,

2-7 cm long, 5-12-seeded:

K. Racemes axillary, not exceeding the leaves; pods 2-3.5 cm long, thinly pubescent

………………..……………………………….……..….. S. holosericea (Fig. 3. C)

KK. Racemes terminal and axillary, exceeding the leaves; pods 3-7 cm long, glabrous:

L. Leaflets 5-7 pairs, obovate-elliptic to obovate-oblong, rounded or

emarginated at apex; anthers spurred at base; pods crested along the middle

of each valve …………….…..……………………….. S. italica (Fig. 3. D)

LL. Leaflets 5-12 pairs, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acute at apex; anthers not

spurred at base; pods not crested .………..….... S. alexandrina (Fig. 2. E)

A summary of Cassia L. sensu lato check-list in

Sudan showing the updated names and the

references in Sudan where the species were cited,

whether with recent or previously used names, is

presented in table (5)


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Table 5: Species check-list for members of the genus Cassia L. sensu lato in the Sudan

No. Updated name Previously used name(s) References for

previously used name(s)

1 Cassia arereh Del. (Fig. 1. A) Accepted name

2 C. fistula L. (Fig. 1. B) Accepted name

3 C. grandis L.f. (Fig. 1. C) Accepted name

4 C. javanica L. subsp. nodosa (Roxb.) K. & S.

Larsen (Fig. 1. D)

C. nodosa Roxb. [4]

5 C. mannii Oliver Accepted name

6 C. sieberiana DC. (Fig. 1. E) C. kotschyana Oliver [20]

C. sieberana DC. [4]

7 C. thyrsoidea Brenan (Fig. 1. F) Accepted name

8 Chamaecrista absus (L.) Irwin & Barneby (Fig. 2.

A)

Cassia absus L. [2] [20]

9 C. mimosoides (L.) Greene (Fig. 2. B) Cassia mimosoides L. [2] [6] [20]

10 C. nigricans (Vahl) Greene (Fig. 2. C) Cassia nigricans Vahl [2] [6] [20]

11 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (Fig. 2. D) Cassia alata L. [21]

12 S. alexandrina Mill. (Fig. 2. E) Cassia senna L. [2] [4]

C. acutifolia Del. [20]

13 S. auriculata (L.) Roxb. (Fig. 2. F) Cassia auriculata L. [4]

14 S. bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. (Fig. 3. A) Cassia bicapsularis L. [4]

15 S. didymobotrya (Fresen.) Irwin & Barneby (Fig. 3.

B)

Cassia didymobotrya

Fresen.

[4] [20]

16 S. holosericea (Fresen.) Greuter (Fig. 3. C) Cassia holosericea Fresen. [2] [20]

17 S. italica Mill. (Fig. 3. D) Cassia obovata Collad. [20] C. italica (Mill.) Lam. ex Andrews [2] [4] [6]

18 S. obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby (Fig. 3. E) Cassia obtusifolia L. [6]

C. tora sensu Oliver [2] [20]

19 S. occidentalis (L.) Link (Fig. 3. F) Cassia occidentalis L. [2] [6] [20]

20 S. petersiana (Bolle) Lock (Fig. 4. B) Cassia petersiana Bolle [2] [4]

21 S. siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby (Fig. 4. C) Cassia siamea Lam. [4]

22 S. singueana (Del.) Lock (Fig. 4. D) Cassia singueana Del. [2] [4]

C. goratensis Fresen. [20]

23 *S. surattensis (Burm.f.) Irwin & Barneby (Fig. 4.

E)

Cassia surattensis Burm.f. Newly identified sp.

* Cultivated at the National Botanic Garden,

Khartoum, and in Shendi University and it was

wrongly identified as S. siamea, now it is

identified by the first author for the first time in

Sudan as Senna surattensis (Burm.f.) Irwin &

Barneby.

Photographs of various members of Cassia L.

sensu lato in Sudan were presented in figures

(1-4), so as to facilitate identification of these

species to non-taxonomists.


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Fig. 1. A) Cassia arereh Del.: Herbarium specimen showing stem, leaves and inflorescence;

B) C. fistula L.: Growing plant showing branches with leaves and pods;

C) C. grandis L.f.: Fresh plant showing leaves, immature and mature pods;

D) C. javanica L. subsp. nodosa (Roxb.) K. and L. Larsen: Growing plant showing branches with leaves and

inflorescences;

E) Cassia sieberiana DC.: Herbarium specimen showing leaves and pod;

F) C. thyrsoidea Brenan: Herbarium specimen showing stem, leaves and inflorescence


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Fig. 2. A) Chamaecrista absus (L.) Irwin and Barneby: Herbarium specimen showing whole plant;

B) C. mimosoides (L.) Greene: Herbarium specimen showing stem, leaves and pods;

C) Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl) Greene: Growing plant showing stem, leaves, flowers and pods;

D) Senna alata (L.) Roxb.: Growing plant showing leaves, inflorescences and pods;

E) S. alexandrina Mill.: Growing plant showing stem, leaves, inflorescences and pods;

F) S. auriculata (L.) Roxb.: Growing plant (picture in vertical position) showing leaves, inflorescences and

pods.


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Fig. 3. A) Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.: Growing plant showing stem, leaves, flowers and pods;

B) S. didymobotrya (Fresen.) Irwin and Barneby: Herbarium specimen showing leaves and pod;

C) S. holosericea (Fresen.) Greuter: Herbarium specimen (picture in horizontal position) showing stem,

leaves and pods;

D) S. italica Mill.: Growing plant showing stem, leaves, inflorescences and pods;

E) Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby: Growing plant (picture in vertical position) showing stem,

leaves, inflorescences and pods;

F) S. occidentalis (L.) Link: Herbarium specimen showing stem, leaves and pod.


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Fig. 4. A) S. near occidentalis: Herbarium specimen showing stem, leaves and flowers;

B) S. petersiana (Bolle) Lock: Herbarium specimen showing stem, leaves and inflorescences;

C) Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin and Barneby: Growing plant showing branch, leaves and

inflorescences;

D) S. singueana (Del.) Lock: Herbarium specimen showing stem, leaves and inflorescence;

E) S. surattensis (Burm.f.) Irwin and Barneby: Growing plant showing branch, leaves,

inflorescence and pod.


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Irwin and Barneby [17] have segregated the

genus Cassia L. sensu lato into three allied

genera (Senna Mill., Chamaecrista Moench and

Cassia L. sensu stricto) on the basis of

characteristics of filaments and the presence or

absence of bracteoles. Recently, their concept

has also been followed by Lock [22], Randell

[23] [24] [25] and Larsen and Hou [26] in their

works on the revision of subtribe Cassiinae Irwin

& Barneby from Africa, Australia and Malaysia,

respectively [27].

In the present work, members of the genus

Cassia L. sensu lato in the Sudan were revised.

The results of the morphological characters

examined coincide with the classification of

Cassia sensu lato postulated by Irwin and

Barneby [17]. The species were found to be

distributed between the genera: Senna (13

species), Cassia sensu stricto (7 species) and

Chamaecrista (3 species). Characteristics of

filaments and presence or absence of bracteoles

were found to be primarily useful characters in

segregating Cassia sensu lato into three allied

genera as postulated by Irwin and Barneby [17].

In addition, morphological characters of anthers,

extrafloral glands, pods and seeds were found as

additional characters that help in the

differentiation between the three allied genera

Senna, Chamaecrista and Cassia sensu stricto.

All species names were updated according to

Lock [22] on his work, check-list to legumes of

Africa.

The species Senna surattensis (Burm.f.) Irwin &

Barneby (exotic) is cultivated at the National

Botanic Garden, Khartoum, and at Shendi

University campus. It was wrongly identified as

S. siamea, but now correctly identified by the

first author for the first time in Sudan and

confirmed by comparison with herbarium

specimens at the Herbarium of the Institute of

Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Beijing, China (Herbarium specimens used for

comparison: Shia Yong Ho 12592- 17/12/1972-

Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Plants of

Hong Kong and the New Territories; K.Y. Chan

012- 31/10/1972- Herbarium, The Chinese

University of Hong Kong- Plants of Hong Kong).

The species Senna near occidentalis (Fig. 4. A)

closely resembles S. occidentalis (L.) Link (Fig.

3. F), it only differs from the latter in the

dimension of the uppermost pair of leaflets being

not clearly largest. It might be an infra taxa of S.

occidentalis, however, no record in the literature

matches its description, hence it was left as S.

near occidentalis in this study.

VI. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

The study revealed that, the genus Cassia L. sensu lato

is represented in Sudan by 23 species, which are

distributed among the recently classified three allied

genera: Senna Mill. (13 species), Chamaecrista

Moench. (3 species), and Cassia L. sensu stricto (7

species). The species Senna surattensis (Burm.f.)

Irwin & Barneby (exotic) has been identified to the

first time in Sudan..

V. REFERENCES

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12

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Council of Sciences, Modern Technologies and

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Cassia sensu lato in the Sudan", LAP LAMBERT

Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2015,

220 pp.

[20] Broun AF and Massey RE, "Flora of the Sudan",

Sudan Government Office, London, UK, 1929, pp

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Administrations, London, UK, Editors: Milne-

Redhead E and Polhill RM, 1967, pp 1-103.

[22] Lock JM, "Legumes of Africa, A Check-list",

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 1989, 619 pp.

[23] Randell BR. Revision of the Cassiinae in

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Malesiana, Foundation of Flora Malesiana,

Netherlands, Editor: Hou, et al., 1996, 12(2): 556-691.

[27] Singh V, "Monograph on Indian Subtribe

Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae)", Scientific Publishers,

Jodhpur, India, 2001, 279 pp.

1 an updated species check-list for the genus cassia l...

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