1 biochemistry of cells. 2 what you need to learn… 1.why carbon? 2.name the 4 macromolecules...
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Biochemistry of Cells
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What you need to learn…
1.Why carbon?2.Name the 4 macromolecules3.Know the building block or monomer of each.4.Know their functions5.Know examples of each.6.Know what dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are.7.Understand some properties of these molecules
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WaterAbout 60-90 percent of an organism is water
Water is used in most reactions in the bodyWater is called the universal solvent
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Water Properties
Polarity
CohesivenessAdhesivene
ss
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The Water MoleculeThe Water Molecule
PolarityPolarityA water molecule is polar because there is
an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
(+)
(—)
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Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
Polar water molecules Polar water molecules act like magnetsact like magnets and and attract each other attract each other
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen BondsThe attraction of the Hydrogen end (+) of The attraction of the Hydrogen end (+) of
one molecule for the Oxygen end one molecule for the Oxygen end (-)(-) of of another water molecule.another water molecule.
They are the They are the strongest bondsstrongest bonds that can that can form form betweenbetween moleculesmolecules
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Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
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CohesionCohesion
The attraction between molecules of the same substance (e.g. water).
Allows some insects and spiders to walk on water.
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AdhesionAdhesion
Attraction between molecules of Attraction between molecules of different substancesdifferent substances
Responsible for Capillary forces in Responsible for Capillary forces in plantsplants
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Carbon-based MoleculesAlthough a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
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Carbon is a Versatile Atom
It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight
Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds
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Carbon can use its bonds to::
Attach to other carbons
Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons
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Shape of Organic Molecules
Each type of organic molecule has a unique
three-dimensional shape
The shape determines its function in an
organism
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Giant Molecules - PolymersLarge molecules are called polymers
Polymers are built from smaller molecules called monomersBiologists call them macromolecules
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Most Macromolecules are Polymers
Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers
Nucleic Acid
Monomer
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Linking Monomers
Cells link monomers by a process called dehydration
synthesis (removing a molecule of water)
This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double
sugar
Remove H
Remove OH
H2O Forms
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Breaking Down PolymersCells break
down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water)
Water added to split a double sugar
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Macromolecules in Organisms
There are four categories of large molecules in cells:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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Monosaccharides:
Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactoseHave the same chemical, but different structural formulas called an isomer.C6H12O6
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Monosaccharides
Glucose is found in sports drinks
Fructose is found in fruitsHoney contains both glucose & fructoseGalactose is called “milk sugar”
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates include: Small sugar molecules
in soft drinksLong starch molecules in pasta and potatoes
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Rings
In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring
structures
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Cellular Fuel
Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work
ATP
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Disaccharides
A disaccharide is a double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharides
Involves removing a water molecule (dehydration)
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Disaccharides
Common disaccharides include:
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
Maltose (Grain sugar)
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Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates
Composed of many sugar monomers linked togetherPolymers of monosaccharide chains
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Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Glucose Monomer
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Sugars in Water
Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water
They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving”
WATER MOLECULE
SUGAR MOLECULE
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Lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
Do NOT mix with water
FAT MOLECULE
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Function of Lipids
Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs
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Types of Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acids have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons)
Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (all single bonds between carbons)
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Types of Fatty Acids
Single Bonds in Carbon chain
Double bond in carbon chain
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Triglyceride
Monomer of lipids
Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chainsGlycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat Organic
Alcohol
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Triglyceride
Glycerol Fatty Acid Chains
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Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)
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Fats in Organisms
Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)
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SteroidsThe carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused ringsCholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids
Estrogen & testosterone are also steroids
Cholesterol
TestosteroneEstrogen
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Synthetic Anabolic SteroidsThey are variants of testosteroneSome athletes use them to build up their muscles quicklyThey can pose serious health risks
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Proteins
Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids
All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders
Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell
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Four Types of Proteins
Structural
Contractile
Storage
Transport
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20 Amino Acid Monomers
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Linking Amino Acids
Cells link amino acids together to make proteinsThe process is called dehydration synthesisPeptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together
Carboxyl
Amino Side
Group
Dehydration Synthesis
Peptide Bond
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Proteins as Enzymes
Many proteins act as biological catalysts or enzymes
Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction
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Protein Structures
Secondary protein structures occur when protein chains coil or fold
When protein chains called polypeptides join together, the tertiary structure forms
In the watery environment of a cell, proteins become globular in their quaternary structure
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Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it
no longer worksCooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures
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Nucleic Acids
Store hereditary information
Contain information for making all the body’s proteinsTwo types exist --- DNA & RNA
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Nucleic AcidsNitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Phosphategroup
Thymine (T)
Sugar(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
BaseSugar
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotide
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Bases
Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
–Adenine (A)
–Guanine (G)
–Thymine (T)
–Cytosine (C)
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End