1 capacity enhancement, governance, and evidence-based diagnostics and assessments background...
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Capacity Enhancement, Governance, and Evidence-Based Diagnostics and Assessments
www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance
Background handout for discussion at the EILTWBIs Leadership TeamDK -- WBIGG
WBI, February 4th, 2004
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Institutions &Governance MattersMissing Link in Washington ConsensusFirst Summers Lesson from ExperienceGovernance as the weak link in CB/CEData Power: governance key for developmentYet 5 main challenges about institutions: i) which ones? (prioritizing among institutions & vulnerabilities Diagnostics); ii) how to? (Implementation Expertise); iii) where to? (Sectoral Mainstreaming) iv) measure, monitor, research Lessons v) Localize Know-how and Action Programs
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Governance World Map :Control of Corruption, 2002Source for data: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2002 ; Map downloaded from : http://info.worldbank.org/governance/kkz2002/govmap.asp Colors are assigned according to the following criteria: Red, 25% or less rank worse ( bottom 10% in darker red); Orange, between 25% and 50%; Yellow, between 50% and 75%; Light Green between 75% and 90% ; Dark Green above 90%
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Where is Financial Aid Well Used, Where Wasted? Global Poll (% firms rating satisfactory [6-10])
% firms rating satisfactory
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Sources: Global Poll 2003 and KK02. Global Poll questions: How much of a priority does the WB give to helping your country reduce corruption (1=none, 10=top) ; How good of a job does the WB do in helping your country reduce corruption (1=bad, 10=excellent)
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Listening to Stakeholders: Analysis of Responses on Donor Aid and Anti-CorruptionFigure 9d : Most Important Role for Donors in Helping Country on Anti-Corruption (A-C)
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Percentage of Responses selected as Most Important Role for Donors
Source: World Bank Institute Governance WebSurvey, http://www.wbigf.org/hague/hague_survey.php3. Based on 2,427 responses.
Data
6. What should be the MOST important role for donors in helping countries fight corruption?
Donors out of A-C3.2%
Collaborate w/ NGOs11.4%
Control corruption in Donor projects13.3%
Awareness/Education20.9%
Work w/ Country A-C25.4%
Pre-Conditionality25.9%
Total100.1%
Conditionality
Work with countries
Awareness/Educate
Control corruption in donor projects
Collaborate with NGOs
Donors out of this
Total1509
Role for Donors bar
0.032
0.114
0.133
0.209
0.254
0.259
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Anti-Corruption Focus and Quality Assessment by the World Bank Global Poll Respondents, by extent of Corruption in Country (% firms rating satisfactory [6-10])
% firms rating satisfactory
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Sources: Global Poll 2003 and KK02. Global Poll questions: How much of a priority does the WB give to helping your country reduce corruption (1=none, 10=top) ; How good of a job does the WB do in helping your country reduce corruption (1=bad, 10=excellent)
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Note: The vertical axis depicts the firms net effectiveness evaluation of World Banks performance in supporting private-sector development (PSD) in their country. Net effectiveness is calculated as the difference between the percent of respondents reporting the institution to be effective minus the percent of respondents reporting it to be ineffective. Each set of two columns displays the net effectiveness ratings provided by countries with a good record in given constraint (in blue) versus those provided by countries with a poor performance in such constraint (in black). Calculations are based on country averages.Source: Executive Opinion Survey (GCR) 2002.
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Corporate Governance and Corporate EthicsSource: EOS 2002-03. % firms rate satisfactoryCorporate GovernanceCorporate Ethics
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Soundness of Banks vs. Control of Corruption
SoundRelatively UnsoundSource: Executive Opinon Survey 2002; KKZ 2000/01Governance Indicators, http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2001.htm The Sample of 80 countries has been divided into 3 sub-samples according to their rating in Control of Corruption. The 3 columns therefore represent the average ratings for Soundness of Banks within each sub-sample. The fitted line instead represents the predicted value of Bank Soundness controlling for the effects of GDP per capita and Regulatory Quality through an OLS regression. Each fitted value is computed as the sum of the estimated constant plus the value of Control of Corruption within each group times the estimated coefficient plus the mean values of Regulatory Quality and GDP per capita times their respective estimated coefficients.
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Annual GDP Growth (%)Transparency, Parliaments, Corporate Ethics, and GDP GrowthSource: Annual GDP growth over 1999-2001 WDI 2002; GDP is computed in PPP terms. The various transparency / governance variables drawn from Executive Opinion Survey, 2002.
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Kenya the Mezzo Level of CE Assessment 22 clustersSource: EOS 2003 WEF, preliminary. Percentile ranks based on comparative performance among the 103 countries in the sample. All variables rated from 0 (very bad) to 100 (excellent).
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Health Gap vs. Active Capture (High Level Corruption)r = 0.83Large GapSmallLowHigh BriberySource: EOS 2003
Chart2
5.1714285714
6.652173913
6.393442623
2.95
3.156626506
6.4078947368
2.5
6.4810126582
4.5454545455
6.5396825397
5.4417177914
6.5357142857
2.1081081081
6.5662650602
6.0595238095
4.8425925926
5.5737704918
4.4428571429
4.4454545455
2.7757009346
1.7619047619
6.1714285714
6.5510204082
5.27
6.085106383
3.7076923077
5.7411764706
2.1111111111
2.652173913
4.4303797468
3.3888888889
5.5872093023
5.3711340206
6.5245901639
6.64
6.3902439024
3.2333333333
5.0943396226
1.4074074074
6.3174603175
4.7714285714
5.075
4.1428571429
4.1458333333
6.0689655172
2.5694444444
4.7529411765
6.6133333333
3.8039215686
4.3097826087
5.3507462687
1.8787878788
4.9824561404
6.7173913043
5.8529411765
4.2291666667
6.4285714286
2.6025641026
5.09375
6.1346153846
6.2475247525
6.5866666667
5.1914893617
2.0595238095
4.0579710145
6.5633802817
6.4162436548
1.962962963
6.375
5.7432432432
6.7230769231
6.2307692308
6.3829787234
5.4456521739
5
5.6458333333
6.1178707224
6.4444444444
5.58
2.7203389831
3.7887323944
3.5632183908
6.2096774194
3.2463768116
5.2941176471
2.3571428571
2.4722222222
3.023255814
5.9852941176
5.0222222222
5.8524590164
3.8108108108
6.152173913
5.9387755102
6.2727272727
4.3230769231
5.2461538462
4.9423076923
6.6764705882
5.1694915254
6.3728813559
6.7272727273
Bribery to Affect Laws, Regulations..
Rich-Poor Health Gap
ARG
AUS
BRA
CMR
CHL
CHN
COL
CZE
DNK
ETH
FRA
HTI
HKG
ISL
JOR
LVA
LTU
MLI
MAR
NOR
PRY
PER
ROM
SGP
SVK
LKA
SWE
TZA
TUN
VNM
ZWE
TABLE
PERCENTAGE FIRMS SATISFACTORYCodeCountryCodeQ0512fQ0706REVERSED0.8309987479
DZAAlgeria3.885.17CountryCode
Corporate GovernanceCorporate EthicsAGOAngola5.476.65ETHIOPIAETH
Country2003200220032002ARGArgentinaARG5.686.39Congo, Dem. Rep. (Zaire)ZAR
OECD75.264.385.284.2AUSAustraliaAUS2.202.95AFGHANISTANAFG
East Asia (NIC)69.740.476.366.7AUTAustria2.203.16NEPALNPL
East Asia dev.52.032.038.833.0BGDBangladesh5.256.41KOREA, NORTHPRK
Former Soviet Union41.638.016.812.7BELBelgium3.052.50MOZAMBIQUEMOZ
Eastern Europe48.235.533.333.8BOLBolivia5.356.48MADAGASCARMDG
South Asia42.120.719.427.8BWABotswana2.774.55CAMBODIAKHM
Sub-saharan Africa53.947.931.038.5BRABrazilBRA4.206.54BURKINA FASOBFA
Middle East North Africa52.235.849.651.9BGRBulgaria3.385.44NIGERNER
Latin America / Caribbean39.128.829.627.9CMRCameroonCMR4.446.54MALIMLI
WORLD54.642.146.048.2CANCanada2.832.11BELARUSBLR
TCDChad5.856.57SOMALIASOM
CHLChileCHL3.236.06RWANDARWA
CHNChinaCHN3.524.84HAITIHTI
COLColombiaCOL4.335.57CHADTCD
CRICosta Rica4.354.44GUINEAGIN
HRVCroatia4.114.45BURUNDIBDI
CZECzech RepublicCZE4.152.78BENINBEN
DNKDenmarkDNK1.541.76TAJIKISTANTJK
DOMDominican Republic5.006.17GEORGIAGEO
ECUEcuador5.266.55LAOSLAO
EGYEgypt3.755.27SIERRA LEONESLE
SLVEl Salvador3.826.09KYRGYZ REPUBLICKGZ
ESTEstonia3.213.71TURKMENISTANTKM
ETHEthiopiaETH4.325.74TOGOTGO
FINFinland1.612.11ERITREAERI
FRAFranceFRA2.652.65PUERTO RICOPRI
GMBGambia3.434.43BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINABIH
DEUGermany2.013.39ARMENIAARM
GHAGhana3.785.59CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLICCAF
GRCGreece4.135.37ALBANIAALB
GTMGuatemala5.606.52LIBERIALBR
HTIHaitiHTI5.756.64WEST BANKWBG
HNDHonduras5.546.39CONGOCOG
HKGHong KongHKG2.083.23MAURITANIAMRT
HUNHungary3.515.09MONGOLIAMNG
ISLIcelandISL1.561.41LESOTHOLSO
INDIndia4.666.32GAMBIAGMB
IDNIndonesia4.314.77GUINEA-BISSAUGNB
IRLIreland3.485.08SWAZILANDSWZ
ISRIsrael2.574.14TIMOR, EASTTMP
ITAItaly4.224.15GUYANAGUY
JAMJamaica4.346.07BHUTANBTN
JPNJapan3.492.57FIJIFJI
JORJordanJOR2.814.75DJIBOUTIDJI
KENKenya4.866.61COMOROSCOM
KORKorea, south3.383.80EQUATORIAL GUINEAGNQ
LVALatviaLVA3.764.31MACAOMAC
LTULithuaniaLTU3.655.35MARTINIQUEMTQ
LUXLuxembourg2.061.88SOLOMON ISLANDSSLB
MKDMacedonia4.614.98CAPE VERDECPV
MDGMadagascar4.976.72MALTAMLT
MWIMalawi3.155.85SURINAMESUR
MYSMalaysia2.994.23LUXEMBOURGLUX
MLIMaliMLI4.976.43BARBADOSBRB
MLTMalta2.442.60MALDIVESMDV
MUSMauritius3.915.09BAHAMASBHS
MEXMexico3.776.13BELIZEBLZ
MARMoroccoMAR3.876.25BRUNEIBRN
MOZMozambique4.686.59ICELANDISL
NAMNamibia3.825.19ST. LUCIALCA
NLDNetherlands2.222.06VANUATUVUT
NZLNew Zealand1.684.06SAMOAWSM
NICNicaragua4.916.56FRENCH GUIANAGUF
NGANigeria4.996.42MICRONESIAFSM
NORNorwayNOR2.221.96BERMUDABMU
PAKPakistan4.386.38KIRIBATIKIR
PANPanama4.995.74MARSHALL ISLANDSMHL
PRYParaguayPRY5.336.72TONGATON
PERPeruPER4.556.23ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINESVCT
PHLPhilippines5.416.38ANDORRAADO
POLPoland4.165.45ANTIGUA AND BARBUDAATG
PRTPortugal2.935.00DOMINICADMA
ROMRomaniaROM5.475.65SAO TOME AND PRINCIPESTP
RUSRussia4.666.12SEYCHELLESSYC
SENSenegal4.336.44GRENADAGRD
YUGSerbia4.725.58ST. KITTS AND NEVISKNA
SGPSingaporeSGP1.572.72CAYMAN ISLANDSCYM
SVKSlovak RepublicSVK4.603.79LIECHTENSTEINLIE
SVNSlovenia3.103.56MONACOMCO
ZAFSouth Africa3.696.21SAN MARINOSMR
ESPSpain2.973.25NAURUNRU
LKASri LankaLKA4.525.29TUVALUTUV
SWESwedenSWE1.792.36CHINACHN
CHESwitzerland2.002.47INDIAIND
TWNTaiwan2.693.02UNITED STATESUSA
TZATanzaniaTZA3.885.99INDONESIAIDN
THAThailand3.615.02BRAZILBRA
TTOTrinidad and Tobago4.215.85RUSSIARUS
TUNTunisiaTUN2.673.81PAKISTANPAK
TURTurkey4.576.15BANGLADESHBGD
UGAUganda4.855.94NIGERIANGA
UKRUkraine4.666.27JAPANJPN
GBRUnited Kingdom2.174.32MEXICOMEX
URYUruguay3.335.25GERMANYDEU
USAUSA2.924.94VIETNAMVNM
VENVenezuela4.856.68PHILIPPINESPHL
VNMVietnamVNM3.995.17TURKEYTUR
ZMBZambia4.256.37IRANIRN
ZWEZimbabweZWE4.846.73EGYPTEGY
THAILANDTHA
UNITED KINGDOMGBR
FRANCEFRA
ITALYITA
UKRAINEUKR
KOREA, SOUTHKOR
MYANMARMMR
SOUTH AFRICAZAF
COLOMBIACOL
SPAINESP
POLANDPOL
ARGENTINAARG
TANZANIATZA
CANADACAN
ALGERIADZA
KENYAKEN
SUDANSDN
MOROCCOMAR
PERUPER
UZBEKISTANUZB
VENEZUELAVEN
IRAQIRQ
MALAYSIAMYS
ROMANIAROM
TAIWANTWN
UGANDAUGA
SAUDI ARABIASAU
SRI LANKALKA
AUSTRALIAAUS
GHANAGHA
YEMENYEM
SYRIASYR
IVORY COASTCIV
NETHERLANDSNLD
CHILECHL
CAMEROONCMR
KAZAKHSTANKAZ
ANGOLAAGO
ECUADORECU
ZIMBABWEZWE
GUATEMALAGTM
CUBACUB
MALAWIMWI
GREECEGRC
YUGOSLAVIAYUG
BELGIUMBEL
CZECH REPUBLICCZE
ZAMBIAZMB
HUNGARYHUN
PORTUGALPRT
TUNISIATUN
SENEGALSEN
SWEDENSWE
DOMINICAN REPUBLICDOM
BOLIVIABOL
BULGARIABGR
AUSTRIAAUT
AZERBAIJANAZE
SWITZERLANDCHE
HONG KONGHKG
HONDURASHND
EL SALVADORSLV
ISRAELISR
LIBYALBY
PARAGUAYPRY
SLOVAK REPUBLICSVK
DENMARKDNK
FINLANDFIN
NICARAGUANIC
JORDANJOR
PAPUA NEW GUINEAPNG
CROATIAHRV
NORWAYNOR
LEBANONLBN
MOLDOVAMDA
SINGAPORESGP
IRELANDIRL
NEW ZEALANDNZL
COSTA RICACRI
LITHUANIALTU
URUGUAYURY
PANAMAPAN
UNITED ARAB EMIRATESARE
JAMAICAJAM
LATVIALVA
OMANOMN
KUWAITKWT
MACEDONIAMKD
SLOVENIASVN
NAMIBIANAM
BOTSWANABWA
ESTONIAEST
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOTTO
GABONGAB
MAURITIUSMUS
CYPRUSCYP
BAHRAINBHR
QATARQAT
Differences in quality of healthcare for rich/poor
Bribes for infuencing of laws and policies
TABLE
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r = 0.83
Large
High
Small
Low
Q0706
Bribery to Affect laws, Regulations...
Rich-Poor Health Gap
Health Gap vs. Active Capture
ZWE
VNM
TUN
TZA
SWE
LKA
SVK
SGP
ROM
PER
PRY
NOR
MAR
MLI
LTU
LVA
JOR
ISL
HKG
HTI
FRA
ETH
DNK
CZE
COL
CHN
CHL
CMR
BRA
AUS
ARG
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Romania: Disproportionally Negative Impact on the Poor
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Institutional Capacity: From revisiting Capacity Building to Measuring and Diagnosing Capacity EnhancementInstitutional Capacity (IC) unbundling into 3 dimensions:Physical capital and hardware (physical infrastructure, computers, etc.) (K); Human and knowledge capital (including organizational & administrative capital, i.e. the institutional software) (HK), and,Governance and political capital (GPK). IC = f (K, HK, GPK)Capacity Enhancement = Changed capacity over time
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Empirical Approach to Institutional and Governance Assessments and DiagnosticsMacro: Worldwide Aggregate Governance Indicators: 200 countries, 6 components, periodic it permits broad proxy of governance and capacity enhancement Mezzo (Middle): Cross-Country Surveys of EnterprisesMicro: Specialized, in-depth, in-country Governance and Institutional Capacity Diagnostics: Includes surveys of: i) user of public services (citizens); ii) firms, and iii) public officials
Item #1 above is central for comparative monitoring worldwide and to flag a countrys institutional vulnerabilities. On other extreme, item #3 is in-depth input to concrete capacity enhancement strategy at country level. Due to improvements in cross-country enterprise surveys, item #2 provides a relatively detailed quantitative sense of institutional vulnerabilities, complementary to the other 2.
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Overall Evidence is Sobering: Progress on Governance is modest at best, so far Evidence points to slow, if any, average progress worldwide on key dimensions of governance
This contrasts with some other developmental dimensions (e.g. quality of infrastructure; quality of math/science education; effective absorption of new technologies), where progress is apparent
At the same time, substantial variation cross-country, even within a region. Some successes.
And it is early days.
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Capacity Enhancement Assessment, Level I: The Macro or Aggregate Governance Indicators+ Some Illustrations from updated Governance Indicators database: 200 countries, 1996-2002, to be continued
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Governance: A working definition which contains much of what is relevant for CE Governance is the process and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised: (1) S -- the process by which governments are selected, held accountable, monitored, and replaced; (2) E -- the capacity of govt to manage resources and provide services efficiently, and to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations; and, (3) R -- the respect for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them
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Operationalizing Governance: Unbundling its Definition into Components that can be measured, analyzed, and worked onEach of the 3 main components of Governance Definition is unbundled into 2 subcomponents:Voice and External AccountabilityPolitical Stability and lack of Violence&TerrorQuality Regulatory FrameworkGovernment EffectivenessControl of CorruptionRule of Law
We measure these six governance components
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Sources of Governance DataCross-Country Surveys of Firms: Global Competitiveness Survey, World Business Environment Survey, World Competitiveness Yearbook, BEEPS
Cross-Country Surveys of Individuals: Gallup International, Latinobarometro, Afrobarometer
Expert Assessments from Commercial Risk Rating Agencies: DRI, PRS, EIU, World Markets Online,
Expert Assessments from NGOs, Think Tanks: Reporters Without Borders, Heritage Foundation, Freedom House, Amnesty International
Expert Assessments from Governments, Multilaterals: World Bank CPIA, EBRD, State Dept. Human Rights Report
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Inputs for Governance Indicators 2002PublisherPublicationSourceCountry Coverage
Wefas DRI/McGraw-Hill Country Risk ReviewPoll117 developed and developing Business Env. Risk Intelligence BERISurvey50/115 developed and developingColumbia University Columbia U. State Failure Poll84 developed and developing World Bank Country Policy & Institution AssmntPoll 136 developingGallup International Voice of the PeopleSurvey 47 developed and developing Business Env. Risk Intelligence BERISurvey50/115 developed and developingEBRDTransition ReportPoll27 transition economiesEconomist Intelligence UnitCountry IndicatorsPoll 115 developed and developing Freedom HouseFreedom in the WorldPoll192 developed and developingFreedom HouseNations in TransitPoll27 transition economiesWorld Economic Forum/CIDGlobal Competitiveness Survey80 developed and developing Heritage FoundationEconomic Freedom IndexPoll156 developed and developingLatino-barometro LBOSurvey17 developingPolitical Risk ServicesInternational Country Risk GuidePoll140 developed and developingReporters Without Borders Reporters sans frontieres(RSF)Survey138 developed and developingWorld Bank/EBRDBEEPSSurvey27 transition economiesIMD, LausanneWorld Competitiveness Yearbook Survey 49 developed and developingBinghamton Univ. Human Rights Violations ResearchSurvey 140 developed and developing
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Control of Corruption: one Aggregate Indicator (selected countries, for illustration, based on 2000/01 research data)Source: KKZ 2000/01POORGOODCorruption LevelMargin of ErrorGood Corruption Control
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Governance World Map :Voice and Accountability, 2002Source for data: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2002 ; Map downloaded from : http://info.worldbank.org/governance/kkz2002/govmap.asp Colors are assigned according to the following criteria: Red, 25% or less rank worse ( bottom 10% in darker red); Orange, between 25% and 50%; Yellow, between 50% and 75%; Light Green between 75% and 90% ; Dark Green above 90%
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Governance World Map :Government Effectiveness, 2002Source for data: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2002 ; Map downloaded from : http://info.worldbank.org/governance/kkz2002/govmap.asp Colors are assigned according to the following criteria: Red, 25% or less rank worse ( bottom 10% in darker red); Orange, between 25% and 50%; Yellow, between 50% and 75%; Light Green between 75% and 90% ; Dark Green above 90%
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Governance World Map:Regulatory Quality, 2002Source for data: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2002 ; Map downloaded from : http://info.worldbank.org/governance/kkz2002/govmap.asp Colors are assigned according to the following criteria: Red, 25% or less rank worse ( bottom 10% in darker red); Orange, between 25% and 50%; Yellow, between 50% and 75%; Light Green between 75% and 90% ; Dark Green above 90%
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Governance World Map :Rule of Law, 2002Source for data: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2002 ; Map downloaded from : http://info.worldbank.org/governance/kkz2002/govmap.asp Colors are assigned according to the following criteria: Red, 25% or less rank worse ( bottom 10% in darker red); Orange, between 25% and 50%; Yellow, between 50% and 75%; Light Green between 75% and 90% ; Dark Green above 90%
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Governance Indicators: Chile 1998 vs. 2002Source for data: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2002 ; Colors are assigned according to the following criteria: Dark Red, bottom 10th percentile rank; Light Red between 10th and 25th ; Orange, between 25th and 50th ; Yellow, between 50th and 75th ; Light Green between 75th and 90th ; Dark Green above 90th.
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Governance Indicators: Kenya, 1996-2002Source for data: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2002 ; Colors are assigned according to the following criteria: Dark Red, bottom 10th percentile rank; Light Red between 10th and 25th ; Orange, between 25th and 50th ; Yellow, between 50th and 75th ; Light Green between 75th and 90th ; Dark Green above 90th.
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Another Macro Evidence-Based approach at WBIKAM Kenya : Knowledge Economy Indexes and Pillars
Source: KAM website (www.worldbank.org/kam) Basic Scorecard mode
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Knowledge Economy Index and pillar contributionSouce: KAM website (www.worldbank.org/kam) Cross country comparison mode
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2nd Level: The Mezzo Empirical AssessmentMore detailed institutional vulnerability assessment possibleComparative across over 100 countriesAnnuallyCluster Comparative Analysis permits identification of (relative) vulnerabilitiesIllustrating Kenya and Chile
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Kenya the Mezzo Level of CE Assessment 22 clustersSource: EOS 2003 WEF, preliminary. Percentile ranks based on comparative performance among the 103 countries in the sample. All variables rated from 0 (very bad) to 100 (excellent).
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Chile the Mezzo Level of CE Assessment; 22 clustersSource: EOS 2003 WEF, preliminary. Percentile ranks based on comparative performance among the 103 countries in the sample. All variables rated from 0 (very bad) to 100 (excellent).
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Politics Can be Measured as Well, and it Matters Inequality of Influence: a major governance challenge
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Foreign Firms do not always help improve governance in recipient country Evidence from transition economies beeps survey, 1999
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Working with Competitive Business Associations does MatterSource: J. Hellman, G. Jones, D. Kaufmann. 2000. Seize the State, Seize the Day: State Capture, Corruption and Influence in Transition World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2444.
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3rd Level: Country DiagnosticsKey to Localize Know-howKey Input to Action program, MonitoringOne country at the time; staff and resource intensive
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Key Features of 3-survey Governance, Anticorruption and Institutional DiagnosticsThree surveys: households, firms, and public officials [triangulation]Questions can be chosen to focus on experience and/or perceptionsSpecially designed and tested closed questions, thoroughly piloted and adapted to local realitiesRigorous technical requirements in implementationLocal institution implements, with World Bank guidanceRecognizes multidimensionality of governance
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Type of information elicited (1)HouseholdsExperience on interactions with state bodies for health care, education, drivers licence, police, courts, social benefits, and other agenciesPayments solicited, where, how much and how frequentlyClarification of what people consider to be corruption, perceptions of levels, their sources of information on corruption, extent of knowledge of their rights, duties, and possible recourse
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Type of information elicited (2)EnterprisesExperience with customs, tax, procurement, courts, inspections, licences and permitsPayments solicited, where, how frequently, how much paidQuality of govt. services, level of red tapeWays in which firms make their views known (e.g. through business associations)Private sector perspectives on state initiatives
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Type of information elicited (3)Public officialsHow hiring and firing decisions are madeHow mission-oriented the body isWhat complaint mechanisms or public consultations existWhat types of problem and risks officials perceive as the worst affecting their organizations
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Implementation steps (1)Define objectives, scope, terms of referenceIssue tender for work by local firm/institution Review existing standard questionnaires and adapt to local objectives and conditions, commission review by local experts before questionnaire finalizedDetermine size of sample relative to degree of stratification desired: e.g. by region, sector, size/type of firm, income level; for public officials, level of govt., seniority level, sectors (e.g. health and education); SOEs?
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Implementation steps (2) Sample size: usually a minimum of 1000 households, 400 enterprises, 400 officialsPilot in variety of situations (e.g. urban/rural, high income/low income) and review results, discuss quality of results with focus groupsBe prepared to revise radically or abandon if data quality too poorLaunch surveys (face-to-face more effective than mail or telephone) Respondents must feel confident of anonymity if results are to be reliable
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Implementation steps (3)Code data, produce statistical transformations, graphsAnalyze and write up for draft reportUsually discuss with focus groups to bring out underlying issues Resources needed ? Depends on local costs, size of survey (was $60,000 in several ECA countries)Time taken: 6-9 months
-
The power of diagnostic data and key dimensions for analysisUnbundle corruption by type administrative level corruption, capture of the state, bidding, theft of goods and public resources, purchase of licenses and regulationsIdentify both weak institutions (in need of reform) and strong institutions (example of good governance)
-
The power of diagnostic data and key dimensions for analysis (cont)
Assess the cost of each type of corruption on different social and economic groups Identify key determinants of good governanceHelp to develop policy recommendations The reality of institutional vulnerabilitiesvary greatly from country to countrysome illustrations from diagnostics...
-
The Bribe Fee List Unofficial Payments by Enterprisesfor Official Licenses and Services, Ukraine and Russia 1996UkraineRussia"Unofficial fee": type of license/"favor"Average "unofficial" fee required for favor$ 176$ 288Enterprise registrationEach visit by fire/health inspector$ 42$ 67Tax inspector (each regular visit)$ 87$ 250Each phone line installation$ 894$ 1,071Lease in state space (sq. meter per month)$ 7$ 26Each export registration/consignment$ 123$ 643Each import registration/consignment$ 278$ 133Domestic currency loan from bank (preferential terms) 4%8%Hard currency loan (preferential terms)4%23%
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Romania: Disproportionally Negative Impact on the Poor
-
Misgoverned vs. well Governed Agencies in Ecuador (as ranked by public officials, 2000 diagnostic)
-
National vs. Municipal Corruption(based on public officials' responses, a Latin American country, 2001)
-
Understanding Causal Factors in CE and Governance UnderperformanceIllustrating the extent to which political determinants, meritocracy, transparency, and voice and accountability matters
-
New Diagnostic Tools permit measuring important dimensions of capacity illustration #1 from Bolivia diagnostics: How Politicized Agencies exhibit Budgetary LeakagesYellow columns depict the unconditional average for each category. Blue line depicts the controlled causal effect from X to Y variables. Dotted red lines depict the confidence ranges around the causal effect depicted by the blue line.
Politicization
High
Moderately High
Moderately Low
Low
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-
Illustration of empirical analysis based on diagnostic: Users Feedback to Public Agencies Helps Control BriberyBased on 90 national, departmental, and municipal agencies covered in the Bolivia Public Officials Survey.
Chart4
46.2943.45-5-5Low
39.0236.84Moderate_Low
28.5831.16Moderate_High
21.424.8266High
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Voice / External Accountability
Bribery
all3
all3
45.4946.21-11.288
32.9132.80
23.1620.6811.288
Simple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Transparency on Corruption
Internal Transparency
Frequency of Bribery
construct3
6.3324.95
35.3633.88
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
all4
38.4736.399
35.533.8357
27.7230.6239
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
construct4
22.3437.1118
43.733.9769
36.3730.4671
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Corruption
Voice
Frequency of Bribery
effect
51.8255.0519
59.6560.1275
70.5365.279
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Resources
Service Delivery Performance
Sheet2
29.6126.97
36.4931.09
34.9536.33
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
Sheet1
45.4946.21-11.288
32.9132.80
23.1620.6811.288
Simple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Transparency on Corruption
Internal Transparency
Frequency of Bribery
Sheet6
6.3324.952.4402
35.3633.88-12.9646
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
38.4736.399-4.2432422
35.533.83570
27.7230.62394.2717278
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
5454.572.3904
59.1959.860.1730737705
6865.8-2.3572
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Service Delivery
Voice
Quality of Services
51.8255.05192.18705
59.6560.12750
70.5365.279-2.2975064
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Resources
Service Delivery Performance
29.6126.973.0212
36.4931.090
34.9536.33-2.2908
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
TransparencyTransparencyControlled Causal Link of Transparency on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Transparency and CorruptiondifferenceMeritocracyControlled Causal Link of Meritocracy on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Meritocracy and Corruptiondifference
Low52.7346.2142.860223487552.617376512545.49-11.2886.8Low53.4138.646636.458637914740.834562085345.49-4.3759241706
Medium64.6432.833.731060142333.400739857732.9102.26Medium63.934.345734.196079146934.495320853132.91-0.2992417062
High75.420.6825.48338612116.03961387923.1611.2886.8High76.7129.093631.433126066426.754073933621.344.6790521327
64.2534.0364.6734.03
-1.190.4234875445-0.410.1943127962
AutonomyAutonomyControlled Causal Link of Autonomy on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruptiondifference
Autonomous Agencies124.95216.332.44021.47
Non-autonomous Agencies033.883635.36-12.9646-7.81
62.4633.74
-4.243.1879699248
WageControlled Causal Link of Wages on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Low21.0136.39939.133748837234.423051162838.47-4.24324222.55617
Medium36.2733.835734.257646511633.805553488435.50
High54.7730.623928.346251162833.056948837227.724.27172782.57333
37.8933.74
-0.18-0.1395348837
VoiceControlled Causal Link of Voice on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Voice and CorruptionVoiceControlled Causal Link of Voice on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Low38.5137.111835.599782062838.623817937222.34-3.0240358744Low38.5154.5756.011080327953.5477196721542.39041.44
Medium52.1433.976933.870666816134.083133183943.7-0.2124663677Medium52.1459.8660.454236885260.281163114859.190.1730737705
High67.430.467131.934768161428.999431838636.372.9353363229High67.465.865.428746721367.819853278768-2.3572-1.42
33.7460.79
53.1753.17
-0.23-0.10313901350.410.0840163934
ValuesControlled Causal Link of Values on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Values and Corruption
Low33.8435.968236.1922228740.1795771336.37-3.9873542601
Medium50.8133.762134.039391928334.526208071734.52-0.4868161435
High67.7331.562531.892904035928.889495964130.283.0034080717
33.74
50.98ResourcesControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
-0.13-0.1048387097Low38.3355.051955.952403278753.458796721351.822.187051.3175
Medium51.0660.127560.102174590259.747625409859.650
High63.9965.27964.31714262366.13525737770.53-2.2975064-1.38404
60.79
51.27
0.40.0785854617
PoliticizationControlled Causal Link of Policitization on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Low21.9826.9737.696794170444.130605829629.613.02121.82
Medium41.5731.0935.211587443937.604412556136.4900
High57.9236.3333.137410313932.157589686134.95-2.2908-1.38
33.74
40.7
0.340.1176470588
RulesControlled Causal Link of Ill-Specified Rules on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Ill-Specified Rules and Corruption
Bad53.9840.902533.637242600933.470157399145.330.1670852018
Medium63.233.987532.467584304930.398615695132.942.0689686099
Good73.0726.58531.215466367727.110533632322.594.1049327354
33.74
63.53
-0.75-0.1536885246
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Transparency on Corruption
Internal Transparency
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Corruption
Voice
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Values and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Values on Corruption
Voice
Service Delivery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Ill-Specified Rules and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Ill-Specified Rules on Corruption
Rules
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Service Delivery
Voice
Service Delivery Performance
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Resources
Service Delivery Performance
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Meritocracy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Meritocracy on Corruption
Meritocracy
Frequency of Bribery
41.5436.7-4.482
36.434.57
31.832.91
23.530.14.6646
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
50.6851.292.72242.7224
56.3258.04
60.9962.7
73.669.85-2.6726-2.6726
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Service Delivery
Voice
Quality of Services
29.0327.484.4824.482
3332.46
3635.44
3538.72-3.486-3.486
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
6.3324.952.4402
35.3633.88-12.9646
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
29.0327.4830.95
3332.4632.94
3635.4434.26
3538.7235.78
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
6.3324.9521
35.3633.8836
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
TransparencyControlled Causal Link of Transparency on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruptiondifference
Low49.8348.81-12.05167.26
Moderately Low37.2935.743.13
Moderately High28.9132.672.92
High16.6417.9312.25087.38
WageControlled Causal Link of Wages on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Wages and CorruptionHigh36.739.54-4.4822.7
Low36.741.54-4.4822.7Moderate_High34.5736.41.6
Moderately Low34.5736.41.6Moderate_Low32.9135.81.54
Moderately High32.9131.81.54Low30.123.54.66462.81
High30.123.54.66462.81
VoiceControlled Causal Link of Voice on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Low51.2950.682.72241.64
Moderately Low58.0456.320.83
Moderately High62.760.990.82
High69.8573.6-2.67261.61
PoliticizationControlled Causal Link of Policitization on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Low27.4829.034.4822.730.95
Moderately Low32.46331.7132.94
Moderately High35.44361.6434.26
High38.7235-3.4862.135.78
ResourcesControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low5452.433.35322.02
Moderately Low58.9354.441.35
Moderately High62.2462.131.48
High67.5974.04-3.4032.05
RulesControlled Causal Link of Ill-Specified Rules on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Ill-Specified Rules and Corruption
Bad045.330
Medium032.940
Good022.590
33.74
0
DIRECT
QualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyService QualityCorruption
Corruption-0.110.00-0.13-0.11
Meritocracy0.00-0.42-0.010.00-0.41
Transparency0.00-1.140.000.12-1.19
Resources0.400.000.000.000.400.00
Voice0.380.010.140.170.41-0.23
Politicization0.000.12-0.13-0.17-0.040.34
Autonomy0.00-11.33-4.46-4.780.47-4.24
Wage0.00-0.180.000.000.02-0.18
Enforcement0.00-0.010.000.000.00-0.01
Values0.00-0.130.000.000.01-0.13
Rules0.000.00-0.660.00-0.080.75
PerRules0.000.000.000.380.02-0.16
PerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryVoiceControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryVoiceControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryAutonomyAutonomyControlled Causal Link of Autonomy on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Autonomy and CorruptiondifferenceBudget DiversionControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86Low37.3138.895.0132-3.02Low43.0442.684.482-2.7Autonomous Agencies15.32216.9111.52046.94Low57.556.79-4.8142.9
Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42Moderate_Low47.7249.211.35Moderate_Low50.853.771.35Non-autonomous Agencies011.13611.186.32463.81Moderate_Low54.855.211.48
Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03Moderate_High54.7453.561.48Moderate_High57.1258.791.4862.4633.74Moderate_High50.951.181.35
High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8High63.962.86-4.8142.9High64.53262.66-4.4822.7High45.2144.825.0132-3.02
Budget DiversionControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low6162.015.0132-3.02
Rule4Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryTransparencyControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryModerate_Low5656.141.35
Low8.8812.39-1.992-1.2Low45.7340.633.5856-2.16Rule4Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryModerate_High5251.11.48
Moderate_Low8.2710.981.35Moderate_Low49.547.291.35Low43.4546.29-54.32High4450-4.8142.9
Moderate_High7.846.251.48Moderate_High52.97581.48Moderate_Low36.8439.021.35Simple Average AssociationControlled Causal Link
High7.344.652.2411.35High57.557.7-3.35322.02Moderate_High31.1628.581.48Low13.2814.511.8
High24.8221.464.91Moderately Low12.5111.55
Moderately High9.59.5
High8.96.941.87129.5250.6599526913
7108.51
484144.535
5974
26282742
24182130
111814.56
71410.517
242926.521
7129.54
101311.56Party finance (% of firms)Corruption
1278222013.8251821.527258.44
10714568.414020.535120.13
PoliticiControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery414839444042.435152513357.14
Low57583.43622.073.7167.97711.6229525058.844323.542425.97
Moderate_Low59591.357.1664.9165282628281925.8421327.5104230.52
Moderate_High62621.489.4462.963182430292926302226273036.35
High6564-3.2038-1.9312.0760.57591.3821811129911.863520.524670.78
1478889172018.5201777.27
292432182024.621814.5112124.68
1278557.44442429477.92
131019141414655.54614.29
181659263029.8272724.03
40498212628.8353549.35
1579111411.2131363.64
433040333436424240.26
13106121811.8101072.73
222026141719.8272737.66
353247242733242427.27
201237292524.6202062.99
854665.8111183.77
443737212633292912.34
548596.2449.09
PerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryPerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryPerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86
Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42
Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03
High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8
ValueControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low36.4741.43-4.4156-2.6659.86
Moderate_Low34.38391.3562.42
Moderate_High33.234311.4865.03
High31.1219.624.2164-2.5468.8
00-1.992
00
00
002.241
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Quality of Rules
Budget Diversion
003.58563.5856
00
00
00-3.3532-3.3532
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Politicization
Quality of Services
005.01325.0132
00
00
00-4.814-4.814
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Accessibility to the Poor
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Poverty Reduction Impact
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Internal Transparency
Poverty Reduction Impact
000
000
000
000
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Meritocracy
002.87182.8718
00
00
00-3.0378-3.0378
&A
Page &P
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Meritocracy
002.87182.8718
00
00
00-3.0378-3.0378
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Meritocracy
00-5-5
00
00
0066
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Frequency of Bribery
002.4402
00-12.9646
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Job Purchases
002.87182.8718
00
00
00-3.0378-3.0378
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Bribery
00-4.4156
00
00
004.2164
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Bribery
001.6221.622
00
00
001.3821.382
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Politicization
Meritocracy
00-5
00
00
006
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Quality of Rules
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Accessibility to the Poor
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Budget Diversion
Poverty Reduction Impact
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Budget Diversion
Accessibility to the Poor
001.81.8
00
00
001.81.8
Simple Average Association
Controlled Causal Link
Transparency
Job Purchase
Simple Average AssociationControlled Causal Linkdifference
Simple Average AssociationControlled Causal LinkdifferenceLow40.6345.73-5
Low48.8149.83-12.0516Moderately Low47.2949.5
Moderately Low35.7437.29Moderately High5652.97
Moderately High32.6728.91High57.757.55
High17.9316.6412.2508
Rule4Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low43.4546.29-5
Moderate_Low36.8439.02
Moderate_High31.1628.58
High24.8221.46
00-12.0516-12.05160
000
000
0012.250812.25080
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Internal Transparency
Bribery
00-5-50
000
000
00550
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Internal Transparency
Poverty Reduction Impact
00-5-50
000
000
00660
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Voice / External Acountability
Bribery
DIRECTThru CorruptionThru TransparencyThru Meritocracy
QualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracy
Corruption-0.110.00-0.14-0.110.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Meritocracy0.000.40-0.010.00-0.040.00-0.060.000.000.010.00-0.000.000.000.000.00
Transparency0.00-1.170.000.110.130.000.000.130.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Resources0.400.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Voice0.380.040.150.18-0.000.00-0.01-0.000.00-0.180.000.000.000.00-0.000.00
Politicization0.000.09-0.14-0.18-0.010.00-0.01-0.010.000.160.000.000.000.000.000.00
Autonomy0.00-12.47-4.80-5.161.370.001.751.370.005.620.000.000.000.000.050.00
Wage0.00-0.170.000.000.020.000.020.020.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Enforcement0.00-0.100.000.000.010.000.010.010.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Values0.00-0.130.000.000.010.000.020.010.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Rules0.000.00-0.650.000.000.000.000.000.000.760.000.000.000.000.000.00
PerRules0.000.000.000.380.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00-0.000.00
DIRECTINDIRECTNET
QualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracy
Corruption-0.110.00-0.14-0.11Corruption0.000.000.000.00Corruption-0.110.00-0.14-0.11
Meritocracy0.000.40-0.010.00Meritocracy-0.040.01-0.06-0.00Meritocracy-0.040.41-0.07-0.00
Transparency0.00-1.170.000.11Transparency0.130.000.000.13Transparency0.13-1.170.000.24
Resources0.400.000.000.00Resources0.000.000.000.00Resources0.400.000.000.00
Voice0.380.040.150.18Voice-0.00-0.18-0.01-0.00Voice0.38-0.140.140.18
Politicization0.000.09-0.14-0.18Politicization-0.010.16-0.01-0.01Politicization-0.010.25-0.15-0.19
Autonomy0.00-12.47-4.80-5.16Autonomy1.375.621.801.37Autonomy1.37-6.85-3.00-3.79
Wage0.00-0.170.000.00Wage0.020.000.020.02Wage0.02-0.170.020.02
Enforcement0.00-0.100.000.00Enforcement0.010.000.010.01Enforcement0.01-0.100.010.01
Values0.00-0.130.000.00Values0.010.000.020.01Values0.01-0.130.020.01
Rules0.000.00-0.650.00Rules0.000.760.000.00Rules0.000.76-0.650.00
PerRules0.000.000.000.38PerRules0.000.00-0.000.00PerRules0.000.00-0.000.38
Corruption0%-1%0%
Meritocracy100%3%85%100%
Transparency100%0%54%
Resources0%
Voice-1%130%-5%-3%
Politicization100%65%7%5%
Autonomy100%-82%-60%-36%
Wage100%0%100%100%
Enforcement100%0%100%100%
Values100%0%100%100%
Rules100%0%
PerRules100%0%
0
-
Citizen Voice Improves Accessibility of Public Services to the PoorBased on Public Officials Survey. The sample of institutions includes 44 national, departmental, and municipal agencies which are a prior anticipated to be accessible to the poor
-
Transparency within Government Agencies Prevents Purchase of Public PositionsBased on 90 national, departmental, and municipal agencies covered in the Public Officials Survey.
Chart9
13.2814.511.81.8Low
12.5111.55Moderately Low
9.59.5Moderately High
8.96.941.81.8High
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Internal Transparency
Job Purchase
all3
all3
45.4946.21-11.288
32.9132.80
23.1620.6811.288
Simple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Transparency on Corruption
Internal Transparency
Frequency of Bribery
construct3
6.3324.95
35.3633.88
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
all4
38.4736.399
35.533.8357
27.7230.6239
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
construct4
22.3437.1118
43.733.9769
36.3730.4671
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Corruption
Voice
Frequency of Bribery
effect
51.8255.0519
59.6560.1275
70.5365.279
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Resources
Service Delivery Performance
Sheet2
29.6126.97
36.4931.09
34.9536.33
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
Sheet1
45.4946.21-11.288
32.9132.80
23.1620.6811.288
Simple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Transparency on Corruption
Internal Transparency
Frequency of Bribery
Sheet6
6.3324.952.4402
35.3633.88-12.9646
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
38.4736.399-4.2432422
35.533.83570
27.7230.62394.2717278
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
5454.572.3904
59.1959.860.1730737705
6865.8-2.3572
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Service Delivery
Voice
Quality of Services
51.8255.05192.18705
59.6560.12750
70.5365.279-2.2975064
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Resources
Service Delivery Performance
29.6126.973.0212
36.4931.090
34.9536.33-2.2908
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
TransparencyTransparencyControlled Causal Link of Transparency on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Transparency and CorruptiondifferenceMeritocracyControlled Causal Link of Meritocracy on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Meritocracy and Corruptiondifference
Low52.7346.2142.860223487552.617376512545.49-11.2886.8Low53.4138.646636.458637914740.834562085345.49-4.3759241706
Medium64.6432.833.731060142333.400739857732.9102.26Medium63.934.345734.196079146934.495320853132.91-0.2992417062
High75.420.6825.48338612116.03961387923.1611.2886.8High76.7129.093631.433126066426.754073933621.344.6790521327
64.2534.0364.6734.03
-1.190.4234875445-0.410.1943127962
AutonomyAutonomyControlled Causal Link of Autonomy on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruptiondifference
Autonomous Agencies124.95216.332.44021.47
Non-autonomous Agencies033.883635.36-12.9646-7.81
62.4633.74
-4.243.1879699248
WageControlled Causal Link of Wages on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Low21.0136.39939.133748837234.423051162838.47-4.24324222.55617
Medium36.2733.835734.257646511633.805553488435.50
High54.7730.623928.346251162833.056948837227.724.27172782.57333
37.8933.74
-0.18-0.1395348837
VoiceControlled Causal Link of Voice on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Voice and CorruptionVoiceControlled Causal Link of Voice on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Low38.5137.111835.599782062838.623817937222.34-3.0240358744Low38.5154.5756.011080327953.5477196721542.39041.44
Medium52.1433.976933.870666816134.083133183943.7-0.2124663677Medium52.1459.8660.454236885260.281163114859.190.1730737705
High67.430.467131.934768161428.999431838636.372.9353363229High67.465.865.428746721367.819853278768-2.3572-1.42
33.7460.79
53.1753.17
-0.23-0.10313901350.410.0840163934
ValuesControlled Causal Link of Values on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Values and Corruption
Low33.8435.968236.1922228740.1795771336.37-3.9873542601
Medium50.8133.762134.039391928334.526208071734.52-0.4868161435
High67.7331.562531.892904035928.889495964130.283.0034080717
33.74
50.98ResourcesControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
-0.13-0.1048387097Low38.3355.051955.952403278753.458796721351.822.187051.3175
Medium51.0660.127560.102174590259.747625409859.650
High63.9965.27964.31714262366.13525737770.53-2.2975064-1.38404
60.79
51.27
0.40.0785854617
PoliticizationControlled Causal Link of Policitization on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Low21.9826.9737.696794170444.130605829629.613.02121.82
Medium41.5731.0935.211587443937.604412556136.4900
High57.9236.3333.137410313932.157589686134.95-2.2908-1.38
33.74
40.7
0.340.1176470588
RulesControlled Causal Link of Ill-Specified Rules on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Ill-Specified Rules and Corruption
Bad53.9840.902533.637242600933.470157399145.330.1670852018
Medium63.233.987532.467584304930.398615695132.942.0689686099
Good73.0726.58531.215466367727.110533632322.594.1049327354
33.74
63.53
-0.75-0.1536885246
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Transparency on Corruption
Internal Transparency
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Corruption
Voice
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Values and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Values on Corruption
Voice
Service Delivery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Ill-Specified Rules and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Ill-Specified Rules on Corruption
Rules
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Service Delivery
Voice
Service Delivery Performance
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Resources
Service Delivery Performance
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Meritocracy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Meritocracy on Corruption
Meritocracy
Frequency of Bribery
41.5436.7-4.482
36.434.57
31.832.91
23.530.14.6646
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
50.6851.292.72242.7224
56.3258.04
60.9962.7
73.669.85-2.6726-2.6726
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Service Delivery
Voice
Quality of Services
29.0327.484.4824.482
3332.46
3635.44
3538.72-3.486-3.486
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
6.3324.952.4402
35.3633.88-12.9646
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
29.0327.4830.95
3332.4632.94
3635.4434.26
3538.7235.78
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
6.3324.9521
35.3633.8836
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
TransparencyControlled Causal Link of Transparency on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruptiondifference
Low49.8348.81-12.05167.26
Moderately Low37.2935.743.13
Moderately High28.9132.672.92
High16.6417.9312.25087.38
WageControlled Causal Link of Wages on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Wages and CorruptionHigh36.739.54-4.4822.7
Low36.741.54-4.4822.7Moderate_High34.5736.41.6
Moderately Low34.5736.41.6Moderate_Low32.9135.81.54
Moderately High32.9131.81.54Low30.123.54.66462.81
High30.123.54.66462.81
VoiceControlled Causal Link of Voice on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Low51.2950.682.72241.64
Moderately Low58.0456.320.83
Moderately High62.760.990.82
High69.8573.6-2.67261.61
PoliticizationControlled Causal Link of Policitization on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Low27.4829.034.4822.730.95
Moderately Low32.46331.7132.94
Moderately High35.44361.6434.26
High38.7235-3.4862.135.78
ResourcesControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low5452.433.35322.02
Moderately Low58.9354.441.35
Moderately High62.2462.131.48
High67.5974.04-3.4032.05
RulesControlled Causal Link of Ill-Specified Rules on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Ill-Specified Rules and Corruption
Bad045.330
Medium032.940
Good022.590
33.74
0
DIRECT
QualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyService QualityCorruption
Corruption-0.110.00-0.13-0.11
Meritocracy0.00-0.42-0.010.00-0.41
Transparency0.00-1.140.000.12-1.19
Resources0.400.000.000.000.400.00
Voice0.380.010.140.170.41-0.23
Politicization0.000.12-0.13-0.17-0.040.34
Autonomy0.00-11.33-4.46-4.780.47-4.24
Wage0.00-0.180.000.000.02-0.18
Enforcement0.00-0.010.000.000.00-0.01
Values0.00-0.130.000.000.01-0.13
Rules0.000.00-0.660.00-0.080.75
PerRules0.000.000.000.380.02-0.16
PerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryVoiceControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryVoiceControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryAutonomyAutonomyControlled Causal Link of Autonomy on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Autonomy and CorruptiondifferenceBudget DiversionControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86Low37.3138.895.0132-3.02Low43.0442.684.482-2.7Autonomous Agencies15.32216.9111.52046.94Low57.556.79-4.8142.9
Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42Moderate_Low47.7249.211.35Moderate_Low50.853.771.35Non-autonomous Agencies011.13611.186.32463.81Moderate_Low54.855.211.48
Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03Moderate_High54.7453.561.48Moderate_High57.1258.791.4862.4633.74Moderate_High50.951.181.35
High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8High63.962.86-4.8142.9High64.53262.66-4.4822.7High45.2144.825.0132-3.02
Budget DiversionControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low6162.015.0132-3.02
Rule4Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryTransparencyControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryModerate_Low5656.141.35
Low8.8812.39-1.992-1.2Low45.7340.633.5856-2.16Rule4Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryModerate_High5251.11.48
Moderate_Low8.2710.981.35Moderate_Low49.547.291.35Low43.4546.29-54.32High4450-4.8142.9
Moderate_High7.846.251.48Moderate_High52.97581.48Moderate_Low36.8439.021.35Simple Average AssociationControlled Causal Link
High7.344.652.2411.35High57.557.7-3.35322.02Moderate_High31.1628.581.48Low13.2814.511.8
High24.8221.464.91Moderately Low12.5111.55
Moderately High9.59.5
High8.96.941.87129.5250.6599526913
7108.51
484144.535
5974
26282742
24182130
111814.56
71410.517
242926.521
7129.54
101311.56Party finance (% of firms)Corruption
1278222013.8251821.527258.44
10714568.414020.535120.13
PoliticiControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery414839444042.435152513357.14
Low57583.43622.073.7167.97711.6229525058.844323.542425.97
Moderate_Low59591.357.1664.9165282628281925.8421327.5104230.52
Moderate_High62621.489.4462.963182430292926302226273036.35
High6564-3.2038-1.9312.0760.57591.3821811129911.863520.524670.78
1478889172018.5201777.27
292432182024.621814.5112124.68
1278557.44442429477.92
131019141414655.54614.29
181659263029.8272724.03
40498212628.8353549.35
1579111411.2131363.64
433040333436424240.26
13106121811.8101072.73
222026141719.8272737.66
353247242733242427.27
201237292524.6202062.99
854665.8111183.77
443737212633292912.34
548596.2449.09
PerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryPerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryPerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86
Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42
Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03
High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8
ValueControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low36.4741.43-4.4156-2.6659.86
Moderate_Low34.38391.3562.42
Moderate_High33.234311.4865.03
High31.1219.624.2164-2.5468.8
00-1.992
00
00
002.241
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Quality of Rules
Budget Diversion
003.58563.5856
00
00
00-3.3532-3.3532
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Politicization
Quality of Services
005.01325.0132
00
00
00-4.814-4.814
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Accessibility to the Poor
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Poverty Reduction Impact
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Internal Transparency
Poverty Reduction Impact
000
000
000
000
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Meritocracy
002.87182.8718
00
00
00-3.0378-3.0378
&A
Page &P
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Meritocracy
002.87182.8718
00
00
00-3.0378-3.0378
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Meritocracy
00-5-5
00
00
0066
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Frequency of Bribery
002.4402
00-12.9646
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Job Purchases
002.87182.8718
00
00
00-3.0378-3.0378
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Bribery
00-4.4156
00
00
004.2164
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Bribery
001.6221.622
00
00
001.3821.382
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Politicization
Meritocracy
00-5
00
00
006
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Quality of Rules
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Accessibility to the Poor
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Budget Diversion
Poverty Reduction Impact
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Budget Diversion
Accessibility to the Poor
001.81.8
00
00
001.81.8
Simple Average Association
Controlled Causal Link
Transparency
Job Purchase
Simple Average AssociationControlled Causal LinkdifferenceBudget DiversionControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Simple Average AssociationControlled Causal LinkdifferenceLow40.6345.73-5Low57.556.79-4.814Simple Average AssociationControlled Causal Link
Low48.8149.83-12.0516Moderately Low47.2949.5Moderate_Low54.855.21Low13.2814.511.8
Moderately Low35.7437.29Moderately High5652.97Moderate_High50.951.18Moderately Low12.5111.55
Moderately High32.6728.91High57.757.55High45.2144.825.0132Moderately High9.59.5
High17.9316.6412.2508High8.96.941.8
Rule4Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryVoiceControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low43.4546.29-5VoiceControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryLow43.0442.684.482Budget DiversionControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Moderate_Low36.8439.02Low37.3138.895.0132Moderate_Low50.853.77Low6162.015.0132-3.02
Moderate_High31.1628.58Moderate_Low47.7249.21Moderate_High57.1258.79Moderate_Low5656.141.35
High24.8221.46Moderate_High54.7453.56High64.53262.66-4.482Moderate_High5251.11.48
High63.962.86-4.814High4450-4.8142.9
00-12.0516-12.05160
000
000
0012.250812.25080
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Internal Transparency
Bribery
00-5-50
000
000
00550
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Internal Transparency
Poverty Reduction Impact
00-5-50
000
000
00660
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Voice / External Acountability
Bribery
005.01325.01320
000
000
00-4.814-4.8140
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Voice / External Acountability
Accessibility to the Poor
004.4824.4820
000
000
00-4.482-4.4820
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Voice / External Acountability
Poverty Reduction Impact
00-4.814-4.8140
000
000
005.01325.01320
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Budget Diversion
Poverty Reduction Impact
005.01325.01320
000
000
00-4.814-4.8140
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Budget Diversion
Accessibility to the Poor
001.81.80
000
000
001.81.80
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Internal Transparency
Job Purchase
DIRECTThru CorruptionThru TransparencyThru Meritocracy
QualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracy
Corruption-0.110.00-0.14-0.110.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Meritocracy0.000.40-0.010.00-0.040.00-0.060.000.000.010.00-0.000.000.000.000.00
Transparency0.00-1.170.000.110.130.000.000.130.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Resources0.400.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Voice0.380.040.150.18-0.000.00-0.01-0.000.00-0.180.000.000.000.00-0.000.00
Politicization0.000.09-0.14-0.18-0.010.00-0.01-0.010.000.160.000.000.000.000.000.00
Autonomy0.00-12.47-4.80-5.161.370.001.751.370.005.620.000.000.000.000.050.00
Wage0.00-0.170.000.000.020.000.020.020.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Enforcement0.00-0.100.000.000.010.000.010.010.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Values0.00-0.130.000.000.010.000.020.010.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Rules0.000.00-0.650.000.000.000.000.000.000.760.000.000.000.000.000.00
PerRules0.000.000.000.380.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00-0.000.00
DIRECTINDIRECTNET
QualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracy
Corruption-0.110.00-0.14-0.11Corruption0.000.000.000.00Corruption-0.110.00-0.14-0.11
Meritocracy0.000.40-0.010.00Meritocracy-0.040.01-0.06-0.00Meritocracy-0.040.41-0.07-0.00
Transparency0.00-1.170.000.11Transparency0.130.000.000.13Transparency0.13-1.170.000.24
Resources0.400.000.000.00Resources0.000.000.000.00Resources0.400.000.000.00
Voice0.380.040.150.18Voice-0.00-0.18-0.01-0.00Voice0.38-0.140.140.18
Politicization0.000.09-0.14-0.18Politicization-0.010.16-0.01-0.01Politicization-0.010.25-0.15-0.19
Autonomy0.00-12.47-4.80-5.16Autonomy1.375.621.801.37Autonomy1.37-6.85-3.00-3.79
Wage0.00-0.170.000.00Wage0.020.000.020.02Wage0.02-0.170.020.02
Enforcement0.00-0.100.000.00Enforcement0.010.000.010.01Enforcement0.01-0.100.010.01
Values0.00-0.130.000.00Values0.010.000.020.01Values0.01-0.130.020.01
Rules0.000.00-0.650.00Rules0.000.760.000.00Rules0.000.76-0.650.00
PerRules0.000.000.000.38PerRules0.000.00-0.000.00PerRules0.000.00-0.000.38
Corruption0%-1%0%
Meritocracy100%3%85%100%
Transparency100%0%54%
Resources0%
Voice-1%130%-5%-3%
Politicization100%65%7%5%
Autonomy100%-82%-60%-36%
Wage100%0%100%100%
Enforcement100%0%100%100%
Values100%0%100%100%
Rules100%0%
PerRules100%0%
0
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Evidence-Based: it has contributed someInstitutions Matter Enormously but major challenge to identify the how, which, whereDebunked Myths and popular misconceptionsSuggested new approaches and strategic focusDonor rethinking on aid effectiveness; aid allocation; capacity enhancementDe-emotionalize/De-personalize/De-verbosizeDialogue with state leadersNew field of rigorous empirical research -- But still tough tradeoffs within the Bank
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The Dividend of Good GovernanceNote: The bars depict the simple correlation between good governance and development outcomes. The line depicts thepredicted value when taking into account the causality effects (Development Dividend) from improved governance to betterdevelopment outcomes. For data and methodological details visit http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.
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Annual GDP Growth (%)Transparency, Parliaments, Corporate Ethics, and GDP GrowthSource: Annual GDP growth over 1999-2001 WDI 2002; GDP is computed in PPP terms. The various transparency / governance variables drawn from Executive Opinion Survey, 2002.
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No Evidence to support some popular notionsConstant drafting of new A-C laws/regulationsCreating many new Commissions & AgenciesBlaming GlobalizationBlaming (or stopping) PrivatizationCultural Relativism (Corruption is culturally-determined)Blaming History or Regional Characteristicsby contrast, what may be particularly important (cont)
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In sum, strategies that can workTransparency Mechanisms (e*governance, data)Democratic Accountability & Collective Action (Judcry, Legislative, Exec, Private, CS)Judicial Independence (& good rule of law institutions)Budgetary Reforms & Meritocracy in Public SectorAddressing the challenge of State CaptureDecrease Regulatory Burden on FirmsFocus on Prevention & IncentivesPolitical Finance ReformPrivate Firms, Multinationals, Corporate Ethics IFI, G-7, OECD Responsibility (Global Compact)
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Challenges for us at WBIScaling up in some key dimensions, across all activities: Evidence-based activities: from 4% to 25% in a year, then to 50% in 2 years? [& lessening PCC]Action Program/Action Plan content: from 9% to 20% in a year, then to one-third in 2 years?Substantive Institution-Building Content: %%Mainstreaming Governance in thematic learningEvidence-based input to ROC/OC/CASes [++]The Web as central toolSubstantive/tough input to Bank policy formulationOECD, G-7, UN, NATO, WEF [non-governance..]
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Data for Analysis and informing Policy Advise, not for Precise RankingsData in this presentation is from aggregate governance indicators, surveys, and expert polls and is subject to a margin of error. It is not intended for precise comparative rankings across countries, but to illustrate performance measures to assist in drawing implications for strategy. It does not reflect official views on rankings by the World Bank or its Board of Directors. Errors are responsibility of the author(s), who benefited in this work from collaboration with many Bank staff and outside experts. www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance
All indices are constructed using data from public officials surveys of various countries. We used the same technique as in the Bolivia paper (factor analysis). The resulting indices are scaled from 0 to 100.Key point: the surveys not only reveal the incidence and extent of corruption, but allow us to examine the direct costs to different groups in society. This research demonstrates the highly unequal impact of so-called "gratuity payments" in Romania. Though they are often seen as a quasi-market pricing mechanism, they have an impact on the poor's access to health services.33Tax Burden, Tax Evasion and Bribery go Hand in Hand
Enterprises perceive the tax regime as being very anti-competitive in ex-Soviet economies and other countries. Their perceived tax burden is the outcome of more than the statutory tax rates themselves: the ineffective and often arbitrary administration of the tax regime (and frequent penaltyand concomitant harassment decisions) matters more significantly than the (scheduled) tax rate itself.
Further, the overall tax burden on enterprise of the administration of the tax regime, tax evasion, and bribery are all found to go hand in hand.
Key point: the surveys not only reveal the incidence and extent of corruption, but allow us to examine the direct costs to different groups in society. This research demonstrates the highly unequal impact of so-called "gratuity payments" in Romania. Though they are often seen as a quasi-market pricing mechanism, they have an impact on the poor's access to health services.