1 carbohydrates carbohydrates include: small sugar molecules in soft drinks long starch molecules in...
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates include: Small sugar molecules
in soft drinksLong starch molecules in pasta and potatoes
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Monosaccharides:
Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactoseHave the same chemical, but different structural formulas
C6H12O6
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Monosaccharides
Glucose is found in sports drinks
Fructose is found in fruitsHoney contains both glucose & fructoseGalactose is called “milk sugar”
-OSE ending means SUGARCopyright Cmassengale
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Isomers
Glucose & fructose are isomers because they’re structures are different, but their chemical formulas are the same
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Rings
In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring
structures
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Cellular Fuel
Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work
ATP
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Disaccharides
A disaccharide is a double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharidesInvolves removing a water molecule (condensation)Bond called a GLYCOSIDIC bond
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Disaccharides
Common disaccharides include:
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
Maltose (Grain sugar)
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Disaccharides
Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose
Maltose is composed of 2 glucose moleculesLactose is made of galactose + glucose
GLUCOSE
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Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates
Composed of many sugar monomers linked togetherPolymers of monosaccharide chains
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Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Glucose Monomer
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Starch
Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants
Plant cells store starch for energy
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet
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Glycogen
Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals
Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
Glycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers
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Cellulose
Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth
It forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants
It is a major component of wood
It is also known as dietary fiber
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Cellulose
SUGARS
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Dietary Cellulose
Most animals cannot derive nutrition from fiber
They have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose
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Sugars in Water
Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water
They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving”
WATER MOLECULE
SUGAR MOLECULE
-OH groups make them water soluble
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End
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