1 causality test stimulus test related outcomes test 60 ” test response-unit test table of...

1

Causality Test

Stimulus Test

Related Outcomes Test

60” Test

Response-Unit Test

Table of Contents.Click me to begin Part 2. Or you can review by

clicking a test.

2

Sixty-Second

TestDoes the outcome follow the response by more than sixty

seconds?

3

Rudolph the rat is in the Skinner Box. The trainer delivers a drop of water one day after Rudolph presses the lever.

Before

Rudolph has no drop

of water

Behavior

Rudolph presses the

lever

After

Rudolph has a drop of water one day later

How about this contingency? Will the water reinforce the lever

press? Not a chance.

4

The trainer changes the strategy;

now Rudolph receives the water one hour after his lever press.Before

Rudolph has no drop

of water

Behavior

Rudolph presses the

lever

After

Rudolph has a drop of water one hour later

Is an hour delay better? Will the water reinforce the

lever press? Still not a chance.

5

A two-month old baby smiles and her father gives her attention,

one day later.Before

Baby receives

no attention

Behavior

Baby smiles

After

Baby receives attention one day

later How about this contingency? Will the attention reinforce the

smile? You guessed it, still not a

chance.

6

For an outcome to reinforce or punish a response,

It must pass the 60 second test; it must follow the behavior by no more than 60 seconds

7

This contingency is not correct.

Before

Bob does not have an

A in psychology

Before


A in psychology

Behavior

Bob studies right up to test-time

Behavior


After

Bob has an A in

psychology

After

Bob has an A in

psychology

8

Before


A in psychology

Before


A in psychology

Behavior


Behavior


After

Bob has an A in

psychology

After

Bob has an A in

psychology

Even the quickest of teachers will not have Bobby’s test gradedwithin 60 seconds of the end of studying.

So the delay from the studying until he sees his A is greater than 60 seconds.

9

Even though, when you do well on a test after studying

you seem to study more in the future,

this is not a direct-acting reinforcement contingency.

Don’t give up on behavior analysis yet

because, later on, you will learn about analogs

to basic reinforcement contingencies.

But now, you have to get the basics down

for basic contingencies.

10

Click the button next to the contingency that passes the 60 second test.

Before

Bob has no tokens

Before

Bob has no tokens

Behavior

Bob reads EPB

Monday night

Behavior

Bob reads EPB

Monday night

After

Bob gets a token

Tuesday

After

Bob gets a token

Tuesday

Before

Bob has no tokens

Before

Bob has no tokens

Behavior

Bob answers

questions in class

Behavior

Bob answers

questions in class

After

Bob immediately gets a token

After


A

B

Click me if you want to see the Pink

Sheet

11

9. 60” TestDoes the outcome follow theresponse by more than 60 seconds?If so, find an outcome that followssooner.

Click me to go back to the Question

12

No, the token is delivered a day after the reading behavior.

Before

Bob has no tokens

Before

Bob has no tokens

Behavior

Bob reads EPB

Monday night

Behavior

Bob reads EPB

Monday night

After

Bob gets a token

Tuesday

After

Bob gets a token

Tuesday

Before

Bob has no tokens

Before

Bob has no tokens

Behavior

Bob answers

questions in class

Behavior

Bob answers

questions in class

After


After


A

B

13

Correct.

Before

Bob has no tokens

Before

Bob has no tokens

Behavior

Bob reads EPB

Monday night

Behavior

Bob reads EPB

Monday night

After

Bob gets a token

Tuesday

After

Bob gets a token

Tuesday

Before

Bob has no tokens

Before

Bob has no tokens

Behavior

Bob answers

questions in class

Behavior

Bob answers

questions in class

After


After


A

B

14

Click the button next to the contingency that passes the 60 second test.

Before

Dale will have no ticket

Before


Behavior

Dale drives over the

speed limit

Behavior


speed limit

After

Dale will have a ticket

in a few minutes

After


in a few minutes

Before

Dale does not see the speedometer pass 55

Before


Behavior

Dale pushes the pedal

Behavior


After

Dale does see the

speedometer pass 55

After

Dale does see the

speedometer pass 55

A

B

15

No, it takes more than 60” from the response to the outcome of a ticket

Before


Before


Behavior


speed limit

Behavior


speed limit

After


in a few minutes.

After


in a few minutes.

Before


Before


Behavior


Behavior


After

Dale does see the

speedometer pass 55

After

Dale does see the

speedometer pass 55

A

B

16

Before


Before


Behavior


speed limit

Behavior


speed limit

After


in a few minutes.

After


in a few minutes.

Before


Before


Behavior


Behavior


After

Dale does see the

speedometer pass 55

After

Dale does see the

speedometer pass 55

A

B

Correct, even though he may immediately know he will have a ticket, the outcome of actually receiving the ticket follows the response by more than 60”

17

Did you see the use of future tense? Don’t be caught making the mistake in thinking that it passes the test because

he immediately knows he will have a ticket (he even knows it will cost

money later too). Ask yourself when the observable outcome (ticket or money) is delivered, not when he “knows” when it will be delivered.

19


Is the before condition related to the after

condition?

20

This seems like a vague concept, but a couple examples will help you understand.

Before

Teacher announces nap time

Before


Behavior

Bob calls the teacher

a jerk

Behavior


a jerk

After

Bob loses some tokens

After


This contingency is not correct.The before conditionis not related to the after condition.

21

While this incorrect example seems like a likely order of events, it is not a correct contingency.

Before


Before


Behavior


a jerk

Behavior


a jerk

After


After


A common error students make when writing contingencies

is to simply specify three events that occur over a period of time.

22

While this incorrect example seems like a likely order of events, it is not a correct contingency.

Before


Before


Behavior


a jerk

Behavior


a jerk

After


After


Just because you’ve specified three conditions that occur in order,

it does not necessarily represent a contingency.

23

BeforeTeacher

announces nap time

BeforeTeacher

announces nap time

Behavior


a jerk

Behavior


a jerk

After


After


This contingency is correct.The before conditionis related to the after condition.

Bob has all of his tokens

24

BeforeTeacher

announces nap time

BeforeTeacher

announces nap time

Behavior


a jerk

Behavior


a jerkBob has all of his tokens

This is a sequence of conditions, but the before helps reflect the change caused by the behavior.

After


After


25

Does this pass the related-outcomes test?A. YesB. No

Before

Mom makes liver for dinner

Before


Behavior

Bob gives his dinner to the dog

Behavior


After

Mom will not pay Bob’s allowance

After


26


Before


Before


Behavior


Behavior


After


After


No, the before condition of mom

making dinner is not related to the after of

Bob losing his allowance

27


Before


Before


Behavior


Behavior


After


After


Right! The before condition is not related to

the after condition.

28

Before


Before


Behavior


Behavior


After


After


This contingency is not correct.The before conditionis not related to the after

condition.

29

BeforeMom makes

liver for dinner

BeforeMom makes

liver for dinner

Behavior


Behavior


After


After

Mom will not pay Bob’s allowanceMom will pay

Bob’s allowance

This contingency is correct.The before conditionis related to the after condition.

30

BeforeMom makes

liver fordinner

BeforeMom makes

liver fordinner

Behavior


Behavior


After


After


Mom will pay Bob’s

allowance

Now it is clear Bobby would have received his allowance, if he hadn’t fed his dinner to the dog.

31

When we talk about the outcomes of a behavioral contingency being related,

we mean that the before condition is somehow changed by the behavior,

resulting in the after condition.

The behavior causes the after condition (the consequences)

and the before condition can typically, but loosely,

be considered the opposite of that after condition.

32

The before condition is the way things would have remained

had the particular behavior not occurred. It is not simply anything that occurred

right before the behavior; it must somehow be related to the after

condition.

33

Here’s another illustration.

Bobby Brat wants some of Nice Norman’s candy,

so he say’s “give me your lunch.”

34

When Norman refuses, Bobby immediately picks up Norman’s lunch box

and throws it.

35

Norman cries, Norman cries, and Bobby picks and Bobby picks up all the up all the candy.candy.

36

Does this pass the related-outcomes test? Are the before and after condition opposites?

A. YesB. No

Before

Bobby wants

Norman’s candy

Before

Bobby wants

Norman’s candy

Behavior

Bobby says, “give me

your lunch.”

Behavior


your lunch.”

After

Bobby has candy

After

Bobby has candy

37


A. YesB. No

Before

Bobby wants

Norman’s candy

Before

Bobby wants

Norman’s candy

Behavior


your lunch.”

Behavior


your lunch.”

After

Bobby eats Norman’s

candy

After

Bobby eats Norman’s

candyWanting candy is not the opposite of having candy. Not wanting could be the opposite of wanting (but we make little use

of the term wants as you’ll see later in the course).

38


A. YesB. No

Before

Bobby wants

Norman’s candy

Before

Bobby wants

Norman’s candy

Behavior


your lunch.”

Behavior


your lunch.”

After

Bobby has candy

After

Bobby has candy

Right, wanting candy is not the opposite of having candy. Not wanting could be the opposite

of wanting (but we make little use of the term wants as you’ll see

later in the course).

39

Before

?

Before

?

A. Bobby demands candyB. Bobby has no candyC. Norman refuses to give candy

Behavior

Bobby throws the lunchbox

Behavior


After

Bobby has candy

After

Bobby has candy


Sheet

40

2. Related Outcomes TestIs the before condition related tothe after condition? (Often therelationship is one of opposites.) If not, change one or both of theconditions.



41

Before

?

Before

?

Behavior


Behavior


After

Bobby has candy

After

Bobby has candy


No, remember that the before

and after conditions are

usually opposites.

42

Before

?

Before

?


Behavior


Behavior


After

Bobby has candy

After

Bobby has candy

No, remember that the before

and after conditions are

usually opposites.

43

Before

Bobby has no candy

Before

Bobby has no candy

Behavior


Behavior


After

Bobby has candy

After

Bobby has candy


Yes, has no candy reflects the change to the after condition. And, Bobby

demands candy is not the opposite of Bobby has

candy.

44

Response-Unit Test

Are there any interruptions of

greater than 60 seconds during theresponse?

45

Jaci has an entire research paper to write

and she finishes the entire paper in three days

of hard work.

46

What do you think of this contingency?

Before

Jaci has no sense of

accomplishment

Before


accomplishment

Behavior

Jaci writes an entire research

paper

Behavior


paper

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

47

Do you think Jaci (or anyone else) could write for 3 days without any interruptions greater than 60 seconds?

Before


accomplishment

Before


accomplishment

Behavior


paper

Behavior


paper

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

A. YesB. No

48

Before


accomplishment

Before


accomplishment

Behavior


paper

Behavior


paper

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

A. YesB. No


No, even though we may say someone writes for three days

does that really mean they continually wrote without any interruptions?—Of course not.

49

Before


accomplishment

Before


accomplishment

Behavior


paper

Behavior


paper

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

A. YesB. No


Correct!, even though we may say someone writes for three

days we surely wouldn’t mean it is one continuous reinforceable

response-unit.

50

Before


accomplishment

Before


accomplishment

Behavior


paper

Behavior


paper

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

While writing an entire research paper, even the best of students will have to take a

break from the glaring computer screen for at least a few minutes.

51

And if there’s a break in writing of more than 60 seconds,

the outcome cannot reinforce that entire sequence of behavior.

Before


accomplishment

Before


accomplishment

Behavior


paper

Behavior


paper

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

52

However, one day she gets a burst of energy

and begins writing for 20 minutes

without taking any breaks at all.

53

So it might be possible to write on a research paper for 20 minutes

without any breaks.

Before


accomplishment

Before


accomplishment

Behavior


paper

Behavior


paper

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

54

And the sense of accomplishment following the writing can reinforce that writing

because there were no breaks more than 60 seconds.

Before


accomplishment

Before


accomplishment

BehaviorJaci writes an entire paper

on the research

paper for 20 minutes


on the research


After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

55

Even though the behavior lasts longer than 60 seconds,

it is still a reinforceable response-unit because there are no breaks greater than 60

seconds during the response.Before


accomplishment

Before


accomplishment


on the research



on the research


After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

56

Writing on a research paper for 20 minutes is a reinforceable response-unit

because she did not take a break lasting more than 60 seconds.

Before


accomplishment

Before


accomplishment


on the research



on the research


After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

After

Jaci has a sense of

accomplishment

57

Besides making the mistake of looking at large non-behaviors such as writing a whole paper,

some also try to analyze the repetition of behavior over time—where there are breaks.

Before

No down payment for

car

Before

No down payment for

car

Behavior

Puts $100 in the bank each week for the

whole summer

Behavior

Puts $100 in the bank each week for the

whole summer

After

Down payment for car

After


A reinforceable response-unit is not a series of behaviors over time—even if it leads to a reinforcing outcome

58

Besides making the mistake of looking at large non-behaviors such as writing a whole paper,

some also try to analyze the repetition of behavior over time—were there are breaks.

Before

No down payment for

car

Before

No down payment for

car

Behavior

Puts $100 in the bank

each week for the whole

summer

Behavior


each week for the whole

summer

After


After


A reinforceable response-unit is not a series of behaviors over time—even if it leads to a reinforcing outcome

Today

59

Here is the correct contingency:

Before

$100 not in bank

Before

$100 not in bank

Behavior


today each week for the

whole summer

Behavior


today each week for the

whole summer

After

$100 in bank

After

$100 in bank

60

This test is designed to help ensure the behavior you are analyzing

is actually one reinforceable response-unit.

61

When we talk about the reinforceable response-unit,

we are only concerned with the behavior box;

keep this in mind.

Behavior

Bob studies

Behavior

Bob studies

62

Often students confuse this test with the 60 second test.

When checking the behavior listed in the behavior box,

ask yourself “Are there any

interruptions of greater than 60 seconds during the response?”

63

If there are long breaks,

you don’t have a true reinforceable response-unit,

you actually have something else,

an analog to a reinforceable response-unit

(you’ll get to that starting in chapter 22).

64

Nice Norman is playing quietly by himself.

He takes a truck from the toy box and pushes it around the floor for a few minutes,

then he returns it to the box.

Ten minutes later, Norman is back at the toy box searching for another toy.

65

Three times, he returns to the toy box;

once to get an airplane, another time to get a Power Ranger,

and finally he finds an engineer hat.

Norman plays with each of them with 5 to 10 minute breaks in between,

when he wonders around the room, looking for fun.

66

The teacher sees Norman playing quietly with the hat,

and he goes up to Norman

and gives him some candy.

67

Do you think the candy will reinforce all of Norman’s playing?

A. Yes B. No

68


A. Yes B. No

It probably wouldn’t because of the numerous long breaks he

took.

69


A. Yes B. No

Correct! It probably wouldn’t

because of the numerous long breaks he took.

70

Just to make sure you are getting this concept down,

here’s another scenario to test your behavior-analytic repertoire.

71

Jaci is craving a healthy pizza

so she makes one from scratch.

72

She prepares the veggies and mixes the dough…

Then stops to check her email…

73

And 15 minutes later she puts on the veggies and low-fat cheese.

Finally, with the pizza made,

she puts it in the preheated oven.

74

BeforeJaci doesn’t

have prepared, uncooked

pizza



pizza

Is this behavior a reinforceable response-unit?

A. Correct reinforceable response-unitB. Fails reinforceable response-unit test

Behavior

Jaci makes pizza from

scratch

Behavior


scratch

AfterJaci has

prepared, uncooked

pizza

AfterJaci has

prepared, uncooked

pizza


Sheet

75

6. Response-Unit TestAre there any interruptions ofgreater than 60 seconds during theresponse? If there are then thebehavior is not a response unit.Rewrite the behavior.


76



pizza



pizza

Behavior


scratch

Behavior


scratch

AfterJaci has

prepared, uncooked

pizza

AfterJaci has

prepared, uncooked

pizza


No, there will be a break while she checks e-

mail.


77



pizza



pizza

Behavior


scratch

Behavior


scratch

AfterJaci has

prepared, uncooked

pizza

AfterJaci has

prepared, uncooked

pizza


Right on. It fails the response-unit test

because she takes a break to check her e-

mail.


78

Before

Jaci doesn’t see the pizza

cooking

Before


cooking

How about this behavior?


Behavior

Jaci puts pizza in the

oven

Behavior


oven

After

Jaci sees the pizza

cooking

After

Jaci sees the pizza

cooking


Sheet

79

6. Response-Unit TestAre there any interruptions ofgreater than 60 seconds during theresponse? If there are then thebehavior is not a response unit.Rewrite the behavior.



80

Before


cooking

Before


cooking


Behavior


oven

Behavior


oven

After

Jaci sees the pizza

cooking

After

Jaci sees the pizza

cooking


No, Jaci puts the pizza in the

oven without a break.

81

Before


cooking

Before


cooking


Behavior


oven

Behavior


oven

After

Jaci sees the pizza

cooking

After

Jaci sees the pizza

cooking


You’re right. Putting the pizza in the oven is a single response without breaks.

82

Let’s try and clarify the difference between the 60 second test and the reinforceable response unit

test.

83

Jaci is a high-paid administrator in a residential facility

for the developmentally disabled population.

It’s Monday and she goes to work for a full day,

which includes a lunch break.

84

She stays after work to conduct a one hour training workshop

for which she will receive extra money

on her paycheck, as long as she hands in proof of completion (this takes no time at all—no breaks).

Friday comes and she picks up her paycheck.

85

She then treats herself to an evening of shopping for new clothes

before going home to sip some warm Earl Gray tea.

86

Before

Jaci will have

regular pay check on

Friday

Before

Jaci will have

regular pay check on

Friday

Behavior

Jaci hands in proof of

completing workshop

Behavior

Jaci hands in proof of

completing workshop

After

Jaci will have extra money on Friday’s

check

After

Jaci will have extra money on Friday’s

check

This contingency is a common student error: It fails the 60 second test, because the outcome follows the response by more than 60 seconds.

88

Before

Jaci does not see her time card

with 8 hours

Before

Jaci does not see her time card

with 8 hours

Behavior

Jaci works all day Monday

Behavior

Jaci works all day Monday

AfterImmediately

after, Jaci sees her time card

with 8 hours

AfterImmediately

after, Jaci sees her time card

with 8 hours


Sheet

This contingency passes the 60 second test, since the outcome does not follow the response by more than 60 seconds.

However, it fails the reinforceable response unit test. There are breaks of greater than 60 seconds during the response.

90

Before

Jaci has no tea

Before

Jaci has no tea

Behavior

Jaci makes tea

Behavior

Jaci makes tea

After

Jaci has tea

After

Jaci has tea

Usually, just by looking at the description of the behavior in the behavior box, you can’t be sure if it passes the reinforceable response-unit test.

91

Before

Jaci has no tea

Before

Jaci has no tea

Behavior

Jaci makes tea

Behavior

Jaci makes tea

After

Jaci has tea

After

Jaci has tea

Many words used to describe behavior, by themselves, cannot show if there were interruptions of greater than 60 seconds. You need to look hard at the example or behavior itself to see if there are interruptions of greater than 60 seconds.

92

In the next example choose the scenario that describes the behavior

that passes the reinforceable response-unit test.

93

Before

Jaci has no tea

Before

Jaci has no tea

Behavior

Jaci makes tea

Behavior

Jaci makes tea

After

Jaci has tea

After

Jaci has tea

Scenario #1: Jaci takes the hot water, pours it into a cup, and adds a tea bag.

Scenario #2: Jaci puts water on the stove to boil. She comes back later and takes the hot water, pours it into a cup, and adds a tea bag. Left-click the scenario that passes the

reinforceable response-unit test.

94

Before

Jaci has no tea

Before

Jaci has no tea

Behavior

Jaci makes tea

Behavior

Jaci makes tea

After

Jaci has tea

After

Jaci has tea


Scenario #2: Jaci puts water on the stove to boil. She comes back later and takes the hot water, pours it into a cup, and adds a tea bag. There’s a 60 second break between putting the water on

the stove and combining the hot water with the tea bag.

95

Before

Jaci has no tea

Before

Jaci has no tea

Behavior

Jaci makes tea

Behavior

Jaci makes tea

After

Jaci has tea

After

Jaci has tea


Scenario #2: Jaci puts water on the stove to boil. She comes back later and takes the hot water, pours it into a cup, and adds a tea bag. Yes, there’s no break in scenario #1, but

scenario #2 involves a break.

96

Causality TestIs the outcome caused by

the response?

97

Before

Mom is not home

Before

Mom is not home

Behavior

Bob plays the golf game

Behavior


After

Mom is home

After

Mom is home

Jimmy loves to play golf on his computer. He plays it so much, his Mom often comes home to see him playing in the middle of a game.

98

Before

Mom is not home

Before

Mom is not home

Behavior


Behavior


After

Mom is home

After

Mom is home


A. YesB. No

Does Bob’s playing golf cause or produce the outcome, Mom is home?

99

Before

Mom is not home

Before

Mom is not home

Behavior


Behavior


After

Mom is home

After

Mom is home


A. YesB. No


Mom comes home because her workday is over or any number of reasons. But Jimmy’s playing golf on the computer does not cause Mom to come home in a normal

situation.

100

Before

Mom is not home

Before

Mom is not home

Behavior


Behavior


After

Mom is home

After

Mom is home


A. YesB. No


Yes, of course Jimmy’s playing golf on the computer does not cause Mom to come home in a normal situation. She just

comes home because work is over.

101

Before

Mom is not home

Before

Mom is not home

Behavior


Behavior


After

Mom is home

After

Mom is home

The causality test only tests whether the behavior caused, produced or prevented the outcome in some way.The causality test does not test whether the before

caused the behavior. So just look between the Behavior Box and After Box to check causality.

102

Before

No sight of cool ball-in-

flight

Before


flight

Behavior

Bob uses the

controller to swing the

club

Behavior

Bob uses the


club

After

Cool sight of ball-in-flight

After


Here’s another example.

A. Correct contingencyB. Fails related-outcomes testC. Fails causality test

103

Before


flight

Before


flight

Behavior

Bob uses the


club

Behavior

Bob uses the


club

After


After




Sorry, the sight of the ball-in-flight is the opposite of no sight of the ball in flight, so the before

and after are related.

104

Before


flight

Before


flight

Behavior

Bob uses the


club

Behavior

Bob uses the


club

After


After




Sorry, Bob using the control to swing results in the

immediate sight of the ball-in-flight.

105

Before


flight

Before


flight

Behavior

Bob uses the


club

Behavior

Bob uses the


club

After


After




Yes, this is correct. Notice one difference between the these two

tests—the causality test is concerned with the Behavior and

After condition…

106

The causality test may take a little practice.

We need to have the behavior related to the outcome,

either by causing it or preventing it.

107

Before

Bob is losing at

the roulette wheel

Before

Bob is losing at

the roulette wheel

Behavior

Bob changes his

bet

Behavior

Bob changes his

bet

After

Paul wins at the slot

machines

After

Paul wins at the slot

machines

Now, we can all see that Bob’s betting did not cause Paul to win at the slot machines.

Sometimes, however, the distinction is not so obvious, and the result is superstitious behavior –

Behavior that is accidentally reinforced by coincidental outcomes.

108

Before

Bob is losing at

the roulette wheel

Before

Bob is losing at

the roulette wheel

Behavior

Bob crosses his fingers

Behavior

Bob crosses his fingers

After

Bob wins the next spin

After

Bob wins the next spin

In this instance, it is likely that Bob will cross his fingers more often in the future

because winning has immediately followed it in the past,

but we still don’t have a behavioral contingency

because Bob’s winning is not contingent on (it’s not caused by) his finger crossing.

109

Before

Bob has a low video

game score

Before

Bob has a low video

game score

Behavior

Bob aims carefully

Behavior

Bob aims carefully

After

Bob has a high video game score

After

Bob has a high video game score

There you go – causality. Bob’s carefully aiming causes him to have a high video game score.

110

Paul’s softball teammates get annoyed when he’s up to bat

because he has an elaborate series of movements he goes through every time.

Paul says this ritual brings him good luck,

but it really doesn’t.

111

Before

Paul has no home run

Before


BehaviorPaul looks at the ball

as he swings hard in its path



After

Paul gets a home run

After


A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails action test

112

Before


Before






After


After



No, looking at the ball and swinging hard are

the important behaviors that cause

the home run.

113

Before


Before






After


After



Paul receives the sight of a home

run.

114

Before


Before






After


After



Looking and swinging are

active.

115

Before


Before






After


After



Yes, looking at the ball and swinging hard are

the important behaviors that cause

the home run.

116

Before


Before


Behavior

Paul performs his ritual

Behavior


After


After


A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails related-outcomes test


Sheet

118

Before


Before


Behavior


Behavior


After


After



Strike. No, you should check the Pink Sheet.

Click me to see the Pink Sheet

119

Before


Before


Behavior


Behavior


After


After



Strike. No, Paul receives the home

run.

120

Before


Before


Behavior


Behavior


After


After



Strike. Although getting a home run is unrelated to his ritual, the related outcomes

test refers to the relation between the before and after

conditions.

121

Before


Before


Behavior


Behavior


After


After



Correct. It passes the receiver test because

he receives the sight of his hit go over the

fence. And it passes the related-outcomes

test because no homers is related to

homers.

122

Warning:Don’t be a casualty of

mispronouncing causality.

It’s easy to misread causality as casualty, but then the “casualty”

criterion doesn’t make a heck of a lot of sense.

123

Causality Test

Stimulus Test


60” Test

Response-Unit Test

Table of Contents.

124

Stimulus TestIs the before and after a

stimulus, event or condition?

125

This contingency is not correct.

Before

Bob is having

trouble with his

assignment

Before

Bob is having

trouble with his

assignment

Behavior

Bob asks for help

Behavior

Bob asks for help

After

Bob does his assignment

After

Bob does his assignment

The before and after conditions cannot be behavior of the person we are analyzing.

126

This contingency is correct.

Before

Bob is having

trouble with his

assignment

Before

Bob is having

trouble with his

assignment

Behavior

Bob asks for help

Behavior

Bob asks for help

AfterBob is not

having trouble with

his assignment

AfterBob is not

having trouble with

his assignment

The after condition is now a stimulus, event or condition for the person we are analyzing, not a behavior of that person.

127

However, the before and after conditions can be behavior of someone else;

which makes it a stimulus, event or condition to the behaver.

Before

Teacher doesn’t help

Bob

Before

Teacher doesn’t help

Bob

Behavior

Bob asks for help

Behavior

Bob asks for help

After

Teacher helps Bob

After

Teacher helps Bob

128

Here’s the same contingency written a little differently:

BeforeTeacher

doesn’t help Bob

BeforeTeacher

doesn’t help Bob

Behavior

Bob asks for help

Behavior

Bob asks for help

AfterTeacher helps

Bob

AfterTeacher helps

Bob

Remember, receives is not behavior, so it’s fine in the before and after boxes.

Bob receives no help from the teacher

Bob receiveshelp from

the teacher

129A. YesB. No

Do the before or after conditions circled above have a behavior of the behaver?

Before

Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly

Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


again

When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy (Hint: Jimmy’s the behaver).

130A. YesB. No

Do the before or after conditions above have a behavior of the behaver?

Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


again

Sorry, says is behavior of the person we are

analyzing, right?

When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.

131A. YesB. No

Do the before or after conditions above have a behavior of the behaver? (Jimmy)

Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


again

Correct, says is Jimmy’s

behavior.


132A. YesB. No

So then does this pass the stimulus test?

Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


again


Click me to see the stimulus test

133

7. Stimulus TestIs the before & after a stimulusevent or condition, and not a behavior of the behaver? If it isn’t then change the stimulus. (Hint: If the outcome is another behavior of the behaver, you probably don’t have a correct outcome. Exceptions: self-reinforcement, seeing, hearing, orthe opportunity for activity.)

Click me to go back to the

question

134A. YesB. No


Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


againBecause the before and after condition

have Jimmy’s behavior, it fails

the stimulus test.


135A. YesB. No


Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


againYes, because the before and after

condition have Jimmy ’s behavior, it fails the stimulus test.


136

A. Action testB. Specific behavior testC. Dead-man testD. All of the above

What other tests does this contingency fail?

Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


again


137



Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


againYes, there’s no action in “gets,” but what about the other tests?


138



Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


again

Yes, “gets” is not a concrete behavior,

but what about the other tests?


139



Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


again

Yes, a dead man can “get,” but

what about the other tests?


140



Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


again

Yes, “gets” fails each of these tests because it’s really the same as

“receives,” which involves nothing on Jimmy’s part—it describes no muscular, glandular or electrical

activity.


141

This example is kind of complex, let’s start with the before condition.

Before


Before


Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

Behavior

Jimmy gets a smile

from Dad

After


again

After


again

Jimmy’s is the behaver, so his behavior should be written in the behavior box, not the before condition, nor the after.

142

This example is kind of complex, let’s start with the before condition.

Before


Before


BehaviorJimmy gets a

smile from Dad


smile from Dad

After


again

After


again


So let’s move the behavior here

Jimmy’s is the behaver, so his behavior should be written in the behavior box, not the before condition.

143

BeforeJimmy says “Daddy” correctly



smile from Dad


smile from Dad

After


again

After


again

The after condition also has Jimmy’s behavior, which fails the stimulus test.


144




smile from Dad


smile from Dad

AfterJimmy says

“Daddy” correctly again

AfterJimmy says

“Daddy” correctly again

To find out what to write in the after box, you need to ask What happened immediately after Jimmy said “Daddy”?


Jimmy has a smile

from Dad

Jimmy has no smile from Dad

And immediately before, the opposite was the no-smile condition.

145

Remember the problem about Tommy and his mom at the donut shop?

He didn’t stop screeching until he had a donut in his hands.

146

.

Analyze the next contingency with respect to Tommy’s behavior.

147

Before

Tommy is pointing to the donut

Before


A. Correct contingencyB. Fails dead-man testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test

Behavior

Tommy screeches

Behavior

Tommy screeches

After

Tommy isn’t pointing to the donut

After



Sheet

Even if the before or after has a passive verb, it may still be active. If the before or after condition passes the action test then the diagram fails the stimulus test. Analyze this contingency, if it fails a test which one is it?

149

Before


Before


Behavior

Tommy screeches

Behavior

Tommy screeches

After


After



No, you should check the Pink

Sheet.


Sheet

150

Before


Before


Behavior

Tommy screeches

Behavior

Tommy screeches

After


After



No. Can a dead-man screech?

151

Before


Before


Behavior

Tommy screeches

Behavior

Tommy screeches

After


After



No, Tommy’s pointing is the opposite of not

pointing.

152

Before


Before


Behavior

Tommy screeches

Behavior

Tommy screeches

After

Tommy isn’t point to the

donut

After

Tommy isn’t point to the

donut

A. Correct contingencyB. Fails dead-man testC. Fails causality testD. Fails stimulus test

Correct. Tommy’s behavior should not be in the Before or After conditions.

153

Before

Clothes on the floor

Before


Behavior

Jen yells

Behavior

Jen yells

After

Sue apologizes

After

Sue apologizes

A. Correct afterB. Fails causality testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test


Sheet

Remember the problem with Jennifer’s roommate throwing clothes on the floor?

Now we’ll analyze Jen’s behavior, so her behavior shouldn’t be in the before or after conditions, though Sue’s behavior can be in the before and after conditions.

155


Before


Before


Behavior

Jen yells

Behavior

Jen yells

After

Sue apologizes

After

Sue apologizes

No, take a closer look at the before

condition…

156


Before


Before


Behavior

Jen yells

Behavior

Jen yells

After

Sue apologizes

After

Sue apologizes

No, Jen’s yelling causes Sue to

apologize.

157


Before


Before


Behavior

Jen yells

Behavior

Jen yells

After

Sue apologizes

After

Sue apologizes

Yes. Clothes on the floor is not related to Sue

apologizes. It passes the causality test because

Sue apologizing is contingent (caused by) Jen yelling. And since

Jen is the behaver, we’re cool with the

stimulus test.

158


Before


Before


Behavior

Jen yells

Behavior

Jen yells

After

Sue apologizes

After

Sue apologizes

Even though the condition is a behavior, it’s fine as long as it’s not a behavior of the

person we are analyzing.

159

You’re finished. So now you can relax

If you want to review any of the tests you can

continue to the next slide and choose one. Or

you can hit “Esc” to finish.

160

Causality Test

Stimulus Test


60” Test

Response-Unit Test

You’re finished. If you’d like to review any of the tests, just click on the test name below.

1 causality test stimulus test related outcomes test 60 ” test response-unit test table of...

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