1 ch. 19 the first world war (1914-18) act i. 2 introduction on the 28 th day of june in 1914, the...

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Ch. 19Ch. 19

The First World The First World WarWar (1914-18)(1914-18)

Act IAct I

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IntroductionIntroduction

On the 28On the 28thth day of June in 1914, day of June in 1914, the heir to the throne of Austria-the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was shot by a Serbian Hungary was shot by a Serbian nationalist.nationalist.

Within a month, most of Europe Within a month, most of Europe would be at war that would kill 16 would be at war that would kill 16 million people and leave another million people and leave another 20 million wounded…20 million wounded…

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The Causes of WW1The Causes of WW1MMilitarismilitarismAAllianceslliancesIImperialismmperialismNNationalismationalismSSignificant Individualsignificant Individuals

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MMilitarism 1: An Arms Raceilitarism 1: An Arms Race

GermanyGermany competing competing with the with the UKUK to build to build battleships.battleships.

The British feared an The British feared an attack on their attack on their EmpireEmpire

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MMilitarism 2: building armiesilitarism 2: building armies

GermanyGermany competing competing with with RussiaRussia and and FranceFrance to expand their armiesto expand their armies

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19141914

GermanyGermany 1.3m 1.3m 5.0m5.0m FranceFrance 730K 730K 4.0m4.0m RussiaRussia 400K 400K 1.2m1.2m

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The The AAllianceslliances

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance

GermanyGermany

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

ItalyItaly

Triple EntenteTriple Entente

Great BritainGreat Britain

FranceFrance

RussiaRussia

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IImperialismmperialism

The The Great PowersGreat Powers had competed in the had competed in the late 1800s for colonies & territory (in late 1800s for colonies & territory (in China and mainly Africa)China and mainly Africa)

why? For natural resources and marketswhy? For natural resources and markets The British and Germans feared one The British and Germans feared one

another’s growing influence in Africa.another’s growing influence in Africa. The Austrians feared both Serbia & The Austrians feared both Serbia &

Russia in the BalkansRussia in the Balkans

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NNationalismationalism

This was an era when nations wanted to This was an era when nations wanted to assert their power and influence.assert their power and influence.

In Europe, the Slavs, aided by Serbia and In Europe, the Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule.Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule.

Serbia’s national flag

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SSignificant Individuals:ignificant Individuals:A European “Family Affair”A European “Family Affair”

The royal cousins whose personal rivalry mirrored Europe’s diplomatic rivalries (from L to R): Kaiser

Wilhelm II of Germany; King George V of Britain; Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.

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The Crisis 1.The Crisis 1.

June 28,1914June 28,1914 Heir to Austrian throne Heir to Austrian throne

Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand visits visits Sarajevo.Sarajevo.

Capital of Bosnia, Capital of Bosnia, recently grabbed by recently grabbed by Austria.Austria.

Hotbed of Slav Hotbed of Slav nationalismnationalism

Seal of the Black Hand

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““Black Hand”Black Hand” terrorists attack the terrorists attack the ArchdukeArchduke

Bomb attempt fails in Bomb attempt fails in morningmorning

Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip shoots shoots Archduke and wife in Archduke and wife in the afternoon.the afternoon.

Austrians blame Serbia Austrians blame Serbia for supporting for supporting terrorists.terrorists.

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Austria, supported by Austria, supported by Germany, sends Serbia a Germany, sends Serbia a tough ultimatum.tough ultimatum.

Serbia agrees to all but two Serbia agrees to all but two terms of the ultimatum.terms of the ultimatum.

7/287/28:: Russia mobilizes her Russia mobilizes her troops to support Serbiatroops to support Serbia

Germany demands that Germany demands that Russia stands her armies Russia stands her armies down.down.

8/1:8/1: Germany declares war Germany declares war on Russiaon Russia

“Demands must be put to Serbia that would be wholly impossible for them to accept …”

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The Dominos Fall…The Dominos Fall…8/3:8/3: (A) Germany invades (A) Germany invades neutral Belgiumneutral Belgium (B) France declares (B) France declares war on Germanywar on Germany 8/4:8/4: Gr. Britain declares Gr. Britain declares war on Germanywar on Germany

(other members of British empire (other members of British empire soon follow – Australia, Canada, soon follow – Australia, Canada, N. Zealand, others…)N. Zealand, others…)

German troops, 1914German troops, 1914

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““a general state of war exists…”a general state of war exists…”

With the Ottoman Empire soon siding With the Ottoman Empire soon siding with Germany, most of Europe is at with Germany, most of Europe is at war…60 nations around the worldwar…60 nations around the world

NOTE:NOTE:

1.1. Germany & allies: Germany & allies: “Central “Central Powers”Powers”

2.2. Britain/France/RussiaBritain/France/Russia: “the Allies”: “the Allies”

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End of Act IEnd of Act I

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The Great WarThe Great War

Act IIAct II

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The Western Front: Schlieffen PlanThe Western Front: Schlieffen Plan

Destroy France before Russia could mount Destroy France before Russia could mount an effective offensive…then focus all an effective offensive…then focus all troops on Russiatroops on Russia

Avoid French defensive line by invading Avoid French defensive line by invading Belgium…capture Paris and France would Belgium…capture Paris and France would fallfall

Alfred von Schlieffen Alfred von Schlieffen (1833-1913), chief of the (1833-1913), chief of the

German general staff German general staff

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1st Battle of the Marne Sept.-Nov. 1914

•German invasion stopped by French at the Marne River

•Both sides dig defensive trenches

•Trenches “popcorn” out rapidly until…

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TRENCHES – 400 MILE LINE FROM NORTH SEA TO SWITZERLAND

Aerial View of trenches

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Trench Warfare and StalemateTrench Warfare and Stalemate

Trench warfare was Trench warfare was characteristic of the characteristic of the Western FrontWestern Front

Massive casualties in Massive casualties in weeks-long battles weeks-long battles over control of a few over control of a few hundred yards of hundred yards of territory.territory.

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WEAPONS OF DESTRUCTIONWEAPONS OF DESTRUCTION

• Industrialization & advances in technology:

•submarines (u-boat)•aircraft and bombs•flame-thrower, tank, poison gas, grenades •the machine gun•Long-range artillery

• Modern warfare strategies had not yet adapted to these new weapons.

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British Vickers—fired 8 rounds per second, at a distance of 2,900 yards.

The Machine Gun

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•They drove men into trenches and foxholes.•War, became a battle of inches (stalemate)

Super Killing Machines:

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Artillery

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CHEMICAL WARFARE

Types: Mustard, Chlorine, & Phosgene•Drifted in the wind—often affected their own troops

Germans 1st to use poison gas: Battle of Ypres (1915)

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•Burned body & lungs•caused blindness, asphyxiation, & death

•Chemical Warfare banned after World War I

Survivors of a Gas Attack

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Battle of Verdun (1916)Battle of Verdun (1916)

The French suffered The French suffered 371,000 casualties; 371,000 casualties; the Germans suffered the Germans suffered 337,000 casualties. 337,000 casualties.

The battle became a The battle became a symbol of French symbol of French determination to hold determination to hold ground and repel the ground and repel the enemy at any cost.enemy at any cost.

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Battle of the Somme July-Nov. 1916

•British & French felt a massive assault on German forces would turn tide of war.•After a week of constant bombardment, the British went “over the top”

•By the end of the first day, British casualties were 110, 000 (19,000 dead).

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24 million shells used equates to 1,000 shells per square meter of the battlefield.

Battle of Verdun 1916

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Few from either side made it Few from either side made it out of out of “No Man’s Land”“No Man’s Land”

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Great War Great War waswas World War World War

The Southern Front:The Southern Front:Gallipoli Gallipoli –British Campaign to –British Campaign to

secure Dardanelles Straits, secure Dardanelles Straits, 19151915

Colonial Troops—Australia Colonial Troops—Australia and New Zealandand New Zealand

As many as 250,000 As many as 250,000 casualties on each side casualties on each side before British withdrawalbefore British withdrawal

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Why did it take so long for America to Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war?get involved in the war?

America was America was isolationistisolationist Many saw the War as a “European problem”Many saw the War as a “European problem”

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Who should the US ally with?Who should the US ally with?

• 11 million German-Americans

• Irish-Americans hated Great Britain

• Close cultural ties

• Big business loaned much $ to allies

Central Powers:

Allies:

Nations 1914 1915 1916 Britain $594,271,863 $911,794,954 $1,526,685,102 France $159,818,924 $364,397,170 $628,851,988 Germany $344,794,276 $28,863,354 $288,899

US Exports to both sides:

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What did it take to get the US involved?What did it take to get the US involved?

1. Blockades1. Blockades

Britain blockaded all German ports…nothing in or out

Germany announced a submarine war around Britain

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1. Blockades1. Blockades

In May, 1915 Germany told Americans to stay off of British ships

They could/would sink them

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What did it take to get the US What did it take to get the US involved?involved?

1. Blockades1. Blockades May, 1915 Lusitania torpedoed, sunk with 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans)

Was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunitionGerman Propaganda Justifying Lusitania

sinking

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The US sharply criticized Germany for their action

Sussex PledgeGermany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the futureNote in Bottle After

Lusitania Disaster

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2. 2. Unlimited Submarine WarfareUnlimited Submarine Warfare

1917: To break the British blockade and the stalemate in the war,Germany announced “unlimited submarine warfare” in the war zone

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3. The Zimmerman Note3. The Zimmerman Note

US intercepted a note from Germany to Mexico

It promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back to Mexico in return for an alliance

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Zimmerman Note & the sinking of 4 unarmed American ships led to a declaration of war

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April, 1917April, 1917

Woodrow Wilson asks Woodrow Wilson asks Congress for a Congress for a

declaration of wardeclaration of war

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Mobilizing America for warMobilizing America for war

Objective 1:Objective 1:Shift US economy from producing Shift US economy from producing consumer goods to military goodsconsumer goods to military goods

To accomplish this: necessary to expand To accomplish this: necessary to expand powers of federal gov’t.powers of federal gov’t.

(allow the gov’t. to do things that we had never allowed (allow the gov’t. to do things that we had never allowed b4!)b4!)

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Wilson given greater control over US Wilson given greater control over US economy:economy:

1.1. Created Created War Industries Board War Industries Board under under direction of Bernard Baruch direction of Bernard Baruch (leading US (leading US businessman)businessman)

Set production quotasSet production quotas Decided Decided whowho got got whatwhat raw materials raw materials Coordinated productionCoordinated production

OUTCOME?: production up 20%OUTCOME?: production up 20%

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Wilson given greater control over US Wilson given greater control over US economy:economy:

Other gov’t. controls:Other gov’t. controls:

1.1. Created RR AdministrationCreated RR Administration - Direct what got moved where & when- Direct what got moved where & when

2.2. Created Fuel Admin.Created Fuel Admin. - controlled coal production- controlled coal production

- rationed gas & heating oil- rationed gas & heating oil

3.3. Created Food Admin.Created Food Admin. - food production- food production

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Objective 2Objective 2

Finance (pay for) the WarFinance (pay for) the War

1/3 of money from taxes1/3 of money from taxes 2/3 from public borrowing by selling 2/3 from public borrowing by selling

war bondswar bonds

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Objective 3: rally public supportObjective 3: rally public support

US Gov’t created propaganda agency:US Gov’t created propaganda agency:Committee on Public InformationCommittee on Public Information

1.1. CPI hired artists & ad agencies to CPI hired artists & ad agencies to create all sorts of propaganda:create all sorts of propaganda:

- paintings- paintings - posters- posters - cartoons (movie theater)- cartoons (movie theater)

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(Renner calls a timeout for a Quick Review)(Renner calls a timeout for a Quick Review)

““MAINSMAINS” ” sent Europe spiraling towards sent Europe spiraling towards war war

Strong Strong isolationist isolationist sentiment in USsentiment in US War quickly mired in War quickly mired in stalematestalemate Germany resumed “unltd. sub warfare”Germany resumed “unltd. sub warfare” Zimmermann telegram “last straw” Zimmermann telegram “last straw”

pushing pushing US into WarUS into War US US mobilized:mobilized: gov’t. control of gov’t. control of

production, food, fuel, propaganda, production, food, fuel, propaganda, resumed the draft to raise an armyresumed the draft to raise an army

1916 Presidential Election1916 Presidential ElectionAnd the Winner is…And the Winner is…

Woodrow Woodrow WilsonWilson

Campaign slogan:Campaign slogan:

““he kept us out he kept us out of the war”of the war”

New Stuff: Russia Exits the WarNew Stuff: Russia Exits the War

by March, 1917: Russia on verge of by March, 1917: Russia on verge of collapsecollapse

Staggering losses in the warStaggering losses in the war Mutinies on Russian shipsMutinies on Russian ships Mass desertions from armyMass desertions from army Strikes by Russian workersStrikes by Russian workers Starvation in citiesStarvation in cities

Enter Enter Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

Exiled by the Czar b/c Exiled by the Czar b/c of revolutionary of revolutionary agitationagitation

Germans helped him Germans helped him return to Russia to return to Russia to incite revolutionincite revolution

March, 1917March, 1917 Russian people Russian people

revolt…Nicholas II revolt…Nicholas II abdicates the throneabdicates the throne

Ends 300 yrs of rule Ends 300 yrs of rule by Romanov dynastyby Romanov dynasty

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Control of RussiaControl of Russia

6 months of civil war…Lenin’s 6 months of civil war…Lenin’s BolshevikBolshevik Party Party defeat political rivals…win powerdefeat political rivals…win power

Czar and entire family murderedCzar and entire family murdered Or were they??? Proof that Anastasia escaped…….Or were they??? Proof that Anastasia escaped…….

Duhhh…how else could she have starred in the movie?

Russia quits the War…signs Russia quits the War…signs Treaty of Treaty of Brest-LitovskBrest-Litovsk w/Germany March, 1918 w/Germany March, 1918

Impact: Germany moves troops from Impact: Germany moves troops from Russia to the Western FrontRussia to the Western Front

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But back to the Russian Revolution…

Back on the US homefront:Back on the US homefront:

Enforcing LoyaltyEnforcing Loyalty

Strong backlash against all things German:

• People w/German names fired from jobs

• Books by German authors removed from shelves

• Orchestras refused to play works by Mozart, Bach

• Schools stopped teaching German as for. language

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Individual freedoms lost?Individual freedoms lost?

US Congress passed US Congress passed

The Espionage Act (1917)The Espionage Act (1917) The Sedition Act (1918)The Sedition Act (1918)

Heavy fines and jail time for Heavy fines and jail time for persons interfering with war effort persons interfering with war effort or saying anything disloyal to the or saying anything disloyal to the USUS

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US gov’t used the laws to try and crush US gov’t used the laws to try and crush labor unions:labor unions:

Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs (Amer. Railway Union) (Amer. Railway Union) opposed the war…10 yr. jail sentenceopposed the war…10 yr. jail sentence

Big Bill HaywoodBig Bill Haywood (the IWW) facing lengthy (the IWW) facing lengthy jail sentence…jumped bail, fled to Russiajail sentence…jumped bail, fled to Russia

American Troops Arrive in FranceAmerican Troops Arrive in France

General John J. Pershing commands the General John J. Pershing commands the AEFAEF (American Expeditionary Force)(American Expeditionary Force)

Thru enlistments and the draft, US Thru enlistments and the draft, US trained an army of 2 million mentrained an army of 2 million men

Huge morale boost for the European Huge morale boost for the European alliesallies

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19181918 4 yrs of stalemate…food shortages in 4 yrs of stalemate…food shortages in

GermanyGermany Germany plans all-out offensive to win Germany plans all-out offensive to win

the war (troops from Russian front the war (troops from Russian front arrive)arrive)

The Spring Offensive:The Spring Offensive: Germany Germany pushes deep into Francepushes deep into France

Buoyed by arrival of Americans, Allies Buoyed by arrival of Americans, Allies begin to drive Germans backbegin to drive Germans back

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AEF plays key roleAEF plays key role

Allies continue to drive Germans backAllies continue to drive Germans back

Key battles:Key battles: Chateau-Thierry (June, 1918)Chateau-Thierry (June, 1918) Belleau Wood (June, 1918)Belleau Wood (June, 1918) 22ndnd Battle of the Marne (July, 1918) Battle of the Marne (July, 1918) Argonne Forest (Sept-Nov., 1918)Argonne Forest (Sept-Nov., 1918)

The Tide Turns…The Tide Turns… End of the War (1918) End of the War (1918)

Central Powers Crumble:Central Powers Crumble:

Revolution in Austria-HungaryRevolution in Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire surrendersOttoman Empire surrenders German soldiers mutiny, public turns German soldiers mutiny, public turns

against Kaiser Wilhelm IIagainst Kaiser Wilhelm II

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Armistice at LastArmistice at Last

After failure of German After failure of German Spring offensive, Spring offensive, Kaiser Kaiser abdicates powerabdicates power

Germans want cease fireGermans want cease fire Armistice signed on Armistice signed on

November 11, 1918 in a November 11, 1918 in a railway car (left)railway car (left)

War that was supposed to War that was supposed to end by Christmas ends… end by Christmas ends…

4 years later4 years later

Ending the War (con’t.)Ending the War (con’t.)

The Paris Peace ConferenceThe Paris Peace Conference

Meeting of the Meeting of the “Big Four”“Big Four” at the at the Paris Paris Peace ConferencePeace Conference David Lloyd George – Gr. BritainDavid Lloyd George – Gr. Britain Georges Clemenceau – FranceGeorges Clemenceau – France Vittorio Orlando – ItalyVittorio Orlando – Italy Woodrow Wilson – USAWoodrow Wilson – USA

NOTE: Germany and Russia NOT invitedNOTE: Germany and Russia NOT invited

Wilson’s IdealismWilson’s IdealismFourteen Point Program

The main points:

• No secret treaties• No reparations• Freedom of the seas• Free trade • Reduction of arms• Self-determination• League of Nations

David Lloyd George (Gr. Britain)David Lloyd George (Gr. Britain) 1 goal in mind – 1 goal in mind –

make Germany make Germany suffer for the war:suffer for the war: pay pay reparationsreparations put Kaiser William I on put Kaiser William I on

trialtrial However, he did not However, he did not

want the Germans to want the Germans to be totally crippled be totally crippled economically or economically or politicallypolitically

Georges Clemenceau (France)Georges Clemenceau (France)

France had been invaded France had been invaded twice since 1871 twice since 1871 Clemenceau wanted to Clemenceau wanted to make sure it would not make sure it would not happen again.happen again.

Clemenceau wanted Clemenceau wanted Germany to pay fully for Germany to pay fully for the costs of the war, the costs of the war, stripped of all weapons, stripped of all weapons, and be given a buffer state and be given a buffer state out the German Rhineland out the German Rhineland (this took most of the (this took most of the German industrial area).German industrial area).

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Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

War Guilt ClauseWar Guilt Clause German military dismantledGerman military dismantled Break up of German, Austrian, Russian Break up of German, Austrian, Russian

and Ottoman Empire…map of Europe and Ottoman Empire…map of Europe redrawn redrawn (will be problematic up to present day)(will be problematic up to present day)

Reparations: $33 billionReparations: $33 billion League of NationsLeague of Nations Legacy of bitterness and betrayal…Legacy of bitterness and betrayal…

A re-shaped map of EuropeA re-shaped map of Europe

• 8 new nations: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,Yugoslavia, Finland, & the Baltic States (Latvia, Estonia, & Lithuania)

• 4 new mandates in the Middle East (from Ottoman Empire): Syria, Trans-Jordan, Iraq, Palestine

• League of Nations--attempt to create an international organization to settle disputes before they escalated to war

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Europe Before and After World War IEurope Before and After World War I

Impact of the Great War in U.S.Impact of the Great War in U.S.

End of laissez-fair society: people see the End of laissez-fair society: people see the huge power of government as a toolhuge power of government as a tool

America becomes THE leading world America becomes THE leading world economic powereconomic power

U.S. Senate rejected the League of U.S. Senate rejected the League of Nations…return to isolationism?Nations…return to isolationism?

Post-war cynicism: human progress?Post-war cynicism: human progress? African Americans move to northern cities African Americans move to northern cities

from the Southfrom the South

1 ch. 19 the first world war (1914-18) act i. 2 introduction on the 28 th day of june in 1914, the...

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