MODULE 2

TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2D) INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA

BOARDS

1. Chalkboards2. Whiteboards and Magnetic Boards3. Cloth4. Hook and Loop Boards (Velcro Boards)5. Pegboards6. Bulletin Boards

Chalkboards

These are the most common instructional media found in classrooms, rural and urban alike.

Chalkboards, once called blackboards, come in a variety of colors but the most common is green.

Chalkboard

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Whiteboards and Magnetic Boards

Whiteboards and magnetic boards are those with a glossy surface, commonly white in color, where non-permanent markings are made with the use of special felt pens.

Whiteboard and Magnetic Board

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Cloth Boards (felt, Flannel, and Carpet)

This is a piece of plywood or heavy cardboard covered with either felt, flannel or carpet.

Cloth Boards

Hook and Loop Boards (Velcro Boards)

In creating a hook and loop board, a plywood or heavy cardboard is covered with a nylon loop material and the nylon hooks are adhered on the back of the instructional materials to be displayed on the board.

Hook and Loop Boards

Pegboards

Pegboards are made of tempered masonite with 1/8-inch holes drilled 1 inch apart. These boards are used in displaying three-dimensional objects or heavy materials with the use of hooks inserted into the board.

Pegboards

Bulletin Boards

Bulletin boards are generally not used directly in instruction but tend to be a supplement.

These boards are usually designed as an instructional device that can carry a message without the presence of a teacher.

Bulletin Boards

GRAPHIC MATERIALS

Graphic materials translate abstract ideas and relationships into a concrete form. They are photographic, two-dimensional materials designed to communicate a message to the viewer.

Advantages

A. It is readily available.B. It can be easily carried from place to

place.C. It is easy to use.D. It is inexpensive and can be reused.E. It helps focus attention.F. These convey certain types of

information in a condensed form.

Limitations

A. This is not interactiveB. It lacks depth and motionC. It can be easily misinterpretedD. This is written at a certain reading

levelE. It needs prior knowledge in order to

interpret or understand what is presented.

Best Practices in Using Graphics

A. Use large visual.B. Use simple materials.C. Cover irrelevant materialsD. Use one at a timeE. Teach learners how to interpretF. Ask questions for clarifications.

Drawings and Sketches

Drawings and sketches employ the use of lines, either simple or crude. They may not be the real thing but they may represent persons, places, things, and concepts.

Cartoons

Cartoons use symbolism and oftentimes bold exaggeration to present at a glance a message or point concerning news events, people or situations.

Strip Drawings

It is a form of cartooning in which a cast of characters enacts a story in a sequence of closely related drawings .

Strip drawings can be used for motivation or starter for a lesson.

Posters

Are combination of lines, images, colors, and words. They are intended to catch attention and communicate a message quickly.

Charts

Are graphic representations of abstract relationships such as chronologies, quantities, and hierarchies.

Organizational Chart in Conducting an Activity

Overall chairman

Hall Preparation and Sound

System Committee

Program, Invitation, and

Certificate Committee

Food Committee Documentation Committee

These show an organization’s structure or chain of command.

It illustrates the interrelationships between the different parts of an organization.

Classification Charts

GRAINS VEGETABLES

FRUITS MILK MEAT AND BEANS

They are similar to organization charts but its purpose is to show the classification or categorize of objects, events or species.

Time Lines

Time lines show in sequence different events or the relationship of people and events.

They are very helpful in summarizing series of events.

2008 EXPORT PERCENTAGE

Corn Rice Fruits Minerals E. Gadgets

China 2 4 7 32 57

Japan 0 2 2 15 88

Philippines

15 33 48 66 27

Thailand 11 66 32 12 1

Vietnam 47 68 32 15 3

Tabular Charts or Tables

They contain numerical information or data in a table or columns.

Steps Of the Scientific Method

Ask a question Do a background research Construct a hypothesis

Test hypothesis by doing an experimentAnalyze data and draw a conclusion

Communicate results

Flowcharts or Process Charts

These kinds of charts show a process, sequence, or procedure.

Tree or Stream charts

These kinds of charts show change, growth or development by beginning with a single course and then spreads out into many branches or by beginning with many branches which then come together into a single channel.

Gannt Chart

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A gannt chart is an activity time chart that illustrates the start and finish dates of a certain activity or project.

Graphs

Graphs show quantitative data. These kinds of graphics make analysis and interpretation of numerical information easier.

Line Graphs

Category 1 Category 2 Category 30

1

2

3

4

5

6

Series 1Series 2Series 3

They are used when plotting trends of relationships between series of data. It shows the progress over a period of time.

Bar Graphs

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 40

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Series 1Series 2Series 3

Bar graphs are the simplest and easiest to read. The data are presented in horizontal or vertical bars. While the widths of the bars are the same, it’s length represents the amount or percentage data.

Pie Graphs or Circle GraphDecember 2008 Expenses

Water and PowerPhoneFoodTransportationRecreationGifts

The sections of these kinds of graphs represent the parts of a whole. These graphs always present whole amounts and its parts are calculated in percentage or fractional parts.

Area or Solid Graphs

1/5/2002 1/6/2002 1/7/2002 1/8/2002 1/9/20020

5

10

15

20

25

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40

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Series 2Series 1

They are used to compare several related totals thru the use of geometric shapes.

Pictorial Graphs or Pictographs

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These graphs utilize related pictures or drawings to show numerical data. It is an adaptation of the bar graph.

Diagrams

Are intended to show relationships or to help explain a process, how something works or how something is constructed.

Diagrams rely heavily on symbols that is why they are highly abstract that most of the time support materials are needed to give users the necessary background information.

Cluster or Cloud Diagram

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This is used in a nonlinear activity wherein ideas, images, and feelings are generated around a stimulus word.

It helps students see patterns in their ideas and help systematize the generation of ideas based upon a central topic.

Chain of Events

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This diagram illustrates the stages of an event, the actions of a character or the steps in a procedure.

Fish Mapping

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A fishbone map is used to show causal interaction of a complex event (like a nuclear explosion) or a complex phenomenon (like learning disabilities).

Cycle

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A cycle illustrates how series of events interact to produce a set of results such as the life cycle.

Compare / Contrast

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A diagram that is used to show similarities and differences.

Venn Diagram

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A Venn diagram is used to show relationships between sets, similarities and differences between characters, stories or poem.

It enables the students to visually organize similarities and differences.

Maps

Maps are representations of the Earth’s surface or a part of it.

http://62.0.5.134/www.printableworldmap.org/printable-world-map-political-wiki.jpg

Types of Maps :

A. Political MapsThey show territories and boundaries.

B. Physical MapsThey show data like altitude, temperature, rainfall, precipitation, vegetation, and soil.

C. Commercial or Economic MapsThey show a variety of information like the economic produce of the different regions.

Flip Charts

Resembling a small whiteboard, this stationary item is supported by a four-legged easel or tripod and several sheets of paper are hinged at the upper edge of the chart.

Marker pens are used to write text as well as figures and charts. A sheet can then be flipped over to present information sequentially or for one to continue to a new page.

PICTURES AND PHOTOGRAPHS

The generic term picture includes any kind of opaque representation of visual images which includes drawings, photographs, pictures in books and magazines, or any medium open to the artists interpretation.

The term photograph only includes those images that were recorded by camera and is usually an exact representation of the original.

All photographs are pictures but not all pictures are photographs.

Its Uses :

A. Vocabulary buildingB. Mood settingC. Introduction of a topic or lessonD. Spotlight a problem or issueE. Clarification of a vague or abstract

concept

Qualities of Good Pictures

A. Authentic and clear messageB. Good compositionC. Effective colorD. Good technical and mechanical quality

POSTCARDS

These are commercially printed with space on one side for an address and postage stamp used for sending a short message through mail.

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FLASHCARDS

These materials are used for drill activities in teaching certain topics.

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MODULE 3

THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA

Models and Mock-ups

Models are modified real things – reproductions of costly or delicate items that can be provided at reasonable cost and are safe to use. They are replicas of real objects which may be larger or smaller than the real thing.

Varied Purposes of Models

1. When real objects are too small or too large to bring into the classroom.

2. To present subject matter involving the pas and the future.

3. Physical inaccessibility4. Abstract constructions5. To explain processes

Types of Models

1. Solid Models2. Cross-section Model/Cut-away Models3. Construction Models4. Working Models

Diorama The term diorama is of Greek origin

which means “to see through”. Diorama is a three-dimensional representation of events, ideas or concepts against a scenic background.

It is also known as a meaningful exhibit in boxes or cases, which are portable.

It is a miniature scene in three-dimensional treatment that is meant to replicate reality and cause students to think creativity and aesthetically.

Four principal parts of dioramas

1. The case or stage2. The painted background3. The three-dimensional middle and

foreground4. The figures, constructions, and

modeled objects that are placed in the case

Puppets

Puppets are artificial figures whose movements are controlled by a person.

They are animate objects that are manipulated so as to appear to be moving.

The person who operates them is called a puppeteer.

Puppets are moved by hand or by strings, wires, or rods.

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Types of Puppets

Shadow puppetsRod PuppetsHand PuppetsGlove-and-finger PuppetsMarionettes

Shadow Puppets

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They are two-dimensional in nature, normally controlled by rods that are much thinner than the typical ones that are used to support the rod puppet.

This type of puppet makes use of a translucent screen (rear-view screen) and a light source for its effective use.

Rod Puppets

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They are flat cut out figures tacked to a stacked, with one or more movable parts, and operated from below the stage level wire rods or slender sticks.

Hand puppets

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This type of puppet is made to slip over the hand like a glove. The puppet’s head is operated by the finger of the puppeteer, the little finger and thumb are being used to animate the puppet hands.

Glove-and-finger puppets

They make use of old gloves to which small costumed figure are attached.

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Marionettes

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These puppets are suspended and controlled by a number of strings, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar held from above by the puppeteer.

The control bar can be either a horizontal or vertical one.

Principles in Choosing a Puppet Play for Teaching

1. Do not use puppets for plays that can be done just as well or better by another dramatic means.

2. Puppets play must be based on action rather than words.

3. Keep the plays short to ensure success4. Do not omit the possibilities of music and

dancing as part of the puppet show5. Adapt the puppet show in all respects to your

audience6. Do not hesitate to adapt the puppet play

MODULE 4PROJECTION SYSTEMS

Filmstrip Projector

It is a device used to view a filmstrip. The term filmstrip refers to a roll of 35mm transparent film containing a series of related still pictures shown one at a time.

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Slide Projector

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It is a device used to view photographic slides. The term slide refers to a small format photographic transparency individually mounted for one-at-a-time projection.

Slides are made by taking pictures with a slide film, processed, and then mounted in 2 by 2-inch mounts. Because of the complex nature of this projector, its price is quite high that it is rarely found in classrooms today.

Overhead Projector

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It is a box with a large “stage” on the top surface. A lamp from inside the box is condensed by a special type of lens and passes through the transparency that is placed on the “stage”.

A transparency may be composed of photographic film, clear acetate, or any transparent material capable of being imprinted with an image of chemical, heat process or direct drawing method.

Opaque Projector

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This is a device that has the capacity to display opaque materials on a screen. The projector works with a very strong incandescent light which is reflected on a mirror that aims the light beam through a series of lenses onto a screen.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Projector

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This is a type of projector that can display video, images, or computer data on a screen or any flat surface. For this projector to work, it should be connected to a computer.

MODULE 5COMPUTER AND THE INTERNET

COMPUTER

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A system wherein its parts perform a unified job of receiving inputs, processes the information and transforms the information into a new kind of result. It is made up of hardware (physical part of the machine) and software (programs that make the hardware function).

Internet

The internet is the world-wide network of interconnected computer networks that operates using a standardized set of communication protocols.

It offers several kinds of services and among the popular ones are e-mail, the world wide web (WWW) , file transfer protocol (FTP), newsgroups, file sharing, and voice traffic.

Web 2.0 (Buan, 2008)

It is the use of interactive technology that aims to enhance creativity, information-sharing, and collaboration among users.

In a Web 2.0 environment, users can work together and share responsibilities; collaborate with peers, experts, and community members; monitor and keep track of contributions; use varied kinds of technology to conduct research, communicate, and create knowledge.

Wiki

A type of website that allows anyone or only designated members to edit its content.

Wikispaces.com and wik.is are just some of the wiki sites available.

Blog

The abbreviated word for weblog, it is a web-based journal where individuals can publish their thoughts and opinions on the internet.

Online Collaborative Websites

These allow individuals to create or upload documents on the web where they can be edited using familiar formatting tools.

An example of this is the Google Docs. Google Docs is a web-based word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation application by Google.

Media Sharing

A social network with platform and diversified interfaces that allows users to upload, compress, distribute images, texts, audio, video, and other applications.

Social Bookmarking

Social Bookmarking is saving bookmarks to a public website and tagging them with keywords.

Web-Enhanced Learning Activities (Arnito,2005)

Online treasure hunt It is an online inquiry-based activity

developed by Tom March with the aim of developing knowledge of a specific topic curriculum.

WebQuest

A WebQuest is an online inquiry-based activity developed by Bernie Dodge and Tom March in 1995 at San Diego State University.