1 chapter 5 microbial nutrition. 2 nutrient requirements macroelements (macronutrients) –c, o, h,...
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Chapter 5
Microbial Nutrition
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Nutrient Requirements
• Macroelements (macronutrients)– C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe– required in relatively large amounts
• Micronutrients (trace elements)– Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu– required in trace amounts– often supplied in water or in media
components
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All Organisms Require Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Electron
Source
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• Heterotrophs– use organic molecules as carbon sources which often
also serve as energy sourc
• Autotrophs– use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal carbon
source– must obtain energy from other sources
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Sources of Carbon, Energy and Electrons
Table 5.1
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Nutritional Types of Organisms
• based on energy source– phototrophs use light– chemotrophs obtain energy from oxidation
of chemical compounds
• based on electron source– lithotrophs use reduced inorganic substances– organotrophs obtain electrons from organic
compounds
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Nutritional Types of Microorganisms
Table 5.2
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Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
• Needed for synthesis of important molecules (e.g., amino acids, nucleic acids)
• Nitrogen usually supplied as organic and inorganic N-source (NH3 , NO3
-)
• Phosphorus usually supplied as inorganic phosphate (H3PO4)
• Sulfur usually supplied as sulfate (SO42-)
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Growth Factors
• Organic compounds
• Essential cell components (or their precursors) that the cell cannot synthesize
• Must be supplied by environment if cell is to survive and reproduce
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Classes of growth factors
• Amino acids– needed for protein synthesis
• Purines and pyrimidines– needed for nucleic acid synthesis
• Vitamins– function as enzyme cofactors
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Uptake of Nutrients
• Some nutrients enter by passive diffusion
• Most nutrients enter by:– facilitated diffusion
– active transport
– group translocation
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Passive Diffusion
• Molecules move from region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
• H2O, O2 and CO2 often move across membranes this way
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Figure 5.3
•rate of facilitateddiffusion increasesmore rapidly andat a lowerconcentration
•diffusion ratereaches a plateau when carrier becomessaturated
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Facilitated Diffusion
• Similar to passive diffusion– movement of molecules is not energy
dependent
– direction of movement is from high concentration to low concentration
– size of concentration gradient impacts rate of uptake
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Facilitated diffusion…
• Differs from passive diffusion – uses carrier molecules (permeases)– smaller concentration gradient is required
for significant uptake of molecules– effectively transports glycerol, sugars, and
amino acids
• more prominent in eucaryotic cells than in procaryotic cells
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note conformational change of carrier
Figure 5.4
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Active Transport
• Energy-dependent process– ATP or PMF
• Carrier proteins needed (permeases)– carrier saturation effect is observed at
high solute concentrations
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ABC transporters
• ATP-binding cassette transporters
• observed in bacteria, archaea, and eucaryotes
Figure 5.5
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Figure 5.6
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Group Translocation
• Chemically modifies molecule as it is brought into cell
• Best known system: transports a variety of sugars while phosphorylating them using phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)
• Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) as the phosphate donor
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Group Translocation
• energy-dependent process
Figure 5.7
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Iron Uptake
• ferric iron is very insoluble so uptake is difficult
• microorganisms use siderophores to aid uptake
• siderophore complexes with ferric ion
• complex is then transported into cell
Figure 5.8
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Types of Media
Table 5.4
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Defined or Synthetic Media
• all components and their concentrations are known
Table 5.5
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Complex Media
• contain some ingredients of unknown composition and/or concentration
Table 5.6
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Some media components
• peptones– protein hydrolysates prepared by partial
digestion of various protein sources
• extracts– aqueous extracts, usually of beef or yeast
• agar– sulfated polysaccharide used to solidify
liquid media
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Types of Media
• General purpose media– support the growth of many microorganisms– e.g., tryptic soy agar
• Enriched media– general purpose media supplemented by
blood or other special nutrients– e.g., blood agar
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Figure 5.9
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Types of media…
• Selective media– favor the growth of some
microorganisms and inhibit growth of others
– e.g., MacConkey agar
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Table 5.7
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Types of media…
• Differential media– distinguish between different groups of
microorganisms based on their biological characteristics
– e.g., blood agar• hemolytic versus nonhemolytic bacteria
– e.g., MacConkey agar• lactose fermenters versus nonfermenters
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Table 5.7
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Isolation of Pure Cultures
• Spread plate, streak plate, and pour plate are techniques used to isolate pure cultures
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1. dispense cells ontomedium in petri dish
2. - 3. sterilize spreader
4. spread cellsacross surface
Spread-plate technique
Figure 5.10 (a)
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Appearance of a Spread Plate
Figure 5.10 (b)
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Streak plate technique
Figure 5.11
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The Pour Plate
• Sample is diluted several times
• Diluted samples are mixed with liquid agar
• Mixture of cells and agar are poured into sterile culture dishes
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Figure 5.12
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Bacterial Colony Morphology
Figure 5.13 (a)
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Bacterial Colony Morphology
Figure 5.13 (b) and (c)