1 chapter 7 ionic and metallic bonding 7.1 valence electrons and electron- dot structure · be · ·...
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Chapter 7 Ionic and Metallic Bonding
7.1 Valence Electrons and Electron- Dot Structure
· Be ·
· Mg ·
· Ca ·
· Sr ·
· Ba ·
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Energy Levels
Energy levels • Are assigned numbers
n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on.
• Increase in energy as n increases.
• Are like the rungs of a ladder with the lower energy levels nearer the nucleus.
n = 4
n = 3
n = 2
n = 1
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7.1 Valence Electrons
Valence electrons
• Determine the chemical properties of the elements.
• Are the electrons in the highest energy level.
• Are related to the Group number of the element.
Example: Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons 5 valence electrons
P Group 5A(15) 2, 8, 5
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All the elements in a group have the samenumber of valence electrons.
Example: Elements in Group 2A(2) have two (2) valence electrons.
Be 2, 2
Mg 2, 8, 2Ca 2, 8, 8, 2Sr 2, 8, 18, 8, 2
Groups and Valence Electrons
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Periodic Table and Valence Electrons
Representative Elements Group Numbers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H He
1 2
Li Be Al C N O F Ne
2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8
Li Mg Ge Si P S Cl Ar
2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8
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State the number of valence electrons for each:A. O
1) 4 2) 6 3) 8
B. Al
1) 13 2) 3 3) 1
C. Cl
1) 2 2) 5 3) 7
Learning Check
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State the number of valence electrons for each.A. O
2) 6
B. Al
2) 3
C. Cl
3) 7
Solution
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State the number of valence electrons for each.
A. Calcium
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3
B. Group 6A (16)
1) 2 2) 4 3) 6
C. Carbon
1) 2 2) 4 3) 14
Learning Check
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State the number of valence electrons for each.
A. Calcium
2) 2
B. Group 6A (16)
3) 6
C. Carbon
2) 4
Solution
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State the number of valence electrons for each.
A. 2, 8, 5
B. 2, 8, 18, 6
C. 2, 7
Learning Check
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State the number of valence electrons for each.
A. 2, 8, 5 5
B. 2, 8, 18, 6 6
C. 2, 7 7
Solution
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Electron-Dot Symbols
An electron-dot symbol
• Shows the valence electrons around the symbol of the element.
• For Mg has two valence electrons placed as single dots on the sides of the symbol Mg.
. . ·Mg · or Mg · or · Mg or · Mg ·
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2, 8, 2
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Writing Electron-Dot Symbols
Electron-dot symbols for• Groups 1A(1) to 4A(14) use single dots.
· ·
Na · · Mg · · Al · · C · ·
• Groups 5A(15) to 7A(17) use pairs and single dots.
·· ··
· P · : O ·
· ·
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Groups and Electron-Dot Symbols
• In a group, all the electron-dot symbols have the same number of valence electrons (dots).
Example: Atoms of elements in Group 2A(2) each have 2 valence electrons.
· Be ·
· Mg ·
· Ca ·
· Sr ·
· Ba ·
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Periodic Table and Electron-Dot Symbols
Table 4.12
Valence Electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Group Number
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A. X is the electron-dot symbol for
1) Na 2) K 3) Al
B. X is the electron-dot symbol of
1) B 2) N 3) P
Learning Check
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A. X is the electron-dot symbol for
1) Na 2) K
B. X is the electron-dot symbol of
2) N 3) P
Solution
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Ionization Energy
Ionization energy • Is the energy it takes to remove a valence
electron.
Na(g) + Energy (ionization) Na+(g) + e-
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Ionization Energy In a Group
Going up a group ofrepresentative elements,
• The distance decreases between the nucleus and the valence electrons.
• The ionization energy increases.
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Learning Check
Select the element in each pair with the higher ionization energy.
A. Li or K
B. K or Br
C. P or Cl
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Solution
Select the element in each pair with the higher
Ionization energy.
A. Li
B. Br
C. Cl