1 clemson ece laboratories ece 311 – electronics lab i pre-labs for ece 311 created by steven...
TRANSCRIPT
1Clemson ECE Laboratories
ECE 311 – Electronics Lab I
Pre-labs for ECE 311
Created by Steven Chambers in Fall 2012
Last Updated: 12/20/2012
2Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 0 – LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION
3Clemson ECE Laboratories
Introduction to Laboratory 0
• Curve Tracer– Plots I-V curve for two and three terminal devices – Can plot a family of curves for different bias
conditions– Used in this lab to give characteristics of diodes
and transistors– Current/Voltage/Power limitations used to prevent
destruction of device under test (DUT)
4Clemson ECE Laboratories
Background Information
• Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)– Three terminal device (Emitter, Base, Collector)– Base current controls Collector-Emitter current– I-V curve
• Y-axis: IC
• X-axis: VCE
• Family of curvesrepresents differentIB values
• As IB increases,IC increases for the same VCE value
5Clemson ECE Laboratories
Contact Information
• Instructor:
Name:
Email:
Office:
Phone:
Office Hours: As needed (email for appointment)
• Lab Coordinator:
Name: Dr. Timothy Burg
Email: [email protected]
Office: 307 Fluor Daniel (EIB)
Phone: (864)-656-1368
6Clemson ECE Laboratories
Mandatory Safety Video
7Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Week
• B2SPICE– Circuit simulation software– Uses computer models to predict circuit behavior– All parts used are considered ideal
• Observed value will differ from simulated value, but still good estimation
– Tests most often used in this lab are DC Sweep, Transient testing, and frequency sweep
– DC Sweep used for both simulations of next weeks lab
8Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Week
• For Part 2: Click Sweeps tab under DC Sweep
• Then click Set up Sweeps
The dialogue to the right willappear.Use thesesettings to properly sweep the Rfrom 100 to1000 to 10k ohms.
9Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 1 – DIODE CHARACTERISTIC
10Clemson ECE Laboratories
Introduction to Lab 1
• Diode – Allows current to flow inone direction under forward bias
• rd – dynamic forward resistancerd = ΔVD/ ΔID (reciprocal of I-V slope)
• RD – static forward resistance RD = VD/ID
• Vγ – cut-in voltagepoint where appreciable current conduction begins
• n – ideality factordependent upon physical characteristics of diodes
• VBR – breakdown voltage
• IS – reverse saturation currentcurrent that flows under reverse bias
• VT – thermal voltage = 0.0285V at room temperature
ID
- VD +
11Clemson ECE Laboratories
Diode Characteristic
• Part 1A will replicate forward bias on curve tracer • Part 1B will replicate reverse bias on a Zener diode
– Zener diodes have a lower VBR because they are designed to keep a constant voltage drop across it
12Clemson ECE Laboratories
Ideality Factor
• “The ideality factor, n, depends on the type of semiconductor material used in the diode, the manufacturing process, the forward voltage, and the temperature.”
• Its value generally varies between 1 and 2. For voltages less than about 0.5 V, n ~ 2; for higher voltages, n ~ 1. (experiment shows values typically 1.15 ≤ n ≤ 1.2)
• The ideality factor, n, can readily be found by plotting the diode forward current on a logarithmic axis vs. the diode voltage on a linear axis.
13Clemson ECE Laboratories
Finding Ideality factor, n
Pick two pointswhere currents are 10 times different
Find = ?
∆𝑉 𝐷=2.3 ×𝑛×𝑉 𝑇=2.3 ×𝑛× 0.0258=0.0593𝑛=𝑛×59 .3𝑚𝑉
𝒏=∆𝑽 𝑫
𝟓𝟗 .𝟑𝒎𝑽
14Clemson ECE Laboratories
Cut-in Voltage Vγ:
0.4V to 0.7V for silicon0.2V to 0.4V for germanium
“If the applied voltage exceeds Vγ, the diode current increases rapidly.”
15Clemson ECE Laboratories
Diode Resistance
Three diode resistances are commonly calculated:
• DC or Static forward resistance, RF or RD
• AC or Dynamic forward resistance, rf or rd
• Reverse resistance, rr
– the reciprocal of the slope of the reverse characteristic, prior to breakdown
Applying the diode equation and differentiating
16Clemson ECE Laboratories
Junction Capacitance of Diode ( Cj )
17Clemson ECE Laboratories
Experiment: Measurement of diode characteristics
• Forward I-V Characteristic– Use the curve tracer to obtain the forward
characteristics of the silicon 1N4004 diode.
– follow the steps mentioned in lab manual for selecting Vmax =2V, Imax = 2mA and Pmax =0.4W
– Fill out table 1.1 and perform calculations to find RF and rd
18Clemson ECE Laboratories
Reverse I-V Characteristic
• Use Zener diode (this one looks transparent)– Note the reverse breakdown voltage
(around -14.6V)
19Clemson ECE Laboratories
SIMPLE DIODE CIRCUIT
Build the circuit
Measure the output voltage, V0
Vary the Vin from 0V to 5V for R= 100Ω change R = 1k Ω and 10k Ω
Fill out table 1.2
20Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Post Lab 1– All questions under Lab Report section (Part 1 and
Part 2) should be answered• Pre Lab 2
– Figures 2.3 and 2.5 will be simulated– Use a sinusoidal voltage source set to 60 Hz and 4
volt amplitude (8 V peak to peak)– Run transient test for 4 periods (f = 60 Hz T = 1/f
start time = 0)
21Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 2 – POWER SUPPLY OPERATION
22Clemson ECE Laboratories
Half-wave Rectifier
• Diode forward biased for Vin > Vγ
• Diode reverse biased for Vin < Vγ
• Allows current to conduct for roughly half of AC cycle
• Vm = Vp - Vγ
23Clemson ECE Laboratories
Full-wave Rectifier
• D2 and D3 forward biased when Vin > 2Vγ
• D1 and D4 forward biased when Vin < 2Vγ
• Vm = Vp – 2Vγ
• Output frequency is twice that of input• Output does not share common ground with input
24Clemson ECE Laboratories
Filtering
• Adding a capacitor in parallel with load resistor creates a filter
• Capacitor will charge up on first half of cycle then discharge slowly based on capacitance
• This creates a voltage source with ripple
• Vr = Vm – Vmin
25Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Post Lab 2– 3 questions under Lab Report
• Pre Lab 3 – First Design Lab– I will split the class. Half the class will come for
the first hour. Other half will come for the second.– Bring your design calculations with you to lab– Please print ECE 311 – Lab 3 Lab Summary page
from lab manual and bring with you to next lab. This will be turned in as your post lab prior to leaving lab next week.
26Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 3 – POWER SUPPLY DESIGN
27Clemson ECE Laboratories
Power Supply Design Calculations
• This lab is to be completed individually
• Remember Vin is measured after the source resistor Rs
• Fill out Lab Summary sheet and turn in before your leave
28Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Pre Lab 4
– Simulate circuits 4.5(a) (Vb = 0 and 2 V), 4.6(a) (Vb = 0 and 2 V), 4.7, and 4.8
– There is an error in the prelab statement. DO NOT SIMULATE FIGURE 4.4(a).
• Lab Report: You are to complete a formal lab report on your choice of Lab 1-3. You have 2 weeks to complete the report. It is to be submitted electronically before 5 PM on 10/9.– Follow report format in the lab manual and look to
the rubric uploaded on blackboard to see how it will be graded
29Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 4 – DIODE CLIPPERS AND CLAMPERS
30Clemson ECE Laboratories
Clipper
• Circuit that limits the output voltage to either an upper or lower limit (or both) through the use of diodes and voltage sources
• Diode begins conducting and holds output to a desired level (V + Vγ in the configuration seen below)
• Diode and battery orientation determine whether circuit is positive or negative clipper
31Clemson ECE Laboratories
Clamper
• Circuit that shifts the DC value of an input voltage through the use of a diode and capacitor
• Diode conducts on negative half cycle to allow capacitor to charge
• Once charged, capacitor passes AC signal shifted by the charge built on C
• Diode polarity determines positive or negative clamping (positive pictured below)
• RC time constant must be much larger than input signal period
32Clemson ECE Laboratories
Note on circuit connection
• The NI-Elvis VPS is internally grounded• This means no physical wire connection on your
board is required to ground the voltage source
• For Vb = 0, connect diode straight to ground
• For non-zero Vb, connect diode to VPS supply + or supply -
Connection already madewithin NI-Elvis board
33Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Post Lab 4– 3 questions under Lab Report
• Pre Lab 5 – Be familiar with BJT transistor operation and read
through lab• I do not require you to bring in graph paper• Remember: Lab report due next week
34Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 5 – BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS
35Clemson ECE Laboratories
Bipolar Junction Transistor
• Three terminal device: Collector, Emitter, Base• Collect-Emitter current controlled by B-E current• Four regions of operation NPN (PNP):
– Cutoff – Both P-N Junctions reverse biased– Saturation – Both P-N Junctions forward biased– Forward Active – B-E (B-C)
forward biased, B-C (B-E)reverse biased
– Inverse Active – B-E (B-C) reverse biased, B-C (B-E)forward biased N P N P N P
36Clemson ECE Laboratories
Output Characteristic
Cutoff
Forward Active
Saturation
37Clemson ECE Laboratories
Transistor Parameters
• hFE = IC/IB = β – dc current gain
• hfe = ΔIC/ΔIB = βo – small signal (ac) current gain
• hie = ΔVBE/ΔIB = rπ – input resistance
• hoe = ΔIC/ΔVCE – output conductance
• hre = ΔVBE/ΔVCE – voltage feedback ratio
• hie can be approximated from βVT/ICQ
• VA – Early Voltage
38Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Post Lab 5 – 6 questions under Lab Report
• Pre Lab 6 – Figure 6.2 DC Sweep to find Q point– Figure 6.1 Transient analysis for various R– Use transient setup given in pre lab
• Remember: Electronic copy of lab report due tonight by 5 pm
39Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 6 – BJT COMMON-EMITTER CIRCUIT BIAS
40Clemson ECE Laboratories
Common Emitter Bias Circuit
• Emitter is used as a reference point for both input and output
• R1 and R2 form a bias network to set a desired base current
• RC used to set output voltage levels
• RE helps reduce circuitvariation with β but also reduces AC voltage gain
41Clemson ECE Laboratories
Q-Point
• Bias circuit is used to select an operating (Q) point• Q point should be well into the forward active region
to get a properly behaving amplifier circuit• When adding a small signal AC voltage, the output
voltage will shift with the AC input based on gain• If the Q point is too close to saturation or cutoff,
output waveform will distort and circuit will not behave as a proper amplifier
42Clemson ECE Laboratories
Common Emitter Amplifier
• AC input signal can be added to base terminal (C1 used to filter out any DC component)
• VO is takes from collector terminal to ground (C2 once again used to remove DC component)
• CE added to increase AC gain; Emitter isshorted to groundfor AC – We will explore this morenext week in Lab 7
43Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Post Lab 6 – 4 questions under Lab Report
• Pre Lab 7 – Simulate circuit 7.1 for the 10 different
configurations given in the lab manual
44Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 7 – BJT COMMON-EMITTER CIRCUIT VOLTAGE GAIN
45Clemson ECE Laboratories
Common Emitter Amplifier
• Once Q point is established, small AC signal can be added to base
• This signal is amplified and seen at the collector terminal
46Clemson ECE Laboratories
Hybrid-π Equivalent Circuit
• Used to model BJT response to small signal AC input
• gm = ICQ/VT
• Ro = VA/ICQ
• Rπ = β/gm
• When applied to overall circuit, can provide small signal voltage gain from input vs output transfer function
47Clemson ECE Laboratories
Effect of Emitter Capacitor
• With CE:
• Without CE:
• With CE, two sides of circuit only share a common ground; without CE, RE adds a feedback loop which produces a voltage divider, reducing Vπ and the gain
48Clemson ECE Laboratories
Frequency Response
• Capacitors in this circuit have been selected so they essentially provide 0 impedance at circuit operating frequency.
• As frequency is changed, the capacitors start to produce an appreciable impedance; thus, lowering the gain of the circuit.
49Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Post Lab 7– 4 Questions under Lab Report
• Pre Lab 8– 2 Hour group design lab – Each student should
read through and do design calculations individually and perform simulations
• Lab Report 2: Due 11/13 by 5:00 PM, electronic submission– Pick from Labs 4-7
50Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 8 – BJT COMMON EMITTER DESIGN I
51Clemson ECE Laboratories
Equivalent Circuit
• RO ignored
• Mesh analysisprovides Av
• Design Calculations:– hib + RE = 235 Ω
– Rac = 2.585k Ω
– Rdc = 4.935k Ω
– ICQ = 1.33 mA
– VCEQ = 3.438 V
– VBB = 1.014 V
– β = 200
– IBQ = 6.649 µA
– hie = 3.91k Ω
– hib = 19.55 Ω
– RE = 215 Ω
– R2 = 4.785k Ω
– R1 = 42.386k Ω
52Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Post Lab 8: 2 Questions under Lab Report– Do not do a full report for question 1. Simply
provide me the design calculations, results, and comparison.
• Pre Lab 9: Individual Design Lab – Bring calculations with you to next lab– Print Lab Summary to turn in as Post Lab 9
53Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 9 – BJT COMMON EMITTER DESIGN II
54Clemson ECE Laboratories
Equivalent Circuit
• Ro ignored
• Mesh analysis
• Vπ = Vs
• Vo = -(RC//RL)gmVπ
• Av = -(RC//RL)gm
• gm = ICQ/VT
• When RC = RL, Av = -RCICQ/2VT
55Clemson ECE Laboratories
Design Calculations
• Rac = 2.35k Ω
• ICQ = 1.277 mA
• VCEQ = 3V
• VBB = 1.014 V
• β = 200
• IBQ = 6.649 A
• hie = 4.073k Ω
• hib = 20.37 Ω
• Rdc = 5.797k Ω
• RE = 1.097k Ω
• R2 = 28.26k Ω
• R1 = 97.92k Ω
56Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Post Lab 9 is to be turned in before you leave today• Pre Lab 10
– Read through the lab and be familiar with FET operation
57Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 10 – FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS
58Clemson ECE Laboratories
JFET Operation
• N-Channel JFET– P-type gates – N-type channel with ohmic contacts at both ends– P-Channel switches doping type positions
• Current flow is controlled by gate bias– VGS = 0 – Depletion regions exist between
reverse biased p-n junctions, but a channel of n-type material allows current flow from drain to source
– VGS << 0 – Depletion region extends completely across n-type region cutting off current flow
gate
59Clemson ECE Laboratories
JFET Equations
• Linear Region
– IDS = Kn [2(VGS – VP) VDS – VDS2]
– Where Kn = IDSS/VP2
– IDSS – 0 Voltage current VP – pinchoff voltage
• Saturation Region
– IDS = Kn(VGS(Sat))2
60Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Post Lab 10 – 3 questions under Lab Report
• Pre Lab 11 – Simulate Figure 11.6
61Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 11 – FET BIAS AND AMPLIFICATION
62Clemson ECE Laboratories
JFET Amplifier
• Similar circuit layout to BJT amplifier circuits– Common-drain analogous to Common-emitter– Common-source analogous to Common-collector
• Voltage controlled device with negligible current draw into gate– Only reverse saturation current of p-n junctions
will flow
Common-drain
Common-source
63Clemson ECE Laboratories
JFET Small Signal AC Model
• gm = ΔID/ΔVGS
• rd = dVDS/dID
• Amplification
– μ = gmrd
• When applied to common-drain circuit:
• If RS = 0 or bypassed
– Av = gm(rd||RD)
64Clemson ECE Laboratories
Preparations for Next Lab
• Post Lab 11– 3 questions under Lab Report
• Pre Lab 12– Be familiar with logic gate operation– Simulate both CMOS inverter and NAND gate
65Clemson ECE Laboratories
LABORATORY 12 – BASIC LOGIC CIRCUITS
66Clemson ECE Laboratories
CMOS Logic
• Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)– Utilizes both pMOS and nMOS transistors
• Currently the most widely used technology for logic gates
• CMOS has helped push speeds faster and sizes smaller due to the ever improving transistor technology that allows lower voltage operation and smaller gate sizes
67Clemson ECE Laboratories
CMOS Inverter
• pMOS transistor source tied to VCC
• nMOS transistor sourcetied to GND
• Both gates tied together and used as input
• Both drains tied together and used as output
• When In = 5 V: pMOS off, nMOS on, Out grounded• When In = 0 V: pMOS on, nMOS off, Out tied to +5
68Clemson ECE Laboratories
Slew Rate
• Slew rate refers to the rate at which signalsrise and fall
• Rise and fall timesdetermine how fast a circuit can operate (maximum operating frequency)
• Real signals do not instantaneously switch from high to low
• Transition times can lead to circuit glitches or missed data
69Clemson ECE Laboratories
The End!
• Enjoy the rest of your semester