david l. barkley clemson university clemson, south carolina
TRANSCRIPT
David L. BarkleyClemson University
Clemson, South Carolina
Roberto Camagni“On the Concept of Territorial Competitiveness”
Urban Studies (2002)
“…weak and lagging territories weak and lagging territories risk exclusion and decline to a risk exclusion and decline to a larger extent than in the past.” larger extent than in the past.”
Definitions, conceptualizations, and measures
Advantages and Disadvantages of Strategy
Estimation of Indices of Competitiveness
Benefits and Shortcomings of Indices
“…the ability of an economy to attract and maintain firms with stable or rising market shares in an activity while maintaining or increasing standards of living for those who participate in it.” (Storper, 1997)
“…ultimately competitive regions and cities are places where both companies and people want to locate and invest in.” (Kitson, Martin, and Tyler, 2004)
Conceptualizations of Competitiveness
The Porter Diamond Framework (Porter, 1998)
Source: National Competitiveness Council
Firm level Economy level
Source: Budd and Hirmis, 2004
X-Efficiency
Enhanced productivity
Enhanced Economic efficiency
region nation
Activity-complex economies
Localization economies
Urbanization economies
Inputs (Development Report Card for the States)
Human resources
Financial resources
Infrastructure resources
Innovation resources
Amenity resources and natural capital
Outputs (Krugman, Porter)
Output per worker
Output per unit of capital and labor in traded sectors
Outcome (Kitson, et al. and Budd and Hirmis)
High rate of employment among labor force
High quality and high income job opportunities
Provides appreciation of current local economic environment
Identifies weaknesses in the local economy
Encourages a longer term perspective on economic development process
May lead to new marketing and promotional programs for the region
May contribute to wasteful competition among regions
May result in a re-allocation of resources from low-visibility programs to high-visibility programs
May contribute to widening social inequalities
Used as justification for policy makers pet programs
Development Report Card for the States (CFED)
67 measures 15 sub-indices 3 indices
no weights
State New Economy Index (Atkinson and Correa)
27 indicators 5 indices
weights selected to reflect relative importance
Policom Economic Strength Rankingsa
Milken BestPerforming Citiesb
BHI Metro AreaCompetitiveness
Reportc
Washington, DC Riverside-San Bernadino, CA
Boston, MA
Charlotte, NC Phoenix, AZ Raleigh, NC
Las Vegas, NV Orlando, FL Seattle, WA
Nashville, TN Las Vegas, NV Denver, CO
San Diego, CA Raleigh, NC Austin, TX
Phoenix, AZ Salt Lake City, UT Minneapolis, MN
Atlanta, GA Austin, TX Portland, OR
Sacramento, CA Charlotte, NC Washington, DC
Minneapolis, MN Sacramento, CA Salt Lake City, UT
Orlando, FL Houston, TX Charlotte, NC
aRankings for 363 Metropolitan Statistical Areas.bRankings for 200 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas.cRankings for 50 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas.
Policom Economic Strength Rankingsa
Milken BestPerforming Citiesb
BHI Metro AreaCompetitiveness
Reportc
Washington, DC Riverside-San Bernadino, CA Boston, MA
Charlotte, NC Phoenix, AZ Raleigh, NC
Las Vegas, NV Orlando, FL Seattle, WA
Nashville, TN Las Vegas, NV Denver, CO
San Diego, CA Raleigh, NC Austin, TX
Phoenix, AZ Salt Lake City, UT Minneapolis, MN
Atlanta, GA Austin, TX Portland, OR
Sacramento, CA Charlotte, NC Washington, DC
Minneapolis, MN Sacramento, CA Salt Lake City, UT
Orlando, FL Houston, TX Charlotte, NC
aRankings for 363 Metropolitan Statistical Areas.bRankings for 200 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas.cRankings for 50 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas.
Inclusion of relevant variables, and only relevant variables
Selection of appropriate measures for the variables
Selection of weights used to combine the variables
Is the index a good predictor
Ignore the region’s historical development process and industrial legacy
Suggestive of formulaic solutions for complex economic development problems
Provide little room for alternative visions in the policy discussion
May stigmatize lagging regions
Portland
Austin
Madison
Raleigh/Durham
Ireland
Policy Makers and
Economic Development
Agencies
Road Trips
Best Practices
RegionalScientists
Conceptualizations and Models
Discourse on Competitiveness Strategies
Rankings and Indices
Discourse on Rankings and Indices
1. Develop indices and benchmarking methodologies that more
accurately reflect competitiveness
- Variables selected
- Measures/data used for variables
- Weighting of variables in indices
Location
Resource Endowments
Institutions
Industrial Structure
Economic History
Social Capital
% CollegeGraduates
% CreativeClass
Sci/EngGrad
Students
Raleigh/Durham
39 48 44
Greenville, SC 25 37 16
% CollegeGraduates
% CreativeClass
Sci/EngGrad Students
Raleigh/Durham 39 48 44
Greenville, SC 25 37 16
Lexington, KY 30 41 28
Provide interpretations of lessons learned on road trips
Help identify characteristics unique to the visited region that enhanced competitiveness
Provide insights into characteristics of “home” region that may impede or facilitate the transfer of policies
Provide detailed analysis of the economies of the visited and home regions
Definition: “an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomena within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomena and context are not clear.” (Yin, 2003)
Development of theoretical model
Research model design
Data collection and analysis
Individuals associated with “case”
Review of literature (industry, government, popular press, and academic papers
Secondary data on regional economy
Multiple cases, multiple units of analysis
Case studies are expensive and time consuming
Skeptical of information collected through interviews
Not confident in use of findings by policy makers
Perceived to be more difficult to publish in journals
Case studies can be fun
Provide new information and perspectives
Useful in developing or refining hypotheses
Useful in testing hypotheses
Policy makers love case studies
Case studies and best practices will be used in developing policy
We cannot attend every meeting of policy makers
We can improve the pool of good case studies
We can provide leadership in the design of case studies and interpretation of findings