1 computer architecture (for erasmus students) assoc.prof. stasys maciulevičius computer dept....

1

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

(for Erasmus students)

Assoc.Prof. Stasys Maciulevičius

Computer Dept.

[email protected]@ktu.lt

©S.Maciulevičius 22009

Computer power supply

Computer power supply is also important for computer their design and operational aspects

Every computer power supply has filter:

FILTER

Converter – stabilizer

To monitor220 V AC


Grounding

Plugging the computer into the AC outlet is necessary to use grounding because it: prevents a person from being damaged by capacitive

current, reduces external noise influence on computer work, reduces the transmission of noise into the power grid ensure the normal operation of equipment connected to

computer network, reduces high-frequency electromagnetic radiation



A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to the other components in a computer

More specifically, a power supply unit is typically designed to convert general-purpose alternating current (AC) electric power from the mains (220-240V in most of the world) to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer



Standard requirements for power supply: voltage – 220 V, tolerance – from

-15% to +10% (i.e., from 187 V to 242 V),

frequency - 501 Hz.



Typical power ranges are: from 300 W to 500 W for ordinary home computers from 450 800 W - for gamers and from 800 W to 1400 W - for enthusiasts

The highest-end units are up to 2 kW strong and are intended mainly for servers and extreme performance computers with multiple processors, several hard disks and multiple graphics cards (ATI CrossFire or NVIDIA SLI)



Today's standard desktop PC PSU produces the following DC voltages: +5V, +3.3V, +12V1, +12V2, -12V and a standby 5V

Additional "point of load" DC-DC converters step down 12V to the CPU core voltage and other low voltages needed for motherboard components

All outputs should have a separate current limit to meet 240VA safety requirements of EN 60950

The PSU for high-end discrete graphics cards have an additional connector to supply extra power to a graphics card that require more than 75 Watts of total power



Power supplies for computers utilize switching mode technology

Most of today's models are ENERGY STAR® compliant. In the past it just meant they consumed <10% of rated power in standby mode

However in active mode the efficiency of cheap computer power supplies used to be 65-70%

Several years ago was introduced an electric utility-funded incentive program called 80 PLUS® that requires PC and server power supplies to demonstrate efficiency >80% at 20% to 100% of rated load and Power Factor >0.9 at rated load


Laptop power supply

Most portable computers have power supplies that provide 25 to 100 watts

In portable computers (such as laptops) there is usually an external power supply which converts AC power to one DC voltage (most commonly 19 V), and further DC-DC conversion occurs within the laptop to supply the various DC voltages required by the other components of the portable computer


Power supply problems

In this age of electricity are two incontrovertible truths: the first - power network is unable to supply a

stable, high-quality voltage needed for sensitive electronic equipment

second - the user must take care of his equipment reliability and safety at work



Studies have shown that monthly average of 120 times your computer is exposed to the power network interference

Effects of power network interference range from simple crash of operating system and shortening of electronic devices’ life time, complete data loss or components’ damage



High voltage disturbances (Surges): because of the thunder (duration - up to tens of

ms), switching (length - up to hundreds of ms) short-term (duration - a few periods) or long-

term voltage increase over 110% of nominal value

short-term (duration - a few periods, because of the powerful load connection) or long-term voltage drop below 85% of the nominal value



Voltage disappearance more than a 1 cycle

Radio or pulsed power supply units

interferences

Frequency deviation from nominal value

Form deviation from the sinusoidal

(harmonic distortion)



It is therefore very important to ensure reliable power supplies for computers or (especialy) servers

Unfortunately, the supply of electricity in the foreseeable future, certainly not improve the quality and construction of new power plants and integrating the network takes a few or even several years

Therefore, reliable electrical power remains to take care of themselves


The unexpected loss of power may damage the hard drive and all of its data may be lost

In the best case will be lost information contained in the cache, in the worst - can be damaged disk file allocation table (FAT) structure and data on the disk

This example - only an assumption, nothing indicates that this may happen (or not happen) with you

Power supply problems’ consequences


Uninterruptible Power Supply

An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) takes its power from two or more sources simultaneously

It is usually powered directly from the AC mains, while simultaneously charging a storage battery

Should there be a dropout or failure of the mains, the battery instantly takes over so that the load never experiences an interruption


UPS

There are several types of these devices

According to the principle of operation uninterruptible power supplies are divided into the following main categories: Stand-By,Line-Interactive and On-Line


Stand-By UPS

The stand-by UPS (sometimes also called offline UPS) is the simplest and least expensive UPS design

In this type of UPS, the primary power source is line power from the utility, and the secondary power source is the battery

It is called a stand-by UPS because the battery and inverter are normally not supplying power to the equipment

The battery charger is using line power to charge the battery, and the battery and inverter are waiting "on standby" until they are needed


Stand-By UPS

Filter

Battery charger

Switch

Load

Powersupply

Battery

= Inverter


Stand-By UPS

Advantages: Low price Disadvantages:

In order to reduce the price of the UPS devices, not all models produce sinusoidal output voltage

Not fully protection from network interference


Line-Interactive UPS

In this type of unit, the separate battery charger, inverter and source selection switch have all been replaced by a combination inverter/converter, which both charges the battery and converts its energy to AC for the output as required

AC line power is still the primary power source, and the battery is the secondary

When the line power is operating, the inverter/converter charges the battery; when the power fails, it operates in reverse



Advantages: The optimal price-quality ratio

Disadvantages: Not fully protection from network interference



Load Filter, surge

suppressor

Battery charger

SwitchPowersupply

Battery

= Inverter

Automaticvoltage regulator


Example - APC UPS

Smart-UPS series devices (from АРС company) have a capacity 420 VA, 650 VA, 1000 VA, 1400 VA, 2200 VA, 3000 VA, 5000 VA

Battery-powered run time: 420 Series - 4 minutes at 100% load and 10 minutes at

50% load 650 Series - 5 minutes at 100% load, 14 minutes at 50%

load 1000 Series - 5.5 minutes at 100% load, 14 minutes at

50% load 1400 Series - 7 minutes at 100% load, 19 minutes at 50%

load At 176-282 V battery is not used


On-Line UPS

The online UPS, sometimes called a true UPS, is the best type you can buy

Paradoxically, it is both very similar to, and totally opposite to, the least-expensive type, the standby UPS

It is very similar to it in that it has the same two power sources, and a transfer switch that selects between them

It is the exact opposite from the standby UPS because it has reversed its sources: in the online UPS the primary power source is the UPS's battery, and utility power is the secondary power source


On-Line UPS

Advantages: Full PC protection

Disadvantages:High price


On-Line UPS

Load

BYPASS

Switch

Powersupply

Battery

=Inverter

= Battery charger


Main UPS parameters

Output power (measured in volt-amps) - it must be higher than the consumption of computer devices. It should also be assessed at the maximum value

Output voltage form. Ideally - Sine. The best models have harmonic coefficient less than 3%

Switching threshold - the voltage level, when UPS switches to reserve power (battery)

Switching time - the duration of the switch to reserve power. Typically equals 1-10 ms. It affects the stability of the connected hardware

Battery working hours - depends on battery capacity, charge level, load


Cooling

Just a few years ago it was enough to cool a processor by aluminum cooler, rotating at 2500 rpm.

However, with the emergence of powerful processors and video accelerators, a number of companies (for example, "Titan," Thermaltake") launched a high-quality coolers made of different metals, in particular – copper

Cooler is a radiator, mounted on the CPU (video card chips etc.), plus a fan


Cooling - fan

The main criteria for selection of the fan - the number of revolutions per minute. The faster it turns, the better aeration, but an increase in noise level too

Silent fans turn 3000-4500 rpm. Noisier fans - 5000-7000 rpm.

Radiator is important, too. It is attached to a chip, which emitted heat must be absorbed and dissipated into the air

The larger radiator surface, the more effective it dissipates heat, so to increase the surface manufacturers use vertical or obliquely tilted plates


Foxconn CMI-775-1S

For Intel Pentium 4 LGA775 2,8-3,2GHz and Intel Celeron D LGA775

Made of aluminium Fun rotates at 2000 rpm Weigth – 550 g. Noise – 20 db

Foxconn CMI-775-4B is made of aluminium, but has cooper core


Modern CPU cooler

Low-noise 120mm Blue LED Zalman CPU cooler that has powerful cooling performanceCPU supported:Pentium 4, Celeron D, Pentium D, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Extreme, Pentium Dual Core, Core i7, Core i5, Sempron, Athlon, Athlon 64, Athlon FX, Athlon 64 FX, Opteron, Dual-Core Opteron, Phenom, Athlon X2, Athlon 64 X2,

Phenom II, Athlon II


Silent CPU cooling

The quiet CPU coolers are made from more expensive, but much more conductive copper

Copper is nearly twice as efficient at conducting heat than aluminum

An important component of superior computer cooling is the use of high quality thermal compound when attaching heatsinks

Keeping computer free of dust contributes to computer cooling

Air filters over the case front/rear airflow vents can slow down airflow into and out of your case, thus reducing computer cooling


Cooling system „Silent Cool“

Asus company announced a passive cooling system “Silent Cool” for graphic cards

Company representatives claim that their system set up will be much more effective than similar decisions by other companies

It uses passive cooling - such computer cooling mode, when the fans are not used. Their lack of substantially reducing the noise in PC



Silent Cool system is essentially a heatsink system, which consists of one main and two additional heatsinks, interconnected by heat-pipes

The main heatsink is made of aluminum, but has a copper base

Two position of additional copper heatsinks can be changed


Liquid cooling

The water cooling alternative with a complete kit provided by Gigabyte Technology – the 3D Galaxy Liquid Cooling System


3D Galaxy Liquid Cooling System

Specifications: Waterblock: 68 x 92 x 30 mm / Copper base

with acrylic cover Pump: 61 x 60 x 46 mm / 400 Liters per hour

@ 20db Radiator: 125 x 197 x 64mm / Aluminum /

120mm fan with 3-pin header Reservoir: 75 x 75 x 92 mm / 300 cc capacity


Cryogenic cooling

Compressor

Evaporator Capillary pipe

Processorcooler

Classical household refrigerator scheme: the compressor pumps liquefied gas (Freon or its substitute), in capillary net it intense evaporats and freezes chamber. The same compressor sucks gas from the freezing chamber and compress them making liquid


Cryogenic cooling: VapoChill


Cryogenic cooling: VapoChill

The CPU can be cooled to -400 C

1 computer architecture (for erasmus students) assoc.prof. stasys maciulevičius computer dept....

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