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1 Computer Science E-1 Practical Computing Rei Diaz and Dan Armendariz libe1@fas.harvard.edu

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2 Hardware, Part Deux

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3 CPUs Images from http://www.apple.com/g4/, copyright Apple Computer, Inc; http://www.intel.com/support/processors/sspec/icp.htm, copyright Intel Corporation; http://developer.intel.com/design/mobile/pentium4p-m/p4p-m.htm, copyright Intel Corporation; http://www17.tomshardware.com/cpu/02q3/020821/index.html, copyright Toms Guides Publishing LLC; and http://internet.ls-la.net/pictures/Pentium-II.html, copyright Oliver Schade.

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4 Units of Measure Hertz: Unit of Frequency 1 cycle per second 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second

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5 Orders of Magnitude UnitAbbreviationDefinition HertzHz1 cycle per second KHz1,024 Hz 1,048,576 Hz 1,073,741,824 Hz

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6 Cost Usually subsidized in price of new PC You can buy CPUs separately Cost varies by type and speed

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7 Single Core vs. Multi Core All single cores back in the day Limits to speed due to heat Solution: multi core! Most common today: dual core More on multi-core processors later

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8 RAM Images from http://www.pcmech.com/show/memory/136/, copyright PC Media, Inc., and http://www.powerspec.com/support/tech_notes/d850gb_ram_upgrade.html, copyright Micro Electronics, Inc.

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9 Units of Measure bits and bytes powers of 2

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10 Orders of Magnitude UnitAbbreviationDefinition bitb0 or 1 byteB8 b kilobyteKB1,024 B megabyteMB1,048,576 B gigabyteGB1,073,741,824 B terabyteTB1,099,511,627,776 B

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11 Typical RAM Sizes RAM Images from http://www.pcmech.com/show/memory/136/, copyright PC Media, Inc., and http://www.powerspec.com/support/tech_notes/d850gb_ram_upgrade.html, copyright Micro Electronics, Inc.

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12 Cost Usually subsidized in price of new PC You can buy RAM separately Cost varies by type and size

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13 Storage

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14 Units of Measure Storage bits and bytes powers of 2 Access RPMs (HDDs only)

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15 Orders of Magnitude UnitAbbreviationDefinition bitb0 or 1 byteB8 b kilobyteKB1,024 B megabyteMB1,048,576 B gigabyteGB1,073,741,824 B terabyteTB1,099,511,627,776 B

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16 Storage Space HDDs 30 GB to 500 GB Larger sizes available; but expensive! SSDs Up to 64 GB Larger sizes available; but expensive!

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17 Cost Usually subsidized in price of new PC You can buy HDDs separately Cost varies by type and size

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18 Storage Space DVDs 4.7 GB (single layer) CDs 650 MB Floppy Disks 1.44 MB Zip Drives 100 MB

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19 Newer Media Blu-ray 25 GB (single layer) http://www.blu-ray.com/faq HD DVD 15 GB (single layer) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD#HD_DVD_.2F_Blu-ray_disc_comparison

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20 The Motherboard Revealed!

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21 More Hardware The motherboard revealed! Expansion Slots Stuff connected to your computer I/O Devices Ports

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22 The Pipeline

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23 The Pipeline In computing, a pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computer)

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24 The Pipeline The pipeline is a whole job that has been broken down into logical parts Same approach as an assembly line Fetch, Decode, Execute, Write

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25 Bringing it together CPU RAM Storage

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26 The Assembly Line CPU RAM Storage Expensive and very fast, but cant hold much data Less expensive, but fast and holds more data Inexpensive and comparatively slow, stores oodles of data

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27 Advanced Maneuvers

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28 Multi-Core CPUs A multi-core CPU combines two or more independent processors on a single chip (integrated circuit). Various multi-core CPUs are developed by companies such as Motorola, Intel, and AMD. They appeared in consumer products starting around 2005.

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29 The Assembly Line Multi-Core Style RAM Storage Proc Dual-Core

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30 The Assembly Line Multi-Core Style RAM Storage Core Interface CPU

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31 The Assembly Line Multi-Core Style RAM Storage Proc Quad-Core Proc

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32 The Assembly Line Multi-CPU Style RAM Storage Proc

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33 For More Wikipedia WhatIs.com Webopedia

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34 Next Week

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35 Image from http://www.intel.com/design/intarch/papers/cache6.pdf, copyright Intel Corporation. Computing De-Mystified

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36 Boot Process POST: Power On Self Test BIOS: Basic Input/Output System CMOS: Stores BIOS Settings OS: Operating System (e.g.: Linux, OS X, Windows)

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37 Stuff That Connects to a Computer Printers Scanners iPods TV Tuners Gaming Equipment No kitchen sinks, but Coffee Pot

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38 Yes, a Coffee Pot! Image from http://www.quakecon.org/forums/showthread.php?t=9186&page=5

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39 Computer Science E-1 Practical Computing Rei Diaz and Dan Armendariz libe1@fas.harvard.edu