1 copyright © 2006, oracle. all rights reserved. retrieving data using the sql select statement
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1Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement
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Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:• List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements• Execute a basic SELECT statement• Differentiate between SQL statements and iSQL*Plus commands
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Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements
Selection(where)Projection(select)
Table 1(Main) Table 2(Sub)
Table 1Table 1
Join(link)
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Basic SELECT Statement
• SELECT identifies the columns to be displayed.• FROM identifies the table containing those columns.
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}FROM table;
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Selecting All Columns( 모든 컬럼 선택 )
SELECT *FROM departments;
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Selecting Specific Columns( 특정 컬럼 선택 )
SELECT department_id, location_idFROM departments;
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Writing SQL Statements(SQL 구문 쓰는법 )
• SQL statements are not case sensitive. • SQL statements can be on one or more lines.• Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split
across lines.• Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.• Indents are used to enhance readability.• In iSQL*Plus, SQL statements can optionally be
terminated by a semicolon (;). Semicolons are required if you execute multiple SQL statements.
• In SQL*Plus, you are required to end each SQL statement with a semicolon (;).
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Column Heading Defaults
• iSQL*Plus:(web)– Default heading alignment: Center– Default heading display: Uppercase
• SQL*Plus:(cmd)– Character and Date column headings are left-aligned– Number column headings are right-aligned– Default heading display: Uppercase
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Arithmetic Expressions( 수식 연산 )
Create expressions with number and date data by using arithmetic operators.
Operator Description
+ Add
- Subtract
* Multiply
/ Divide
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SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300FROM employees;
Using Arithmetic Operators( 수식 연산자 사용 )
…
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SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100FROM employees;
Operator Precedence( 우선 순위 )
SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)FROM employees;
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…
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Defining a Null Value(null 값의 정의 )
• A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable.( 알 수 없으며 , 사용 할 수 없음 )
• A null is not the same as a zero or a blank space.SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pctFROM employees;
…
…
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SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pctFROM employees;
Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions
Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.
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…
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Defining a Column Alias
A column alias:• Renames a column heading• Is useful with calculations• Immediately follows the column name (There can
also be the optional AS keyword between the column name and alias.)
• Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters or if it is case sensitive
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Using Column Aliases
SELECT last_name "Name" , salary*12 "Annual Salary"FROM employees;
SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct commFROM employees;
…
…
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Concatenation Operator( 연결 연산자 )
A concatenation operator:• Links columns or character strings to other
columns( 컬럼 , 문자 , 다른 컬럼과 연결 )• Is represented by two vertical bars (||)• Creates a resultant column that is a character
expression
SELECT last_name||job_id AS "Employees"FROM employees;
…
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Literal Character Strings
• A literal is a character, a number, or a date that is included in the SELECT statement.
• Date and character literal values must be enclosed by single quotation marks.
• Each character string is output once for eachrow returned.( 행 단위 로 적용 )
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Using Literal Character Strings
…
SELECT last_name ||' is a '||job_id AS "Employee Details"FROM employees;
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Alternative Quote (q) Operator(10g 기능 )
• Specify your own quotation mark delimiter• Choose any delimiter• Increase readability and usability
SELECT department_name || q'[, it's assigned Manager Id: ]' || manager_id AS "Department and Manager" FROM departments;
…
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Duplicate Rows( 중복된 행 )
The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate rows.
SELECT department_idFROM employees;
…
SELECT DISTINCT department_idFROM employees;
…
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SQL and iSQL*Plus Interaction
SQL statements
Query resultsiSQL*Plus commands
Client
Formatted report
Internet browser
Oracleserver
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SQL Statements Versus iSQL*Plus Commands
SQLstatements
SQL(ANSI SQL:1999)• A language• ANSI standard• Keyword cannot be
abbreviated• Statements manipulate
data and table definitions in the database
iSQL*Plus• An environment• Oracle-proprietary• Keywords can be
abbreviated• Commands do not allow
manipulation of values in the database
• Runs on a browser• Centrally loaded; does not
have to be implemented on each machine
iSQL*Pluscommands
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Overview of iSQL*Plus
After you log in to iSQL*Plus, you can:• Describe table structures• Enter, execute, and edit SQL statements• Save or append SQL statements to files• Execute or edit statements that are stored in saved
script files
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Logging In to iSQL*Plus
From your browser environment:
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iSQL*Plus Environment
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3 4 5
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8 9
7
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Displaying Table Structure( 테이블 구조 출력 )
Use the iSQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to display the structure of a table:
DESC[RIBE] tablename
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Displaying Table Structure( 테이블 구조 설명 )
DESCRIBE employees
User_tables
User_tab_cols
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Interacting with Script Files
SELECT last_name, hire_date, salaryFROM employees;
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Interacting with Script Files
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Interacting with Script Files
1
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Interacting with Script Files
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D:\TEMP\emp_data.sql
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iSQL*Plus History Page
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iSQL*Plus History Page
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Setting iSQL*Plus Preferences
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Setting the Output Location Preference
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Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to: • Write a SELECT statement that:
– Returns all rows and columns from a table– Returns specified columns from a table– Uses column aliases to display more descriptive
column headings
• Use the iSQL*Plus environment to write, save, and execute SQL statements and iSQL*Plus commands
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}FROM table;
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Practice 1: Overview
This practice covers the following topics:• Selecting all data from different tables• Describing the structure of tables• Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying
column names• Using iSQL*Plus