1 cost-effective strategies to improve public safety and reduce recidivism cost-effective strategies...
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Cost-Effective Strategies to Cost-Effective Strategies to Improve Public SafetyImprove Public Safety
and Reduce Recidivism and Reduce Recidivism
Judge Roger K. Warren (Ret.)Judge Roger K. Warren (Ret.)President Emeritus President Emeritus
National Center for State CourtsNational Center for State Courts
South Carolina South Carolina Sentencing Reform Commission Sentencing Reform Commission
Columbia, South CarolinaColumbia, South CarolinaApril 30, 2009April 30, 2009
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Sentencing/Sentencing/Corrections Corrections FlowchartFlowchart
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Purposes of Sentencing
1.1. ““Just Deserts:” punishment Just Deserts:” punishment proportionate to the gravity of proportionate to the gravity of the crimethe crime
2.2. Public SafetyPublic Safety Rehabilitation/Specific Deterrence Rehabilitation/Specific Deterrence
[Recidivism Reduction][Recidivism Reduction] General DeterrenceGeneral Deterrence Incapacitation/ControlIncapacitation/Control
3.3. Restitution/Restoration Restitution/Restoration
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State Sentencing State Sentencing Reform: The Recent Reform: The Recent
HistoryHistory Pre-1975: the “Rehabilitative Ideal”Pre-1975: the “Rehabilitative Ideal”
– Rapid rise in violent crime Rapid rise in violent crime – DisparitiesDisparities– ““Nothing works” Nothing works”
1975-2005: Determinate Sentencing1975-2005: Determinate Sentencing
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Sentencing Reform: Sentencing Reform: The Recent History The Recent History
(cont.)(cont.) The ConsequencesThe Consequences
– Highest incarceration rates in the worldHighest incarceration rates in the world– Unprecedented recidivism ratesUnprecedented recidivism rates– Rapidly growing costsRapidly growing costs– Great disparitiesGreat disparities– Diminishing benefit of incapacitationDiminishing benefit of incapacitation– Same violent crime rate as mid-70’s Same violent crime rate as mid-70’s – We know “what works”We know “what works”
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““What is done [today] in What is done [today] in corrections would be corrections would be grounds for malpractice in grounds for malpractice in medicine.”medicine.”
(2002) Latessa, Cullen, and Gendreau, (2002) Latessa, Cullen, and Gendreau, “Beyond Correctional Quackery…”“Beyond Correctional Quackery…”
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State Chief JusticesState Chief Justices
Top concerns of state trial judges Top concerns of state trial judges in felony cases:in felony cases:
1.1. High rates of recidivismHigh rates of recidivism2.2. Ineffectiveness of traditional Ineffectiveness of traditional
probation supervision in reducing probation supervision in reducing recidivismrecidivism
3.3. Absence of effective community Absence of effective community corrections programs corrections programs
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State Chief Justices Top two reform objectives:
Reduce recidivism through expanded use of evidence-based practices, programs that work, and offender risk and needs assessment tools
Promote the development, funding, and utilization of community-based programs for appropriate offenders
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Principles of EBPPrinciples of EBP
Risk Principle (Who)Risk Principle (Who) Needs Principle (What)Needs Principle (What) Responsivity Principle (How)Responsivity Principle (How)
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““Putting more and more Putting more and more offenders on probation just offenders on probation just perpetuates the problem….The perpetuates the problem….The same people are picked up same people are picked up again and again until they end again and again until they end up in the state penitentiary and up in the state penitentiary and take up space that should be take up space that should be used for more violent used for more violent offenders.”offenders.”
Judge Herb Judge Herb KleinKlein
Miami, Miami, FloridaFlorida
November, November, 19881988
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Risk PrincipleRisk Principle(Who)(Who)
The level of supervision or servicesThe level of supervision or servicesshould be matched to the risk levelshould be matched to the risk levelof the offender: i.e., higher risk of the offender: i.e., higher risk offenders should receive moreoffenders should receive moreintensive supervision and services. intensive supervision and services.
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Needs PrincipleNeeds Principle(What)(What)
The targets for intervention shouldThe targets for intervention shouldbe those offender characteristicsbe those offender characteristicsthat have the most effect on thethat have the most effect on thelikelihood of re-offending. likelihood of re-offending.
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Risk of Heart Risk of Heart AttackAttack
1) Elevated LDL and low HDL levels 1) Elevated LDL and low HDL levels 2) Smoking 2) Smoking 3) Diabetes 3) Diabetes 4) Hypertension 4) Hypertension 5) Abdominal obesity 5) Abdominal obesity 6) Psychosocial (i.e., 6) Psychosocial (i.e.,
stress/depression) stress/depression) 7) Failure to eat fruits and vegetables 7) Failure to eat fruits and vegetables 8) Failure to exercise 8) Failure to exercise
Adapted from slide presentation by Dr. Chris Lowencamp
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Dynamic Risk FactorsDynamic Risk Factors Anti-social attitudesAnti-social attitudes Anti-social friends and peersAnti-social friends and peers Anti-social personality patternAnti-social personality pattern Family and/or marital factorsFamily and/or marital factors
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Anti-SocialAnti-Social Personality Pattern Personality Pattern
Lack of self-controlLack of self-control Risk takingRisk taking ImpulsiveImpulsive Poor problem Poor problem
solvingsolving Lack of empathyLack of empathy Narcissistic Narcissistic Anger and hostilityAnger and hostility
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Dynamic Risk FactorsDynamic Risk Factors Anti-social attitudesAnti-social attitudes Anti-social friends and peersAnti-social friends and peers Anti-social personality patternAnti-social personality pattern Family and/or marital factorsFamily and/or marital factors Substance abuseSubstance abuse Education issuesEducation issues Employment issuesEmployment issues Anti-social leisure activitiesAnti-social leisure activities
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Responsivity PrincipleResponsivity Principle(How)(How)
The most effective services inThe most effective services in
reducing recidivism are reducing recidivism are cognitivecognitive
behavioral behavioral interventionsinterventions based on based on
social learning social learning principlesprinciples. .
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Social Learning: Social Learning: Behaviors Have Behaviors Have Consequences Consequences
PositivePositive
• RewardsRewards
• IncentivesIncentives
NegativeNegative
• Sanctions should be swift, Sanctions should be swift, certain, proportionate, and certain, proportionate, and graduatedgraduated
• Sanctions do not need to Sanctions do not need to
be severebe severe
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BEHAVIOR
THOUGHTS
FEELINGS
COGNITIVE STRUCTURE(BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES)
Visible
Sometimes Aware
Beneath the Surface
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50% reduction in recidivism compared to traditional probation
T4C: Recidivism RatesT4C: Recidivism Rates
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Prob + T4C successful only
Prob + T4C all
Prob
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What Doesn’t WorkWhat Doesn’t Work
Punishment, sanctions, or Punishment, sanctions, or incarcerationincarceration
Specific deterrence, or fear-based Specific deterrence, or fear-based programs (e.g. Scared Straight)programs (e.g. Scared Straight)
Physical challenge programsPhysical challenge programs Military models of discipline and Military models of discipline and
physical fitness (e.g. Boot Camps)physical fitness (e.g. Boot Camps) Intensive supervision without Intensive supervision without
treatmenttreatment
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Washington State Washington State Institute for Public Institute for Public
PolicyPolicy Meta-analysis of 571 studiesMeta-analysis of 571 studies ““Cautious” approachCautious” approach Adult EB programs reduce Adult EB programs reduce
recidivism 10-20%, with a recidivism 10-20%, with a benefit/cost ratio of 2.5:1 benefit/cost ratio of 2.5:1
Moderate increase in EBP would Moderate increase in EBP would avoid 2 new prisons, save $2.1 avoid 2 new prisons, save $2.1 billion, and reduce crime rate by 8%.billion, and reduce crime rate by 8%.
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EBP for Policy MakersEBP for Policy Makers
Show me the money!Show me the money!
Show me the data!Show me the data!
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Sentencing/Sentencing/Corrections Corrections FlowchartFlowchart
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Cost-Effective Strategies to Cost-Effective Strategies to Improve Public SafetyImprove Public Safety
and Reduce Recidivism and Reduce Recidivism
Judge Roger K. Warren (Ret.)Judge Roger K. Warren (Ret.)President Emeritus President Emeritus
National Center for State CourtsNational Center for State Courts
South Carolina South Carolina Sentencing Reform Commission Sentencing Reform Commission
Columbia, South CarolinaColumbia, South CarolinaApril 30, 2009April 30, 2009