Undrstndng Prncpls Us f mtnl ntllgnc t nflunc Thr Schl Cmmunts

PhD Dgrn

ductnl Ldrshp

[Nm f Studnt]

[Nm f nstut]

[Dt]bstrctThs qulttv hrmnutc phnmnlgcl study sught t undrstnd mr dply th phnmnn f prncpls us f mtnl ntllgnc () t nflunc thr schl cmmunts. Studs but prncpl prprtn (Sngh, Mnsr, & Mstry, 2007; Kruglk Lht, 2009; Hbrt, 2011), suggst tht prncpls n trnng d nt rcv gudnc but hw t dvlp th mtnl cpblts ncssry t nflunc hw schls functn. Ths ntrprtv study sught t rvl hw prtcpnts undrstd nd t dntfy th skllsnd strtgs tht prtcpnts dscrbd s ssntl. n-dpth ntrvws wth thr xprncd Msschustts prncpls prvdd lrg st f nrrtv ccunts tht wr nlyzd. Spcfc strtgs (Dut, 2014) nd tmplts (Crbtr nd Mllr, 1992; Mls nd Hubrmn, 1994) wr mplyd t xtrplt mnng frm th nrrtvs. Ths dt ws ntrprtd s fv mjr fndngs. Slvy nd Myrs (1990) Fur-Brnch Mdl f mtnl ntllgnc Dmns ws th thrtcl bnchmrk slctd nd rfrncd. lthugh th smll smpl sz ds nt mk fndngs gnrlzbl, th dsgn mks t pssbl t shw hw th phnmn f us by prncpls cnncts t th lrgr bdy f schlrshp cncrnng .Th ky cnclusn drwn frm th studys fndngs ndct tht prtcpnts brdly undrstd mtnl ntllgnc t mn th cumn tht nbls prncpls t buld rltnshps nd stblsh trust fr th purps f mprvng thr schls. Subthms prtcpnts cnsdrd ssntl ncludd bng pn, bng pstv, bng rspctful, bng nclusv, bng n ctv lstnr, bng slf-rflctv, bng stutnlly wr, nd mngng ns mtns. Strtgs prtcpnts dscrbd ntld crtng cmprhnsv ntry nd strtgc plns, mdlng

prfssnl bhvr, usng vdnc nd usng strghtfrwrd lngug. Prtcpnts prctcl rcmmndtns cmprs mplmntng ths ssntl sklls nd strtgs wthn ldrshp prprtn prgrms, by prvdng fr mntrng, nd llwng studnts t dscuss nd pply thrtcl thcl frmwrks t prctc. Futur rsrch culd nclud lngtudnl r mxd- mthd studs nd studyng gndr dffrncs ntd n ldrs us f .Kywrds: sprng prncpls, mtnl ntllgnc, Slvy nd Myrs Fur-Brnch Mdl f mtnl ntllgnc Dmns, cgntv blty mdl, mtnl lbr, ntrprsnl ntllgnc, ntrprsnl ntllgnc, dptv wrk

Tbl f CntntsTbl f Cntnts .......................................................................................................................... v Lst f Tbls nd Fgurs.............................................................................................................. x CHPTR 1: NTRDUCTN ................................................................................................... 1Prsnl ntrst Sttmnt............................................................................................................. 1Sttmnt f th Prblm ................................................................................................................ 2Purps f th Study ....................................................................................................................... 8Rsrch Qustns ......................................................................................................................... 9Dfntn f Trms......................................................................................................................... 9Sgnfcnc f th Study .............................................................................................................. 11Mthd .......................................................................................................................................... 12Rtnl fr Us f Hrmnutc Phnmnlgcl pprch Usng Nrrtv nquryTls ......................................................................................................................................... 12Rtnl fr Us f Fcus Grup t Plt th Study............................................................. 13ntrvws f Prtcpnts: Phs Tw...................................................................................... 14Dlmttns................................................................................................................................. 15Chptr utln ............................................................................................................................. 15Chptr Tw: Rvw f Ltrtur .......................................................................................... 16Chptr Thr: Mthd ............................................................................................................. 16Chptr Fur: Rsults ............................................................................................................... 16Chptr Fv: Summry, Dscussn Futur Rsrch, nd Fnl Rflctns ......................... 16CHPTR TW: RVW F LTRTUR ......................................................................... 18ntrductn ................................................................................................................................... 18mtnl Dmnsns f Ldrshp........................................................................................... 20Th mtnl ntllgnc f Mngrs.................................................................................. 22 Schsm n th Fld................................................................................................................ 23Tstng ns mtnl ntllgnc ...................................................................................... 25mtnl ntllgnc Cpcts Ndd n Busnss Ldrshp nd Schl LdrshpSttngs.......................................................................................................................................... 27uthntcty............................................................................................................................... 28Mngng Cnflct nd mtns ............................................................................................. 29Tnsn nd th Spcs n Btwn .......................................................................................... 32Dffrncs Btwn Lgsltv nd xcutv Ldrshp Styls ......................................... 33LMX (Ldr/Mmbr xchng) ........................................................................................... 35

Pstv Thught ....................................................................................................................... 37Hp .......................................................................................................................................... 38Trust .......................................................................................................................................... 38Wundng xprncs nd Dsrntng Dlmms ................................................................ 40Stutnl wrnss............................................................................................................... 41Wht W Knw but Hw mtnl ntllgnc Cpcts r Dvlpd ......................... 42 Thrtcl Grundng n thcs ........................................................................................... 43 Thrtcl Frmwrk f mtnl pstmlgs ......................................................... 45Cnflct s nvtbl ................................................................................................................. 49Gndr Studs .......................................................................................................................... 50Thr U.S. Ldrs Cnsdrd t xmplfy mtnl ntllgnc......................................... 52brhm Lncln ...................................................................................................................... 53lnr Rsvlt ..................................................................................................................... 54Jmmy Crtr............................................................................................................................. 56Chptr Summry ......................................................................................................................... 57CHPTR THR: MTHD ................................................................................................... 60ntrductn ................................................................................................................................... 60vrvw f Study Dsgn............................................................................................................ 61Prtcpnts nd Sttng................................................................................................................. 68nstrumnttn ............................................................................................................................. 69Dt Cllctn ............................................................................................................................. 73Dt nlyss Prcdurs ............................................................................................................. 75ssus f Trustwrthnss.............................................................................................................. 80Lmttns .................................................................................................................................... 82Dffculty n Cnvnng Fcus Grup ................................................................................... 82Nt Cnsdrng thr Mdls f mtnl ntllgnc ....................................................... 83Nt Cnsdrng Mxd-mthd Rsrch Dsgn ................................................................ 83Nt Cnsdrng Gndr Dffrncs........................................................................................ 83Fndng Pl f xprncd Prncpls................................................................................. 85Rsrchr Bs......................................................................................................................... 85Dlmttns................................................................................................................................. 86Hvng Smll Smpl Sz ..................................................................................................... 86Cnsdrng nly Slvy nd Myrs Fur-Brnch Cgntv blty Mdl f mtnlntllgnc................................................................................................................................ 87Cnstructng Qulttv, Phnmnlgcl pprch Fcusd n Nrrtv nlyss ..... 87Chptr Summry ......................................................................................................................... 87CHPTR FUR: RSULTS ..................................................................................................... 90ntrductn ................................................................................................................................... 90rgnztn f Dt nlyss ...................................................................................................... 92

Dt nlyss f Rsrch Qustn n ..................................................................................... 92Cntrl Thm........................................................................................................................... 93Subthms ................................................................................................................................. 96Dt nlyss f Rsrch Qustn Tw .................................................................................. 115mrgnt Thms ................................................................................................................... 115Rsrch Qustn Tw Fndngs ........................................................................................... 118Dt nlyss f Rsrch Qustn Thr ................................................................................ 119mrgnt Thms ................................................................................................................... 120Rsrch Qustn Thr Fndngs ......................................................................................... 126Dt nlyss f Rsrch Qustn Fur .................................................................................. 128mrgnt Thms ................................................................................................................... 128Rsrch Qustn Fur Fndngs ........................................................................................... 140nlyss f Rsrch Qustn Fv ........................................................................................... 141mrgnt Thms ................................................................................................................... 142Rsrch Qustn Fv Fndngs ........................................................................................... 148nlyss f Rsrch Qustn Sx ............................................................................................. 148mrgnt Thms ................................................................................................................... 149Rsrch Qustn Sx Fndngs ............................................................................................. 154Fv Mjr Fndngs.................................................................................................................... 156Chptr Summry ....................................................................................................................... 157CHPTR 5: SUMMRY, DSCUSSN, FUTUR RSRCH, ND FNL RFLCTNS .......................................................................................................................... 158ntrductn ................................................................................................................................. 158Study Summry........................................................................................................................... 160Purps nd Rsrch Qustns ............................................................................................ 160Cncptul Frmwrk ........................................................................................................... 162Rsrch Dsgn...................................................................................................................... 163Dscussn ................................................................................................................................... 165Fndng #1 ................................................................................................................................... 165Cnclusn .............................................................................................................................. 165Fndng #2 ................................................................................................................................... 169Cnclusn .............................................................................................................................. 169Thrtcl mplctns ......................................................................................................... 170Fndng #3 ................................................................................................................................... 171Thrtcl mplctns ......................................................................................................... 172Fndng #4 ................................................................................................................................... 173Prctcl mplctns.............................................................................................................. 174Thrtcl mplctns ......................................................................................................... 174Rcmmndtns................................................................................................................... 174Fndng #5 ................................................................................................................................... 175

Cnclusn .............................................................................................................................. 175Futur Rsrch .......................................................................................................................... 182Lmttns .............................................................................................................................. 182Dlmttns ........................................................................................................................... 184Wys n Whch Culd mprv Futur Studs .................................................................... 186Fnl Rflctns ......................................................................................................................... 188PPNDCS ............................................................................................................................ 192ppndx : Slvy nd Myrs Fur-Brnch Mdl f mtnl ntllgnc Dmns... 192ppndx B: Lsly ntrnt ml nvttn ............................................................................ 193ppndx C: MSS ntrnt nvttn t Prtcpt n Rsrch ......................................... 195ppndx D: ntl Phs n ntrvw Qustns .................................................................. 197ppndx : Rvsd Phs n ntrvw Qustns ............................................................... 198ppndx F: Phs Tw ntrvw Qustns ............................................................................ 200ppndx G: Rsrch Qustns/ntrvw Qustns Mtrx .................................................. 202ppndx H: ntl Thmtc Dt Summry Sht .................................................................. 203ppndx : Rvsd Thmtc Dt Summry Sht ................................................................ 205ppndx J: Plt nlyss........................................................................................................... 207ppndx K: Sgnfcnc Mrkrs ............................................................................................ 209ppndx L: U.S. Ldrs/Schl Ldrs Cmprsn Thmtc Dt Summry Sht ......... 213ppndx M: Schl Ldrs Cmprsn Thmtc Dt Summry Sht.............................. 225ppndx N: Ts Trnscrpt ........................................................................................................ 236ppndx : Js Trnscrpt ......................................................................................................... 266ppndx P: Ds Trnscrpt ........................................................................................................ 280ppndx Q: Cndnsd Thmtc Dt Summry Shts Rsrch Qustn n.................. 303ppndx R: Cndnsd Thmtc Dt Summry Shts Rsrch Qustn Fv ................. 305ppndx S: Cndnsd Thmtc Dt Summry Shts Rsrch Qustn Sx.................... 307ppndx T: Cmbnd Shrd ndctrs Fr ll ntrvw Qustns 1-15 ........................... 308ppndx U: Suggstns fr Futur Thmtc Dt Summry Sht ....................................... 313ppndx V: ntrvw Qustns, Tls nd Tmplts Tht nfrmd ch Rsrch Qustn..................................................................................................................................................... 317Rfrncs ................................................................................................................................... 318

Lst f Tbls nd FgursTbl 1 Slvy nd Myrs Fur Brnch Mdl f mtnl ntllgnc dmns......... 24Fgur 1 Th Rnfrcng Sprl Prgrssn f Cnnctd mtnl Knwng............... 48Fgur 2 Cncptul Mdl................................................................................................. 179

CHPTR 1: NTRDUCTNTh purps f ths qulttv study ws t dscrb nd nlyz prncpls ccunts f thr undrstndng, cqustn, nd dvlpmnt f mtnl ntllgnc () nd thr us f t nflunc thr rspctv schl cmmunts. Ths study ws frmly rtd n hrmnutc phnmnlgcl pprch nd mplyd nrrtv nqury tchnqus nd tls t prvd furthr nsghts nt th mtnl ntllgnc cpcts prncpls rprt usng t ld thr schls. Th study ls usd prncpls ccunts t nvstgt whthr mtnl ntllgnc dvlpmnt curswrk shuld b ncludd n ductnl ldrshp prprtn prgrms.Th study sught t fnd bth th cmmn nd dstnct tpcs nd thms n prtcpnts lvd xprncs, nd t mprv currnt nd futur ldrs succsss n ldng thr schls. Th study sught t undrstnd whthr prncpls rgrdd th knwldg, dvlpmnt ndus f mtnl ntllgnc s crtcl nd ncssry prts f thr prfssnl rprtrs.Prsnl ntrst SttmntPrr t ths nqury, ntrvwd fur prncpls t vrus crr stgs. Thr cndd rflctns xpsd prcvd gp btwn th ffctv ntllgncs whch thy rprtd prncpls nd nd th frml nstructn thy rcvd rgrdng mtnl ntllgnc n thr prprtry prgrms. Thrfr, prpsd hrmnutc phnmnlgcl study f xprncd prncpls t crt rch ccunt f th undrstndng nd vlu ch prtcpnt plcd n th tpc f mtnl ntllgnc wthn hs r hr prfssnl prctc. Fr th purpss f ths study, n xprncd prncpl s dfnd s smn wh hs srvd n ths cpcty fr tn r mr yrs wthn th sm schl sttng.

s smn wh s dply ntrstd n th dvlpmnt f prncpls, vw th prncpls rl s n tht s hghly scl r ffctv n ntur. Ths vw nd ntrst lgns wth my phlsphcl prfrnc fr scl cnstructvst pprch t th dsgn f th study. ccrdngly, cnstructd nd utlzd n ntrprtv n-n-n ntrvw prtcl wth my rsrch prtcpnts t bttr undrstnd thr xprncs nd ths phnmnn.Ths study sught t rvl hw prtcpnts cqurd, dvlpd nd usd th cpcts ndctv f mtnl ntllgnc n thr prfssnl lvs nd hw tht knwldg my hv ld t dpttns n thr prfssnl prctc vr tm. Th thms fund vdnt n ch prtcpnts lvd xprncs my ffr mnng nd nsght t mny, ncludng th prtcpnts, th rsrchr, nd spclly, currnt prncpls nd nw prncpls wh r mbrkng n thr prfssnl jurnys. Ths study ls ffrd dvc fr ths dvlpng ductnl ldrshp prprtn prgrms.Chptr n brfly xplns th ntur f th study:() sttmnt f th prblm, (b) sttmnt f th purps, (c) rsrch qustns, (d) dfntn f trms, () mthd (f) dlmttns, (g) sgnfcnc f th study, nd (h) chptr utln.Sttmnt f th PrblmTh study f th mtnl ntllgnc f ldrs n th busnss sctr rcvs much ttntn. Glmn (2013) stts tht prmry tsk f ldrshp s t drct ttntn nd spcfclly t d s, ldrs must lrn t fcus thr wn ttntnn nwrd fcus, fcus n thrs, nd n utwrd fcus (p. 50). Ths sttmnt lgns wth Slvy nd Myrs (1990) rgnl dfntn f mtnlly ntllgnt ppl s ths wh hv th blty t slf-ssss nd mdult thr bhvr n rdr t gud thrs (p. 189). Slvy nd Myr (1990) prpsd Th Fur-Brnch Mdl f mtnl ntllgnc, ndctng fur hrrchcl

dmns r sklls, whch dfn ns cpcty t b cnsdrd mtnlly ntllgnt: (1) hw t dntfy mtns, (2) hw t us mtns, (3) hw t undrstnd mtns, nd (4) hw t mng mtns.Slvy nd Myr (1990) pstd tht n ndvdul cn bth dvlp nd ncrs hs r hr mtnl ntllgnc prfcncy thrugh spcfc knwldg f dfcts nd fcusd ttntn t ch f ths dntfd dmns. By bng slf-fcusd nd rflctv, th uthrs ssrtd tht ndvdul mngrs nd ldrs cn bcm gnts f thr wn wrnss f, nd subsqunt grwth f, mtnlly ntllgnt bhvr.Th mxd-mdl pprchs tkn by Glmn (1995) nd Br-n (2013) dffrd frm Slvy nd Myrs (1990) cgntv, mntl blty mdl n tht Glmn nd Br-n blnd r frly dscrbd prsnlty chrctrstcs tht mght ccmpny such ntllgnc (Strnbrg, 2000, p. 401) n thr mdls, rthr thn fcus n cgntv blty ln. Sm f ths chrctrstcs lstd wr prsnl ndpndnc, slf-rgrd, nd md (Strnbrg,2000, p 402). Strnbrg (2000) furthr ntd tht ths mxd mdls trt mntl blts nd vrty f thr chrctrstcs such s mtvtn, stts f cnscusnss (.g. flw) nd scl ctvty s sngl ntty (p. 403), whrs Slvy nd Myr fcus n mntl blty ln.Th purps f ths study ws t xmn th cgntv sklls nd cpcts f ldrs dfnd by Myr, Slvy, & Crus (2004, p. 210), s ndctv f smn wth hgh mtnl ntllgnc. Ths qults nclud () pnnss nd grblnss; (b) bng lss pt t ngg n slf-dstructv bhvrs, r vlnt psds wth thrs; (c) bng mr pstvn scl ntrctns; nd (d) bng mr dpt t dscrbng mtvtnl gls, ms, nd mssns.

Slvy nd Myrs (1990) thry furthr prdctd tht mtnlly ntllgnt ndvduls wr mr lkly t hv () grwn up n bsclly dptv hushlds (.., hv hd mtnlly snstv prntng); (b) wr nn-dfnsv; (c) wr bl t rfrm mtns ffctvly (.. b rlstclly ptmstc nd pprctv); (d) chs gd mtnl rl mdls; () wr bl t cmmunct nd dscuss flngs; nd (f) hd dvlpd xprt knwldg n prtculr mtnl r such s sthtcs, mrl r thcl flng, scl prblm slvng, ldrshp, r sprtul flng.Subsquntly, n 2004, Crus nd Slvy bgn ffrng mngrs spcfc dvc n hw t dvlp ns mtnl ntllgnc sklls. Th uthrs mntnd tht by pplyng bsc, prctcl qustns lgnd t ch f th dmns, ns cpcty t bcm mr mtnlly ntllgnt mngr [ldr] s pssbl.T b ldr n n ffctv, hghly scl schl nvrnmnt rqurs mtnlly ntllgnt bhvr s wll, prhps vn mr s. study spnsrd by th Wllc Fundtn sttd tht t s mprtnt t prpr prncpls t b succssful n thr crrs, spclly n dvlpng thr cpcty t wrk wth thrs t nflunc thr schls drctn (Dvs, Drlng-Hmmnd, LPnt, & Myrsn, 2005, p. 4).Bng prncpl s cmplx nd hghly strssful ccuptn. Kltchtrmns, Pt, nd Blltt (2011) ntd ths strss, sttng tht prncpls rl s flld wth nvr-ndng cnflct t b rspnsbl t bth slf nd thrs, nd tht t s cmplx nd sltng rl n whch n fls trn nd squzd (p. 100). Brthrdg nd L (2008) ls grd tht cnflct s nhrnt n mngrl mtn wrk:t nvlvs hgh strngth rltnshps, nd s unsupprtd, unscrptd, nd uncknwldgdWhlst mngrs r crryng ut smngly rtnl chng

mplmnttn, thy r cncurrntly prfrmng nvsbl yt dmndng mtn wrk s prt f thr rl, th cnsqunc f whch my b prsnl cnflct r tnsn. (p.111)Brthrdg nd Ls (2008) vws tht prcttnrs r pulld n cntrry drctns s thy try t mng thr dpndnc [n th fllwr] (p. 285) r cnsstnt wth th cnflct btwn ntrprsnl nd ntrprsnl ntllgncs, whch thr uthrs ls bsrvd (Chn,2005; Grdnr, 1983; Hchschld, 1983).Svrl chllngs rs but prncpls rl n pstvly nfluncng thrs thrugh th us f mtnl ntllgnc: Wht s th bst wy fr prncpls t lrn t slf-ssss nd mdult thr wn bhvr? mdst th dsprt mdls f mtnl ntllgnc, hw d prncpls thmslvs dfn th trts nd cpcts thy hv fund t b mst ncssry nd usful n prfssnl prctc? ls, hw d dsgnrs f ductnl ldrshp xprncs bttr prpr prncpls t mng th nhrnt strss nd cnflct n thr pstns? Hw d ths dsgnrs hlp t dvlp th cpcts tht mk prncpls mtnlly ntllgnt ldrs?Rcnt rsrch (Btty, 2000, 2002, 2006; Btty & Brw, 2004; Hbrt, 2011; Kruglk Lht, 2009; Lthwd, Lus, ndrsn, & Whlstrm, 2004; Mlls, 2009; Sngh, Mnsr, & Mstry, 2007) prffrd rcmmndtns tht th study f mtnl ntllgnc shuld b prt f prncpl prprtry prgrms, nd th uthrs ctd th mprtnc f schl ldrs t pssss ths cpcts. Mlls (2009) cnductd mt-nlyss fcusd n ldrs n bth schl nd busnss nvrnmnts nd fund tht thr s mdrtly strng rltnshp btwn mtnl ntllgnc nd ffctv ldrshp nd tht ths study hs mplctns fr cnddts n ductnl ldrshp prprtry prgrms nd th ncrprtn f mtnl

ntllgnc wthn tht currculum (p. 22). Sngh t l. (2007) wr much mr spcfc s t th mprtnc f schl ldrs pssssng . Thy ctd tht th mtnl ntllgnc f ldrs [n scl, r ffctv nvrnmnts] mttrs twc s much s cgntv blts such s Q r tchncl xprts nd tht s nt n ppstn t Q but t s n xtnsn f th humns ptntl t succd n ppl-rntd nvrnmnt (p. 541).Ths clms ch Grdnrs (1983) rgnl thnkng but multpl ntllgncs, spcfclly tht thr r tw prsnl ntllgncs rqurd n rdr t b mtnlly ntllgnt. Grdnr trtd ntrprsnl ntllgnc, r th undrstndng f slf, nd ntrprsnl ntllgnc, r th cpcty t ntc nd mk dstnctns btwn thr ndvduls s s ntmtly ntrmngld tht h chs t ntrduc thm s pr (p. 255). Furthrmr, h pstd tht ths prsnl ntllgncs r mng th hghst frms f ntllgnc, vw tht s n ttl grmnt wth Slvy nd Myrs (1990) hrrchcl Fur-Brnch Mdl f rdrng ths mtnl knwng sklls.Sngh t l. (2007) ls clld fr chng n ductnl prprtn prgrmms nd dvsd tht ths blts b prt f prfssnl dvlpmnt nd mntrng ntwrks t prvd supprt t ductnl ldrs s thy srv (p. 561).Smlrly, Kruglk Lht (2009) cncludd n hr mxd mthd study n ductnl ldrs prcptns f mtnl ntllgnc tht ductnl ldrs dnt knw nugh but , nd tht mstrng cn b n ssntl tl fr hm t ld nd d hs jb ffctvly thrfr mstrng s nt n ptn fr n ductnl ldr, t s cmpulsry fr hs ffctvnss nd hs blty t ld succssfully (p. 164).Dspt ths numrus rcmmndtns, thr s lttl vdnc t ndct tht prncpls r currntly gvn th drctn ncssry t dvlp th mtnl cpblts t

nflunc hw schls functn. Th 2005 Wllc Schl Ldrshp Study: Dvlpng Succssful Prncpls ctd tht lttl s knwn but hw t hlp prncpls dvlp th cpblts t nflunc hw schls functn r wht studnts lrn (Dvs t l., 2005, p. 5) nd tht thr s drth f qulfd schl ldrs wh cn ld schls frwrd (p. 4). Furthrmr, t ntd tht Unfrtuntly th prcsss nd stndrds by whch mny prncpl prprtn prgrms trdtnlly scrn, slct nd grdut r ftn ll-dfnd, rrgulrly ppld, nd lckng n rgr (p. 5).Ths 2005 study bult upn th fndngs f 2004 study ls spnsrd by th Wllc Fundtn: Hw Ldrshp nfluncs Studnt Lrnng, whch sttd W nd t b dvlpng ldrs wth lrg rprtrs f prctcs nd th cpcty t chs frm tht rprtr s ndd, nt ldrs trnd n th dlvry f n dl st f prctcs (Lthwd t l., 2004, p. 8).Btty (2000, 2002, 2006) hs studd th mtns f schl ldrs spcfclly. Btty (2000) ssrtd tht whl wrtrs nd rsrchrs d cknwldg mtns s rlvnt t tchrs wrk th mtns f ldrshp r vrtully unmntnd (p. 332). s prt f hr rsrch sh skd prncpls n sx dffrnt cuntrs t nnymusly shr thr thughts but th mtnl spcts f thr ldrshp rls. T summrz, sh fund tht, Ldrs dl wth hghly chrgd stutns vry dy. Th prssurs f th jb dd up t n mtnl ld tht s lwys prsnt. Prprdnss fr th mtnl wrk f th prncplshp s fundtnl t succssful schls (p. 32).Hbrt (2011) cntnud t rsrch th rltnshp btwn mtnl ntllgnc, trnsfrmtnl ldrshp nd ffctvnss f schl prncpls. Sh rcmmndd tht prncpl prprtn prgrms shuld cnsdr ncludng study f mtnl ntllgnc nd

trnng n hw spcfc strtgs nd sklls cn nhnc th ldrs blts nd sklls n th dy-t-dy ntrctns wth ll stkhldrs (p. 87).Th studs utlnd bv prvdd cmpllng vdnc tht thr s nd fr prncpls t pssss mtnl ntllgnc cpcts. n f th mst ntcbl rsrch gps s th nd t bttr dfn whch spcfc trts cnsttutd ths ndd cpcts nd t undrstnd hw ths cpcts r dvlpd. Ths studs ls suggstd nd fr ductnl ldrshp dvlpmnt prgrms t bttr qup grduts wth th mtnl ntllgnc cpcts ncssry t succssfully ngg ll stkhldrs. Fr ths rsns, dsgnd mr thrugh hrmnutc phnmnlgcl study f ndvdul prncpls ccunts, usng nrrtv nqury tchnqus nd tls t bttr undrstnd hw thr dvlpmnt nd us f mtnl ntllgnc nfluncs thr rspctv schl cmmunts.Purps f th StudyTh purps f ths hrmnutc phnmnlgcl study ws t dscrb nd nlyz xprncd prncpls ccunts f thr undrstndng, cqustn nd dvlpmnt f mtnl ntllgnc nd thr us f wthn thr prfssnl prctcs t nflunc thr schl cmmunts. Mr spcfclly, thrugh cnductng n-dpth rcrdd ntrvws, trnscrbng ths ntrvws nd thn ntrprtng prtcpnts lf txts t ws pssbl t study hw thy dscrbd bng succssful n ffctng pstv chng, nd wht dpttns, f ny, thy md t thr prfssnl prctc s rsult f undrstndng, dvlpng nd usng thr prsnl mtnl ntllgnc cpcts. ls, t scrtnd whthr, ccrdng t prtcpnts mr trnng rgrdng mtnl ntllgnc wuld hv bttr nfrmd nd pstvly mpctd bth thr prfssnl crrs nd th crrs f currnt nd sprng prncpls.

Th study sught t fnd bth th cmmn nd dstnct tpcs nd thms n thr lvd xprncs, nd t mprv currnt nd futur ldrs succsss n ffctng pstv chng thrugh th us f mtnlly ntllgnt bhvr. Th study sught t undrstnd whthr prncpls rgrd th knwldg, dvlpmnt nd us f mtnl ntllgnc s crtcl nd ncssry prts f thr prfssnl rprtrs.Rsrch QustnsTh fllwng brd qustn gudd ths nqury:Wht r xprncd prncpls ccunts f thr undrstndng, cqustn, dvlpmnt, nd us f mtnl ntllgnc cpcts?nd spcfclly, th fllwng sx subtpcs wr ddrssd:1. Wht d ths ccunts rvl but hw prncpls undrstnd mtnl ntllgnc?2. Hw crtcl s mtnl ntllgnc t prncpls prctc?3. Wht xprncs d prncpls ttrbut t th prsnc r bsnc f mtnl ntllgnc?4. Wht d ths ccunts rvl but hw mtnl ntllgnc s dvlpd?5. Hw hs prfssnl prctc bn nfrmd nd dptd vr tm bcus f ns cqustn, dvlpmnt, us nd undrstndng f mtnl ntllgnc cpcts?6. Wht d ths strs rvl but wht my b ndd n ductnl ldrshp prprtry prgrms?Dfntn f Trmsn sprng Prncpl s dfnd s prsn wh s n trnng t bcm prncpl.

mtnl ntllgnc () s dfnd by Slvy nd Myr (1990) s "th subst f scl ntllgnc tht nvlvs th blty t mntr n's wn nd thrs' flngs nd mtns, t dscrmnt mng thm nd t us ths nfrmtn t gud n's thnkng nd ctns" (p.189).mtnl lbr s dfnd s th mngmnt f flng t crt publcly bsrvbl fcl nd bdly dsply (Hchschld, 1983, p. 7).mpthy s dfnd by Dctnry.cm s th ntllctul dntfctn wth r vcrus xprncng f th flngs, thughts, r tttuds f nthr.Hrmnutcs s rltd t phlsphy, nd s dfnd by th Cllns nglsh Dctnry s:. th study nd ntrprttn f humn bhvur nd scl nsttutns b. (n xstntlst thught) dscussn f th purps f lfnd s usd n ths xmntn t dscrb th study nd ntrprttn f prtcpnts lf txts t furthr undrstnd thr xprncs f shrd phnmnn.ntrprsnl ntllgnc s cncrnd wth th cpcty t undrstnd th ntntns, mtvtns nd dsrs f thr ppl. t llws ppl t wrk ffctvly wth thrs (Grdnr, 1999, p. 43).ntrprsnl ntllgnc ntls th cpcty t undrstnd nslf, t pprct ns flngs, frs nd mtvtns. t nvlvs hvng n ffctv wrkng mdl f urslvs, nd t b bl t us such nfrmtn t rgult ur lvs (Grdnr, 1999, p. 43).Phrnss, ccrdng t rsttl (1941), s prctcl wsdm, r th ctns tht flw frm th chrctr f ndvduls. Prsnl phrnss s wht s gd fr ns slf nd pltcl phrnss s th prctcl wsdm t knw wht s gd fr n n gnrl [th cmmn gd] (p. 1029).

Slvy nd Myrs Fur-Brnch Mdl f mtnl ntllgnc Dmns, [rrngd n rdr f ncrsng cmplxty] nclud () th blty t prcv r dntfy mtn, (b) th blty t us mtn t fcltt thught nd prrtz thnkng, (c) undrstndng nd nlyzng mtns r th blty t lbl mtns nd rcgnz th rltns mng th wrds nd th mtns thmslvs, nd (d) th blty t mng r rflctvly rgult mtn t prmt mtnl nd ntllctul grwth (1990). dgrm s ncludd s ppndx .Sgnfcnc f th StudyPrr rsrch suggsts tht mtnl ntllgnc s crtcl t th wrk prncpls d. Ths study sught t dscrb nd nlyz prncpls ccunts f thr undrstndng, cqustn, dvlpmnt nd us f mtnl ntllgnc nd t rvl whch lrnng xprncs prtcpnts rgrdd s mprtnt t mprvng thr prfssnl prctcs. Th cmmn nd dstnct tpcs nd thms uncvrd by cpturng ths prncpls lvd xprncs by ntrprtng thr lf txts nd usng nrrtv nqury tls nd tchnqus t d n th rgnztn, nlyss nd ntrprttn f dt my furthr undrstndng f th phnmnn f hw ns prfssnl prctc hs bn nfrmd nd dptd vr tm rgrdng th knwldg, dvlpmnt, us nd undrstndng f ns mtnl ntllgnc cpcts. Ths knwldg my mpct th fld by bcus t suggsts furthr fundtnl supprts, whch my hlp prpr prncpl t dvlp, us nd t undrstnd th rl f mtnl ntllgnc wthn hs r hr rprtr f vlubl prfssnl prctcs.Ths study sught t bttr ssst prncpls n gnng undrstndng rgrdng th dvlpmnt nd us f mtnl ntllgnc rqurd t pstvly nflunc hs r hr schls drctn. Furthr, th study fndngs but us by prncpls cnnct t th lrgr bdy f schlrshp cncrnng .

MthdTh study ntld hrmnutc phnmnlgcl pprch (Crswll, 2013, p. 79) furthr nfrmd by us f nrrtv nqury tmplts (Crswll, 2007, p. 54) f thr xprncd prncpls, dfnd s smn whm hs bn prncpl n th sm nvrnmnt fr tn yrs r mr.Rtnl fr Us f Hrmnutc Phnmnlgcl pprch Usng Nrrtv nquryTlsTh study mplyd hrmnutc phnmnlgcl mthd utlzng ntrprtv nrrtv nqury tchnqus nd tls t ssst n th rgnztn nd nlyss f qulttv dt. Hrmnutc phnmnlgy s cncrnd wth th study f humn culturl ctvty s txts (Lvrty, 2003). Txts cn nclud wrttn r vrbl cmmunctn, vsul rts nd musc (p. 24). Ths study sught t dscrb th cmmn mnng shrd by smll htrgnus grup f ndvduls but spcfc phnmnn (Crswll, 2013, pp. 76-80); th undrstndng nd us f mtnl ntllgnc by prncpls. Ths clld fr ntrprtng thr hrmnutc txts, r strs but thr lvd xprncs. wntd t study hw prtcpnts undrstd mtnl ntllgnc nd utlzd ths ntllgnc t nflunc thr ndvdul schl cmmunts. Furthr, ths phnmnn ws xplrd by xtrctng thms frm prtcpnts trnscrpts nd ntrprtng th vnts f ch prtcpnts stry, usng nrrtv nqury tchnqus nd tls.Th dsgn nd pprch ws ls sutd t th smpl sz mplyd fr th study. Crswll (2013, p. 78), Dnzn (n Bkr & dwrds, 2012, p. 23), nd Brymn (n Bkr & dwrds, 2012, p. 18) ll gr tht n ntrprtv phnmnlgc nlyss my ntl smll smpl sz, yt prvd fn-grnd, n-dpth ccunt f hw ndvduls xprnc th

phnmnn. Nrrtv nqury s wdly rgrdd s pplcbl fr th purps f undrstndng cmplx phnmn wthn scty (spn & Ddg, 2005). Ths nrrtv nqury tchnqus ncludd skng prtcpnts pn-ndd qustns but thr prfssnl prctc, rcrdng thr vcs, trnscrbng ths rcrdngs, nd ntng bth vrbl nd nn- vrbl rspnss t qustns psd. Th nrrtv nqury tls mplyd wr custmzd tmplts t d n th rgnztn nd nlyss ncludng Thmtc Dt Summry Shts, Plt nlyss nd Sgnfcnc nlyss tmplts. Ths tmplts wr suggstd fr us by svrl uthrts n th fld f qulttv nlyss ncludng: Crbtr nd Mllr, 1992; Mls nd Hubrmn,1994; Lttl, 2008; Gub nd Lncln, 1994; Lncln nd Gub, 2000; Dut, 2014. Th us f tmplts ws n ntgrl prt f th studys dsgn. Usng nrrtv nqury tmplts ttmptd t dd nsght nd mnng t ths wshng t mr fully undrstnd th phnmnf th xprncd schl ldrs s vrtuss r xprts (Dryfus & Dryfus, 1986, p. 50), chrctrzd s hvng th blty t smlssly ntgrt mtnlly ntllgnt cpcts wthn thr rprtrs f ntrprsnl skll. mr xtnsv dscrptn f study dsgn nd mthdlgy s dlntd n Chptr Thr.Rtnl fr Us f Fcus Grup t Plt th StudyThr wr svrl vld rsns t cnvn fcus grup; n f whch s t gn n undrstndng frm th prspctv f th prtcpnts f th grup (Lmputtng, 2011). Unfrtuntly, hd dffculty n cnvnng such grup, du n lrg prt t th tm th study bgn; Jun f 2014. Mst prncpls wr busy wth nd f yr rspnsblts nd wr unbl t mt n fcus grup frmt. Hwvr, wth th pprvl f my cmmtt, fv ndvduls dd gr t spk wth m t plt th drft qustns. Ths pltng bcm Phs n f th study. By mtng wth ths prncpls, ws bl t rvs tst qustns t rqur

prtcpnts nswrs t rqur mr xplntn, rthr thn smply nswr s ys r n rspns. s rsult f th pltng, n f svn tst qustns ws rvsd. Ths rvsn s shwn n ppndx . usd ntwrk brdcst strtgy (Mls & Hubrmn, 1994; Pttn, 2001) t slct ptntl prtcpnts thrugh my ssctn wth Lsly Unvrstys Ph.D. n ductnl Studs Cmmunty. usd th Lsly Cmmunty st ml systm t nvt ths cllgus t thr rcmmnd prtcpnts, r slf-nmnt thmslvs s cnddts. ls usd tht strtgy t slct th Msschustts Scndry Schl dmnstrtrs' ssctn (MSS) n rdr t fnd sutbl prtcpnts.ntrvws f Prtcpnts: Phs Twftr tstng, rvsng nd xpndng th numbr f ntrvw qustns frm svn t fftn, prtcl ws dsgnd t us wth th prtcpnts f th study. t ncmpssd ntrprtv n-n-n ntrvws, whch wr rcrdd fr furthr nlyss. mt wth ch prncpl t lst nc, fr tw t thr hurs. xplnd t prtcpnts tht fllw up sssns r phn cnvrstns wr pssbl f furthr clrfctn ws ncssry.nlyss f DtTh ntrvw trnscrpts (hrmnutcl lf-txts) wr cdd nd nlyzd t fnd cmmn nd dstnct tpcs nd thms n prtcpnts strs nd t dtrmn whthr ths prncpls rgrdd th knwldg, dvlpmnt nd us f mtnl ntllgnc s crtcl cmpnnts f thr prfssnl crrs. Th prtcpnts trnscrpts wr ntrprtd nd summrzd usng qulttv hrmnutc phnmnlgcl nlyss pprch nfrmd by us f nrrtv nlytcl tchnqus nd tls. Gudng ltrtur frm xprts n th fld f

qulttv (Mxwll, 2012) nd nrrtv nqury ncludng tknsn (1998), Cnnlly ndClndnn (1990), Dnzn nd Lncln (2008), nd Dut (2014) gudd th study.Th study ws ntndd t rvl cmmnlts nd dffrncs n ch prtcpnts rprtd us f mtnl ntllgnc wthn hs r hr schl nvrnmnt.DlmttnsWht fllws r fv dlmttns t th study: dlmtng th study t Msschustts prncpls nly; dlmtng th study t xprncd prncpls hvng tn yrs f srvc n n lctn; hvng smll smpl sz; cnsdrng nly Slvy nd Myrs Fur-Brnch cgntv blty mdl f mtnl ntllgnc; nd cnstructng qulttv, phnmnlgcl pprch fcusd n nrrtv nlyss. Ths dlmttns, nd spcfc lmttns cncrnng ths study, r furthr dlntd n Chptr Thr nd dscussd n th Futur Rsrch sctn n Chptr Fv.Chptr utlnThs dssrttn cnssts f fv chptrs; th cntnts f whch r dscrbd blw.Chptr n: ntrductnTh ntrductn dscusss hw th tpc f prncpls mtnl ntllgnc ws slctd. t ncluds prsnl ntrst sttmnt. Th sttmnt f prblm prvds th rdr wth rsrch-bsd rtnl nd prvds th cntxt fr th prblm nvstgtd n th study. Th purps nd th sgnfcnc f th study xpln why such rsrch s bng cnductd. dfntn f trms s prvdd t d th rdr. brf dscrptn f th rsrch mthdlgy nd rtnl fr th numbr nd typ f prtcpnts sught fr th study s ncludd. Dlmttns r lstd nd xplnd. chptr utln cncluds ths chptr.

Chptr Tw: Rvw f LtrturThs rvw utlns th vrus bds f ltrtur tht wr cnsultd. Th ltrtur rvw ncluds rvw f th tpc f mtnl ntllgnc s t ppls t schl ldrs, rvw f ldrshp pprchs cnsdrd t b mst ffctv n scl r ffctv nvrnmnts, nd t ls ncluds vgntts f thr ppl cnsdrd t b mtnlly ntllgnt ldrs wthn U.S. hstry.Chptr Thr: Mthdn ntrductn ncludng prsnl sttmnt f phlsphcl wrldvw nd scl culturl prspctv s rtcultd, fllwd by dtld vrvw f th rsrch dsgn slctd. Th prtcpnts nd sttng r xplnd, s s th nstrumnttn nd dt cllctn prcdurs. Th dt nlyss prcdurs r dlntd. ssus f trustwrthnss r dscussd, s r th dlmttns nd lmttns f th study. chptr summry cncluds ths chptr.Chptr Fur: RsultsThs chptr ncluds th sx rsrch subqustns nd dt nlyss fr ch f ths subqustns. ls ncludd r th mrgnt thms nd th rsultnt fndngs fr ch subqustn. chptr summry cncluds ths chptr.Chptr Fv: Summry, Dscussn Futur Rsrch, nd Fnl RflctnsThs chptr ncluds n ntrductn nd th mst slnt pnts md n chptrs n thrugh fur nd why ths study s rlvnt. dscussn f th fndngs, ncludng th prctcl nd thrtcl mplctns, cnclusns nd rcmmndtns fr ch s rtcultd fr th fld t cnsdr. synthss f undrstndng but th dvlpmnt f mtnl ntllgnc n ldrs s prvdd. cncptul mdl s ncludd t vsully rprsnt th prblm nd t

dfn th fur sphrs f knwldg nd th spcfc tls rcmmndd wthn ch sphr s ssntl fundtnl supprts fr such dvlpmnt. S Fgur 2. Futur rsrch, bsd upn th spcfc dlmttns nd lmttns f th study s dscussd. prsnl sttmnt tht ncpsults wht lrnd frm cnductng ths rsrch, nd my hps fr th futur rgrdng th tpc f mtnl ntllgnc f ldrs cnclud ths chptr.

CHPTR TW: RVW F LTRTURntrductn studd prncpls undrstndng f mtnl ntllgnc bcus wntd t knw f bttr undrstndng ths ffctv dmnsn f ldrshp frm bth th ntrprsnl nd ntrprsnl prspctvs wuld b bnfcl t th prsnl dvlpmnt f prncpls thmslvs. Furthrmr, ntcptd tht my fndngs mght ld t nw undrstndngs fr ths rspnsbl fr ductnl ldrshp prprtn prgrms.My ntrst n mtnl ntllgnc sprng frm my nfrml ntrvws (L. Mrsc, prsnl cmmunctn, Mrch nd prl, 2011) wth fur ppl wh r thr prncpls tdy r wh hv rcntly rtrd. Th ntrvws hghlghtd th rduus prsnl jurnys ch prsn tk thrugh thr ndvdul prncplshps. Ths prncpls rprtd tht thy hd t lrn ndpndntly, wthut bnft f nstructn r gudnc, hw t nvgt thr cmplx scl nvrnmnts skllfully. Thy fund ths n-th-jb lrnng xprncs t b pnful, lngthy, nd sltng. Ths prcvd gps btwn prncpls frmlzd nstructn n ddrssng th ffctv mtnl dmnds f hs r hr pstn nd th ndpndnt lrnng whch hd t tk plc bfr prncpl ws cnsdrd succssful n hs r hr schl rltnshps bth prmptd nd nsprd m t lrn mr. study cmmssnd by th Wllc Fundtn: Hw Ldrshp nfluncs Studnt Lrnng by Lthwd t l. (2004) ntd tht thr r tw ssntl bjctvs crtcl t ny rgnztns ffctvnss: hlpng th rgnztn st dfnsbl st f drctns nd

nfluncng mmbrs t mv n ths drctns (p. 4). Wht ths study dd nt rvl wr th ffctv sklls prncpl ndd t pssss n rdr t ccmplsh ths bjctvs.Dvlpng Succssful Prncpls by Dvs t l. (2005), ls cmmssnd by th Wllc Fundtn, cknwldgd tht ffctv sklls wr rqurd. Th study supprtd my prcptn tht thr ws gp n undrstndng hw mtnl ntllgnc s ntllydvlpd n ldrs. Rsrchrs Dvs t l. (2005) bsrvd tht lttl s knwn but hw t hlp prncpls dvlp th cpblts t nflunc hw schls functn r wht studnts lrn (p. 21). ntcptd tht uncvrng vdnc f hw prncpls dvlp ths mtnl ntllgnc cpblts thrugh ltrtur nd prsnl rsrch culd pstvly mpct th wy n whch prncpls r frmlly nd prfssnlly prprd t ld th multpl cnsttuncs tht cmprs thr schl cmmunts. Furthrmr, currnt nd sprng prncpls mght bnft frm hvng grtr frmlzd fundtnl knwldg f hw thr prsnl mtnl ntllgnc dvlps nd hw t cn b mprvd.Thr qustns gudd ths rvw f th ltrtur cnstructd t furthr undrstnd hw schl ldrs nd thr ldrs nflunc thr cnsttuncs usng mtnl ntllgnc, nd hw ths cpcts r dvlpd.Wht d w knw but th mtnl dmnsns f ldrshp?n ldrshp nd schl sttngs, wht r th mtnl ntllgnc cpcts tht r ndd?Wht d w knw but hw ths mtnl ntllgnc cpcts r dvlpd?

Th ltrtur xmnd n Chptr Tw s dlntd n fur sctns: () th mtnl dmnsns f ldrshp, (b) mtnl ntllgnc cpcts ndd n busnss ldrshp nd schl ldrshp sttngs, (c) wht w knw but hw mtnl ntllgnc cpcts r dvlpd, nd (d) thr U.S. ldrs cnsdrd t xmplfy mtnl ntllgnc. chptr summry cncluds th chptr.mtnl Dmnsns f LdrshpTh frst sctn xplrs th mtnl dmnsns f ldrshp. t ncluds dscussn f Grdnrs (1983) thry f multpl ntllgncs, spcfclly ntrprsnl nd ntrprsnl ntllgncs; th vrus mdls f mtnl ntllgnc tht hv bn cnstructd ncludng Slvy nd Myrs (1990) cgntv blty mdl; cntrvrsy but mtnl ntllgnc dfntn; nd tsts usd t msur mtnl ntllgnc.Dfnng th mtnl prmtrs f ldrshp frst rqurs n undrstndng f th trm mtnl ntllgnc. mtnl ntllgnc s ls cmmnly rfrrd t n ts bbrvtd frm, . Th trm gnd wdsprd schlrly ntrst wth th lndmrk rtcl mtnl ntllgnc (1990) by tw smnl cntrbutrs t th fld, psychlgsts Ptr Slvy nd Jhn Myr. Slvy nd Myrs rgnl rsrch ws mtvtd by th gp btwn th mprtnc f mtns nd th lvl t whch th vrg prsn undrstnds thm. Slvy nd Myr dfnd mtnl ntllgnc s "th subst f scl ntllgnc tht nvlvs th blty t mntr n's wn nd thrs' flngs nd mtns, t dscrmnt mng thm nd t us ths nfrmtn t gud n's thnkng nd ctns" (p. 189).t s ntrstng t nt th dffrng pprchs ldng rsrchrs n th fld hv tkn t dscrb ntrprsnl nd ntrprsnl ntllgncs. Slvy nd Myr (1990) rfrrd t thm s scl. Hwrd Grdnr, dvlpmntl psychlgst, lbld thm s

prsnl but wth cvt. n hs bk Frms f Mnd: Th Thry f Multpl ntllgncs (1983) Grdnr xpndd th ntn f hw humns r smrt n mny dffrnt wys thr thn thr ntllgnc qutnt (Q), r thr stndrdzd msurs f ntllgnc. Grdnr lstd svn spcfc ntllgncs. Thy r lngustc, lgcl-mth, muscl, bdly-knsthtc, sptl, ntrprsnl, nd ntrprsnl. Grdnr trtd ntrprsnl ntllgnc, r th undrstndng f slf, nd ntrprsnl ntllgnc, r th cpcty t ntc nd mk dstnctns btwn thr ndvduls, s s ntmtly ntrmngld (p. 255) tht h chs tntrduc thm s pr. Unlk ny f th thr ntllgncs h ntrducd h ntd tht nthr f ths frms f prsnl ntllgnc cn dvlp wthut th thr. Furthrmr, h pstd tht ths prsnl ntllgncs r mng th hghst frms f ntllgnc, vw tht s nttl grmnt wth Slvy nd Myrs (1990) hrrchcl rdrng f mtnl knwng sklls.Slvy nd Myrs Fur-Brnch Mdl f mtnl ntllgncSlvy nd Myrs pprch (1990) t mr dply undrstnd mtns ws t rrng fur dffrnt sklls n hrrchcl mnnr, rprsntd n Tbl 1, whch thy nmd th Fur-Brnch Mdl f mtnl ntllgnc. Tdy ths mdl s rfrrd t s th blty mdl f mtnl ntllgnc s t fcuss n cgntv blty.ch brnch s rrngd frm mr bsc psychlgcl prcsss t hghr, mr psychlgclly ntgrtd prcsss (p. 10). Fr xmpl, th lwst lvl brnch cncrns th rltvly smpl blts f prcvng nd xprssng mtn. n cntrst, th hghst lvl brnch cncrns th cnscus rflctv rgultn r mngmnt f mtn.Slvy nd Myr (1990) ssrtd tht smn wh s mtnlly ntllgnt hs blty r cmptncy n ch f th mtnl dmns r brnchs: prcvng mtns, usng

mtns, undrstndng nd nlyzng mtns, nd mngng mtns. Slvy nd Myr pstd tht ppl dffr n thr blts n ch f th dmns but wth spcfc knwldg f dfcts nd ncrsd ttntn, n ndvdul cn ncrs hs r hr mtnl ntllgnc prfcncy. Smns mtnl ntllgnc qutnt r ttl sum f mtnl ntllgnc s rfrrd t s hs r hr Q, whch s th clustr f prsnlty trts, scl grcs, cmmunctn, lngug, prsnl hbts, frndlnss, nd ptmsm tht chrctrz rltnshps wth thr ppl.Th mtnl ntllgnc f Mngrst tk svrl yrs fr Slvy t xpnd n th tpc f mtnl ntllgnc s t rltd t mngrs. Slvy tmd wth cllgu Dvd Crus t wrt Th mtnlly ntllgnt Mngr, n 2004.Crus nd Slvy (2004) ffrd mngrs spcfc dvc n hw t dvlp ns sklls, usng schmtc dgrm fr mtns, clld th mtnl Bluprnt, whch prvdd lnr, dtld hw-t nstructns fr wrkng wth mtn. Thy dptd th ttls f th vrus sklls t b mr sly undrstd by nn-cdmc mnstrm rdrs. Fr nstnc, dntfyng mtns ws chngd t Rd Ppl, nd Usng mtns ws chngd t rd Gt n th Md (p.x).Th uthrs (2004) prvdd vgntts f hypthtcl mngrs wrkng thrugh ch f th cncpts t furthr rdrs undrstndng f wht mtnl ntllgnc lks lk n th fld. Thr pprch ws prctcl, thughtfully prsntd nd thught-prvkng. Th ppndcs gudd th rdr t ssss thr wn cmptncs ccurtly. Thy pnpntd th spcfc rs n whch mngr ndd wrk n rdr t mprv hs r hr mtnl

ntllgnc sklls rprtr n mttr whch rgnztnl sttng h r sh ws pstnd wthn. Schsm n th FldTh lt 1990s spwnd hst f thr bks n mngrs us f mtnl ntllgnc, but lck th spcfcty nd dtl f Crus nd Slvys (2004) wrk. Dnl Glmn, rcgnzd uthr n th subjct f mtnl ntllgnc, ppulrzd th trm fr mr mnstrm udnc wth svrl bks n th subjct ncludng mtnl ntllgnc (1995), Scl ntllgnc (2006), nd clgcl ntllgnc: Hw Knwng th Hddn mpcts f Wht W Buy Cn Chng vrythng (2010).

Tbl 1Slvy nd Myrs Fur Brnch Mdl f mtnl ntllgnc dmns, rrngd n rdr f cmplxty.Dmn Dscrptnprcv mtn th blty t dntfy mtn n ns physcl stts, flngs nd thughts, blty t dntfy mtns n thr ppl, dsgns, rtwrk, tc. thrugh lngug, sund, pprnc nd bhvr, blty t xprss mtns ccurtly, nd t xprss nds rltd t ths flngs, blty t dscrmnt btwn ccurt nd nccurt, r hnst vs. dshnst xprssns f flngus mtn t fcltt thught ns mtns prrtz thnkng by drctn ttntn t mprtnt nfrmtn, nsmtns r suffcntly vvd nd vlbl s tht thy cn b gnrtd s ds t judgmnt nd mmry cncrnng flngs, ns mtnl md swngs chng th ndvduls prspctv frm ptmstc t pssmstc, ncurgng cnsdrtn f multpl pnts f vw, nd ns mtnl stts dffrntlly ncurg spcfc prblm-slvng pprchs such s whn hppnss fcltts nductv rsnng nd crtvtyundrstnd nd nlyz mtns mplyng mtnl knwldg blty t lbl mtns nd rcgnz rltns mng th wrds nd th mtns thmslvs, such s th rltn btwn lkng nd lvng, blty t ntrprt th mnngs tht mtns cnvy rgrdng rltnshps, such s tht sdnss ftn ccmpns lss, blty t undrstnd cmplx flngs, smultnus flngs f lv nd ht r blnds such s w s cmbntn f fr nd surprs, blty t rcgnz lkly trnstns mng mtns, such s th trnstn frm ngr t stsfctn r frm ngr tshmmng mtns rflctv rgultn f mtn t prmt mtnl nd ntllctul grwth blty t sty pn t flngs, bth ths tht r plsnt nd ths tht r unplsnt, blty t rflctvly ngg r dtch frm n mtn dpndng upn th judgd nfrmtvnss r utlty, blty t rflctvly mntr mtns n rltn t nslf nd thrs, such s rcgnzng hw clr, typcl, nfluntl r rsnbl thy r, nd th blty t mng mtns n nslf nd thrs by mdrtng ngtv mtns nd nhncng plsnt ns, wthut rprssng rxggrtng nfrmtn thy my cnvy(Slvy & Sluytr, 1997, p. 11)Rprducd wth prmssn, Jhn D. Myr 2015

Myr, Slvy, nd Crus (2008) fund Glmns wrtngs lmtng n scp. n 2008 th uthrs dfndd thr rgnl thry by prvdng th clrfyng rtcl mtnl ntllgnc: Nw blty r clctc Trts? Th uthrs cknwldgd tht thr ws schsm n th fld nd tht th trm ws bng usd n t mny wys nd t cvr t mny thngs (p. 503). Myr t l. (2008) urgd schlrs t rsst th sductn f th mtnl (p. 513) but t undrstnd th trmnlgy n ts purst frm. Thy md fv rcmmndtns t clrfy ns thnkng n th subjct. Frst, rsrchrs shuld ct rsrch ltrtur rthr thn jurnlstc rndrngs f scntfc cncpts. Scnd, rsrchrs shuld lmt th trm t th blts t th ntrsctn btwn mtns nd ntllgnc, spcfclly lmtng th st f blts nvlvd n rsnng but mtns nd usng mtns t nhncrsnng. Thrd, rsrchrs shuld ls rfcus n rsrch rlvnt t th blty cncptn f , whch ncluds studs usng mtnl knwldg msurs, mtnl fcl rcgntn blty, lvls f mtnl wrnss nd mrgng rsrch n mtnl slf-rgultn nd rltd rs. s furth rcmmndtn, Myr t l. cutnd tht prsnlty trts such s nd fr chvmnt, slf-cntrl, nd mtnl trts such s hppnss nd scl styls such s ssrtvnss shuld b clld wht thy r, rthr thn bng mxd tgthr n hphzrd- smng ssrtmnts lbld s . Fnlly, th uthrs sttd tht grtr ttntn shuld b plcd n ssus f cultur nd gndr, nd thr mpct n thry nd th msurmnt f (p. 513).Tstng ns mtnl ntllgncMyr t l. (2008) ssrtd tht mtnl ntllgnc cn b msurd. n 1992 thy crtd n blty-bsd tst dsgnd t msur th vrus dmns f thr Fur-brnch

blty mdl. Ths s th Myr-Slvy-Crus mtnl ntllgnc Tst r MSCT (2003). Th MSCT s bsd n thr gudng prncpls: tht mtns r crtclly mprtnt t prsns succss, tht ppl vry n thr mtnl sklls, nd tht ths mtnl sklls cn b msurd bjctvly. Sm f th pplctns fr ts us r th fllwng: fr th slctn nd prmtn f ky ndvduls (ldrs), fr ns crr dvlpmnt, fr xcutv cchng nd ldrshp dvlpmnt, fr cunslng nd thrpy, nd fr smnrs nd wrkshps.Bcus t ws dvlpd by thr f th ldng rsrchrs n th fld, th MSCT (2003) s n f th mst rcgnzd tsts fr msurng smns mtnl ntllgnc. Thr r thrs, such s Ruvn Br-ns (2013) cncpt f , whch s slf-rprtd tst dsgnd t msur cmptncs ncludng wrnss, strss tlrnc, prblm slvng nd hppnss. thr tsts nclud Th Multfctr mtnl ntllgnc Scl, r MS (Cnt,2005), prfrmnc-bsd tst dsgnd t ssss prsns blty t prcv, dntfy, undrstnd nd utlz mtns, th Slgmn ttrbutnl Styl Qustnnr r SQ (Dykm, Brgbwr, Dctr, & Ptrsn, 1996), whch ws rgnlly dsgnd s scrnng tst fr th Mtrpltn Lf nsurnc Cmpny, whch msurs smns ptmsm nd pssmsm, nd th mtnl Cmptnc nvntry r C (2012), whch s mr f 360 dgr rvw. Th ndvdul bng scrd tks th C tst, but thr ppl such smngrs, prs, clnts/custmrs nd thrs wh ntrct wth th subjct n vrus rls ls ffr thr rtngs n svrl dffrnt mtnl cmptncs n rdr t prvd mr cmprhnsv ssssmnt f subjcts blts.Chrnss (1999) prvdd nntn sprt pnts t supprt why mtnl ntllgnc tstng s mprtnt t ny wrk rgnztn. n spcfc study ctd by Chrnss ws th

nlyss f 515 snr xcutvs by gn Zhndr ntrntnl (1999), glbl xcutv srch frm (p. 4). Th frm fund tht n xcutvs mtnl ntllgnc ws bttr prdctr f succss thn thr rlvnt prvus xprnc r hgh Q. Chrnss ls ctd tht th Cntr fr Crtv Ldrshp fund tht th prmry cus fr drlmnt by xcutvs nvlvd dfcts n mtnl cmptnc, spcfclly, dffculty n hndlng chng, nt bng bl t wrk wll n tm, nd pr ntrprsnl rltns (p. 2).n summry, t pprs tht much s knwn but th dfntn f nd dmnsns f mtnl ntllgnc, nd tht ths msurs cn b ppld t dtrmn whthr smn s cpbl f bng ldr. prsns mtnl ntllgnc cpcts cn b msurd nd nlyzd, usng thr Myr t l.s (2008) nstrumnt, th MSCT (2003), r nthr tst. f n ccpts Slvy nd Myrs thry (1990) thn h r sh grs tht ths cgntv blty sklls cn b dvlpd, r hrrchcl nd bcm ncrsngly cmplx t mstr.Th scnd sctn f th ltrtur rvw xplrd th mtnl ntllgnc cpcts n nds t ld busnss r ductnl sctrs. Furthr, th mjr dffrncs btwn th tw sctrs, nd th typs f ldrshp cmmnly usd n ch sttng, wr undrscrd.mtnl ntllgnc Cpcts Ndd n Busnss Ldrshp nd SchlLdrshp Sttngs rvw f th ltrtur pntd t th typ f mtnlly ntllgnt ldr ndd t ld tdys schls. Ths sctn lucdts tht ldrs must undrstnd cmplx cncpts; wht t mns t b uthntc; hw t mng cnflct (Chn, 2005) nd mtns n lgsltv cntxt; th dynmcs f ldr/mmbr xchng (LMX); nd hw mprtnt th qults f pstv thught, hp, nd trust r n rdr t b succssful mtvtrs f thrs. n ddtn, schl ldrs nd t b bl t quckly nd ccurtly rd th cntxtul clus f

thr nvrnmnts, nd mk sns f ny wundng xprncs, r crss vnt n thr ldrshp prctc, tht thy my hv ncuntrd n thr rls (ckrmn & Msln- strwsk, 2004, p. 28).uthntctyn ths currnt r ths ndvduls wh r uthntc ldrs (vl, Grdnr, Wlumbw, Luthns, & My, 2004, p. 802), r ths wh shw mstry f bth ntrprsnl nd ntrprsnl rlms, sm t b th mst vlud. Ldrs wh bttr undrstnd thr wn ntrprsnl nd ntrprsnl slvs (Grdnr, 1983) wuld thn b dfnd s uthntc ldrs, r, ccrdng t vl t l. (2004):ths ndvduls wh r dply wr f hw thy thnk nd bhv nd r prcvd by thrs s bng wr f thr wn nd thrs vlus/mrl prspctv, knwldg, nd strngths; wr f th cntxt n whch thy prt; nd wh r cnfdnt, hpful, ptmstc, rslnt, nd hgh n mrl chrctr. (p. 802)Myr t l. (2004) md sm dstnctns but ths wh xhbt hgh mtnl ntllgnc. Thy rprtd tht mtnl ntllgnc mprvs n ndvduls scl ffctvnss. Thy chrctrzd hgh ndvduls s bng mr pn nd grbl tthrs nd drwn t ccuptns nvlvng scl ntrctn (p. 210). Thy ssrtd tht hgh ndvduls r lss pt t ngg n ngtv r slf-dstructv bhvrs (p. 210) nd r prtculrly gd t stblshng scl rltnshps wth thrs (p. 210). Thy suggstd tht ths ndvduls my b mr dpt t dscrbng mtvtnl gls, ms nd mssns (p.210). Thy rprtd tht ths ndvduls, by prvdng cchng dvc t thrs, nd by drctly nvlvng thmslvs n crtn stutns, ssst thr ndvduls nd grups f ppl t lv tgthr wth grtr hrmny nd stsfctn (p. 210).

Mngng Cnflct nd mtnsn f th prmry ssus, thn, f uthntc publc ldrshp s th cnstnt cnflct btwn wht s gd fr slf nd wht s gd fr thrs. t s dffcult fr ldrs t cknwldg tht thr wll lwys b cnflct nd tht thr s cntnung nd t mng th cnflct tht rss btwn ths tw cmptng dmnds. Ths surc f cnflct nd nd t mng ns mtns s rcurrnt thm thrughut th ltrtur, bgnnng wth rsttl (2009), nd ltr rfnd by Hchschld (1983), Slvy nd Myr (1990), Chn (2005), Nqv (2009), ndmr currntly, Schubrck nd Sh (2011).rsttl (2009) dscussd cmplx mtnl ntllgnc sklls, ths tht Slvy nd Myr cnturs ltr rfrrd t s th mst cmplx hrrchcl mtnl ntllgnc sklls, wthut th bnft f hvng mtnl ntllgnc n hs lxcn whn h wrt th Ncmchn thcs srs. Ths srs srvd s gud fr ppl [nd spclly, ldrs] t lv thr bst pssbl lvs nd ws cncrnd wth bth ndvdul [ntrprsnl ntllgnc] nd cmmunl [ntrprsnl ntllgnc] grwth.rsttl (2009) ddnt dny tht gd prsn culd b ngry. H ls dd nt ffr gudnc n hw t b mtnlly ntllgnt rgrdng th mngmnt f ns ngr. Rthr, h sd tht ngr shuld b n th rght grunds, nd gnst th rght prsns, nd ls n th rght mnnr nd t th rght mmnt nd fr th rght lngth f tm (Bk V, Chptr 5). Hs gudnc, thrfr, suggsts th mngmnt f mtns, th hghst brnch f Slvy nd Myrs Fur-Brnch Mdl (1990).Much ltr, Hchschld (1983) ntrducd th cncpt f mtnl lbr, r mngd mtn, wth Th Mngd Hrt: Cmmrclztn f Humn Flng n 1983.

Cncdntlly, Grdnrs Frms f Mnd dbutd th sm yr. Ths tw wrks r knwn s bnchmrks fr grtly ncrsng ur undrstndng f mngd mtn n th wrkplc nd th mprtnc f rcgnzng ns multpl ntllgncs.Hchschlds (1983) wrk ws grundbrkng n tht sh dfnd th trm mtnl lbr s th mngmnt f flng t crt publcly bsrvbl fcl nd bdly dsply (p.7). Sh lbrtd by syngths lbr rqurs n t nduc r supprss flng n rdr t sustn th utwrd cuntnnc tht prducs th prpr stt f thrs ths knd f lbr clls fr crdntn f mnd nd flng nd t smtms drws n surc f slf tht w hnr s dp nd ntgrl t ur ndvdulty. (p. 7)Sh xmnd rln ttndnts tttuds but th wrk thy d, nd bsrvd thr cpng mchnsms fr dlng wth th vrus prblms f th wrkplc tht r cnductd n th publc y. Sh ntd tht thr ws cnflct bcus th srvc wrkrs pprprt bhvr ws prt f th sl r trnsctn btwn prvdr nd cnsumr, nd thus ws mr cmmrcl n ntur thn trnsctn n whch smn dd nt ntrfc wth th cnsumr. Th ttndnt ws xpctd t b nc n mttr wht th custmr dd. Hchschld dvlpd th trm flng ruls (p. 56) n rdr t xprss whch mngd dsplys f mtnl rspnss wr pprprt fr n ttndnt t dsply. Sh xmnd th cnflct btwn wht th unmngd, uthntc slf (p.192) wnts t d, nd wht th fls slf (p. 187) nds t d, n rdr t d th wrk f srvng th publc grcusly t ll tms. Hchschld (1983) ls cnd th trm mtnl dssnnc (p. 90) t dscrb th prcss f mntnng dffrnc btwn flng nd ctng.

Hchschld (1983) thrzd tht ttndnts surfc ct (p. 33) n rdr t cp. Surfc ctng nvlvs th mply prsntng mtns n hs r hr surfc wthut ctully flng thm. Thnk, fr xmpl, f srvc wth sml vn whn tht sml s fgnd. Dp ctng rqurs chngng ns bsc tttuds but th ppl n ntrcts wth, by pstvly ltrng ns thughts nd crtng dpr flngs fr th custmr (p. 33). Fr xmpl, Hchschld rprtd tht rln ttndnts wr cchd t lwys thnk f thr custmrs s chldrn, nd t summn up mtrnl thughts t cr fr thm n nurturng mnnr, vn whn th custmrs dd nt dsrv such crng rspns. Thugh bth frms f ctng r ntrnlly fls, th surfc ctng s rgud t b ssctd wth ncrsd strss, mtnl xhustn, dprssn, nd lck f uthntcty whrs dp ctng s rgud t b ssctd wth rducd strss nd n ncrsd sns f prsnl ccmplshmnt. Whthrsurfc r dp ctng, ths txng mntl struggl r cntnul cnflct btwn th ntrprsnl nd ntrprsnl r mngd, cmmrclly bund slvs s gvn nm rdrs cn bttr undrstnd: mtnl lbr. Ths mtnl lbr cn ls b thught f s cntnully ndng t us th hghst mtnl ntllgnc skll f Slvy nd Myrs (1990) Fur-brnch Mdl f mngd mtn n rdr t cp wth th dmnds f th wrkplc.Nqv (2009) lbrtd upn Hchschlds (1983) rlr wrk by dscrbng bundry clsd r bundry pn trnsctns (p. 29). Bundry clsd trnsctns tk plc wthut ny xpcttns f frndshp. Bundry pn trnsctns, n th thr hnd, r lk mtngs btwn frnds nd n ths stutn srvc prvdrs r xpctd t b ctvly nvlvd nd shr flngs wth custmrs n mnnr tht trnscnds cmmrcl bundrs (p. 29). Sh fund tht srvcs whch r hgh n ffctv cntnt whch ncurgs slf-rvltn r prtculrly cnducv t th dvlpmnt f bundry pn rltnshps (p. 29).

Hchschld (1983), hwvr, rmndd us tht whl srvc prvdrs my b trnd t trt custmrs s frnds, custmrs r nt rqurd t rcprct. Ths cncpt cn sly b ppld t srvc rgnztns such s schls. Prncpls my b rqurd t trt thr vrus cnsttuncs s frnds, thr by mplyng surfc ctng r dp ctng, but thr cnsttuncs r nt bund t rcprct. Furthr, schl ldrs gnrlly ntrct wth th sm stkhldrs vr prd f yrs s cmprd t th rltvly shrt munts f tm tht flght ttndnts r rqurd t ntrct wth ny spcfc pssngr. Ths cncpt my hlp t xpln why schl ldr my fl s cnflctd n hs r hr ntrctns wth thrs. Thr dly xchngs wth thrs rqur prncpls t xrt hgh lvls f mtnl lbr bcus thr dys r flld wth frqunt, ffctv scl ntrctns.Tnsn nd th Spcs n BtwnChns (2005) wrk lgnd wth Nqvs (2009) cntntn tht bundry pn trnsctns r rf n srvc sctrs nd r hgh n ffctv cntnt. Chn ssrtd tht bcus tchng s n f th sstr trds f humn mprvmnt, ncludng psychthrpy, scl wrk, pstrl wrk r rgnztnl dvlpmnt, whr wrkng drctly n thr humns n ffrts t bttr thr lvs, t s rddld wth prdcmnts, r dp dffcults, tht cn nly b mngd (p. 287). H t xpsd th symbtc, tnuus nd cntnul tug whch xsts btwn ldr nd fllwr; syng tht prcttnrs cn wrk nly f thr clnts wrk wth thm, nd cn nly succd f thr clnts strv fr nd chv succss (p. 287).Lchtnstn, Uhl-Bn, Mrn, Srs, nd rtn (2006) ntrduc rdrs t mr ntrctv prspctv n ldng n cmplx dptv systms: cmplxty ldrshp thry, whch my bttr xpln tht tnsn btwn ldr nd fllwr n cmplx dptv systms such s schls. Ths uthrs vwd ldrshp s

cmplx dynmc prcss tht mrgs n th ntrctv spcs btwn ppl nd ds. ldrshp s dynmc tht trnscnds th cpblts f ndvduls ln; t s th prduct f ntrctn, tnsn nd xchng ruls gvrnng chngs n prcptns nd undrstndng. (p. 2)Schubrck nd Sh (2011) furthr crrbrtd ch prcdng uthrs clm fr th nd t mng mtn by grng tht ffctv ldrs r sn t ld wth mtnl lbr mnng tht thy nt nly dsply pprprt mtns, but thy ls utlz mtnl xprssn s wy t mtvt nd gud fllwrs wh tk thr cu frm thm (p. 1).Wht dffrntts ductn frm th busnss sctr s tht t s, prmrly, scl ntrprs, r s Chn (2005) ssrtd, n ffctv prt f th prfssns f humn mprvmnt (p. 280).Dffrncs Btwn Lgsltv nd xcutv Ldrshp Styls C cn us n xcutv ldrshp styl bcus h r sh hs nugh cncntrtd pwr t smply mk dcsns fr thrs nd fr th bnft f th rgnztn h r sh lds. Schl ldrs, hwvr, must utlz mr dffusd lgsltv pwr structur n rdr t prt n thr mr cmplx nd ffctv pltcl nvrnmnts. Schl ldrs smply dnt hv nugh structurl pwr t mk mst mprtnt dcsns ndvdully. Ths s why mny busnss ldrs wh trnstn t th scl sctrs smtms fl msrbly (Cllns, 2005, p.10). Schl ldrs cnt just fr smn wh s nn-cmplnt nd thy r ftn hmstrung by tnur nd cntrctul ssus, hllmrks f th cdmc wrld. ccrdng t Cllns (2005), th xcutv drct ldrshp styl tht srvd ldrs s wll n th busnss wrld s rplcd by n tht s lgsltv nd dffusd. Cllns rltd tht n smbr frmr C sd tht h

dd nt undrstnd, untl t ws t lt, wht n unvrsty prsdnt clld th rlty f tnurd fculty: thusnd pnts f knw (2005, p. 10).Ths, nd thr hurdls t succss n th mngmnt f scl sctrs wr ddrssd by Cllns (2005) n th mngrph wrttn t ccmpny Gd t Grt (2001), ttld Gd t Grt nd th Scl Sctrs: Why Busnss Thnkng s Nt th nswr (2005). Cllns (2005) ctd Frncs Hsslbn, frmr C f th Grl Scuts f th US, s prm xmpl f lgsltv ldrshp n ctn. Ntc n Hsslbns rspns but pwr hw sh rld n rprtr f mtnl ntllgnc cmptncs t ccmplsh hr gls n dffusd pltcl nvrnmnt:h, yu lwys hv pwr, f yu just knw whr t fnd t. Thr s th pwr f nclusn, nd th pwr f lngug nd th pwr f shrd ntrsts, nd th pwr f cltn. Pwr s ll rund yu t drw upn, but t s rrly rw, rrly vsbl. (p. 10) Cllns (2005) furthr rmrkd tht lgsltv ldrshp rls mr upn prsusn,pltcl currncy nd shrd ntrsts t crt th cndtns fr th rght dcsns t hppn. H crtd rtng lvl fr ldrshp wth th vry bst scrng Lvl 5. Hw cncdntl tht n f hs Lvl 5 ldrs rmrkd, v lrnd tht Lvl 5 ldrshp rqurs bng clvr fr th grtr gd. (p. 11), n thcl sntmnt rltd t rsttls (2009) rgnl pstn tht mn shuld strv fr cllctv gdnss.btnng th cllctv gdnss tht rsttl (2009) rfrrd t dpnds upn smthng ftn vrlkd n studs f ldrshp: fcus n th fllwr. Ths dynmc ntrply btwn ldr nd fllwr s nw cmmnly rfrrd t s ldr/mmbr xchng r LMX.

LMX (Ldr/Mmbr xchng)Rnld Rgg, Susn Murphy, nd Jn Lpmn-Blumn r ll ssctd thrugh thr ffltn n th Krvs-d Rultt Ldrshp Cnfrnc, stblshd n 1990, whch tks plc nnully t Clrmnt McKnn Cllg n Clrmnt, Clfrn. Ths thnk-tnk ttrcts prmnnt ldrshp rsrchrs, schlrs nd prcttnrs t prsnt thr wrk. Murphy nd Rgg dtd th wrk f twnty-fur cntrbutrs wh spk t th 2001 cnfrnc n Th Futur f Ldrshp Dvlpmnt (2003). Th twnty-fur chptr ntrs r rrngd undr fv brd ctgrs: sttng th stg, ldrshp dvlpmnt chllngs, ldrshp dvlpmnt tchnqus, ldrshp dvlpmnt thry, nd ldrshp dvlpmnt pplctns nd prctc. Tw f th chptrs f ths txt tht md th mst rlvnt cntrbutns t th subjct f th mtnl ntllgnc f ldrs wr Rltnshp Dvlpmnt s Ky ngrdnt fr Ldrshp Dvlpmnt (Uhl-Bn, 2003), nd Wtrflls, Snwblls, Brck Wlls nd Scuzzblls: Ds Ldr-Mmbr xchng Up th Ln nflunc Ldr Dvlpmnt? (Cglsr & Scndur, 2003).Bth ntrs thrughly xmnd th ldr/fllwr dyd, whch srvd t llustrt tht trnl, nhrnt cnflct btwn bng tru t th ntrprsnl slf s ldr nd bng tru t th ntrprsnl nds, wshs nd dsrs f th fllwrs. Ths rcgntn tht dulty r mutul xchng xsts btwn ldr nd fllwr ld t mr rcnt trnd, tht f xmnng th hrtfr nglctd hlf n ths prtnrshp: th fllwr.n 2006, th Krvs-d Rultt Ldrshp Cnfrnc rcnvnd. Ths tm, grup f twnty-tw cntrbutrs gthrd t prsnt n Th rt f Fllwrshp: Hw Grt Fllwrs Crt Grt Ldrs nd rgnztns (2008). dtrs Rgg, Chlff, nd Lpmn-Blumn rrngd Th rt f Fllwrshp (2008) n thr prts: dfnng nd rdfnng fllwrshp,

ffctv fllwrshp, nd th ptflls nd chllngs f fllwrshp. n summry, thy pntd t th sm cnclusn tht Lpmn-Blumn (2000) dd rlr, tht nstrumntl, r cnnctv styls f ldrshp wr th mst ffctv. Ths xchng, hwvr, ws nw bng vwd frm th fllwrs prspctv; nd th dtrs hv ssrtd tht nw frm f fllwrshp xstd, nd t mxmzd th ntrctns btwn ldr nd fllwr. Ths vw s cnsstnt wth th Lchtnstn t l.s (2006) prspctv n cmplxty ldrshp thry, whch fcusd lss n dsgntd ndvdul ldr nd mr n hw ldrshp mrgs n th ntrctv spcs btwn ppl nd thr ds (p. 2). Schubrk nd Shs (2011) fld study hs cntnud tht wrk by dclrng tht ldrs lkblty nd cmptnc r bsd upn ldr-mmbr xchng whch mtchs th fllwrs mg f wht ldr shuld lk lk. Th uthrs ssrtd tht fllwrs crry mntl mg r prttyp f hw ldr shuld ct crss sx dmnsns: snstvty, ddctn, chrsm, ttrctvnss, ntllgnc nd strngth. Thy mntnd tht nly ths ldrs wh dsplyd th prpr mtns whn dlng wth stutns wr dmd pprprt by thr fllwrs. Ths ldrs wr tkn srusly nd wr judgd t b cmptnt n thr rls.vl t l. (2004) cncdd tht furthr wrk s ndd n dffrnttng uthntc ldrshp frm xstng thrs f ldrshp such s Lpmn-Blumns (2000) cnnctv/nstrumntl vw, lmrs (2000) dstrbutd, r thr vrts knwn s trnsfrmtnl, chrsmtc, nsprtnl r srvnt. Lchtnstn t l. (2006) chs t fcus n th ntgrtn f ldrshp thry s frmwrk f cmplx dynmc prcsss, rthr thn th dffrnttn f ldrshp styls prpsd by vl t l. (2004). Th pstns fvl t l. r wrth ntng, thugh, s ths uthrs vw uthntc ldrshp t th vry bs r cr f wht cnsttuts prfundly pstv ldrshp.

t s wrth ntng tht th mst currnt ltrtur n th subjct f mtnl ntllgnc crrbrts ths vw n pstvty. Cncrns but uthntcty, trust, ptmsm, hp, rslncy nd pstv mtn wr prvsv thrughut th ltrtur rvwd.n thr mdl, vl t l. (2004) ncrprtd th ntrvnng vrbls f hp, trust, nd pstv mtns, bcus ths prvdd ptntl fundtn nd pnt f dprtur fr uthntc ldrshp dvlpmnt nd fr frst tm rcgnzd th pssbl rl tht pstv mtns nd trust my ply n th uthntc ldrshp prcss (p. 804).Pstv ThughtSmlrly, Cskszntmhly (2003), pstv psychlgst, ntrducd rdrs t th cncpt f flw, dp sns f njymnt, whch cn nly rs f wrkrs chllngs r hgh, nd hs r hr sklls r hgh (p. 44). n rdr t mk th wrkplc n whr ppl r mtvtd t sty nd t cntrbut, th uthr suggstd mkng th cndtns f th wrkplc s ttrctv s pssbl, by mbung ppls jbs wth mnng nd vlu, nd rwrdng ndvduls wh fnd stsfctn n thr wrk (p. 87). Czkszntmhly ws ls cncrnd wth scl cptl, (pp. 69-70) psychc nrgy, (pp. 77-79) mgnnmty (pp. 146-147), nd mpthy (pp. 163-165). Rthr thn mrly sttng tht knwng nslf s prmunt, s thrs d, h prbd dpr, rflctng srusly n ns wn xprncs, skng: Wht r th thngs tht mttr mst t m? Wh r th ppl dmr mst? Wht knd f prsn d dfntly nt wnt t b? nd Wht r th vlus wuld nt cmprms undr ny crcumstnc? (p.169). Ths nd fr xstntlst rflctn cmplmnts ckrmn nd Msln-strwsks wrk (2004, p. 28) n prncpls wundng xprncs, nd hw undrstndng nd rcvrng frm ths prsnl crss r cntrl t ldrshp dvlpmnt.

HpFulln (1998) hs suggstd tht ldrs shuld b hpful. H urgd ldrs t fght fr lst cuss, t b hpful whn t cunts, nd t hv n unwrrntd ptmsm tht thngs wll turn ut wll. H cncludd tht th ldr wh cn cnvy sns f hpfulnss ws skllfully mngng th pstv mtns f thrs. Fulln hs mny lk-mndd cuntrprts wh ls spus th d f hp n ductn. Khl ffrd Th Dscpln f Hp: Lrnng frm Lftm f Tchng (1998) smultnusly wth Fulln. Frr (1994) uthrd Th Pdggy f Hp: Rlvng Pdggy f th pprssd. Hlpn wrt Hp nd ductn, th rl f th Utpn mgntn (2003) n rdr t nfus th fld wth ptmsm. Ths cntrbutns cmplmntd Czkszntmhlys (2003) ffrng, s ch uthr ws dply cncrnd wth th ssus f rgnc, systmc, pstv grwth fr ppl nd thr rgnztns.TrustCrss nd Prkr (2004) undrscrd th mprtnc f th tw typs f trust tht nd t b prsnt n scl ntwrks: cmptnc-bsd nd bnvlnc-bsd (p. 99). Cmptnc- bsd trust fcuss n blty. Usd n th cntxt f schl ldrshp, f ldr s judgd t b cmptnt, hs r hr cnsttunts wll b ttntv. Furthrmr, ths cmptnc-bsd trustwll llw th ldr t shp hs r hr cnsttunts thnkng, nd thy wll blv wht h r sh sys (p. 99). Ths thry s cmptbl wth th fndngs f Schubrck nd Sh (2011), gndr ssus ntwthstndng. Th uthrs furthr ssrtd tht bnvlnc-bsd trust fcusd n vulnrblty (p. 99). t mnt tht smn wuld nt thnk prly f smn ls f tht prsn dsclsd tht h r sh ddnt knw much but gvn tpc. Trustng smns bnvlnc llwd ppl t xps thr lck f knwldg but subjct nd sk th qustns whch nd nswrng. Crss nd Prkr ssrtd tht f ppl hv bnvlnc-

bsd trust thy r mr wllng t b frthrght but thr tru xprts nd b much mr lkly t b crtv, lrnng wht thy nd s tht thy cn d smthng bttr, r dffrntly. Frm ldrshp stndpnt, lvrgng ths typ f trust sms cnsstnt wth thcllbrtv ldrshp styl ppulrzd by currnt thrs f schl mprvmnt. Ths undrstndng f trust ls cnnctd wth Hftzs (1998) cncpt f dptv wrk. dptv wrk s undrstd s th lrnng rqurd t ddrss cnflcts n th vlus ppl hld dr r t dmnsh th gp btwn th vlus ppl stnd fr nd thr rlty.Rltnl trust, s dfnd by Bryk nd Schndr (2002), s th srs f ntrprsnl scl xchngs tht tk plc n schl cmmunty nd s bsd n fur crtr: rspct, cmptnc, prsnl rgrd fr thrs, nd ntgrty (p. 41). Bryk, Sbrng, llnswrth, Luppscu, nd stn (2010) furthr lbrtd n rltnl trust n rgnzng Schls fr mprvmnt: Lssns frm Chcg. Ths wrk prvdd frmwrk f fv ssntl supprts ncssry fr rgnzng schls fr mprvmnt. Frst nd frmst ws th rcgntn tht ldrshp s th drvr fr chng (p. 45).Bryk t l. (2010) usd ck bkng nlgy t hlp rdrs undrstnd tht th rltnl trust rqurd fr schl mprvmnt cnssts nt nly f prncpls chng ffrts, but rqurd fur ssntl ngrdnts: prnt-cmmunty ts, prfssnl lrnng cmmunty, studnt-cntrd lrnng clmt, nd nstructnl gudnc whch supprts th currculum. nc ths supprts wr n plc, th uthrs ssrtd tht t ws th prncpls rspnsblty t mrshl th cllctv scl nrgy r vns ht (p. 66) t trnsfrm ths bsc ngrdnts nt full, rch ck. Bryk t l.s wrk n rltnl trust strssd tht ldr must hv cmptnc nd xprts n rdr t mv systm frwrd, nd tht h r sh s mtvtd by th ntrprsnl nds f th grup, rthr thn [ntr]prsnl gn (p. 62).

Wundng xprncs nd Dsrntng Dlmmsckrmn nd Msln-strwsks (2004) wrk ls fcusd n th ffctv spct, r th stundng rng f mtnl chllngs rrly cknwldgd r pprctd (p. 28). Lk mny thr uthrs thy ssrtd tht schl ldrs must dvlp n uthntc r gnun sns f slf tht s grundd n ns strngths nd vulnrblts, n rdr t b succssful.ckrmn nd Msln-strwsk, hwvr, fcusd thr ttntn n schl ldrs wh xprncd crss vnt n thr ldrshp prctc nd wh strv t undrstnd wht tht wundng xprnc (p. 28) mnt nd hw t nfluncd thr prfssnl nd prsnl grwth nd dvlpmnt.n f thr subjcts ws bl t rflct nw n hs wundng xprnc (p. 28) mny yrs ftr h hd bn frd, whch h thn flt ws n unjust dcsn. Ths frmrly mbttrd prncpl fund, upn rflctn, tht h ws rspnsbl fr crtng th cultur tht hd llwd th ncdnt t ccur nd tht h ddnt hv th cntrl h thught h hd. s rsult h hd bttr undrstndng f wh h ws s ldr tdy nd ws nw dffrnt nd bttrprncpl bcus f th crss. H ws bl t us th crss t lrn but hmslf nd t chng fr th bttr, whch shws mstry f mngng ns slf thrugh dffcult tms, nd n hndlng rltnshps wth thrs bttr.Mzrw (1991), t, thught tht lf crss wr crtcl t th undrstndng f mkng mnng f ur humn xprncs. Hs thry s md t dult lrnrs n gnrl, rthr thn schl ldrs, yt s stll usful by cmprsn. H bsrvd tht fr lrnrs t chng thr mnng schms, cnsstng f spcfc blfs, tttuds, nd mtnl rctns, but smthng, thy must frst ngg n crtcl rflctn n thr xprncs, whch n turn cn

ld t prspctv trnsfrmtn (p. 167). H mntnd tht ths trnsfrmtn ccurs s th rsult f n r mr dsrntng dlmms, such s lf crss, r mjr lf trnstns.Mzrw (1991) nd ckrmn nd Msln-strwsk (2004) hv pntd t ths pnful lf xprncs s bng ptntlly crucl t ns dvlpmnt f n cn b rflctv nd ssgn mnng t thm n rdr t vd futur crss mr drtly. Ths crtcl nsght, thrugh rvltn nd slf-dscvry, s cnsstnt wth th ntrprsnl cpcty ndd t mng mtns, Slvy nd Myrs (1990) hghst brnch f skll.Stutnl wrnssLk Cllns, (2005), Klchtrmns t l. (2011) grd wth Crss nd Prkrs (2004) rcmmndtn tht ldrs crrctly dntfy nd undrstnd th structur f th nfrml scl ntwrks f cllbrtn nd cnnctvty tht xst wthn thr nvrnmnts (Klchtrmns t l., 2011, p. 104). Ths nd t undrstnd ns nvrnmnt s furthr llustrtd n Crss nd Prkrs Th Hddn Pwr f Scl Ntwrks (2004), whch xmnd hw wrk rlly gts dn n rgnztns. Crss nd Prkr (2004) cnductd ntrvws n vr twnty crprtns. Thy ssrtd tht undrstndng ns wn cntxtulzd pltcl nvrnmnt s prmunt bcus vry rgnztn hd ts wn cultur nd vlus. Th uthrs ls mpld tht pssssng full rng f mtnl ntllgnc cmptncs s ssntl t succd. Fr nstnc, t frm dpr prfssnl bnd wth n nthr, t ws mprtnt t frst dvlp n wrnss f hw th thr prsn prfrrd t b cntctd.ntrstngly, t ws th prsnl nfrmtn tht ppl shrd but thr lvs utsd f wrk tht ld t ncrsd rltnshps wthn th wrk nvrnmnt. Crss nd Prkr (2004) suggstd smthng s smpl s crtng prsn bk tmplt t nswr prfssnl s wll s rndm prsnl qustns such s: Wh wuld yu mst lk t b stuck n n lvtr

wth? (p. 97) t mk cnnctns wth nw cllgus sr, mr cmfrtbl, nd mr mmrbl. Nt tht th ssu f cultur ws n r f mtnl ntllgnc tht Myr t l. (2008) ls suggstd rqurd furthr rsrch.n summry, ths sctn n th mtnl ntllgnc cpcts ncssry fr schl ldr s strkngly dffrnt frm mngrs n thr flds, bcus f th dffusd lgsltv pwr structur nhrnt n schl nvrnmnts. Nvrthlss, cpcts f schl ldrs nd busnss ldrs ll sm t sprng frm pstv thught, r tht currntly rcgnzd grundswll f gdwll twrd humnty. Unfrtuntly, gdwll s mrphus nd s dffcult t msur s trust, ptmsm, nd hp. Stll, t sms tht ths ldrs wh cn spk Kgn nd Lhys lngug f ngng rgrd (s ctd n Knght, 2009, p. 511) wll b vwd th mst fvrbly. Ths ldrs wh cn mustr up gnun ffctn fr thr cnsttunts, yt fnd hlthy cuntrblnc n thr prsnl lvs utsd th prncplshp sm dstnd fr th mst succss. Ldrs wh gnunly nd uthntclly cnvy hp, trust nd ptmsmsm t hld th ky t unlckng th dsrd bhvr f fllwrs. Wht fllws s dscussn f th ltrtur tht xmns hw mtnl ntllgnc cpcts r dvlpd.Wht W Knw but Hw mtnl ntllgnc Cpcts r DvlpdLdng rsrchrs n th fld hv cknwldgd tht nt nugh s knwn but th phnmnn f mtnl ntllgnc. Dvs t l. (2005), cntrbutrs t Th Wllc Schl Ldrshp Study; Dvlpng Succssful Prncpls, hv ls dmttd tht lttl s knwn but prncpls ctul wrk lvs nd xprncs, r hw t hlp prncpls t dvlp th cpcts tht mk dffrnc n hw schls functn nd wht studnts lrn(p. 5).

Thr r, hwvr, svrl prmsng, lthugh dsprt pthwys, whch ffr clus t undrstndng wht dvlps ldrs mtnl ntllgnc cpcts. n f th pthwys my b tht th prncpl must hv grundng n thcl nd mtnl pstmlgs, whch Btty (2002), Btty nd Brw (2004), Strrtt (2004), nd rsttl (2009) ll spus.nthr pthwy my b th cknwldgmnt f Murphy nd Rggs (2003) nd Lpmn- Blumns (2000) ssrtn tht mtnlsm nd cnflct n schl ldrshp r nvtbl by- prducts f ldr-mmbr xchng nd lrnng hw t dl wth tht cnflct. Cnflct btwn slf nd thrs s ls xmnd thrughly by Chn (2005), Dvs t l. (2005), nd Brthrdg nd L (2008). nthr vnu wrth cnsdrng s Byrns (2008) prms tht gndr cngrunt bhvr plys n mprtnt rl n pprprt ldrshp dvlpmnt, nd fnlly, t th hrt f ldrshp dvlpmnt r nqurs by Mzrw (1991), vl t l. (2004), nd ckrmn nd Msln-strwsk (2004) but whch xprncs cntrbut mst t dult dvlpmnt nd spclly th dvlpmnt f ldrs.Ths thrd subsctn xplrs th thrtcl grundngs n thcs nd mtnlty tht r ncssry fr ldrs mtnl dvlpmnt. t ls cknwldgs tht cnflct s nvtbl n th rl. t xmns gndr dffrncs n ldrs, nd ncluds dscussn n wundd ldrs (ckrmn & Msln-strwks, 2004, pg. 28). t cncluds wth vgntts f thr U.S. ldrs wh r cnsdrd t b mtnlly ntllgnt. Thrtcl Grundng n thcsStrrtt (2004) nd ncnt gud rsttl (2009) urgd prcttnrs t bcm grundd n th thcl rmfctns f thr wrk. Thy suggstd tht thrtcl grundng n thcs s ncssty fr prncpls. n ths r f cmplxty t sms tht ppl tk slc nd cmfrt n rmmbrng ncnt bsc humntrn thcs n rdr t mk sns f hw t

prt bst, t fnd wll-bng, nd hppnss n fst pcd wrld. Ntbly, rsttl rfrncd ths ntn f mngmnt f mtn durng hs lftm s wll, lthugh h usd dffrnt trm t dscrb ths hghst dmn. n hs trts n th ntllctul vrtu f phrnss, rsttl sd tht phrnss wsnt smply skll, but th blty t dcd hw t chv crtn nd, nd ls th blty t rflct upn nd dtrmn tht nd, ccrdng t Trynr (2006), scl lrnng thrst.Grdnr (2011), t, dvncd ths mphss n bng thclly grundd. Th uthr rturnd t th ncnt vrtus fr n f hs mst rcnt ffrngs n thcl gudnc t dt. Truth, Buty, nd Gdnss Rfrmd: ductng fr th Vrtus n th Twnty-Frst cntury xplrd th mnng f ths thr vrtus gnst th bckdrp f mst mdrn g.rsttl (2009) prvdd ddtnl gudnc n th tpc f thcs. H cncdd tht studyng but such cntrvrsl subjcts s thcs r pltcs cn b dffcult. s bsln, h suggstd strtng wth wht wuld b cnsdrd rughly t b tru by ppl f gd upbrngng nd xprncs n lf nd prcd frm thr s t wht s butful nd just. n rdr t ttn th hghst gd fr humns, hppnss r wll bng rfrrd t s udmn, rsttl flt tht ldrs must mbdy fur vrtus: b f grt sul, b gd rulr n gd cmmunty, us prctcl judgmnt s shwn by gd ldrs, nd b truly gd frnd.lthugh ths qults sm rsnbl nugh, Rbrt Strrtt (2004) ssrtd tht mtnlly ntllgnt ldrs nd t b mr thrughly nd frmlly cquntd wth thcl nlyss. thcl Ldrshp (2004) fcusd n th thcs f schl ldrs tdy. Strrtt dfnd thcs n th cntxt f schl ldrshp n wy tht s cmplmntry t rsttlsvw. H sttd ths r nrms nd vrtus by whch mmbrs f cmmunty bnd thmslvs

t mrl wy f lvng bcus thy sm bth rsnbl nd ncssry t prmt rchly humn nd cvc publc lf (2004, p. 6).Strrtt (2004) pstd tht th prblm fcd by schl ldrs s tht mny hv hd lttl r n frml xpsur t thcl nlyss r rflctn, mny lck vcbulry t nm mrl ssus, nd mny lck n rtcultd mrl lndscp frm whch t gnrt rspns (p. 4). H xplnd tht sm ldrs r hghly mrl but lck tchncl xprnc nd sm hv tchncl xprts but n mrl cmpss. ccrdng t Strrtt, thr scnr s ndqut. schl ldr must b dpt t slvng bth tchncl nd mrl dlmms nd ls b mndful f ths h r sh lds. Strrtt cknwldgd Hftzs (1998) ssrtn tht w nd ldrs tdy wh chllng th cllctv wrkfrc t tckl tugh prblms thrugh dptv wrk. Thrtcl Frmwrk f mtnl pstmlgsBtty nd Brw (2004) fvrd thrtcl frmwrk f mtnl pstmlgs t ssst sprng ldrs n r-xmnng mtns rl n thr prctc. Bttys dctrl dssrttn, mtnl Mttrs n ductnl Ldrshp; xmnng th Unxmnd(2002), wn th dstnctn f th bst Cndn dssrttn prsntd tht yr, whch hlpd t put th tpc f ductnl ldr mtnlty n th sptlght. Hr study cnnctd th ds f prncpl mtnlty, chng n prcptn f slf nd wrk, rltnshps wth fculty nd suggstns fr futur ductnl ldrshp prgrms.n 2004, Btty prpsd furthr xplrtn f ldrs mtnlty. Sh usd svn-mnth-lng nln cnvrstn wth prncpls frm nglnd, rlnd, Cnd, th UntdStts, Nw Zlnd, nd ustrl n th subjct f mtns f schl ldrs s th nsprtn fr dsgnng nw, mr mnngful curswrk fr hr grdut studnts. Nxt, sh

crtd vluntr rsrch study f hr grdut studnts t lrn f ths frmwrk culd b hlpful n nggng sprng ldrs t r-xmn mtns rl n thr prctc. Ths study ws clld xmnng nd Dvlpng mtnl pstmlgs: Fundtnl ssu fr Ldrshp Prprtn Prgrmms (2004). Sh utlzd n mtnl pstmlgs frmwrk schm, s shwn n Fgur 1, whch sh clld th rnfrcng sprl prgrssn f cnnctd mtnl knwng (2002, p. 487) wth hr studnts.Bttys (2002) schm spnnd sx lvls: (1) th unxmnd mtnl slf, (2) xprncng slf s mtnl, (3) rstryng slf by shrng f slf s mtnl, (4) cnnctng wth th thr thrugh th mtnl slf, (5) rcnnctng wth th slf thrugh th mtnl thr, nd (6) cnnctng wth th slf nd thr thrugh th mtnl slf s mtnl knwr, rprsntng dpnd mtnl pstmlgy. n f th xrcss sh mplyd ws t hv hr studnts ndvdully rstry, r shr th stry, f ns mtnl wrk xprncs wth thrs. Hr studnts fund ths vry hlpful.Bttys (2002) wrk rsultd n fv fndngs: () hr grdut studnts rlzd tht mtn plyd crtcl rl n scl rltns t wrk, but thy wr nt dscussd utwrdly wth thr prfssnls t ssst mnng mkng f thr xprncs; (b) mny prtcpnts wr surprsd t lrn tht thr nnr mtnl ssus wr shrd by thrs, nd tht thr ws n lmnt f xctmnt t thnk tht thr ws vld ltrntv t th mtnlly slncng nvrnmnts thy wr ccustmd t; (c) th studnts wr cncrnd wth th flngs f vulnrblty, whch surfcd whn xpsng thr mtnlly chrgd xprncs; (d) thy wr cncrnd but th dvsblty f pnng up mtnlly, bcus f th prsnl vulnrblty t wuld xps; nd () th grdut studnts shrd thr prsnl strs butth wy thy hd prvusly trd t crt mtnl mnng wth prs, suprrdnts

(suprrs) nd subrdnts. Hr study ls ncludd n ssssmnt t dtrmn whthr r nt ths ntrvntns wr vlubl.

RstryngslfbyshrngfslfsmtnlFgur 1. Th Rnfrcng Sprl Prgrssn f Cnnctd mtnl Knwng B.R. Btty, 2002, p. 487.Nt. Rprducd wth th prmssn f B.R. Btty, 2015.

Btty nd Brw (2004) cncludd tht ths thrtcl frmwrk nd pstmlgy f th study f mtn culd bnft prncpls n dvlpng thr wn mtnl ntllgnc v mr frmlzd nstructn n th prprtry phs f thr trnng. Btty hs ssrtd tht ldrs wuld hv mr cmplt undrstndng f thr slvs nd thrs, nd thy wuld b ls b bl t us thr mtnl ntllgnc sklls drtly t nflunc thrs nd st drctn, tw f prncpls mst mprtnt ldrshp functns. Ths tw scl functnswr crrbrtd n th 2005 Wllc rprt, Schl Ldrshp Study; Dvlpng Succssful Prncpls, (Dvs t l., 2005) nd thn gn n scnd Wllc study, Lrnng frm Ldrshp Prjct; nvstgtng th Lnks t mprvd Studnt Lrnng (Whlstrm, Lus, Lthwd, & ndrsn, 2010).Btty (2002), t, xpsd th cnflct tht s nhrnt whn ldr must dcd btwn tw cmptng frcs: wht s gd fr th ntrprsnl slf, nd wht s bst fr scty. n mst css, Btty rgud tht ldrs dptd n unhlthy stnc f mtnl slnc r nt bng tru t thmslvs, stflng thr wn mtnl ntrprsnl rspnss n n ttmpt t prfrm n wy tht ws sclly ccptbl t thrs n th ntrprsnl rlm, whch s cnsstnt wth Hchschlds (1983) vw tht mtnl lbr, spclly surfcctng, r th dcvng f thrs but wht n rlly fls, but nt dcvng ns slf (p. 33), s strssful nd xhustng wrk.Cnflct s nvtbln th fllwng pssg, Brthrdg nd L (2008) crrbrtd tht cnflct s nhrnt n mngrl wrk:Mngrl mtn wrk s chrctrzd by fur fcts: t nvlvs hgh strngth rltnshps, nd s unsupprtd, unscrptd, nd uncknwldgdWhlst mngrs

r crryng ut smngly rtnl chng mplmnttn, thy r cncurrntly prfrmng nvsbl yt dmndng mtn wrk s prt f thr rl, th cnsqunc f whch my b prsnl cnflct r tnsn. (p. 111)Brthrdgs nd Ls vws (2008) r cnsstnt wth th cntnul cnflct btwn blncng th ntrprsnl nd ntrprsnl ntllgncs tht Grdnr (1983), nd Hchschld (1983) bsrvd. Chn (2005) ls cknwldgd tht prcttnrs r pulld n cntrry drctns s thy try t mng thr dpndnc [n th fllwr] (p. 285).Ntd fr thr ds n schl rstructurng, Dvs t l. (2005), ls cknwldgd th cnflct nhrnt n th rl nd xpsd th gp n prprng prncpls t dvlp ths cmptncs n thr Wllc Fundtn study Schl Ldrshp Study, Dvlpng Succssful Prncpls:n ddtn, prncpls r xpctd t srv th ftn cnflctng nds nd ntrsts f mny stkhldrs, ncludng studnts, prnts, tchrs, dstrct ffc ffcls, unns, stt nd fdrl gncs. s rsult, mny schlrs nd prcttnrs hv rgud tht th jb rqurmnts fr xcd th rsnbl cpcts f ny n prsn. Th dmnds f th jb hv chngd s tht trdtnl mthds f prprng dmnstrtrs r n lngr dqut t mt th ldrshp chllngs psd by publc schls. (p. 4) Chn (2005) fund th stutn mpssbl t mng dqutly, bcus thr rn ntrly stsfctry r lstng slutns, nd th slutns tht prcttnrs ptch tgthr rgulrly cm unglud (p. 287).Gndr StudsFrm dffrnt prspctv, gndr studs s t rlts t schl ldrs cn ls nfrm currnt rsrch nd ldrshp dvlpmnt. n 2004, Crus nd Slvy sttd tht wmn

my hv slght dvntg n th hrd sklls f mtnl ntllgnc (2004, p. 23), but tht wmn r dvlud, rltv t mn whn thy ngg n crtn ldrshp bhvrs [gndr rl nrms], vn thugh thy mght b ffctv (p. 23). Fur yrs ltr, Myr t l. (2008) ntd tht gndr dsrvd ddtnl rsrch n thr clrfctn f wht shuld cnsttut mtnl ntllgnc dvlpmnt.Byrn (2008) xpndd n th gndr rl nrm rfrnc, whch Crus nd Slvy ntrducd n 2004. Ths study ndctd tht th blty t prcv mtns n mplys ws mr hghly vlud, nd ws ndd xpctd, fr fml mngrs. Sh rprtd tht mngrs wh wr mtnlly prcptv n hr xprmntl study ld t hghr mply stsfctn whn th mngr ws fml rthr thn ml. Sh wnt n t sy tht mplys wr sgnfcntly mr dsstsfd wth fml mngrs wh wr nt mtnlly prcptv thn thy wr wth ml mngrs wh wr nt mtnlly prcptv. Furthrmr, sh sttd tht mtnl prcptvnss ws ssctd wth ncrsd prsusvnss n ml mngrs, but t ws ssctd wth supprtvnss fr fml mngrs, vn whn such mngrs wr nt tryng t b supprtv (p. 28).Schubrck nd Sh (2011) ls ntrducd th tpc f gndr n Th Rl f ttrbutn n hw Fllwrs Rspnd t th mtnl xprssn f Ml nd Fml Ldrs. Thy cnductd tw studs n ths tpc. Th lbrtry study skd ppl t vlut th cmptnc f hypthtcl ml nd fml ldrs bsd upn ths ldrs mtnl dsplys f ngr vrsus sdnss. Th scnd study nvlvd ctul mplys rprtng but thr drct ldrs. Thy wr bl t bsrv n bth studs tht th mplys rctns t thr ldrs mtnl xprssn ws strngr whn dspstnl ttrbutn ws md fr th mtnl xprssn. Thrfr, f thr ws mtch btwn th

ldrs bhvr, whch lnkd thr gndr dntty t th pprprt gndr-cngrunt mtnl xprssn, nd ths bhvr crrltd wth th fllwrs xpctd prttyp, thn fllwrs vlutd th ldr s mr cmptnt (p. 28). Th uthrs ls rprtd tht sdnss s fml-gndr cngrunt nd ngr s ml-gndr cngrunt (p. 28). Cs fr Bttl-Scrrd Wrrrsnthr ssu tht s cntrl t ldrs mstry f mtnl ntllgnc s th study f hw uthntc ldrshp dvlps nd vlvs vr tm nd whthr r nt ldr must b bttl-scrrd, r t lst bttl-rdy, t b truly prprd t undrstnd nd mstr th ffctv dmnds f hs r hr pstn. Blm (2004) dvctd fr n-n-n cchng t gud nw prncpls t sdstp lvn mtnl pthls (p. 30) n hs rtcl n dvlpngmtnlly ntllgnt prncpls. Sm f ths pthls wr lrnng t bcm suprvsr f dults, nd lrnng t blnc rltnshps gnst prductvty By wrkng wth sgcus cchs [mntrs], nd vdng ths pthls, h ssrtd tht ths nw prncpls wuld thn b rdy t rumbl (p. 33). Th fllwng sctn xplrs th lvs f thr U.S. ldrs nd cntrsts thr rprtd dvlpmnt f cpcts gnst ths rprtd by prtcpnts.Thr U.S. Ldrs Cnsdrd t xmplfy mtnl ntllgncT cntnu xplrng th qustn f wht d w knw but hw s dvlpd, turnd my ttntn t thr hstrcl U.S. fgurs: brhm Lncln, lnr Rsvlt nd Jmmy Crtrwh r cnsdrd t xmplfy mtnl ntllgnc, ccrdng t lvy nd Rbbns (2010), Jns (2007), nd Burk nd Cpr (2006), rspctvly. wntd t undrstnd mr dply but thr ndvdul skll lvls f mtnl ntllgnc. s prt f my nlyss, cntrstd thr bgrphs wth th ccunts f th study prtcpnts fr mr cmplt undrstndng f ths phnmnn.

brhm LnclnN study f mrcn hstry wuld b cmplt wthut studyng brhm Lncln, ur ntns sxtnth prsdnt. Lncln ws rmrkbl mn, ntd fr hs mtnl ntllgnc, hs hnsty, humlty, nd mrl ldrshp (lvy & Rbbns, 2010; Fnr, 1999; Gdwn,2005; Hrnck, 2009; Kpln, 2008). Frdrck Duglss nc rmrkd:Thugh hgh n pstn, th humblst culd pprch hm [Lncln] nd fl t hm n hs prsnc. Thugh dp, h ws trnsprnt, thugh strng, h ws gntl, thugh dcdd nd prnuncd n hs cnvctns, h ws tlrnt twrd ths whdffrd frm hm, nd ptnt undr rprchsTh hrd cndtns f hs rly lf, whch wuld hv dprssd nd brkn dwn wkr mn, nly gvgrtr lf, vgr, nd buyncy t th hrc sprt f brhm Lncln. (Fnr, 1999, pp. 616-624)n f Lnclns grtst strngths ws hs blty t cmmunct. H ws gftd strytllr nd rtr. ddtnlly, h hd th blty t wrt n clr, unprtntus mnnr tht ll culd rlt t. Prcsn, brvty nd pln spch bcm hs chrctrstc styl (Kpln, 2008, p. 44). Lnclns drct, purpsful yt vctv prs hs nfluncd mny currnt ldrs, mng thm Prsdnt bm, wh mdld hs frst nugurl ddrss n Lnclns Gttysburg ddrss (Hrnck, 2009).ccrdng t Myr t l. (2004, p. 210), ndvduls wh r dntfd s hghly mtnlly ntllgnt hv ths blty t cnnct thrugh strytllng, nd clr, mnngful prs. Crtnly Lncln xmplfd ths cpcty.Lncln ws ls knwn fr hs mpthtc ntur (lvy & Rbbns, 2010, p. 74). Du t hs wn mdst upbrngng, h culd rlt t cmmn ppl bcus h hd lvd tht lf

(lvy & Rbbns, 2010, p. 22). H ls hd xprncd th dth f svrl fmly mmbrs, ncludng hs mthr, whn h ws nly nn yrs ld (Kpln, 2008, p. 16). Bcus f ths vnts, Lncln xprncd mny pnful humn mtns frst-hnd. Gdwn (2005) rltd tht Lncln pssssd xtrrdnry mpthyth gft r curs f puttng hmslf n th plc f nthr, t xprnc wht thy wr flng, t undrstnd thr mtvs r dsrs (p. 104).Lncln ls suffrd frm dprssn thrughut hs lftm, nd ws cnsdrd t hv mlnchly dspstn (Kpln, 2008, p. 125). Kpln rfrrd t Lncln s hs wn psychtrst nd rprtd tht durng hs drkst prds h wuld turn t humr t cuntrblnc dprssn (p. 67).ndd, whn Lnclns sklls nd strtgs r cmprd gnst Myr t l.s (2004) dfntn f prsn wh xhbts th hghst cgntv mstry f mtnlly ntllgnt bhvr (p. 210) hs pprnt mstry f ntrprsnl nd ntrprsnl sklls bcm pprnt. Ths dt s ncludd n th U.S. Ldrs/Schl Ldrs Cmprsn Thmtc Dt Summry Sht s ppndx L.lnr Rsvltlnr Rsvlt my nt b s wdly rvrd s Lncln, yt sh ws ls rmrkbl n hr dvncmnts fr humnknd (tkns, 2011; Jns, 2007). s th wf f Prsdnt Frnkln Dln Rsvlt sh rdfnd th rl f Frst Ldy durng tm f grt ntnl crss tht ncludd th Dprssn nd Wrld Wr (Jns, 2007, p. 99).Lk Lncln, Rsvlt ws n strngr t dffcult lf xprncs. Sh suffrd dp hrtch s chld, lsng bth f hr prnts by th tm sh ws tn yrs ld (Jns, 2007, p.15). s n dult, Rsvlt fcd vn mr chllngs. Sh ndurd th lss f n f hr chld n nfncy (Jns, 2007, p. 36). Sh ws ls supprtv f hr husbnds prsdntl sprtns

lthugh h hd rcntly bn dgnsd wth pl, fct h dd nt wnt t dscls t th gnrl publc (Jns, 2007, p. 55). Sh hd ls wthrd th humltn f hr husbnds btryl; n ffr wth hr prsnl scrtry, Lucy Mrcr (Jns, 2007, p. 35).s Lncln dd (Kpln, 2008, p. 125), Rsvlt ls wthdrw durng ths tm f grt prsnl turml (tkns, 2011, p. 44). Whl hr mrrg ndurd, hr llnc wth hr husbnd ws frvr ltrd (Jns, 2007, p. 46). Whl thy rtnd grt dmrtn nd rspct fr ch thr thrughut thr lftms, Mrs. Rsvlt bcm ncrsngly slf- cnfdnt nd utspkn (Jns, 2007, p. 46).s th Prsdnts wf sh bldly chngd th rl nt smthng mr mnngful nd prsnlly cnnctd wth th ntn, spclly wmn. Sh ws th frst prsdntl wf t hld prss cnfrnc, t whch nly fml rprtrs wr nvtd (Jns, 2007, p. 99). Sh bgn uthrng th My Dy clumn n 1935. t fturd strs, pnns but th pltcl ssus f th dy, nd spnnd ssus frm ltrcy t th cnvnnc f frzn vgtbls. Th clumn, publshd sx dys wk, ws rd by mllns f mrcns wh njyd hr sy-t- rd wrtng styl (Jns, 2007, p. 76). Ths s n cmmunctng wth thrs s n ndctr f n ndvdul cnsdrd t b mtnlly ntllgnt (Myr t l., 2004, p. 210).Thrugh ths xprncs, Rsvlt ws trnsfrmd frm qut shy chld t n ntrntnl chmpn f humntrn rghts (Jns, 2007, p. 114). Rsvlt ws wdly knwn fr hr trlss nrgy, hr cmpssn nd hr cndr (Jns, 2007, p. 117). ftr hr husbnds dth, sh ws ppntd by Hrry Trumn s th U.S. Dlgt t th Untd Ntns n 1945 (Jns, 2007, p. 113). n 1961, sh ws rppntd by Jhn F. Knndy (Jns, 2007, p.117). t hs bqust sh srvd n th dvsry Cuncl t th Pc Crp, nd sh ls chrd th frst Prsdnts Cmmssn n th Sttus f Wmn (Jns, 2007, p. 118).

Rsvlts unlkly stry cntnus t nspr tdy. Sh ws bl t ttn th hghst lvl f mtnl ntllgnc by mngng hr mtns nd th mtns f thrs thrugh dffcult tm n mrcn hstry. Sh s wdly rgrdd s n ctvst fr scl chng, n uthr, vsnry nd humntrn (Jns, 2007, p. 3). Yt hr slf-cnfdnc ws yrs n th mkng. n hr bk Yu Lrn by Lvng sh rflctd upn hr dvlpmnt f ntrprsnl ntllgnc: n th lng run, w shp ur lvs nd w shp urslvs. Th prcss nvr nds untl w d (tkns, 2011, p. 150).Jmmy CrtrFrmr prsdnt Jmmy Crtr, t, s n nsprtnl ldr bcus f hs wd- rchng ntrntnl humntrn ffrts. usd n f hs utbgrphcl wrks, Th Prsnl Blfs f Jmmy Crtr (2002) t rsrch hs lf nd ccmplshmnts. Nw, t g90, h my b bst knwn fr hs wrk ftr lsng hs bd fr r-lctn. t frst, Crtr ws dply dsppntd t hs lss, nd cnsdrd rturnng t Plns, G. H ws, hwvr, bl t mng hs mtns pstvly by chnnlng hs blty t ngg wrld ldrs n mnngful dlgu t ffct chng. H crtd Th Crtr Cntr, n ntrntnl pcmkng rgnztn fr tht purps (p. 135). Crtr wn th Nbl Pc prz n 2002 fr hs ffrts. Crtr s ls dply nvlvd n Hbtt fr Humnty nd