1 extinction spectroscopy for characterization of particulate matter size and concentration in...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Extinction Spectroscopy for Characterization of Particulate Matter Size and Concentration
in Fugitive PlumesDr. Ram Hashmonay
ARCADIS4915 Prospectus Dr., Suite F
Durham, NC 27713
2
Method Description OP-FTIR is an accepted method for gas measurements
Particulate matter (PM) presence reveals a unique baseline structure (see below)
0
.05
.1
.15
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Absorbance / Wav enumber (cm-1) Paged X-Zoom CURSOR
File # 1 : AB15_LB0605_A#22 @1250.243 Seconds 6/5/2002 11:11 AM Res=0.5cm -1
edo retro 185.32m phy sical west bkg
3
Method Description (cont.)
Baseline structure can be predicted for a given size distribution and optical constants using Mie theory
We developed an inversion algorithm to retrieve the aerosol size distribution from extinction (scattering+absorption) measurements
Optical properties (constants) of specific PM may be determined using a bench-top FTIR spectrometer
4
Mie Theory
Size Parameter
d - particle diameter - wavelength
d
5
Mie Theory (cont.)
Complex Refractive Index
n – scattering term (refraction and reflection) k – absorption term
m() = n()-ik()
6
Mie Theory (cont.)
Extinction Efficiency:
Extinction efficiency of water in different part of the FTIR spectrum
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Size P arameter x
Ex
tin
ctio
n E
ffic
ien
cy
m=1.13- i0.11; K =3585cm-1 m=1.46-i0.14; K=3180cm-1
m=1.29- i0.0003; K =4500cm-1 m=1.35-i0.43; K=592cm-1
7
2
4 jjj
ee dNQiji
ei - extinction for the ith wavelength
Qeij- dimensionless extinction efficiencies
Nj - number density for the jth aerosol size dj - is the aerosol jth size class (diameter)
Extinction as Function of Wavelength
8
Shower Experiment OP-FTIR beam through
water condensation aerosol Size distribution
confirmed by aerosol probe
Known optical constants (see below)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500Wavenumber [cm-1]
Com
plex
Ref
rac
tive
Inde
x
real part
imaginary part
9
Shower Experiment ResultsSpectral Fit; CCF=0.93
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Abs
orba
nce
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g/m
3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.87
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
500 1500 2500 3500 4500Wavenumber [cm
-1]
Abs
orb
ance
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g
/m3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.93
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Abs
orba
nce
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g/m
3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.87
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
500 1500 2500 3500 4500Wavenumber [cm
-1]
Abs
orb
ance
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g
/m3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.93
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Abs
orba
nce
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g/m
3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.87
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
500 1500 2500 3500 4500Wavenumber [cm
-1]
Abs
orb
ance
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g
/m3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.93
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Abs
orba
nce
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g/m
3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.87
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
500 1500 2500 3500 4500Wavenumber [cm
-1]
Abs
orb
ance
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g
/m3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.93
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Abs
orba
nce
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g/m
3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.87
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
500 1500 2500 3500 4500Wavenumber [cm
-1]
Abs
orb
ance
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g
/m3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.93
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Abs
orba
nce
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g/m
3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.87
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
500 1500 2500 3500 4500Wavenumber [cm
-1]
Abs
orb
ance
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g
/m3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.93
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Abs
orba
nce
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g/m
3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.87
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
500 1500 2500 3500 4500Wavenumber [cm
-1]
Abs
orb
ance
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g
/m3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.93
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Abs
orba
nce
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g/m
3/
m]
Spectral Fit; CCF=0.87
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
500 1500 2500 3500 4500Wavenumber [cm
-1]
Abs
orb
ance
[AU
]
Measured Spectrum
Fitted Spectrum
Reconstructed Size Distribution
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20Particle Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
once
ntra
tion
[g
/m3/
m]
10
Predicted Smoke Extinction Spectrum
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
850 5000
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Ext
inct
ion
[A
U]
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Particles Diameter [m]
Ma
ss
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n [
RU
]
11
Smoke PM Extinction
0
.05
.1
.15
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0
.05
.1
.15
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Absorbance / Wavenumber (cm-1) Paged X-Zoom CURSOR
File # 1 : ABS-SMOKE-KAGAN#17 @-5.25 Wavenumber (cm-1) 1/12/2001 9:18 AM Res=None
Burn Test
12
Water Condensation Aerosol
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Absorbance / Wavenumber (cm-1) Paged X-Zoom CURSOR
File # 1 : ABS-SMOKE-KAGAN#24 @-7.700001 Wavenumber (cm-1) 1/12/2001 9:18 AM Res=None
Burn Test
13
2.5 m Mean Size; 2 m SD Gaussian Fit
Water in Smoke
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
750 1250 1750 2250 2750 3250 3750
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Ex
tinct
ion
Field Spectrum 2.5 micron water spectrum
14
Sahara Dust Optical Constant
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
500 1500 2500 3500 4500Wavenumber [cm-1]
Re
frac
tiv
e I
nd
ex
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Ab
so
rpti
on
Ind
ex
Ref. Index Abs. Index
15
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
0 . 3 5
0 . 4
0 . 4 5
0 . 5
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 1
0 . 2
0 . 3
0 . 4
0 . 5
0 . 6
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
0 . 3 5
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
0 . 3 5
0 . 4
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
0 . 3 5
0 . 4
0 . 4 5
0 . 5
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
1
0.5
4
7
10
2mean[m]
SD[m]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
0 . 3 5
0 . 4
0 . 4 5
0 . 5
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 1
0 . 2
0 . 3
0 . 4
0 . 5
0 . 6
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
0 . 3 5
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
0 . 3 5
0 . 4
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
0 . 3 5
0 . 4
0 . 4 5
0 . 5
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 00
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 1 5
0 . 2
W a v e n u m b e r [ c m - 1 ]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[c
m-
1]
1
0.5
4
7
10
2mean[m]
SD[m]
16
Louisville Landfill Set-Up
LandfillD
irt
Road
OP-F
TIR
Beam
17
Louisville Landfill Dust
-0.02
0.02
0.06
0.1
0.14
0.18
0.22
800 1700 2600 3500 4400
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[A
U]
OP-FTIR Dust Spectrum OP-FTIR Background
18
Size Distribution, mean=4.2 micron; SD=1.0 micron
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
Diameter [micron]
Ma
ss
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n [R
U]
19
Louisville Landfill Dust
-0.02
0.02
0.06
0.1
0.14
0.18
0.22
800 1700 2600 3500 4400
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[A
U]
OP-FTIR Dust Spectrum Theoretical Dust OP-FTIR Background
20
Louisville Landfill Dust - CO
-0.02
0.02
0.06
0.1
0.14
0.18
0.22
2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Ext
inc
tio
n [
AU
]
OP-FTIR Spectrum Theoretical Dust OP-FTIR Background
21
Louisville Landfill Dust - Methane
-0.020.020.060.1
0.140.180.220.260.3
0.340.38
2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150
Wavenumber [cm -1]
Ex
tin
cti
on
[A
U]
OP-FTIR Spectrum Theoretical Dust OP-FTIR Background
22
Diesel PM
23
Predicted Diesel Spectrum
00.050.1
0.150.2
0.250.3
0.350.4
0.450.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Particles Diameter [m]
Mas
s C
on
cen
trat
ion
[R
U]
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
850 5000 9150 13300 17450 21600 25750 29900 34050 38200 42350 46500
Wavenumber [cm-1 ]
24
0
.005
.01
.015
.02
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
0
.005
.01
.015
.02
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Absorbance / Wavenumber (cm-1) Paged X-Zoom CURSOR
File # 1 : ABSORB#24 @106.4511 Seconds 6/18/2002 1:29 PM Res=2 cm-1
bistatic 10m 2 resolution
Diesel Extinction Spectrum
9 m3.9 m
2.3 m
25
OP-FTIR Extinction VS ELPI Cross Sectional Area
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
1:30:17 PM 1:31:00 PM 1:31:44 PM 1:32:27 PM 1:33:10 PM 1:33:53 PM
Time
Ex
tinct
ion
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Cro
ss S
ectio
nn
9 micron region 3.9 micron region 2.3 micron region PM 10
26
OP-FTIR Extinction VS ELPI Cross Sectional Area
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
1:30:17 PM 1:31:00 PM 1:31:44 PM 1:32:27 PM 1:33:10 PM 1:33:53 PM
Time
Ext
inct
ion
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Cro
ss S
ectio
n
9 micron region 3.9 micron region 2.3 micron region PM 2.5
27
OP-FTIR Extinction VS ELPI Cross Sectional Area
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
1:30:17 PM 1:31:00 PM 1:31:44 PM 1:32:27 PM 1:33:10 PM 1:33:53 PM 1:34:36 PM
Time
Ex
tinct
ion
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Cro
ss
Se
ctio
n
9 micron region 3.9 micron region 2.3 micron region PM Total
28
ELPI Mass Apportionment
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
1:30:17 PM 1:31:00 PM 1:31:44 PM 1:32:27 PM 1:33:10 PM 1:33:53 PM 1:34:36 PM
Time
Ab
so
rba
nc
e
PM 2.5 PM 10 PM Total
29
Path-Integrated Lidar
30
Enhanced Range Lidar
31
Conclusions
The first open-path optical technique to obtain real-time fugitive dust measurement and sizing
Measurement of liquid aerosol like water or pesticide drift
OP-FTIR can be used in field to gather multiple gases and PM emission data simultaneously
Extending the spectral range to the UV/VIS range will allow sizing of submicron PM