11

Flooding in EuropeFlooding in Europe

Reference : PESETA

22

Impacts in European coastal areasImpacts in European coastal areas   

Impact of Impact of adaptation adaptation

measures on measures on damage due to damage due to

sea level risesea level risefor a high emission for a high emission

scenarioscenario

Cost "with" and without ("no") adaptation measures

PESETA Model

33

2 – The Kyoto Protocol2 – The Kyoto Protocol

44

The Kyoto instrumentsThe Kyoto instruments

The Flexible mechanisms of the The Flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol :Kyoto Protocol :

Emissions trading (regional/company Emissions trading (regional/company level) of GHGlevel) of GHG

(American choice of incentive measures)(American choice of incentive measures)

Clean development mechanism (cdm)Clean development mechanism (cdm)

Joint implementation (ji)Joint implementation (ji)

55

GHG Emissions in the World GHG Emissions in the World (2004)...(2004)...

66

GHG Emissions by sector In EuropeGHG Emissions by sector In Europe

Reference : EEA, European Reference : EEA, European CommissionCommission

77

3 – The European3 – The EuropeanTarget Climate ChangeTarget Climate Change

policiespolicies

88

New objectives New objectives

Cutting greenhouse gases by at least Cutting greenhouse gases by at least 20% of 1990 levels (30% if other20% of 1990 levels (30% if other developed countries commit todeveloped countries commit to comparable cuts) comparable cuts)

Increasing use of Renewable (RES) toIncreasing use of Renewable (RES) to 20% of total energy 20% of total energy productionproduction (currently ± 8.5%) & 10% of “clean fuels”(currently ± 8.5%) & 10% of “clean fuels”

Cutting Energy consumption by 20% ofCutting Energy consumption by 20% ofprojected 2020 levels (Energy efficiency)projected 2020 levels (Energy efficiency)

99

Key measures of European policyKey measures of European policy

1°) Reduction of the emissions1°) Reduction of the emissionsEmissions of a few sectorsEmissions of a few sectors ETS SystemETS SystemSustainable Energies : Sustainable Energies :

RES (Renewable Énergies) (and Liberalisation)RES (Renewable Énergies) (and Liberalisation)

Energy EfficiencyEnergy EfficiencyTransportsTransports

Clean VehiculesClean VehiculesAlternatives to the road and sustainable transportsAlternatives to the road and sustainable transportsAviationAviation

2°) Communication and Adaptation2°) Communication and Adaptation

3°) International Negociations3°) International Negociations

1010

A key priority for EUA key priority for EU

1) SDS :1) SDS :Sustainable development Strategy Sustainable development Strategy (2001, reformed in 2006) (2001, reformed in 2006)

2) 6th PAE (2002-2012) : 2) 6th PAE (2002-2012) : Environment Action Plan Environment Action Plan (4 priorities including climate change)(4 priorities including climate change)

3) ECCP :3) ECCP :European Climate Change Programme (2000)European Climate Change Programme (2000)

4) Climate-Energy Package 4) Climate-Energy Package (January 2007)(January 2007)

1111

4 – The European policies 4 – The European policies ofof

GHG emissionsGHG emissionsreduction reduction

1212

a) European commitments in a) European commitments in

Kyoto : Kyoto :

EU 15EU 15 : : Collective commitment of Collective commitment of cutting combinedcutting combinedemissions of GHG to 8% below the 1990 levelemissions of GHG to 8% below the 1990 level(preindustrial period) (preindustrial period) during the 1stduring the 1st period of commitment (2008-2012) : period of commitment (2008-2012) :

Each MS has got its objective (but free allowances)Each MS has got its objective (but free allowances)

New Member StatesNew Member States : :

Individual objective : Individual objective : cutting GHG of cutting GHG of 6 to 8%6 to 8%

None for None for Cyprus and MaltaCyprus and Malta

1313

Objectives by Member StateObjectives by Member State

-12.5%United Kingdom

4%Sweden

15%Spain

27%Portugal

-6%Netherlands

-8%Slovenia-28%Luxembourg

-8%Slovak Republic-6.5%Italy

-8%Romania13%Ireland-6%Poland25%Greece-8%Lithuania-21%Germany-8%Latvia0%France-6%Hungary0%Finland-8%Estonia-21%Denmark-8%Czech Republic-7.5%Belgium

-8%Bulgaria-13%Austria

EU member states with individual emissions reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol

Contributions of each EU-15 memberstate to the collective 8% emissions reduction target under the KyotoProtocol

1414

Directive « Allowances » of 2003Directive « Allowances » of 2003 Came into effect on January 1st 2005Came into effect on January 1st 2005

Limiting emissions of COLimiting emissions of CO22 from 11.500 from 11.500 installations in Europeinstallations in Europe(from energy-intensive industrial sectors: (from energy-intensive industrial sectors:

ciment, glass, ceramics, ..)ciment, glass, ceramics, ..)

Each MS must define NAPs (National Each MS must define NAPs (National Allocation Plans) for the 2005-2007 period Allocation Plans) for the 2005-2007 period and then 2008-2012.and then 2008-2012.(=> settlements and national plafonds)(=> settlements and national plafonds)

Companies can use credits from the KyotoCompanies can use credits from the Kyotoproject based mechanisms (CDM & JI)project based mechanisms (CDM & JI)

b) The European b) The European ETSETS

(Emissions Trading Scheme)(Emissions Trading Scheme)

1515

c) Reform of the ETS systemc) Reform of the ETS system1) New objectives to be respected1) New objectives to be respected

Target:

-20% compared to 1990

-14% compared to 2005

EU ETS-21% compared

to 2005

non-ETS sectors -10% compared to 2005

27 Member State targets, stretching from -20% to +20%

Target:

-20% compared to 1990

-14% compared to 2005

EU ETS-21% compared

to 2005

non-ETS sectors -10% compared to 2005

27 Member State targets, stretching from -20% to +20%

1616

c) Reform of the systemc) Reform of the system

2) ETS => allowance by sector2) ETS => allowance by sector non ETS=> allowance by MSnon ETS=> allowance by MS

3) Enlarged to new sectors 3) Enlarged to new sectors Aluminium, ammoniacAluminium, ammoniac Aviation Sector (2006)Aviation Sector (2006) Non ETS Sectors : with less emissions Non ETS Sectors : with less emissions

(building, agriculture, waste, road transports, (building, agriculture, waste, road transports, small plants)small plants)

4) Principle of Allowances by auctioning4) Principle of Allowances by auctioning => Exceptions for Power Sector and=> Exceptions for Power Sector and Manufacturing sector Manufacturing sector 5) Objective of a Worlwide Carbon Market5) Objective of a Worlwide Carbon Market

1717

Carbon markets in the worldCarbon markets in the world

1818

Other elements of the Other elements of the

debate : debate :

Competivity and et mondialisation : Competivity and et mondialisation :

Tax on carbon productsTax on carbon products

Incentive for green productsIncentive for green products

Integration of maritime transports in the Integration of maritime transports in the ETS systemETS system

1919

c) Other regulations for c) Other regulations for limitation of emissions of GHGlimitation of emissions of GHG

Regulations on a few individual GHG :Regulations on a few individual GHG : 1991 : 1991 : Nitrates DirectiveNitrates Directive on reduction of on reduction of NN22OO in soils in soils 1996 : Directive for prevention of emissions from1996 : Directive for prevention of emissions from industrial and agricultural installationsindustrial and agricultural installations 1999 : “1999 : “Landfill DirectiveLandfill Directive” on reductions of ” on reductions of methanemethane emissions from landfillsemissions from landfills 2001 : NEC Directive (National Emission Ceilings)2001 : NEC Directive (National Emission Ceilings) 2006 : Regulation on regulation of 2006 : Regulation on regulation of fluorinated GHGfluorinated GHG

Legislation on sustainable Legislation on sustainable Transports Transports

Energy Directives Energy Directives

2020

Clean vehiculesClean vehiculesClean Vehicules Package (1995) : Clean Vehicules Package (1995) :

Clean Cars Directive (2000) :Clean Cars Directive (2000) : Volunteer agreement of car manufacturers on COVolunteer agreement of car manufacturers on CO2 e 2 e emissions emissions of new cars : of new cars :

=> half failure=> half failure

=> New legislation (2008) : 130g CO=> New legislation (2008) : 130g CO22/km on 2012 /km on 2012 (obligatory)(obligatory)

Euro 5/6 Euro 5/6 – Directive on emissions from light – Directive on emissions from light duty vehicles (light passenger and duty vehicles (light passenger and commercial vehicles) (2008)commercial vehicles) (2008)Directive on heavy-duty vehicules for the Directive on heavy-duty vehicules for the use of road infrastructures (in process)use of road infrastructures (in process)Energy taxation DirectiveEnergy taxation Directive (2003) on minimum (2003) on minimum taxation of mineral oils, coal, natural gas (as taxation of mineral oils, coal, natural gas (as motor and heating fuels) and electricitymotor and heating fuels) and electricity

Quality of fuels DirectiveQuality of fuels Directive on quality of petrol on quality of petrol and diesel fuels (1998, reformed in 2008)and diesel fuels (1998, reformed in 2008)

2121

Clean transports schemesClean transports schemes

White Paper of 2003 (European Transport White Paper of 2003 (European Transport policy for 2010) : policy for 2010) :

=> => TEN-TTEN-T (Motorways of the Sea & Intermodality) (Motorways of the Sea & Intermodality) since 1994since 1994

=> => MARCO POLOMARCO POLO : intermodality (DG TREN) : intermodality (DG TREN)

Research projects :Research projects : (DG RECHERCHE) (DG RECHERCHE)

– on new energieson new energies (hydrogene cells for electric (hydrogene cells for electric vehicules)vehicules)

– CIVITAS CIVITAS : innovative projects for sustainable : innovative projects for sustainable Urban transport Urban transport