1 foundations of the modern world ii autumn 2015 chapter 25 – europe and the world, 1870-1914 bill...

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Foundations of the Modern World II

Autumn 2015

Chapter 25 –• Europe and the World,

1870-1914

Bill Myer – Autumn 2015

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Agenda

• Europe and the World, 1870-1914The European Balance of Power, 1870-1914The New ImperialismThe Search for Territory and MarketsResults of a European-Dominated World


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Balance of Power – Focus Questions


• What was the Three Emperors’ League?

• What was the Triple Alliance?

• What was the Triple Entente?

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Balance of Power – Three Emperors’ League


• By 1871, Europe consisted of the Big Five – Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia

• Bismarck forged a new alliance system – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia into the Three Emperors’ League

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Review questions !

• The Three Emperors’ League, renewed in 1881, contained all of the following nations EXCEPT

A. Italy

B. Germany

C. Russia

D. Austria

E. Hungary


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Balance of Power – Ottoman Empire


• The Ottoman Empire was called “the sick man of Europe”

It was politically feeble and on the verge of bankruptcy

• Rivalry among its enemies helped to preserve it

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Balance of Power – Ottoman Empire


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Balance of Power – Congress of Berlin


• Russia hoped to foster the creation of independent states in the Balkans

• In 1874, a Serbian revolt began in two Ottoman provinces (Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Russia declared war against the Ottoman Empire (“First Balkan crisis”)

• The war was quickly over, and Russia captured all of Armenia

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Balance of Power – Congress of Berlin


• Bismarck hosted the peace conference that met in Berlin in 1878

Russia felt betrayed by Bismarck and abandoned its alliance with Germany

Italy joined Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Triple Alliance in 1882

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Balance of Power – Triple Entente


• In 1907, the Triple Entente came into existence – Great Britain, France and Russia

• The Triple Entente was allied against the Triple Alliance

• A second Balkan crisis occurred in 1885

• A third Balkan crisis occurred in 1912, when Italy and Turkey fought over the possession of Tripoli in North Africa

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Balance of Power – Review Questions


• What was the Three Emperors’ League?

• What was the Triple Alliance?

• What was the Triple Entente?

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Agenda

• Europe and the World, 1870-1914The European Balance of Power, 1870-1914 The New ImperialismThe Search for Territory and MarketsResults of a European-Dominated World


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The New Imperialism – Focus Questions


• What was the “new imperialism” after 1870?

• What technologies facilitated the new imperialism?

• What were the motivations for the new imperialism?

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The New Imperialism – Overview


• The “new imperialism” after 1870 was the acquisition of territories on an intense and unprecedented scale

• The new imperialism was the domination by the industrial powers over the nonindustrial world

• Why did the European empires create vast empires?

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The New Imperialism – Technology


• Great iron steamships fueled by coal made large-scale exploration and trade possible

• Until 1850, Europeans ventured no farther on the African continent than the coastal areas

• The installation of coal-burning boilers on smaller boats allowed navigation of rivers

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• To accommodate the new ships, harbors were deepened and canals were constructed

• The 100-mile long Suez Canal was completed in 1869

Joined the Mediterranean and the Red Seas

Created a new trade route to the East

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• The French also tried to construct the Panama Canal

• The US acquired the rights to the Panama project and completed it in 1914

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Review questions !

• A primary purpose for building the Suez Canal was to

A. Encourage Jewish settlement in nearby Palestine

B. Increase trade between the Middle East, Europe and Asia

C. Reduce the time needed for travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

D. Allow Indian merchants to reach the east coast of Africa


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• Thousands of miles of copper telegraph wire and insulated underwater cables linked countries and continents together

In the late 19th century, a telegraph network connected Europe to every area of the world

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• Quinine was discovered to be an effective treatment for malaria

David Livingstone and Henry Stanley explored the waterways of Africa after malaria had been controlled

• New types of firearms were produced after 1850 – breech-loading rifles, repeating rifles and machine guns

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The New Imperialism – Motives for Empire


• What explains the new imperialism of the late 19th century?

Economic motivations

Nationalism (prestige through the acquisition of empire)

Geopolitical concerns

Strategic value of certain lands

Proximity to sea routes

Fueling bases throughout the world for coal-powered ships

Newspapers shaped public opinion and influenced policy

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The New Imperialism – Review Questions


• What was the “new imperialism” after 1870?

• What technologies facilitated the new imperialism?

• What were the motivations for the new imperialism?

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Agenda

• Europe and the World, 1870-1914The European Balance of Power, 1870-1914 The New Imperialism The Search for Territory and MarketsResults of a European-Dominated World


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Territory and Markets – Focus Questions


• What were the motives for the scramble for Africa?

• What was the importance of the machine gun?

• What was the Boer War?

• What was different about Ethiopia?

• What was imperialism like in India?

• What was the Opium War?

• How were Japan and the United States involved in imperialism?

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Territory and Markets – Overview


• European empire builders pursued a variety of models

Formal military empires (as in Africa)

Informal empires (as in China)

Formal but indirect rule over hierarchical societies (as in India)

Hegemonic influence (by United States)

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Territory and Markets – The Scramble for Africa


• The scramble for Africa was a partitioning of Africa (1875-1912)

• By the end of the scramble for Africa, Europeans controlled virtually all of Africa

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Ambitious military men sought to advance their careers by carving out grand colonies (Sahara desert)

The existence of valuable minerals motivated the scramble in some areas (Zimbabwe)

Some colonies were created to please missionaries (Uganda)

Some colonies were created for strategic reasons (Egypt)

Europeans seized territory to keep other Europeans from doing the same thing (Mozambique, Tanzania, Namibia, Botswana)

• Only Ethiopia and Liberia escaped the European grasp

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Review questions !

• After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were

A. In need of land for their surplus populations

B. Competing for raw materials and markets

C. Determined to bring Christianity to the Muslim world

D. Interested in completing their geographic knowledge of the world


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• The economic downturn in Europe from 1873-1906 influenced imperialist expansion in Africa

Many Europeans acquired African territory in case it would be useful in the long run

• The catalyst for the scramble was Leopold II, king of the Belgians

Under the pretense of philanthropy, Leopold II organized the International African Association (1876)

At the Berlin Conference, the Congo was given to Leopold II

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• Every instance of European expansion in Africa was characterized by a readiness to shoot Africans

In 1884, Hiram Maxim invented a machine gun that could fire 11 bullets per second

The Brussels Convention of 1890 banned the sale of modern weapons to Africans

• In 1893, in Zimbabwe, 50 Europeans with 6 machine guns killed 3,000 Africans in less than 2 hours

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• In South Africa, Afrikaners (or Boers) were settlers of Dutch background who had arrived in the 17th century

• In 1886, the world’s largest deposits of gold were discovered

• Cecil Rhodes and his British colleagues in South Africa identified Afrikaner governmental policies as an impediment to profitable gold production

• In 1895, they organized an attempt to overthrow the Afrikaner government – the Boer War

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• One exception to the general rule of conquest was Ethiopia

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 made the Red Sea attractive to European countries eager to protect their trade routes to Asia

The emperor Menelik II played rival European powers against each other to obtain weapons

• When World War I broke out in 1914, the scramble for Africa was over

33Bill Myer – Autumn 2015

Video – The Berlin Conference

• Focus questions:

• What was the effect of Livingstone and Stanley’s exploration of the Congo?

• How does the Berlin Conference still affect Africa today?

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Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – India


• India was the starting point of all British expansion

• Formal British rule in India began in 1861

• India was ruled by a viceroy, who was assisted by legislative and executive councils

• Indian representatives were included in the two councils

• The British found it to their advantage to maintain the divisions of the highly stratified Hindu society

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Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – India


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Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – China


• Britain’s demand for Chinese tea grew

• To balance the trade deficit created by tea, Britain used opium exports to China

• Concerned with the rise in addiction, social problems and the outflow of silver, the Chinese government reacted

• In 1839, the Chinese government destroyed British opium in the port of Canton, beginning the Opium War (1839-1842)

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Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – China


• Between 1842 and 1895, China fought 5 wars with foreigners and lost all of them

• By 1912, more than 50 major Chinese ports had been handed over to foreign control as “treaty ports”

Treaty ports were centers of foreign residence and trade

Rules of extraterritoriality applied

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Review questions !

• The results of the Opium War (1839-1842) indicate that China was

A. Still a major military power

B. Not strong enough to resist Western demands

C. Rapidly building a modern industrial economy

D. Accepting Western nations as equal trading partners


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Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – Japan


• Japan competed as an imperialist power in Asia

• In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan defeated Chinese forces

• In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Japan expanded into the Liaodong peninsula, Korea and south Manchuria

• Japan annexed Korea in 1910

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Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – USA


• The USA provided another variation on imperial expansion

• By 1848, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific

It achieved this by meeting the Native Americans with armed force and concentrating the survivors in assigned territories

• The USA turned to the Caribbean and Pacific Islands for markets and investment opportunities

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Territory and Markets – Review Questions



• What was the importance of the machine gun?

• What was the Boer War?

• What was different about Ethiopia?

• What was imperialism like in India?

• What was the Opium War?

• How were Japan and the United States involved in imperialism?


Video – The 19th Century World Economy

• Focus question:

• According to the video, what were the motivations for the new imperialism?

• How were religion and the new imperialism interconnected?

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Agenda

• Europe and the World, 1870-1914The European Balance of Power, 1870-1914 The New Imperialism The Search for Territory and Markets Results of a European-Dominated World


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European Domination – Focus Questions


• What was the impact of imperialism on trade, production, consumption and capital flows?

• What is the gold standard?

• Who was Rudyard Kipling?

• What is eugenics?

• What were some other results of imperialism?

• How did imperialism produce a critique of capitalism?

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European Domination – Results


• Industrialism and capitalism linked the continents in a communication and transportation network

Foreign trade increased from 3% of world output in 1800 to 33% by 1913

• World production and consumption were shaped to suit the needs of the West

Farmers in Kenya put aside their traditional agriculture to grow coffee, tea and sugar

Availability of cheap British textiles ended Indian weaving

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• Capital flowed out of Europe into investments in non-industrialized regions

• European countries adopted the gold standard for exchange by 1874

This facilitated the operation of a single trading and investment system

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• Belief in cultural superiority led to arguments for racial superiority

The British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote “White Man’s Burden” about the responsibilities of the West

• Newly-formed clubs stressed the need for careful mate selection

• In Britain, Francis Galton founded eugenics, the study of genetics for improving inherited characteristics

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Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breed

Go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives' need;

To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild—

Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide,

To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride;

By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain

To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.

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• Other results…

Western men and women carried diseases to people who did not share their immunity

Traditional village life was destroyed in rural India

African societies disintegrated

Some European countries used their overseas territories as dumping grounds for criminals

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• Imperialism produced a critique of capitalism

• J.A. Hobson published Imperialism, A Study in 1902

Argued that imperialism resulted from surplus capital at home

Surplus capital should be resolved by increasing workers’ wages – which would create new opportunities for investment in home markets

• Lenin published Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism in 1916

Argued that capitalism was inherently and inevitably imperialistic

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European Domination – Review Questions


• What was the impact of imperialism on trade, production, consumption and capital flows?

• What is the gold standard?

• Who was Rudyard Kipling?

• What is eugenics?

• What were some other results of imperialism?

• How did imperialism produce a critique of capitalism?


Video – Dutch, British and Russia Colonies in Asia

• Focus questions:

• What was the outcome of the Russo-Japanese War?

• What was the outcome of the Boxer Rebellion?

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Agenda

• Europe and the World, 1870-1914 The European Balance of Power, 1870-1914 The New Imperialism The Search for Territory and Markets Results of a European-Dominated World


1 foundations of the modern world ii autumn 2015 chapter 25 – europe and the world, 1870-1914 bill...

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