1 global climate change emissions inventory to support ab 1493 workshop december 3, 2002 air...
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1
Global Climate Change Emissions Inventory to
Support AB 1493
Workshop
December 3, 2002
Air Resources Board Air Resources Board California Environmental Protection AgencyCalifornia Environmental Protection Agency
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2California Air Resources Board
Workshop Panel
Doug Thompson, Moderator Chuck Shulock, Speaker Jon Taylor, Speaker Nehzat Motallebi, Speaker Jeff Long Hector Maldonado Kevin Nesbitt
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3California Air Resources Board
Overview Background Framework for the Inventory Inventory for Identified GCC Pollutants Inventory for Other GCC Pollutants
Under Consideration Ongoing Research and Inventory
Development Additional Questions, Comments, and
Discussion
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4
Background
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5California Air Resources Board
AB 1493 Findings Global warming is a matter of increasing
concern for public health and the environment in California– Reductions in the state’s water supply– Adverse health impacts– Adverse impacts on agriculture– Increased risk of forest fires– Damage to coastline– Impacts on California’s economy
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6California Air Resources Board
AB 1493 General Requirements By January 1, 2005 Board to adopt
regulations that achieve maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles
Report to Legislature and Governor by January 1, 2005
Regulations may not take effect prior to January 1, 2006
Regulations apply only to 2009 and later model years
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7California Air Resources Board
In Developing Regulations … Consider technical feasibility Consider impact on economy of state Provide flexibility as to means of
compliance Grant credit for early reductions Conduct public workshops
– Communities with significant exposure to air contaminants, including communities with minority or low-income populations
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8California Air Resources Board
Regulations Shall Not Require...
Fees or taxes on vehicle, fuel or VMT Ban on sale of any vehicle category Reduction in vehicle weight Limitation on or reduction of speed limit Limitation on or reduction of VMT
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9California Air Resources Board
Process Overview
Technical Assessment
(Individual tasks)
Staff findings/Workshops/Board update Staff
Proposal
Draft report Workshop
Board Adoption
Staff report
Board hearing
20024Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q
2003 2004
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10California Air Resources Board
MilestonesDetailed technical work
Initial workshop (GCC inventory) December 2002Symposium on vehicle technology March 2003Additional workshops VariousSummary workshop October 2003Board update November 2003
Draft staff proposalRelease staff draft May 2004Workshop June 2004
Final staff proposal July 2004
Board adoption September 2004
Report to Legislature/GovernorJanuary 2005
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11California Air Resources Board
Draft Workshop Schedule
Inventory TodayMay 2003
Technology Assessment March 11-13, 2003August 2003
Environmental,Economic and SocialImpacts
July 2003August 2003 (EJ)
Standard Development &Compliance Mechanisms
July 2003
Interim Summary October 2003
Draft Staff Report June 2004
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12California Air Resources Board
Purpose of this Workshop
Describe methodologies used to develop GCC emissions inventory
Present draft inventory based on assumptions and methodologies used
Provide information on comparison with other data sources
Solicit input
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13California Air Resources Board
Issues to be Addressed Later
Inventory support for compliance mechanisms– Manufacturer compliance– Early credits– Alternative strategies
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14California Air Resources Board
Framework for the Global Climate Change Emissions
Inventory
What’s Included?
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15California Air Resources Board
Identified GCC Pollutants
Methane (CH4)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
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16California Air Resources Board
Other GCC Pollutants under Consideration
Black Carbon Criteria Pollutants
– ROG and NOx as precursors to Ozone
– CO, PM10, SOx
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17California Air Resources Board
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Global warming comparison of different greenhouse gases relative to CO2
Time-integrated radiative forcing of 1 kg of the gas relative to 1 kg of CO2
High uncertainty associated with GWP estimates
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18California Air Resources Board
Global Warming Potential Gas
20 years 100 years
Carbon Dioxide 1 1
Methane 62 23
Nitrous Oxide 275 296
HFC-134a 3300 1300
GWP from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Third Assessment Report
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19California Air Resources Board
Global Warming Potential of Shorter Lived Gases and Aerosols
• Uncertain how to quantify their global radiative forcingShort lived gases (CO, O3, NOX, ROG)
and aerosols vary spatially and temporally
• IPCC does not attribute GWP values to gases that are short-lived and spatially inhomogeneous
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20California Air Resources Board
Aerosols and Tropospheric Ozone Contribute to Global Warming
Source:James Hansen et al. 2000
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21California Air Resources Board
Aerosols Affect Global Warming
Some aerosols reflect incoming radiation (global cooling)
Black carbon (soot) absorbs radiation (global warming) Enhanced
warming when mixed with other particles
Soot
Separate ParticlesMixed Particles
Sulfate
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22California Air Resources Board
Emissions Sources
Light Duty On-Road Fleet– Passenger Cars– Light Duty Trucks up to 8500 lb. GVWR
Emissions in CY 2000 and CY 2010
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23California Air Resources Board
MethodologiesUsed to Estimate Emissions
EMFAC Emissions Model N2O Emissions Studies Black Carbon Emissions Studies
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24California Air Resources Board
EMFAC Model
Used to Estimate On-Road Motor Vehicle Emission Inventory
EMFAC 2002 version 2.2 is latest release
Additional information available at
http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/on-road/latest_version.htm
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25California Air Resources Board
EMFAC Features 13 Vehicle Classes 45 Model Years within a Calendar Year Inventories for 1970 to 2040 Three Fuels (Gas / Diesel / Electric) Three Exhaust Processes
– Starts / Running / Idle
Four Evaporative Processes– Diurnal / Hot Soak / Running Loss / Resting Loss
7 Pollutants
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26California Air Resources Board
Pollutants Included in EMFAC
HC / CO / NOx / PM / CO2 / LEAD / SOx HC can be expressed as
– TOG / ROG / CH4
PM can be expressed as– TOTAL PM / PM10 / PM2.5
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27California Air Resources Board
How EMFAC Estimates Emissions
Process Rate (Emission Factor) *– Vehicle Test Projects
Number of Sources (Population) *– DMV Registration Data
Activity (Miles or Hours of Use) =– COGs - MPOs/ CALTRANS /BAR/Surveys
Inventory (Tons/Day)
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28California Air Resources Board
Correction Factors Speed Temperature Fuel – RVP/Oxygenate/Sulfur Air Conditioning Soak Time Humidity Altitude
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29California Air Resources Board
EMFAC ModelingIncludes the Impacts of
Deterioration: emission rates increase with accumulated VMT
I/M Program: periodic inspection and repair lower emission rates
Changes in vehicle population and VMT over time
Changes in emissions standards
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30California Air Resources Board
Basis for Current N2O Inventory
~40 Vehicles Tested in El Monte Same Test Cycles as Criteria Pollutants N2O was Directly Measured Used Regression Analysis to Develop
Function to Relate N2O to NOx Applied Function to NOx Emissions
from EMFAC
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31California Air Resources Board
Basis for Current Black Carbon Inventory
ARB and CRC Studies (1998)– Total of 50 light duty gas vehicles and 19 diesel
passenger vehicles We used these data to develop speciation profiles
that include organic and elemental carbon fractions Applied elemental carbon fractions to total PM from
EMFAC For global warming effect, we assume black
carbon is equivalent to elemental carbon
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32California Air Resources Board
Comparative Analysis Compared ARB draft inventory with
CEC data Good agreement for CO2 and CH4, less
so for N2O Methodologies are different
– CEC disaggregates from national data– ARB data based on California specific fleet
We are continuing to evaluate CEC data and will also look at other data sets
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33California Air Resources Board
Inventory for Identified GCC Emissions
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34California Air Resources Board
CH4 Emissions(Tons per Day)
Source: EMFAC 2002 version 2.2
2000 2010
Light Duty Fleet 74 39 (Up to 8500 lbs. GVWR)
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35California Air Resources Board
CO2 Emissions(Tons per Day)
Source: EMFAC 2002 version 2.2
2000 2010
Light Duty Fleet 351,250 416,920 (Up to 8500 lbs. GVWR)
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36California Air Resources Board
HFC-134a Emissions(Tons per Day)
Source: Insufficient data at this time
2000 2010
Light Duty Fleet n/a n/a (Up to 8500 lbs. GVWR)
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37California Air Resources Board
N2O Emissions(Tons per Day)
Source: Vehicle Testing by ARB
2000 2010
Light Duty Fleet 17 13 (Up to 8500 lbs. GVWR)
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38California Air Resources Board
CO2 Equivalencies
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
To
ns
per
Day
CH4 N2O
Calendar Year 2000 Emissions DataBased on 100 Year GWP
ActualCO2 Equivalent
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39California Air Resources Board
Inventory for Other GCC Pollutants Under Consideration
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40California Air Resources Board
Black Carbon Emissions(Tons per Day)(exhaust only)
Source: Derived from published studies and EMFAC PM data
2000 2010
Light Duty Fleet 5 7 (Up to 8500 lbs. GVWR)
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41California Air Resources Board
ROG Emissions(Tons per Day)
Source: EMFAC 2002 version 2.2
2000 2010
Light Duty Fleet 905 420 (Up to 8500 lbs. GVWR)
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42California Air Resources Board
NOx Emissions(Tons per Day)
Source: EMFAC 2002 version 2.2
2000 2010
Light Duty Fleet 981 412 (Up to 8500 lbs. GVWR)
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43California Air Resources Board
CO Emissions(Tons per Day)
Source: EMFAC 2002 version 2.2
2000 2010
Light Duty Fleet 9,330 4,239 (Up to 8500 lbs. GVWR)
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44California Air Resources Board
PM10 Emissions (Tons per Day)(exhaust only)
Source: EMFAC 2002 version 2.2
2000 2010
Light Duty Fleet 12 16 (Up to 8500 lbs. GVWR)
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45California Air Resources Board
SOx Emissions(Tons per Day)
Source: EMFAC 2002 version 2.2
2000 2010
Light Duty Fleet 5 4 (Up to 8500 lbs. GVWR)
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46California Air Resources Board
On-Going Research and Inventory Development
N2O HFCs Black Carbon
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47California Air Resources Board
N2O Emissions
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48California Air Resources Board
N2O EmissionsCurrent Database
N2O emissions inventory based on ~40 LD vehicles tested at the ARB HSL– The database does not include ‘forward-
looking’ technology vehicles
Additional N2O emissions data will be collected
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49California Air Resources Board
N2O EmissionsNew Project
A new project is being initiated at the ARB’s Haagen-Smit Laboratory– Project team includes ARB staff and staff
from UCLA– Testing to be part of the 17th ARB Vehicle
Surveillance Project
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50California Air Resources Board
N2O EmissionsNew Project (cont’d.)
N2O emissions to be characterized using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy instrument
Size and composition of test fleet will expand existing data set
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51California Air Resources Board
N2O EmissionsNew Project (cont’d.)
Project Schedule and Milestones– Project start date: December 2002– Data collection: Jan. 2003 - Sept. 2004– Data analysis: ongoing throughout the
project to support AB 1493 milestones– Data for AB 1493 available in Spring 2004
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52California Air Resources Board
HFC Emissions
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53California Air Resources Board
HFC Emissions Sources
Two sources of HFC emissions have been identified:– Vehicle A/C system HFC emissions
HFC emissions emitted from the vehicle’s A/C system
– Servicing and disposal HFC emissions Emissions occur when a vehicle’s A/C is
disturbed for servicing or at the end of the vehicle’s useful life (disposal emissions)
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54California Air Resources Board
HFC Emissions from Mobile Air Conditioners
Available vehicle HFC emissions data– “R-134a Emissions from Vehicles” ES&T
paper by Siegl, et al (2002)– Two-day static SHED test of 28 light-duty
gasoline vehicles HFC emissions exhibited large standard
deviation No measurements of servicing or disposal HFC
emissions
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55California Air Resources Board
HFC Emissions from Mobile Air Conditioners (cont’d.)
Estimating HFC emissions from survey data– Mobile Air Conditioning Society (MACS)
Survey - service garage survey– Oko-Recharche Survey - service garage
survey
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56California Air Resources Board
Forthcoming Research
In October 2000 EU environment ministers directed EC to investigate MAC GCC emissions– “study and prepare measures to reduce all
GCC emissions from air conditioning in vehicles”
Develop legislative proposals to reduce MAC GCC emissions
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57California Air Resources Board
Forthcoming Research (cont’d.)
Research results and preliminary proposals to be presented at upcoming international conference– MAC Summit in Brussels in February 2003 – The need for additional testing will be
evaluated after the MAC Summit
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58California Air Resources Board
Black CarbonEmissions
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59California Air Resources Board
Black Carbon (BC) Emission Sources in California
Primary sources – On-road and off-road diesel – Gasoline vehicles – Residential combustion– Biomass Burning
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60California Air Resources Board
LDV BC Emissions Previous Studies
– Caldecott Tunnel, Dr. Harley 1996
– CE-CERT, Dr. Norbeck 10 Gas LDV (MY 1979-1994) BC emission
40 Gas LDV and 19 Diesel Passenger Vehicles
– Caltech - Dr. Cass 1996
– UC Davis, Dr. Kleeman 2002 35 LDV (included MY 1999-2002)
BC emissions rates available in 2003
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61California Air Resources Board
BC Emission Inventory Development
Motor vehicle BC emission estimates– Review of existing data
Compile existing MV- PM emissions data Compile emission factors and PM speciation
factors used to develop BC inventories
– Estimate PM Emissions Estimate fuel-specific (i.e., gasoline and diesel)
motor vehicle emissions for climate forcing PM pollutants
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Radiative Forcing Effect of BC
Caltech Research Project– Calculate Radiative ForcingApply a global climate model to estimate
the relative climate forcing of CO2, BC, SO4
=, NO3-, and OC emissions from
different motor vehicle fleets on both short and long timescales
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63California Air Resources Board
BC Emission Inventory Development
Project Schedule and Milestones– Project start date: March 2003– Review existing data and estimate PM
emissions: July 2003– Calculate Radiative Forcing: Jan 2004– Data for AB 1493 available in Spring 2004
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In Summary
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Where Are We Headed?
Incorporate additional research data into inventory
Compare with other databases
Next inventory workshop in May 2003
Final inventory in October 2003
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66California Air Resources Board
AB 1493 List Serve
Provides subscribers with automatic email notification– Notice of workshops and meetings– Posting of documents on ARB website
To subscribe: go to ARB climate change website (www.arb.ca.gov/gcc/gcc.htm) and follow prompts
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Internet Resources Air Resources Board
– www.arb.ca.gov/gcc/gcc.htm California Energy Commission
– www.energy.ca.gov/global_climate_change/index.html California Climate Change Registry
– www.climateregistry.org U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
– www.epa.gov/globalwarming/index.html Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
– www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp
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Additional Questions, Comments, and Discussion
California Air Resources Board
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69California Air Resources Board
Global Climate Change Emissions Inventory
Workshop