1) growth and development in children

8/10/2019 1) Growth and Development in Children

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GROWTH DEVELOPME NT IN CHILDREN

TITLE NOTECHILDREN Have a typical characteristic always growth & development different from the adult .

Children is not a miniature of the adult The law protection of child No. 23 year 2002 Section 4 from the law protection of child : every child is entitled to be able to live, growth, develop and

participating to the manner born Child :

conception 18 years (Convention of Child Right /CRC and Indonesian Child Protection Right) Based on :

anatomical growth (epipyphise clossing, reproductive system maturation etc. ) Psychosocial development (adolescent adulthood)

Child not a miniature of adult !!

Specific aspects : growth and development

GROWTH-DEVELOPMENTIN CHILDREN

GROWTH the change of large, amount, measures or dimension of the cell stage, organ and individual- body weight, body length, bone age, circumference head, circumference of the arm

DEVELOPMENT increasing of the skill in struture and body function which more complex, regularpattern, can be forecasted, the result of process maturation


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STAGE OFGROWTH-DEVELOPMENT

STAGE PERIOD NOTESTAGE 1 The periods of

prenatal (intra uterin) a. The periods of embryo conception age of eight weeks b. The periods of

foetus age ofnine weeks - thebirth

Early Foetus 9 weeks trimester 2)

acceleration growth, forming of physic, bodyappliance have been formed & start to functionAdvanced foetus final trimester of growth takeplace fastly & existence of growth of functions ofIg G transfer, the accumulation of fat of esensial(Omega 3 and Omega 6)

STAGE 2 The periods ofpostnatal (after birth)

a. The periods of neonatal 0-28 days) adaption to environment, thechange of blood circulation, start to the function of body organb.The periods ofbaby

The periods of early baby 1-12 months) rapidgrowth, maturation process take placecontinue,the increasing of nerve system function

The periods of final baby 1-2 years) speed ofgrowth start decrease, progress of growth ofmotor & function of escretion

STAGE 3 The periods ofpreschool (2-6 yr)

stable of the growth, corporeal activity increase & the increasing ofskilled & process of thinking

STAGE 4 The periods of school( 6-10 yr, 8-12yr)

rapid growth, skill and intelectual more expand, like to play in theteam

STAGE 5 The periods ofadolescent ( 10-18yr , 12-20 yr)

the transition of period of child to adult,acceleration growth, markingof secondary sex

CHARACTERISTIC OF GROWTH CHARACTERISTIC NOTE

Change of measure Physical ; increasing of the body organ improvement of requirement of bodyincreased

Change Of proportion Head of the newborn baby relative have the bigger proportion than age furthermore.Center body in umbilicus, adult as high as pubis symphisis.

The vanish of oldmarking

Growth process disappearing of the thymus gland, fall out of the milkteeth, thevanish of primitive reflects


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Appear of the newmarking

the maturation effect of organ function permanet tooth, the marking of secondarysex

CURVE GROWTHPATTERN CURVE GROWTH PATTERN NOTE

PATTERN GROWTH OF GENERAL Characteristic body length Fast until age 2 yr stabile (influence of

growth hormone) Puberty effect hormone of sex the

growth go on quickly stoppingPATTERN GROWTH OF ORGAN LIMFOID Growth quickly until 200% at age 12 yr,

downhill gradually until adult age become100% child at the period of pubertystronger endurance relative

PATTERN GROWTH OF BRAIN AND HEAD Brain & head are growth more quickly thanother organ since intrauterine


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PATTERN GROWTH OF ORGAN REPRODUCE A period of child growth developmentsex organ very tardy

A period of puberty remarkableacceleration

Growth of organ reproduce in line withgrowth of ability of sexual

SEX SECONDERDEVELOPMENT GIRL BOY

SMRStage

PUBIC HAIR BREAST

12

3

4

5

PreadolescentSparse, lightly pigmented,

straight, medial border oflabia

Darker, beginning to curl,increased amountCoarse, curly, abundant but

amount less than in adultAdult feminine triangle,

spread to medial surfaceof thighs

PreadolescentBreast and papilla elevated as

small mound; areolardiameter increased

Breast and areola enlarged,no contour separationAreola and papilla form

secondary moundMature; nipple projects,

areola part of general breastcontour

Table 3. Classification of Sex Maturity S tages in Girls(Tanner)

*Adapted from Tanner JM: Growth at Adolescence, 2 nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell

Scientific Publications, 1962

Table 4. Classification of Sex Maturity Stages in Boys(Tanner)

SMRStage

PUBIC HAIR PENIS TESTES

12

3

4

5

NoneScanty, long, slightly

pigmented

Darker, starts to curl,small amount

Resembles adult type,but less in quantity;coarse, curly

Adult distribution,spread to medialsurface of thighs

PreadolescentSlight

enlargement

Longer

Larger; glansand breadthincrease insize

Adult size

PreadolescentEnlarged scrotum,pink texturealtered

Larger

Larger, scrotumdark

Adult size

*Adapted from Tanner JM: Growth at Adolescence, 2 nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell

Scientific Publications, 1962


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CHILD GROWTH

TITLE NOTE

INCREASES OFPHYSICAL SIZES INCREASES OF

PHYSICAL SIZESNOTE

HEIGHT Addition of body length Trimester I : 2,8 4,4 cm / months Timester II : 1,9 2,6 cm / months Trimester III : 1,3 1,6 cm / months Trimester IV : 1,2 1,3 cm /months

Addition of body length


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0-3 mth = 3,5 cm/mth 3-6 mth = 2,0 cm/mth 6-9 mth = 1,5 cm/mth 9-12mth = 1,2 cm/mth 1-3 yr = 1,0 cm/yr 4-6 yr = 3,0 cm/yr

Estimate of body lengtha. Born = 50 cmb. Age 1 yr = 75 cmc. 2-12 yr = age (year) x 6 + 77

Influence of genetic to body height

Range of predictional final height at 18 years old

Boys = (Father + mother height + 13 cm ) + 8,5 cm2

Girls = (Father + mother height 13 cm) + 8,5 cm2

WEIGHT Influenced by :

Genetic (clan) Intake nutrition (eat, drink, snack) Absorbtion of intestine & escretion Physical activity Metabolism of the body, hormone Chronic disease (heart, urinary tract infection, tuberculosis) content water and body fat

Addition of body weight Trimester I : 700 1000 gram/month Timester II : 500 600 gram/month


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Trimester III : 350 450 gram/month Timester IV : 250 350 gram/month

HEADCIRCUMFERENCE

Relating to growth of brain volume Circumference head more bigger (macrocephaly)

88 % IQ normally 5 % mild mental retardation 7 % severe mental retardation ( Lober & Priestly , 1981)

Circumference head more small than normally (microcephaly) mentalretardation

History of pregnancy, birth, disease untill age 3 year close with mentalretardation

Age ~ brain

20 weak ~ 100 g

Born ~ 400 g

18 month ~ 800 g

3 year ~ 1100 g

Adult ~ 1400 g

FACTOR OFGROWTH FACTOR NOTE

INTERNAL GENATIC father, mother, grandpa, grandma

INTRAUTERINE PROCESS nutrition, disease, drug, polution, toxinEXTERNAL nutrition, disease, polution, exercise, emotional support


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DEVELOPMENT

TITLE NOTEDEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT Development increasing of the ability/ function from all the body organ systems; result

from increased of the maturatiy body organ system functionCHARACTERISTIC OFDEVELOPMENT

Development entangle the change every growth accompanied by change of function,example development of the reproduction system accompanied by change of organsexual

Early development determining the growth hereinafter. Cannt pass one developmentphase before passing step before all

Development have the constant pattern area lead to caudal (cephalocaudal)area of proximal to shares of distal (proximodistal)

Development have the successive phase successive and regular pattern Development have the different speedy Development have the correlation with growth

CHILD DEVELOPMENT Increases of all child functions1. Sensory : auditory, visual2. Motor : gross, fine motor3. cognitive (knowledge, inteligence)4. communication / language5. socio-emotional, behavior6. self help7. creativity8. leadership9. spiritual

Increases maturation of organ system : mainly brain andneuromuscular system

Determinant factors of child development internal : genetic + intrauterine processes external : nutrition, diseases, quality of family, baby sitter (care-givers),

playmates, schoolCHILD DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS 4 aspects of development

1. Gross motor 4. Sosial, emosional, behavioral2. Fine motor and vision3. speech,language and hearing


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What is the role ?

I. Genetic

The parents : father, mother,grandmother, grandfather

Sex, ethnic, nation

II. Environment

1) growth and development in children

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