1-history and basics of computers
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1.10 Looking Ahead
The User Sees Software, Speed, Storage Capacity,
And Peripheral Device Functionality.
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Course Books to buy? Text Book
Computer Organization and Architecture
(7th Edition)
By: William Stallings
Reference BookComputer System Architecture
By:M. Morris Mano
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Course Assessment
Quizzes : 05%
Assignments : 05%
Project /Research Paper : 15% Midterm Exam : 25%
Final Exam : 50%
TOTAL : 100%
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4Different Aspects of Computer
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The History and Basics of Computers
1.1 Computer Applications
1.2What is a Computer?
1.3 History and Evolution
1.4 Computer Generations1.5Classification of Computers
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Computer Application Education
Banking System
Aerospace
Business & Marketing
Government Entertainment
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A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed toaccept data(input), processit into useful information(output), andstoreit in a storagemedia for future use
System Unit
What is a Computer?
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History & Evolution
Abacus
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine1944 MARK IHoward Aiken at
Harvard University1951 - UNIVAC1
first commercial computer
1954 - Hewlett and PackardMet and setup shop inGarage at Silicon valley
Mechanical Calculator
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Abacus
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Difference Engine Analytical Engine
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Mechanical Calculators
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UNIVAC 1
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1975 Microsoft FoundedBill Gates with Paul Allen
1976
Apple I and Apple II
1981-IBM PC
PC wasintroduced.
1989 WWW
Invented by
Tim Berners-Lee
1969 Internet wasfounded
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1994 NetscapeFounded by
Jim Clark and Marc Andreesen
Many more.
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Question -
PROCESS
OUTPUT
INPUT
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic machine that canbe programmed to accept data(input), processit into useful information(output), and storeit ina storagedevice for future use
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Computer Generation
1. 1st Generation2. 2nd Generation3. 3rd Generation4. 4th Generation
5. 5th Generation
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1st Generation (1944 - 1958) : Vacuum Tubes
Memory was made upof hundreds of vacuumtubes or sometimesmagnetic drum
Gave off so much heatthat even if they werecooled by gigantic airconditioners.
Input and output mediawere punched cards andmagnetic tapes
IBM Punched Card (input)
Magnetic Tapes (output)Vacuum Tubes(memory)
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UNIVAC ENIAC
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An electronic switch that alternately allow or disallowelectronic signal to pass, replaces vacuum tubes
These transistors were made of solid material, some ofwhich is silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce
Much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power, andgenerate less heat, conduct electricity faster.
2nd Generation (1959 - 1964) : Transistor
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Minicomputer
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An electronic circuit that packages transistors and otherelectronic components into one small silicon chip calledsemiconductor.
The number of transistors that is placed on a single chip hasincreased, shrinking both the size and cost of computers.
Keyboards and monitors were used.
Magnetic disks were used widely as secondary storage
3rd Generation (1964 - 1970) : Integrated Circuit
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Minicomputer
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A silicon chip on which transistors areintegrated onto it.
Microprocessor can do all the processingof afull-scale computer smaller in size , faster in
speed.
4th Generation (1971-Present) : Microprocessor
These circuit integrations are known as Large-scale integrated (LSI) and Very Large-scaleintegrated (VLSI) circuits
Microprocessors led to the invention of personalcomputers.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) concernswith making computers behave andthink like humans.
The branch of computerscience that deal with writingcomputer programsthat cansolveproblems creatively
AI studies include robotics, expertsystems, games, etc..
5th Generation (Present & Beyond)
: Artificial Intelligence
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Three Directions of Computer Development
size Everything has become smaller
power Miniaturization allowed computer makers to cram
more power into their machines, providing fasterprocessing speeds and more data storage
capacity.
expensive The price of the hardware is getting cheaper
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Classification of Computers(1) Supercomputers
The mightiest computer
The most expensive.
Process billions of instructions in a second Used by some exclusive group only
(2) Mainframes
Process data at very high speed
Less expensive than Supercomputer
Used for processing large amount of data
User work with terminal e.g Maybank Mainframe
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(3)Workstations
Powerful desktop computers
Used by engineers and scientistsfor engineering applications,software development, applicationthat require a high amount ofcomputing power
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(4) Mobile Computing
Small, portable, wirelesscommunication device.
Ex: laptops, wearablecomputers, PDAs, USB
flash drives.
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The most common for home users ,computers that can fit on a desktop or inone's briefcase.
Can perform all of its input, processing,
output and storage activities by itself.
(6) Microcomputers / PC
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i. Mini tower
ii. Desktop
Types of PC
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Why are computersso useful?
Storage Reliability
Speed
Accuracy Communication
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Types of Users
Individuals who uses theproduct after it has beenfully developed and
marketed.
End Users
Small Business Users Small companies
Mobile Users Traveling people
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Milestones in Computer Architecture
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Milestones in Computer Architecture
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Von Neumann Machine
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PDP-8 Innovation
Single Bus
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Technological and Economic Forces
Moores law predicts a 60-percent annual increase in
the number of transistors that can be put on a chip.
Data points given in this figure are memory sizes,
in bits.
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The Computer Spectrum
The current spectrum of computers available.
The prices should be taken with a grain
(or better yet, a metric ton) of salt.
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Personal Computer
A printed circuit board is at the heart of every personal
computer. This figure is a photograph of the Intel D875PBZ
board. The photograph is copyrighted by the Intel Corporation,
2003 and is used by permission.
1. Pentium 4 socket
2. 875P Support chip
3. Memory sockets
4. AGP connector
5. Disk interface
6. Gigabit Ethernet7. Five PCI slots
8. USB 2.0 ports
9. Cooling technology
10. BIOS
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Intel Computer Family
The Intel CPU family. Clock speeds are measured in MHz
(megahertz) where 1 MHZ is 1 million cycles/sec.
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Intel Computer Family
The Pentium 4 chip. The photograph is copyrighted by the Intel
Corporation, 2003 and is used by permission.
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Intel Computer Family
Moores law for (Intel) CPU chips.
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MCS-51 Family
Members of the MCS-51 family.