1 intro gis socialscience
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
1/45
1 - Intro to GIS for the
Social Sciences
RESM 493r
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
2/45
Goal
Apply GIS techniques to social science andbusiness research
Explore spatial and quantitative analysis
methods Examine problems in business and marketing,
community planning and development, healthcare, crime analysis, environmental justice,
recreation, and other applications Explore the significance of spatial thinking in
social science research and analysis.
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
3/45
Learning objectives
Explain how place and space are importantand can be analyzed with GIS in varioussocial science fields.
Find and download appropriate census datafor use with political boundaries.
Perform business and marketing spacebased analyses.
Analyze the patterns of features and usemodels to make predictions about futureconditions.
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
4/45
Today
Into to GIS for social sciences
Hazards of place model
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
5/45
GIS use in the social sciences
An analytical tool for social sciences
Not new, but only recently has it gainedwider recognition
Due to availability and easy to usesoftware
Applied in various social science
disciplines Is a continuously evolving technology
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
6/45
Examples
Mapping crime statistics
Social inequality
Environmental justice
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
7/45
Understanding the G in GIS
Knowing exact location is an importantpart of the GIS process
Information about people and places is
location based. Street address, zip or area code, census
block, x,y coordinates, latitude andlongitude, etc
scientific basis for mappingscale (level ofspatial detail - privacy and ethical issues),coordinates, control datums.
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
8/45
Understanding the G in GIS
Not all social science research usespatial analysis
focus on social, economic, cultural andsurvey data without spatial questions
E.g. Do educated or wealthier pregnantwomen receive higher quality prenatal care?
Alternatively Where are the prenatal clinics located
relative to available public transportation,child care etc ?causative relationships.
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
9/45
Understanding the G in GIS
Not all data is geographice.g. data onperceptions, desires, social ties, ideas orinteractions. Use of cartograms - to represent social relationships
Data variability in time and space Most data are staticsnapshot in time.
Difficult to map changes or trends in data
Many things are dynamic
Choice of variables to be used. E.g. Mappingindividuals over time - home address or place ofemployment; or where the person is likely to be at aparticular time of the day or week.
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
10/45
Understanding the G in GIS
Computers allow us to transform static datainto dynamic dataAnimation
Difficult and expensive to collect and update
temporal scale (real time) data Fortunately, only a few social science
applications use this kind of data
Representation issues
Privacy and ethical issues
Lumping (grouping) or degrading to mask
individual data points
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
11/45
Understanding the I in GIS
Information relates to software database Databases are specialized software programs designed
for storage, organization and retrieval of information.
Most GIS can interact with any database system May involve some transformation and translations
Most data are now available in GIS ready formats e.gUSCensus, local and state agencies, private companiesand universities
Primary datasurveys, interviews, andobservations locational information and coding and formatting
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
12/45
Extending the I in GIS
Multimedia capabilities of computers
Allows the incorporation of video, audio,photos and text
Oral history, narratives and interviews,
Data is stored in a raw form
Can be used for further and different
analysis
Dynamically linked to a map location
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
13/45
Understanding the S in GIS
System component
Hardware, software and people
GIS setup involves costs and training
Issues of data structure, format andcompatibilityInteroperability
High costs and training may warrantsubcontracting to GIS specialists.
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
14/45
Understanding the S in GIS
GIS data model is based on discrete datacategories of points, lines and polygons that arein space
Assumes all data can be linked to a specific discretelocation
Assumes that lines can be drawn to delineateboundaries between data categories
Many data sets are not clearly defined E.g degraded
Efforts to develop fuzzy GIS systemsless definedlocations and boundaries
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
15/45
Qualitative Research Methods
Integrating qualitative research and GIS
Qualitative research forms: Sociospatial grounded theory
Participant observation
Ethnography Oral histories
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
16/45
Qualitative Research Methods
Inductive Approach
Grounded Theory and GIS
Sociospatial Grounded Theory
Determine topic of interest
Determine geographic location of interest
Collect data (qualitative, spatially linked social data)
Geocode the data
Ground truth the data
Analyze the data, look for spatial and social patterns
General theory (spatial and social)
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
17/45
Integrating GIS & Field Research
GIS software in the field Entering data in the field.
Consider climate conditions, access to power or recharge thecomputer and storage space
Base maps of study area Hard copy maps Mark some reference points
Ground truth of map data Verification and ground truthing
Use of aerial photos
Elicit help from local people
Cultural perceptions of technology How technology is viewed by people in the study area e.g. Amish
community Alternative methods
Access to Results Who will read the report
Public access
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.easbio.com/images/measure.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.easbio.com/&h=338&w=510&sz=37&hl=en&start=68&tbnid=wcfDj8kUUbOZ7M:&tbnh=87&tbnw=131&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGIS%2Bfield%2Bresearch%26start%3D54%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN -
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
18/45
Local Sources of Data
Oral History Interviews
GIS and oral history
Participant Observation
Researcher actively participates in theissue and topic under study
Researcher record their experiences(social, environmental and personalsentiments)
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
19/45
News as Data Source
Background data or actual data
Newspapers, magazine, TV and online formats
Content Analysis Approach Analyze events in time, location, time of
occurrence etc
Identify patterns in news stories
Information can be used for decision making
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Global/8/8D85C1AA-4244-4001-93A7-F0A2739A6E66/0/chp_prof_fischer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Science--Technology--and-Society/STS-360EthnographySpring2003/CourseHome/&h=253&w=300&sz=65&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=ZXGPCCZUYqWtiM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dethnography%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den -
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
20/45
Ethnography and GIS
Detailed description of a problem or issue
Telling people stories the way the people want thestories told (Earl Babbie, 2003)
Recorded conversations
GIS integrates contextualized or environmentally situatethe stories over time
Key elements/variables from stories can be used foranalysis
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEnglish/imperial/key-concepts/images/tuareg.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEnglish/imperial/key-concepts/Ethnography.htm&h=300&w=540&sz=23&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=JgNGk1N0K7AbVM:&tbnh=73&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dethnography%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Global/8/8D85C1AA-4244-4001-93A7-F0A2739A6E66/0/chp_prof_fischer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Science--Technology--and-Society/STS-360EthnographySpring2003/CourseHome/&h=253&w=300&sz=65&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=ZXGPCCZUYqWtiM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dethnography%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den -
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
21/45
Public Particiaption and GIS
Local peoples ideas, thoughts and actions aresolicited to be part of the planning process.
Community meetings, stage hearings to solicitcommunity input, focus groups, surveys, keyinformant interviews, needs assessments etc
Disadvantagevery few people (general public)understand GIS
PPGIS allows people to see the data and itsphysical, environmental or social context now or infuture
Use of GIS as means of idea portrayal can giveplanners of community desires
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.iapad.org/images/pic_212_cover_ppgis_book.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.iapad.org/books.htm&h=201&w=135&sz=8&hl=en&start=18&tbnid=TByf6_lGM_oaSM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=70&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPPGIS%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pgis2005.cta.int/images/pic_137_spatial_learning.gif&imgrefurl=http://participatorygis.blogspot.com/2004/10/public-participation-gis-ppgis-webring.html&h=166&w=200&sz=23&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=9C54KeGk3bKzEM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPPGIS%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den -
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
22/45
Sociospatial Research
Enhances analysis by providing additionalinsights and information not previously
considered understand social context and characterstics
Outline Explore GIS as a tool for the integration and
analysis of social science data
Role of GIS in research
Applications
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
23/45
GIS in the social science
Does not have a long history in thesocial science
Its value is beginning to berecognized
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
24/45
Why is GIS a good tool for thesocial scientist?
Allows for the integration andcomparison of contextual data fromsocial as well as environmental orphysical standpoint
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
25/45
Social science researcher
Almost all of their data have anassocicated geographic point oflocation
Researchers need to identify wherethe differences, similarities,correlations, and interactions exist
GIS can accommodate bothqualitative and quantitative variablesinto a study
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
26/45
Inductive vs deductive approachesto research
GIS can be helpful to both
Inductive hypotheses emerge from
the data, no preconceived notions Deductive more traditional
approach of lit review, generateframework, create hypoth, test the
hypoth by collecting data
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
27/45
Hazards of place model
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
28/45
Example: Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
29/45
Example: Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
30/45
Example:Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 1: Determining Biophysical Vulnerability
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
31/45
Example:Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 1: Determining Biophysical Vulnerability
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
32/45
Example:Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 1: Determining Biophysical Vulnerability
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
33/45
Example:Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 1: Determining Biophysical Vulnerability
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
34/45
Example:Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 2: Defining Social Vulnerability
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
35/45
Example:Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 2: Defining Social Vulnerability
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
36/45
Example:Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 3: The Vulnerability of Places
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
37/45
37
Combining Tables(application of Census data or otherdemographic information with spatial layers)
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
38/45
Tables
Descriptive information about features
Each feature class has an associated table
One row for each geographic feature
Right-click
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
39/45
Understanding table anatomy
Basic table properties
Records/rows and fields/columns
Column types can store numbers, text, dates
Unique column namesColumns (fields)
Rows
(records)
Attribute
values
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
40/45
Table manipulation
Open table in ArcMap or preview in ArcCatalog
Sort ascending or descending
Freeze/Unfreeze columns
Statistics In ArcMap
Select records
Modify table values
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
41/45
Associating tables
Can store attributes in feature table or separate table
Associate tables with common column key values
Must be same data field types
Must know table relationships (cardinality)Additional
attribute tableFeature attribute table
Example: Associating county attribute table with separate table of poverty estimates by county for WV
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
42/45
Table relationships
How many A objects are related to B objects?
Types of cardinality
One-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-one, andmany-to-many
Must know cardinality before connecting tables
or
One parcel
has one owner
One parcel
has many owners
Many parcels
have one owner
Many parcels
have many owners
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
43/45
Joins and relates
Two methods to associate tables in ArcMap based on acommon field
Join appends the attributesfrom one onto the other
Label or symbolize featuresusing joined attributes
Relate defines a relationshipbetween two tables
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
44/45
Connecting tables with joins
Appends the attributes of two tables
Assumes one-to-one or many-to-one cardinality
County Attributes (before Join) WV_Poverty98
County Attributes with joined poverty data (virtual table after Join)
One-to-one
c c
-
7/27/2019 1 Intro Gis Socialscience
45/45
Connecting tables with relates
Define relationship between two tables
Tables remain independent
Additional cardinality choices
One-to-many
Discovers any related rows
2) Open related table1) Make selection
Example: Relate WV county attributes to table of coal production statistics for 1986 - 1998