GISAn IntroductionDataDecisionsScienceManagement(Geographic Information Systems)

GIS--What is it?No easy answer anymore!Geographic Information information about places on the earths surfaceknowledge about what is where when (Dont forget time!)Geographic Information Technologiestechnologies for dealing with this informationGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS)Remote Sensing (RM)Geographic Information Systems (GIS)GIS--whats in the S?Systems: the technologyScience: the concepts and theoryStudies: the societal context

Geographic Information TechnologiesGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS)a system of earth-orbiting satellites which can provide precise (100 meter to sub-cm.) location on the earths surface (in lat/long coordinates or equiv.)Remote Sensing (RS)use of satellites (and aircraft) to capture information about the earths surfaceGeographic Information Systems (GISy)at a minimum, comprises a capability for input, storage, manipulation and output of geographic informationGPS and RM are sources of input data for a GISy.A GISy provides for storing and manipulating GPS and RS data.

GI Systems, Science and StudiesSystemstechnology for the acquisition and management of spatial informationSciencecomprehending the underlying conceptual issues of representing data and processes in space-timethe science (or theory and concepts) behind the technologyStudiesunderstanding the social, legal and ethical issues associated with the application of GISy and GISc

Which GIS will we do?Systems: GIS=GISyFocus on the technology systemintroduce enough of the science to apply the systems correctly and understand their capabilities and limitationsdiscuss societal implications primarily in POEC 6383 (Management and Implementation of GIS), and POEC 6381 (Intro to GIS) as they arisecombine hands-on technical training with broader education, and an emphasis on multidisciplinary applications Lets begin.

Changing Domain of GISelite toolubiquitous tooltechnical focusapplication focusobject of studyenabler of studies2002199819921985

Why Study GIS?80% of local government activities estimated to be geographically basedplats, zoning, public works (streets, water supply, sewers), garbage collection, land ownership and valuationa significant portion of state government has a geographical componentnatural resource managementhighways and transportationbusinesses use GIS for a very wide array of applicationsretail site selection & customer analysislogistics: vehicle tracking & routingnatural resource exploration (petroleum, etc.)precision agriculturecivil engineering and constructionscientific research employs GISgeography, geology, botany anthropology, sociology, economics, political scienceepidemiology.the next slides illustrate more of these

Where GIS is being Applied: IUrban Planning, Management & PolicyZoning, subdivision planningLand acquisitionEconomic developmentCode enforcementHousing renovation programsEmergency responseCrime analysisTax assessmentEnvironmental SciencesMonitoring environmental riskModeling stormwater runoffManagement of watersheds, floodplains, wetlands, forests, aquifersEnvironmental Impact AnalysisHazardous or toxic facility sitingGroundwater modeling and contamination tracking

Where GIS is being Applied: IIPolitical ScienceRedistrictingAnalysis of election resultsPredictive modelingCivil Engineering/UtilityLocating underground facilitiesDesigning alignment for freeways, transitCoordination of infrastructure maintenance BusinessDemographic AnalysisMarket Penetration/ Share AnalysisSite SelectionEducation Administration Attendance Area Maintenance Enrollment Projections School Bus RoutingReal EstateNeighborhood land pricesTraffic Impact AnalysisDetermination of Highest and Best UseHealth CareEpidemiology Needs Analysis Service Inventory

Where Most UT-D Students Come From/Go Tothe major areas of GIS applicationLocal GovernmentPublic works/infrastructure management (roads, water, sewer)Planning and environmental managementproperty records and appraisal Real Estate and MarketingRetail site selection, site evaluation Public safetyCrime analysis, fire prevention, emergency managementNatural resource exploration/extractionPetroleum, minerals, quarryingTransportationAirline route planning, transportation modelingPublic health and epidemiologyThe Geospatial IndustryData development, application development, programming

What GIS Applications Do:manage, analyze, communicatemake possible the automation of activities involving geographic datamap productioncalculation of areas, distances, route lengthsmeasurement of slope, aspect, viewshedlogistics: route planning, vehicle tracking, traffic management allow for the integration of data hitherto confined to independent domains (e.g property maps and air photos).by tieing data to maps, permits the succinct communication of complex spatial patterns (e.g environmental sensitivity).provides answers to spatial queries (how many elderly in Richardson live further than 10 minutes at rush hour from ambulance service?)perform complex spatial modelling (what if scenarios for transportation planning, disaster planning, resource management, utility design)

Defining Geographic Information Systems (GIS)The common ground between information processing and the many fields using spatial analysis techniques. (Tomlinson, 1972)A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world. (Burroughs, 1986)A computerised database management system for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial (locationally defined) data. (NCGIA, 1987)A decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem solving environment. (Cowen, 1988)

An Inelegant Definition for GISyA system of integrated computer-based tools for end-to-end processing (capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, display) of data using location on the earths surface for interrelation in support of operations management and decision making. set of integrated tools for spatial analysisencompasses end-to-end processing of datacapture, storage, retrieval, analysis/modification, displayuses explicit location on earths surface to relate data aimed at decision support, as well as on-going operations

How GIS differs from Related SystemsDBMS--typical MIS data base contains implicit but not explicit locational information city, county, zip code, etc. but no geographical coordinatesis 100 N. High around the corner or across town from 200 E Main?automated mapping (AM) --primarily two-dimensional display devicesthematic mapping (choropleth,etc such as SAS/GRAPH, DIDS, business mapping software) unable to relate different geographical layers (e.g zip codes and counties)automated cartography--graphical design oriented; limited database ability facility management (FM) systems--lack spatial analysis toolsCAD/CAM (computer aided design/drafting)--primarily 3-D graphic creation (engineering design) & display systemsdont reference via geographic locationlimited (if any) database ability (especially for non-spatial data)scientific visualization systems--sophisticated multi-dimensional graphics, but:lack database supportlack two-dimensional spatial analysis tools

Knowledge Base for GISApplication Area:public admin.planninggeologymineral explorationforestrysite selectionmarketingcivil engineeringcriminal justiceComputerScience/MISgraphicsvisualization databasesystem administrationsecurityGeographyand related:cartographygeodesylandformsspatial statistics..next slides show details

Contributors to GIS: I The convergence of technogical fields and traditional disciplinesGeographyBroadly concerned with understanding the world and man's place in itlong tradition in spatial analysisprovides techniques for conducting spatial analysisCartographyconcerned with the display of spatial informationmaps have been a major source of information input for GIS long tradition in map design which is an important output from GISRemote Sensingimages from air and space are a major (& growing) source of spatial datalow cost and consistent update of input data anywhere in the worldremote sensing software contains sophisticated analytical functionsinterpreted data from remote sensing can be merged with other GIS dataPhotogrammetryuses aerial photographs for making accurate spatial measurements source of most data on topography (elevation) used in GIS

Contributors to GIS: II The convergence of technogical fields and traditional disciplinesSurveyingprovides high quality data on positions of land boundaries, buildings, etc. GeodesySource of high accuracy positional control for GISGPS (global positioning system) technology is revolutionizing efficiency, cost, and accuracyStatisticsmany GIS models are statistical many statistical techniques used in GIS analysisstatistics important to understanding issues of error and uncertainty in GIS dataOperations Researchoptimizing techniques used in many GIS applications such as routingComputer Scienceearlier computer-aided design (CAD) work in CS computer graphics and visualizationdatabase management systems (DBMS)

The Purpose of a GISystemallows the geographic features in real world locations to be digitally represented so that they can be abstractly presented in map (analog) form, and can also be worked with and manipulated to address some problemprovides a digital representation of the real world for use in operational management, decision making, and science (see associated diagrams)

The GIS Data Model: Geographic Integration of Information Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonomous concepts), with each theme representing a common feature. Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earths surface, thus geographical location is the organizing principal.

The GIS Model: exampleHere we have three layers or themes: --roads, --hydrology (water), --topography (land elevation)They can be related because precise geographic coordinates are recorded for each theme.longitudelatitudelongitudelongitudelatitudelatitudeLayers may be represented in two ways:in vector format as linesin raster(image) format as pixels

GIS System Architecture and ComponentsData InputQuery InputGeographic DatabaseOutput: Display and ReportingTransformation and Analysis

Course ContentPart I: OverviewWhat is GISFundamental GIS Concepts and Primary SoftwareHands-on Intro to ArcGIS (lab sessions @ 4:00-7:00pm or 7:00-10:00pm)Part II: PrinciplesTerrestrial data structures representing the real worldGIS Data Structuresrepresenting the world in a computerData QualityThe essential ingredient

Part III: PracticeData Input: preparation and integrationData analysis and modelingData output and application examples

Part IV: The FutureFuture of GIS

Hands-on ProjectsLocating a Day-careintro to GIS capabilitiesillustration of a major application: site selectionTexas Demographic growthmanipulation of data and mapping principlesanother major application: analysis of spatial patternsGeocoding Housing Salestechniques and data requirements for geocodinganother application: geocoding/address matchingCreating a Census Tract layerediting and creating topological consistent datahow new data layers can be createdPipeline Routing data selection, buffering and spatial analysisanother major application: corridor studies

Thank You

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