1. intro ph 611_ms

8/7/2019 1. Intro PH 611_MS

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Materials ScienceMaterials Science10B11PH61110B11PH61120102010--20112011

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The course in brief The course in brief

1. Offered to: 6th Semester B.Techstudents of ECE and CSE

2. Course Instructor

Dr. Anuj Kumar (ECE)

3.Number of Credit: 4 (3 1 0)

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What modules will be taughtWhat modules will be taught

1. Dielectric materials

2. Magnetic materials

3. Polymers and Ceramics

4. Super-conductivity

5. Optical Fiber and Laser Communication

6. Display Devices

***Notable exception, we will not teach Semiconductor materials******

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BooksBooks

� ³ Solid State Physics´ -- C. Kittal� ³ Solid State Physics´ -- S.O.Pillai

� ³Material Science and Engineering anIntroduction´ -- W.D. Callister Jr.

� ³ Material Science and Metallurgy´ -- O.P.Khanna.

� ³Optical fiber Communication´ ± J. Senior

� ³Elements of Material Science andEnginnering´ -- Lawrence H Van Vlack

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Additonal references for vacuum science & thin filmphenomena:

1) A. Roth, Vacuum Technology, Elseveier Science B. V.Amsterdam.

2) L Reimann, Vacuum Techniques, Chapman and Hall,London, 1952.

3) S Dushman and J M Lafferty, Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique, Wiley, New York, 1962, [SecondEdition].

4) Foundations of Vacuum Science and Technology James M.Lafferty, Editor John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998 728 pgs.

5) K. L. Chopra , Thin film phenomena, McGraw ± Hill BookCompany, New York.

6) K. L. Chopra and Inderjeet Kaur, Thin film deviceapplications, Plenum Press, New York and London.

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Let us understand theLet us understand theimportance of these moduleimportance of these module

through some examplesthrough some examplesExamples:

1. Low k dielectric in VLSI

2. Magnetic materials for data storage

3. Display devices in your mobile toyour laptop

4. As you call your parents themessage goes through optical fiber

5. Blue ray disk

6. Levitating Trains

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Exercises to convince you theExercises to convince you theimportanceimportance

1. Find Five most advanced applications of engineering science in your discipline whichis already implemented and find out howmaterial science played an important role inimplementation of that.

2. Find out any two application of engineeringscience in your discipline which is already

implemented and material sciencehas notplayed an important role in implementation

of that.

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History of materialsHistory of materialsoror

History of civilizationHistory of civilization

ororHistory of TechnologyHistory of Technology

� 4000BC the glazing technique is developed(early use of metals)

� Copper smelted from ore was developed in4000BC �knives and agricultural tools

� 3000 BC Fire hardened clay (ceramics)This was a great discovery for early man

and we guess they had GOD like feelingafter learning the trick to change the natureof the material by changing it from clay tostone.

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History of materialsHistory of materialsoror

History of civilizationHistory of civilization

ororHistory of TechnologyHistory of Technology

� 3000 BC Bronzes and other alloys of

copper� 2600 BC shaping and joining of

precious metals like Gold and silver.

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What are materials?What are materials?

�Th

at's easy. Look around. What do you see?M aterials are everywhere!

� The clothes we wear are made from a variety of materials.

� Our home is made of materials - mostlymanufactured. The glass in the windows, theceramic dinnerware, the metal silverware, andeverywhere we look we see products made frommaterials.

� Most products are made from many different kindsof materials to satisfy the needs of the product.

One way to look at materials is to consider thevarious generic descriptions such as metals,ceramics, plastics semiconductors, composites

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Classification of MaterialsClassification of Materials1. Metals:

Large number of free electrons, good conductors of electricity and heat,

not transparent to visible light.

Quite strong,

yet deformable, this accounts for their extensiveuse in structural applications.

2. Ceramics:

Typically insulative to passage of electricity and

heat. more resistant to high temperatures and harsh

environments than metals and polymers.

Ceramics are hard but very brittle.

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Classification of MaterialsClassification of Materials3. Polymers:

Very large molecular structure.

Low densities and may be extremely flexible.

Polymer include your hair to familiar plastic andrubber materials.

Light weight and high strength

4. Composites: Consists of more than one material type. Fiberglass is

a familiar example in which glass fibers are embeddedwithin a polymeric material.

A composite is designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each component materials.

Fiber glass acquires strength from the glass andflexibility from the polymer . Many of the recentmaterial developments have involved composite

materials.

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Classification of MaterialsClassification of Materials

5. Semiconductors:� Electrical characteristics of these materials are

extensively sensitive to the presence of minuteconcentrations of impurity atoms; theseconcentrations may be controlled over very small

regions.� The semiconductors have made possible the adventof integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionizedthe electronic industry.

6. Organic material (Bio-material):

�Th

ese are polymeric materials composed of carboncompounds.� All other 5 types of materials stated above may be

organic material/ biomaterial. Therefore, this is notan uniquely defined class.

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More advanced materialsMore advanced materials A) Smart (or intelligent) materials: These materials are able

to sense changes in their environments and respond tothese changes in predetermined manners-traits that arefound in living organisms. The component of smartmaterial include some type of sensor that detects an inputand actuator that performs a responsive and adaptivefunction.

B) Nano-Materials:

Nanotechnology comprises any technologicaldevelopments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1-100nm.(One nanometer equals one thousandth of a micrometer or

one millionth of a millimeter). Often the properties of materials changes at this length and when we developnew materials having the characteristic properties of nanometer scale then they are called nanomaterials.Nano-transistors are already in use.

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Which properties of materials areWhich properties of materials areof engineering interest?of engineering interest?

1. Mechanical Properties: (like elasticity, plasticity, toughness,

tensile strength, yield strength, impact strength, ductility,malleability, brittleness, hardness, Fatigue, Creep etc.)

2. Thermal Properties: (like Heat capacity, Specific heat, Meltingpoints, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, thermal shockresistance)

3. Electrical Properties: (resistivity, conductivity, dielectricstrength, thermoelectricity etc.

4. Magnetic properties: (Permeability, coercive force, hysteresis,superconductivity)

5. Chemical properties: Chemical composition, corrosion

resistance, acidity and alkalinity etc.6. Optical properties: refractive index, absorptivity and

absorption coefficient, reflectivity etc.

7. Physical properties: Dimension, appearance, density, color,porosity etc.

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How to select a material forHow to select a material forparticular applicationsparticular applications

Example: ³ Ductility is defined as capability of a material toundergo deformation under tension without rupture´.

� In most of the applications we need high strength and highductility but any material having high strength has low

ductility, so we made a compromise.� Earlier engineers used to made these kind of

compromisation by successive approximation method or bytrial and error.

� Recently we have developed systematic methods to choosereliably among many possible materials capable of aparticular application.Some of the popular systematic techniques are

1) Weighted property indices

2) Failure analysis

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Self studySelf study

� Read1)Weighted property indices

2)Failure analysis techniques yourself.

For this purpose usehttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.p

hp?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-14392003000400010

Andhttp://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/46

/04713592 /0471359246.pdf

Or read page 4-4 to 4-7 of A Text book of ³M aterial Science and M etallurgy ́ by O P Khanna.

1. intro ph 611_ms

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