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Keynote Speech ⅤEcological perspectives of coastal fisheries in

marine national parks

Hiroyuki MATSUDA 松田裕之 (Yokohama Nat’l Univ 横浜国立大学 )

Co-working withMitsutaku MAKINO 牧野光琢

(Fisheries Res. Agency 水産総合研究センター )

Yasunori SAKURAI 桜井泰憲(Hokkaido Univ 北海道大学 )

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071220TW.ppt

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Profile -- Hiroyuki MATSUDA

Mathematical ecologist, (adaptive dynamics, fisheries management, wildlife anagement)

Yokohama National UniversityProfessor of Environmental Risk Management

Program Leader of JSPS Global COE “Global Eco-Risk Management from Asian Viewpoints”

The 1st Japanese Pew Marine Conservation FellowWWF Japan: Advisory Committee for Nature Consv.Standing Committee of Ecol Soc Japan

former Chief Editor of Jpn J Cons Ecol

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071220TW.ppt

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Overview1. Ecosystem services and Millennium

Ecosystem Assessment2. Man and Biosphere program and world

natural heritage by UNESCO3. Importance of international coopera-

tion for marine management

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071220TW.ppt

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Why do we conserve the nature?

Biodiversity

Ecosystem functions

Global Changes

Ecosystem services

Human well-being

Because of intergene-rational sustainability=Our descendant can enjoy ecosystem services (Christensen et al. 1996)(MA2004)(MA2004)

Japanese edition:Japanese edition:Translated by COE-YNUTranslated by COE-YNU

2006/5/22 5

Ecosystem services and well-being(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2004)

05/8/4 6

3 types of ecosystem services

• GoodsGoods 　　 agricultures agricultures 140trilion yen/yr

• Regulating services Regulating services 1700 trillion yen/yr

• Cultural services • Value of fishing ground >> fisheries

yield

2006/5/22 7

Conserve biodiversity and monuments（ Hirakawa & Higuchi 1997; Yahara & Washitani 1996 ）

• Rich biodiversity = an evidence of sustainable relationship between our ancestors and nature

• Sustainability is a global standard.• Loss of biodiversity = an indicator of

unsustainable impact on the nature• Our generation’s mission = to leave native

biodiversity to the next generation as much as possible.

• Similar to conserve historical monuments

http://www.imj.co.jp/simasha/000/migi07/p19.pdf

平川浩文・樋口広芳 (1997) 生物多様性の保全をどう理解するか　科学 67:725-731 鷲谷いづみ・矢原徹一 (1996) 『保全生態学入門』文一総合出版、 270 頁

2006/5/22 8

Risk of human lives by climate change

Parry et al., (2001)

2006/5/22 9

Effect on ecosystems by climate chage

Hare,　W.　L.　(2003).　Assessment　of　Knowledge　on　Impacts　of　Climate　Change　–　Contribution　to　the 　 Specification　of　Art.　2　of　the　UNFCCC.　

http://www.wbgu.de/wbgu_sn2003_ex01.pdf.

Global mean temperature increase above pre-industrial

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Overview

1. Ecosystem services and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

2. Man and Biosphere program and world natural heritage by UNESCO

3. Importance of international cooperation for marine management

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071220TW.ppt

Biosphere Reserve Zoning

①　中核地域 (core area) 　：　 Protected by law

②　緩衝地域 (buffer area) ：　 Some prohibition

③　移行地域　 (transition zone) ： Allowed by report

（ Y.Kagami 加々美康彦博士）

205/6/27 12

• The 3The 3rdrd World Natural World Natural Heritage in JapanHeritage in Japan

• Including marine areaIncluding marine area• With coastal fisheriesWith coastal fisheries• Culling Steller’s sea lionsCulling Steller’s sea lions• Walleye pollock fisheryWalleye pollock fishery• Many damsMany dams• Deer overabundanceDeer overabundance

Shiretoko　Shiretoko　World　Natural　World　Natural　HeritageHeritage

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Scientific Committeefor Shiretoko Heritage

1st meeting July 16 2004

• Plant- Ishikawa, Kudoh, Takahashi• Forest- Igarashi, (Ishigaki* until 2006)• Mammal- Ohtaishi*, Kaji*, M.Kobayashi• Bird- Nakagawa• Fish- Komiyama, Kaeriyama• River- Nakamura*• Marine- Sakurai*, Sano, Hattori• Matsuda (model), Kaneko (GIS),

A.Kobayashi (Sociology since 2006)

Deer Working Groupafter IUCN 2nd letterMarine WGRiver Construction WG

{

(*chair of SC, WGs)

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知床世界遺産科学委員会1st meeting July 16 2004

• 植物 - 石川、工藤，高橋• 森林 - 五十嵐 , ( 石城 * until 2006)• 哺乳類ー大泰司 *, 梶 *, 小林万里• 鳥ー 中川• 魚 - 小宮山 , 帰山• 河川 - 中村 *• 海洋 - 桜井 *, 佐野 , 服部• 松 田 ( 数 理 ), 金 子 ( 地 理 情 報 ),

小林昭紀 ( 社会学 since 2006)

Deer Working Groupafter IUCN 2nd letterMarine WGRiver Construction WG

{

(*chair of SC, WGs)

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• 04/Jan Management Plan in Shiretoko Heritage– Promised no more fishing regulation to fishers.

• 04/Aug IUCN sent a letter (dams, marine area)• 04/Nov Japan Gov. replied without SC’s advise• 05/Feg IUCN’s 2nd letter “expand marine area”• 05/Mar SC’s recommendation “conservation

without legal regulation”• 05/Jul UNESCO accepted Shiretoko Heritage• 07/Dec. Marine Management Plan• 08/Feb. IUCN Inquiry Commission visit

“Dutch roll” in review process of Shiretoko World Heritage

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Problems in SC & Marine WG

• Government promised to Fishers Associations not to make further regulation for World Heritage

• IUCN requested further conservation efforts.

• SC’s solution:– Increasing effort for

conservation by fishers– Describe management plan

as fishers are doing.– Expand area including shelf

読売新聞

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Spawning　ground

Since　2005

“MPAs” to protect Walleye Pollock

Bottom trawling is totally prohibited in the coastal area

177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction)Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization

Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995Fishing-ban　area　since　1995

Shiretoko Peninsula

Fishers　expanded　Fishing　ban　area　in　2005

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… we still have many problems.

• Many dams and tourists• Make marine management plan that…

– must show how to conserve ecosystems.

• Invite IUCN Inquiry in 2008.• Former Chair said, heavy and concrete

problems.

31 May 2005

Nation-wide top-news celebrated accept of Shiretoko Heritage

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Fishers & Mayor were worried about further requests for conservation

• On May 31st, Mayor Wakinori read an evening paper showing that UNESCO will accept Shiretoko Heritage proposal but IUCN recommended more effort on conservation. He lost words and was worried about reality of more and more regulation due to World Heritage. He was not glad to hear the news of acceptance of World Heritage…

http://hokkaido.yomiuri.co.jp/shiretoko/rensai/sekai_20050602.htm

( 読売新聞 Yomiuri Newspaper, June 2nd 2005, Tokyo)

2006/5/22 20

Draft for Marine Ecosystem Management in Shiretoko World Heritage

Oceanographic　review　of　marine　environment

Dam assessment for salmonids

Control of bycatch and cull of marine　mammals

Marine　debris source traceability

Co-management of salmons fishery

Control of marine ecotourism

Ecological and economical preview of

fisheriesLand-

marine ecosyste

m interactio

ns

Conservation of sus-tainable fisheries

Gather data of Russian fisheries

Corrabolation between Japan and

Russia

Conservation of wild salmons

Co-management of walleye　pollock fishery

Management of coastal fishing grounds

Marine ecosystem

conservation in adjacent regions

Sustainable ecotourism

Sustainable fisheries

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Data collection and Monitoring

• The Science Committee depicted the food web structure in the Shiretoko Heritage site.

• Government compiles catch data of species. • SC choose other necessary data for ecosystem

management, such as weather, water quality, ice drift, planktons, key stone species, etc.

• Clarify benchmarks!!

H.M. 24 Sep 06

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Walleye pollock problems for Total Allowable Catch (TAC)

• Russia exploit this fish by big trawl nets

• Lack of data in Russian waters

• Do not exploit spawning fish too much

http://abchan.job.affrc.go.jp/digests17

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Most of keystone species are caught and recorded by local

fishers org.s!Sustainable fisheries play

roles of “umbrella species” like top predators!

Coastal Foodweb at Shiretoko Heritage

Draft food web by SC

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Fisheries catch statistics in Shiretoko Areato

ns

Very informative time-series data for monitoring the changes in ecosystem structure/functions

Made by Mitsutaku Makino

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Goals of marine management plan

• Sustainable use of walleye pollock• Wild population of salmonids

– Examine effects of sapling on wild salmons

– Sapling is fishery’s benefit

• Conservation of sea lions & marine mammals and birds

• Control of eco-tourism• Survey of debris sources• Cowork with Russian scientists

5th World Fisheries Congress at Yokohama, Oct 2008.

Abe & Putin agreed to organize Japan-Russia Scientists Meeting

5th World Fisheries CongressFisheries for Global Welfare and Environmental Conservation

Yokohama, 20-24 Oct 2008

Session 7 Biodiversity and Management (H.Matsuda)7-1. Biodiversity Cons. & Sustainable Fish. Mngmnt of Salmonids7-2. Adaptive management of cetaceans and other marine species7-3. Species/genetic diversity and conservation for fisheries7-4. Assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services 7-5. Ecosystem and habitat assessment and management 7-6. Inland Fisheries --The Hidden Crisis 7-7. Eel ecology and its sustainable stock management7-8. Stock Structure and Habitat of Pacific Swordfish & …

8-8. Territorial use rights in fisheries and spatial management1-5. Role of hatcheries in management and conservation

1-6. Stock assessment methods: status and recent innovations 1-7. Fisheries by-catch

1-8. Seamount fisheries 5-5. Ecosystems and fisheries (general)

8-2: Resource Management and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

2007/12/1 26

http://www.5thwfc2008.com/index.html

Looking for invited speakers

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Overview

1. Ecosystem services and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

2. Man and Biosphere program and world natural heritage by UNESCO

3. Importance of international cooperation for marine management

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071220TW.ppt

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Missions of the SC

• Describe and evaluate voluntary management of coastal fisheries as they do

• Okhotsk stock assessment of walleye pollock and make a stock recovery plan – By spawners, catch and CPUE including Russian

data.

• Build relationship with Russian scientists and …

• Examine effects of sapling of salmonids on wild population and fisheries

• PVA of sea lions based on responsible data

My policy for consensus building

1. Seek a feasible solution that stakeholders can agree to.

2. Make a scientific plan of stakeholders’ idea3. Encourage practice of agreed management4. Balance between sustainability and diversity5. Acknowledge diversity in nature and culture6. Scientists do not play as stakeholders!7. Build trust between stakeholders!8. Imagine more than one possible outcomes.

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2006/5/22 30

9. Set preliminary numerical goal

10. Choose monitoring measures

11. Select method of control

Flow diagram for ecological risk management

0. Concerns, issues

2.Delimit management scope, invite stakeholder

3.Organize local council and scientific committee

14. Initiate management

15. Continue management and monitoring

Scientific procedure

Consensus building

4.Characterize “undesired events”

5. Enumerate measures of effects

6. Analyze stress factors by modelling

7. Risk assessment for no-action case

Revision required

Reset goals when not agreed

Reset goals w

hen infeasible

8. Check necessity and purpose of management

13. Decide measures & goals 12. Check feasibility of goals

16. Review numerical goals and purposes

1. Screening

Finish program

scientistspublic

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IUCN Review Report Criterion II Ecosystem processes

Shiretoko provides an outstanding example of the interaction of mar-ine and terrestrial ecosystems as well as extraordinary ecosystem productivity, largely influenced by the formation of seasonal sea ice at the lowest latitude in the nor-thern hemisphere. This process supports the formation of phyto-plankton, the primary producer in the marine ecosystem and pro-vides the source of food for marine and terrestrial species…

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IUCN Review Report Criterion IV Biodiversity

Shiretoko has particular importance for a number of marine and terrest-rial species. These include a number of endangered and endemic species, such as the Blackiston’s fish owl and the plant species Viola kitamiana. The property is globally important for salmonids, marine mammals, including the Steller’s sea lion and cetaceans. The property has significance as a habitat for globally threatened sea birds and is a globallyimportant area for migratory birds….

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Laws for MPAs in Japan(Simard 1995, Takahashi 2004)

Natural Park Law (1957, 1970)1) Ordinary area -Inland Sea of Japan, Shiretoko

2) Marine park area -64 areas, 2690.1haNature Environment Protection Law (1972) 　3) Marine Special Area -1 area (Sakiyama Bay 128ha)Law of Fisheries Resource Conservation (1951) 4) Fisheries conservation area-120 areas5) Voluntary fishing-ban area – Shiretoko, Kyoto, Aichi,…

UNESCO MAB (Man and Biosphere Program)6) Biosphere Researve -Yakushima…

MPA includes No-take Zone

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IUCN’s Technical evaluation5.3 Neighbouring Islands

There are clear and apparent similarities bet-ween the environment and ecology in Shiretoko and the neighbouring islands. It is noted that there has been contact between Japanese and Russian researchers. Should it be possible for the States Parties to agree to promote the conservation of these propertiesin the future, there may be the potential for development of these properties as a wider “World Heritage Peace Park”.

David SheppardYomiuri HP

http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1193.pdf

Present protected areas in Japan and Russia

2006/5/22 35(Dr M.Kobayashi)

2006/5/22 36

Thank you for invitation!

I like to try real time case studies with field ecologists!

2004/1/29 36Windfirm birdstrikes

Shiretoko World Heritage

Pelagic fish management

Mongoose eradication program at Amami Island

Mainichi Shimbun

N. Ishii

FSNRI

H.M. at Shiretoko

Plant Red Data Book

Deer management

EXPO2005 at Aichi,Revision of RDB

Bear management