1 mar 105 - introduction to oceanography professor pamela lynch
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MAR 105 - Introduction to Oceanography
Professor Pamela Lynch
1Why Are You Here?
• Long Island is an ISLAND
• The Ocean is your backyard
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A synthetic view of our ocean planet
© digitalife/ShutterStock, Inc.
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Hawaii, 66’ wave, Fig. 9-16, p. 211
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Our marine life is the stuff of movies!
1…and fables…
Aug. 1, 2008: “The Montauk Monster”
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OCEANS?
1The Ocean
• EARTH: The only planet w/ Oceans (or liquid water)
• Covers 71% of earth’s surface
• “Divided” into 4 large basins
– Pacific (largest, deepest)– Atlantic– Indian– Arctic (smallest, shallowest)– (sometimes people add a 5th: the Antarctic, “Southern
Ocean”)
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Figure 1.2
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Figure 1.3b
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Figure 1.3c
1The Ocean
> Covers 71% of the earth’s surface (197 million square miles)
• Accounts for 97% of the water on earth (rest in land ice, ground/freshwater, lakes & rivers)
• Average depth = 3,796 meters (12,451 feet) (deepest = Mariana trench 11,022 m or 36,163 ft)
• Average temp = 3.9oC (only 39oF)
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Figure 1.3a
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Fnft
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Figure 1.3d
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Fig. 1-1, Garrison
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Important Facts
• 81% of the Southern Hemisphere is covered by Ocean (remember that! It’ll become really important later…); while only 61% of the Northern Hemisphere is covered – WHY?
• The Oceans are 4X as deep as the Continents are high (average depth = 2.5 miles).
• The Pacific (Ocean) is so huge that it covers almost ½ of the Earth’s surface; it is also the Earth’s largest collection of water.
• We have 100X more “aquatic” habitats available on earth than terrestrial habitats (1.4 billion cubic kilometers).
• Oceanography is the scientific study of the ocean by applying traditional sciences, such as physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and engineering, to all aspects of the ocean.
Oceanography: What Is It?
Subdisciplines of Oceanography
• Marine Geology-
– Composition of ocean floor and the earth• Physical oceanography-
– Movement of water (waves, currents…)• Chemical Oceanography-
– Ocean’s dissolved solids and gases • Marine biology-
– marine organisms, the impact of human activities on these organisms
• Marine Engineers-
– Design and build oil platforms, ships, harbors etc. that enable us to use the ocean wisely
1History of Marine
Biology/Oceanography
• Ocean explored for food, as trade routes, wars, and for voyaging
• Mediterranean Sea: 1st voyages then the Atlantic Ocean was explored (900-700 BC). Cartographers (chart makers) on board.
• Alexander the Great: (Egypt) Lib. of Alexandria
• Christopher Columbus (1492): “new world” discovered by accident. Followed by Magellan (1500’s, Port. navigator) and Cook (1768, comm. of Endeavour voyage)
• Charles Darwin Naturalist on HMS Beagle (1831)
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Figure 1.8
1History of Marine
Biology/Oceanography
• First Voyages ever to specifically study the ocean (19 yrs. to publish, 50 volumes)
• Challenger Expedition (1872-1876): measuring systems used, species samples
• Marine Laboratories
– Stazione Zooligica – Naples Italy (1872)– MBL & Woods Hole Oceanograohic Institution–
Massachussets– Scripps Institution of Oceanography, CA – Friday Harbor Marine Lab, Washington
• Allowed long term observation of living organisms
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Now: “Woods Hole”
1Oceanography…
•Then….and Now…
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Then…Ben Franklin1769Gulf Streamchart
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Then…the “world” chart…3rd cen. BC
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Let’s talk about OCEANS!
Now…
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Then…500 B.C. greek ship
1Now…typical Research
Vessel
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Now…deep sea sub, “Kaiko”
1Figure 1.11NOW: “Aquarius” FL Keyes underwater lab