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Microsoft Researchand

Big Databases

Information at your fingertips

Jim Gray & Tom Barclaygray@microsoft.com & TBarclay@Microsoft.comMicrosoft ResearchPresentation to US Dept. Homeland Security 7 April 2004

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Outline

• Overview of Microsoft Research

• Big-Database Research

• TerraServer: Geospatial app

• SkyServer: data mining app

• Q&A

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Most R&D Is DHow to Do Basic Research in Industry?Critical questions (from Rick Rashid)

• How can I create and maintain a world class research organization in an industrial setting?

• How do I keep the lines of communication open between product teams and researchers?

• How do I get new technology into products quickly?

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ApproachAdapt the Academic Model

• Organizational goal: Advance state of the art

• University organizational model– Flat structure, critical mass groups

• Open research environment– Aggressive publication in peer-reviewed literature

– Frequent visitors, daily seminars

• Strong ties to University Research– Nearly 15% of basic research budget

directly invested in Universities• Lab grants, research grants, fellowships, etc.

– Hundreds of interns and visitors

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Microsoft Research• Founded in 1991• Staff of over 700 in over 55 areas• Internationally recognized research teams• Lab locations :

– Redmond, Washington, USA 75%– Cambridge, United Kingdom 10% – Beijing, People’s Republic of China

10% – Mountain View, California, , USA 5% – San Francisco, California , USA 1%

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Microsoft ResearchExpanding the State of the Art

• Thousands of peer-reviewed publications– 10%…30% of papers at our focus conferences

graphics, programming, systems, data management…

• Community leadership– Professional societies

– Journals

– Conferences

• Mentoring Interns

• Hosting academic summers and sabbaticals

• Special workshops

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BARC’s Research Agenda

• Scaleable Servers– TerraServer – US map online– SkyServer – All astronomy data online

• Databases– Advancing Databases and data storage

• Media Management– Organizing your digital shoebox

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How Can HLS & MSR Cooperate?

• Lots of research at MSR on HLS relevant areas.– Data mining and visualization– Distributed systems.– Cryptography, security,… – Etc.,,,

• Invite MS Researchers to HLS– workshops – study groups.

• HLS visiting scientists at MSR?

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Outline

• Overview of Microsoft Research

• Big-Database Research

• TerraServer: Geospatial app

• SkyServer: data mining app

• Q&A

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NumbersTerabytes and Gigabytes are BIG!

• Mega – a house in California

• Giga – a very rich person (billionaire)

• Tera – ~ The national debt

• Peta – more than all the money in the world

• A Gigabyte: the Human Genome

• A Terabyte: 150 mile long shelf of books.

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How much information is there?

• Soon everything can be recorded and indexed

• Most bytes will never be seen by humans.

• Data summarization, trend detection anomaly detection are key technologies

See Mike Lesk: How much information is there: http://www.lesk.com/mlesk/ksg97/ksg.html

See Lyman & Varian:

How much informationhttp://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info/

Yotta

Zetta

Exa

Peta

Tera

Giga

Mega

KiloA BookA Book

.Movie

All books(words)

All Books MultiMedia

Everything!

Recorded

A PhotoA Photo

24 Yecto, 21 zepto, 18 atto, 15 femto, 12 pico, 9 nano, 6 micro, 3 milli

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e-Science Has BIG DATA

• Data captured by instrumentsData captured by instrumentsOr data generated by simulatorOr data generated by simulator

• Processed by softwareProcessed by software

• Placed in a files or databasePlaced in a files or database

• Scientist analyzes files / databaseScientist analyzes files / database

• Virtual laboratoriesVirtual laboratories– Networks connecting e-ScientistsNetworks connecting e-Scientists– Strong support from funding agenciesStrong support from funding agencies

• Better use of resourcesBetter use of resources

– Primitive todayPrimitive today

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The eScience Big PictureExperiments &

Instruments

Simulationsfacts

facts

answers

questions

• Data ingest • Managing a petabyte• Common schema• How to organize it?• How to reorganize it• How to coexist with others

• Query and Vis tools • Support/training• Performance

– Execute queries in a minute – Batch query scheduling

?The Big Problems

Literature

Other Archives facts

facts

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e-Science is Data Mininge-Science is Data Mining• There are LOTS of data

– people cannot examine most of it.– Need computers to do analysis.

• Manual or Automatic Exploration– Manual: person suggests hypothesis,

computer checks hypothesis

– Automatic: Computer suggests hypothesisperson evaluates significance

• Given an arbitrary parameter space:– Data Clusters– Points between Data Clusters– Isolated Data Clusters– Isolated Data Groups– Holes in Data Clusters– Isolated Points

Nichol et al. 2001Nichol et al. 2001Slide courtesy of and adapted from Robert Brunner @ Slide courtesy of and adapted from Robert Brunner @

CalTechCalTech..

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Data Analysis

• Looking for– Needles in haystacks – the Higgs particle– Haystacks: Dark matter, Dark energy

• Needles are easier than haystacks• Global statistics have poor scaling

– Correlation functions are N2, likelihood techniques N3

• As data and computers grow at same rate, we can only keep up with N logN

• A way out? – Discard notion of optimal

(data is fuzzy, answers are approximate)– Don’t assume infinite computational resources or memory

• Requires combination of statistics & computer science

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Outline

• Overview of Microsoft Research

• Big-Database Research

• TerraServer: Geospatial app

• SkyServer: data mining app

• Q&A

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TerraServer/TerraServicehttp://terraService.Net/

http://TerraServer-USA.com/

• US Geological Survey Photo (DOQ) & Topo (DRG) images

• On Internet since June 1998

• Operated by Microsoft

• Cross Indexed with– Demographics,

• A web service• 20 TB data source• 10 M web hits/day

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USGS Image Data

• Digital OrthoQuads– 15 TB, 280,000 files

uncompressed– Digitized aerial

imagery– 96% coverage

conterminous US – 1 meter resolution– < 15 years old

• Digital Raster Graphics– 1 TB compressed

TIFF, 65,000 files– Scanned topo maps– 100% U.S. coverage– 1:24,000, 1:100,000

and 1:250,000 scale maps

– Maps vary in age

• Urban Area– 1 foot resolution– Natural Color– 133 major U.S. cities– 30 available 2004– 2001 or later– Produced by NIMA

for Homeland Security

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Image Coverage

• 100% U.S., Topo Maps (light green)2m to 1024m resolution

• 96% 48 Conterminous States, (dark green)Ortho Imagery, 1m to 1024m resolution

Urban Area CitiesSeattle, Portland, Stockton, Modesto, Fresno, Sacramento,

Chicago, Orlando, Atlanta, Amarillo, Houston, Lubbock,Springfield, Birmingham, Dallas, Albuquerque, Oklahoma City,

El Paso, Lincoln, Lexington, Tampa, Washington DC, MobileFt Wayne, Colorado Springs, Baton Rouge, …

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User Interface ConceptDisplay Imagery:

316 m 200 x 200 pixel images7 level image pyramidResolution 1 meter/pixel to 64 meter/pixel

Navigation Tools: 1.5 m place names“Click-on” Coverage mapLongitude and Latitude searchU.S. Address Search

External Geo-Spatial Links to:USGS On-line Stream GaugesHome Advisor DemographicsHome Advisor Real EstateEncarta ArticlesSteam flow gauges

Concept: User navigates an ‘almost seamless’ image of earth

Buttons to pan NW, N, NE, W, E, SW, S, SE

Click on image to zoom in

Links to switch betweenTopo, Imagery, and Relief data

Links to Print, Download andview meta-data information

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New “Urban Area” Data

““Redundant Bunch 1”Redundant Bunch 1”

Microsoft Campus at 4 meterMicrosoft Campus at 4 meter resolution resolution

Ball field at .25 meterBall field at .25 meter resolutionresolution

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Software Architecture

Database Server

IIS 6.0IIS 6.0

Windows 2003Server

Windows 2003Server

.NET Framework 1.1.NET Framework 1.1

SQL Server 2000SQL Server 2000

TerraServer StoredProcedures

(T-SQL)

TerraServer StoredProcedures

(T-SQL)

ADO.N

ET 1

.1

Load Programs

.NET Framework 1.1.NET Framework 1.1

Windows 2003Server

Windows 2003Server

WinForm AppC# Classes

WinForm AppC# Classes

ADO.NET 1.1

Web Server

IIS 6.0IIS 6.0

.NET Framework 1.1.NET Framework 1.1

ASP.NET 1.1ASP.NET 1.1

TerraServer Web Pages, Services,

Classes(C#)

TerraServer Web Pages, Services,

Classes(C#)

Windows 2003Server

Windows 2003Server

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TerraServer Becomes a Web ServiceTerraServer.net -> TerraService.Net

• Web server is for people.• Web Service is for programs

– The end of screen scraping– No faking a URL:

pass real parameters.– No parsing the answer:

data formatted into your address space.

• Hundreds of users but a specific example:– US Department of Agriculture

Lighthouse app.– USDA has internal TerraServer

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Web Service Methods• Place Search

– GetPlaceFacts

– GetPlaceList

– GetPlaceListInRect

– CountPlacesInRect

• Projection– ConvertLonLatPtToUtmPt

– ConvertUtmPtToLonLatPt

– ConvertLonLatTo NearestPlace

– GetTheme

– GetLatLonMetrics

• Tile– GetAreaFromPt– GetAreaFromRect– GetAreaFromTileId– GetTileMetaFromLonLatPt– GetTileMetaFromTileId– GetTile (Image)

• Landmark– GetLandmarkTypes– CountOfLandmarkPointsByRect– GetLandmarkPointsByRect– CountOfLandmarkShapesByRect– GetLandmarkShapesByRect

http://terraservice.net

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TerraServer Web Services

• Get image meta-data • Query TS Gazetteer• Retrieve TS ImageTiles • Projection conversions

• Web Map Client– OpenGIS “like” – Landmarks layered on

TerraServer imagery

• Geo-coded data of well-known objects (points), e.g. Schools, Golf Courses, Hospitals, etc.

• Polygons of well-known objects (shapes), e.g. Zip Codes, Cities, etc

• Fat Map Client– Visual Basic / C#

Windows Form– Access Web Services for

all data

Terra-Tile-Service Landmark-Service

http://terraservice.net

Sample Apps

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Hardware Evolution• 1998 – 2000: DEC Alpha 8400, StorageWorks DAS

– 1 x 8 x 440mhz RISC processor, 2gb RAM– 2.5 TB RAID-5, 9gb SCSI drives 7 racks– $2.1m (World’s Largest PC) – “Single Server Scale Up”

• 2000 – 2003: 4-node Compaq Windows 2000 DataCenter Cluster, StorageWorks SAN– 4 x 8 x 700mhz Intel (Xeon) Processor, 4 gb RAM each– 18 TB RAID-10 (triple mirrored) 73gb drives, 4 racks– $1.6m – “High Availability Large Scale Cluster”

• 2004 - …: “White-box Storage Bricks”– Low Cost Availability

• 4 copies of the data– RAID1 SATA Mirroring– 2 redundant “Bunches”

• Spare brick to repair failed brick 2N+1 design

• Web Application “bunch aware”– Load balances between redundant databases– Fails over to surviving database on failure

– ~100K$ capital expense.

KVM / IPKVM / IP

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Outline

• Overview of Microsoft Research

• Big-Database Research

• TerraServer: Geospatial app

• SkyServer: data mining app

• Q&A

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Virtual Observatoryhttp://www.astro.caltech.edu/nvoconf/

http://www.voforum.org/

• Premise: Most data is (or could be online)• So, the Internet is the world’s best telescope:

– It has data on every part of the sky– In every measured spectral band: optical, x-ray, radio..

– As deep as the best instruments (2 years ago).– It is up when you are up.

The “seeing” is always great (no working at night, no clouds no moons no..).

– It’s a smart telescope: links objects and data to literature on them.

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Why Astronomy Data?•It has no commercial value

–No privacy concerns–Can freely share results with others–Great for experimenting with algorithms

•It is real and well documented–High-dimensional data (with confidence intervals)–Spatial data–Temporal data

•Many different instruments from many different places and many different times•Federation is a goal•The questions are interesting

–How did the universe form?

•There is a lot of it (petabytes)

IRAS 100

ROSAT ~keV

DSS Optical

2MASS 2

IRAS 25

NVSS 20cm

WENSS 92cm

GB 6cm

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Time and Spectral DimensionsThe Multiwavelength Crab Nebulae

X-ray, optical,

infrared, and radio

views of the nearby Crab

Nebula, which is now in a state of

chaotic expansion after a supernova

explosion first sighted in 1054 A.D. by Chinese Astronomers.Slide courtesy of Robert Brunner @ CalTech.

Crab star 1053 AD

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SkyServer.SDSS.org• A modern archive

– Raw Pixel data lives in file servers– Catalog data (derived objects) lives in Database– Online query to any and all

• Also used for education– 150 hours of online Astronomy– Implicitly teaches data analysis

• Interesting things– Spatial data search– Client query interface via Java Applet– Query interface via Emacs– Popular -- 1% of Terraserver – Cloned by other surveys (a template design) – Web services are core of it.

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Demo of SkyServer

• Shows standard web server

• Pixel/image data

• Point and click

• Explore one object

• Explore sets of objects (data mining)

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Federation

Data Federations of Web Services• Massive datasets live near their owners:

– Near the instrument’s software pipeline– Near the applications– Near data knowledge and curation– Super Computer centers become Super Data Centers

• Each Archive publishes a web service– Schema: documents the data– Methods on objects (queries)

• Scientists get “personalized” extracts

• Uniform access to multiple Archives– A common global schema

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Federation: SkyQuery.Net• Combine 4 archives initially

• Just added 10 more

• Send query to portal, portal joins data from archives.

• Problem: want to do multi-step data analysis (not just single query).

• Solution: Allow personal databases on portal

• Problem: some queries are monsters

• Solution: “batch schedule” on portal server, Deposits answer in personal database.

462MASS

INT

SDSS

FIRST

SkyQueryPortal

ImageCutout

SkyQuery Structure• Each SkyNode publishes

– Schema Web Service– Database Web Service

• Portal is – Plans Query (2 phase) – Integrates answers– Is itself a web service

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SkyQuery: http://skyquery.net/• Distributed Query tool using a set of web services• Four astronomy archives from

Pasadena, Chicago, Baltimore, Cambridge (England).• Feasibility study, built in 6 weeks

– Tanu Malik (JHU CS grad student) – Tamas Budavari (JHU astro postdoc)– With help from Szalay, Thakar, Gray

• Implemented in C# and .NET• Allows queries like:

SELECT o.objId, o.r, o.type, t.objId FROM SDSS:PhotoPrimary o,

TWOMASS:PhotoPrimary t WHERE XMATCH(o,t)<3.5

AND AREA(181.3,-0.76,6.5) AND o.type=3 and (o.I - t.m_j)>2

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SkyNode Basic Web Services• Metadata information about resources

– Waveband– Sky coverage– Translation of names to universal dictionary (UCD)

• Simple search patterns on the resources– Cone Search– Image mosaic– Unit conversions

• Simple filtering, counting, histogramming• On-the-fly recalibrations

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Portals: Higher Level Services• Built on Atomic Services• Perform more complex tasks• Examples

– Automated resource discovery– Cross-identifications– Photometric redshifts– Outlier detections– Visualization facilities

• Goal:– Build custom portals in days from existing building blocks

(like today in IRAF or IDL)

502MASS

INT

SDSS

FIRST

SkyQueryPortal

ImageCutout

MyDB added to SkyQuery• Let users add personal DB

1GB for now.• Use it as a workbook.• Online and batch queries.

• Moves analysis to the data• Users can cooperate

(share MyDB)• Still exploring this

MyDB

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The Big PictureExperiments &

Instruments

Simulationsfacts

facts

answers

questions

• Data ingest • Managing a petabyte• Common schema• How to organize it?• How to reorganize it• How to coexist with others

• Query and Vis tools • Support/training• Performance

– Execute queries in a minute – Batch query scheduling

?The Big Problems

Literature

Other Archives facts

facts

52

Outline

• Overview of Microsoft Research

• Big-Database Research

• TerraServer: Geospatial app

• SkyServer: data mining app

• Q&A

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Grid and Web Services Synergy• I believe the Grid will be many web services

share data (computrons are free)

• IETF standards Provide – Naming– Authorization / Security / Privacy– Distributed Objects

Discovery, Definition, Invocation, Object Model

– Higher level services: workflow, transactions, DB,..

• Synergy: commercial Internet & Grid tools