Microsoft Large Databases

andGrid Computing

Jim GrayMicrosoft Research

Gray@Microsoft.comhttp://research.Microsoft.com/~gray

Presentation to Kaiser Information Management Briefing

21 May 2003

About me

• in Microsoft research (located in San Francisco)• A database researcher

– IBM, Tandem, DEC, Microsoft

• Work on Scalable Systems– Building supercomputers

from commodity components.

• Do academic/government things too– PITAC, GriPhyn TAB, NSF/CISE,

Library of Congress, …

• For the last 4 years, been working with the astronomy community to build the World Wide Telescope.

Agenda

• TerraServer– What it is– What we learned– What we are doing now.

• SkyServer / WWT– What it is – What we learned– What we are doing now

• Grid Computing– General comments– Build a web service

TerraServerTerraService.net

• A photo of the United States– 1 meter resolution (photographic/topographic)

– USGS data– Some demographic data (BestPlaces.net)

– Home sales data– Linked to Encarta Encyclopedia

• 15 TB raw, 6 TB cooked (grows 10GB/w)

• Point, Pan, zoom interface• Among top 1,000 websites

– 40k visitors/day– 4M queries/day– 3 B page views (in 5 years)

• All in an SQL database

TerraServer StatisticsJune ‘98June ‘98 Jan ‘99Jan ‘99 Jan ‘00Jan ‘00 May ‘00May ‘00 Sept ’01 Dec ‘02

SQL 7.0SQL 7.0

1.0 TB Db1.0 TB Db

SQL 2000SQL 2000

1.0 TB Db1.0 TB Db

SQL 2000SQL 2000

1.2 TB Db1.2 TB Db

SQL 2000SQL 2000

1.4 TB Db1.4 TB Db

SQL 2000SQL 2000

2.0 TB Db2.0 TB Db

SQL 2000SQL 2000

2.0 TB Db2.0 TB Db

SQL 2000SQL 2000

2.0 TB Db2.0 TB Db

1 Server / Win NT 4.0 EE 2nd Server / Win 2k DataCenter 4 Node / Win2k Datacenter Failover Cluster

SQL 7.0SQL 7.0

1.0 TB Db1.0 TB Db

217 m Rows

SQL 7.0SQL 7.01 Server1 Server

1.5 TB Db1.5 TB Db

SQL 2000SQL 20001 Server1 Server.8 TB Db.8 TB Db

298 m Rows

SQL 7.0SQL 7.0.75 TB Db.75 TB Db

173 m Rows

755mRows

SQL 2000SQL 2000

.8 TB Db.8 TB Db

231 m Rows

900 m Rows Unique Users Page Views Image Tiles Db Queries Bytes Xfered

DailyAverage

40,0111,266,838

3,735,7894,484,089

70 gb

PeakDay

277,292

12,388,10410,475,674

163 gb

2,401,209

June 1998 -Oct, 200263,656,904

2,015,539,6055,943,641,0247,134,186,170

108tb

TerraServer Cluster

SQL\Inst1SQL\Inst1

SQL\Inst2SQL\Inst2

SQL\Inst3SQL\Inst3

SpareSpare

F GLKP Q

E EJ JO O

IHM NR S

22002200 22002200 22002200

220022002200220022002200

22002200 22002200 22002200

One SQL database per rackOne SQL database per rackEach rack contains 4.5 TBEach rack contains 4.5 TB1 rack not in picture1 rack not in picture18.0 TB total 18.0 TB total

Meta DataMeta DataStored on 101 GBStored on 101 GB““Fast, Small Disks”Fast, Small Disks”(18 x 18.2 GB)(18 x 18.2 GB)

Imagery DataImagery DataStored on 4 339 GBStored on 4 339 GB““Slow, Big Disks”Slow, Big Disks”(15 x 73.8 GB)(15 x 73.8 GB)

Added 90 72.8 GBAdded 90 72.8 GBDisks in Feb 2001Disks in Feb 2001to create 18 TB SANto create 18 TB SAN

8 Compaq DL360 “Photon” Web Servers8 Compaq DL360 “Photon” Web Servers

Fiber SANFiber SANSwitchesSwitches

4 Compaq ProLiant 8500 Db Servers4 Compaq ProLiant 8500 Db Servers

Cluster Configuration

1

CompaqSANswitch

by BrocadeCommunications

CompaqStorageWorks

MA8000/HSG80Controllers (3) 2

3Compaq

ProLiant 8500(4)

100-Mbps

Ethernet

Internet

Internet

Gig

ibit

Ether

net

MicrosoftCorporat

e LAN

Extreme NetworksSummit 48

Switch

Summit 7iSwitch (2)

Cisco 12000Internet Router

Compaq DL360 (6)(Windows 2000 Web Servers)TerraServer.microsoft.com

Compaq DL360 (10)

Database

Cluster

ADICLTOTape

Library

TerraServer SAN

TerraServer Becomes a Web ServiceTerraServer.net -> TerraService.Net

• Web server is for people.• Web Service is for programs

– The end of screen scraping– No faking a URL:

pass real parameters.– No parsing the answer:

data formatted into your address space.

• Hundreds of users but a specific example:– US Department of Agriculture

Vision: One Stop Shopping to Data Anywhere, Anytime, Anyplace

Business Applications Need Data

Customer Servi ce Toolk it Web Based Appli cati onPublic Acc ess to Servic eCenter Data

NASISNASISSoilsSoils

OrthoOrthoPhotosPhotos

CommonCommonLandLandUnitsUnits

•One stop Shopping•Site Loc ation•Data Selection•Data Extraction(cookiecutting) for vec tor, raster, andtabular•Component Arc hitecture

StrategicBusinessApplications

Data Marts&Warehouses

•Data Formatting includingreprojection and Mr. Sidcompression•Data Pac kaging•Data Delivery inc luding FTP,CD, and immediate dow nload•Public and Internal Security

Services

•Standards Enforc ement•Automated Retri val underprogram c ontrol•Compatibility w ith FGDCand Open GIS Standards•COTS or GOTS based•Print Map

State &State &CountyCounty

DataData

GISGISCriticalCriticalThemesThemes

APFO NCG APFO States NCG

ES RIArcV iew

And now.. 4 slides from the “customer”who built a portal using TerraService

Data Gateway Functional Overview

Navigation Service

Catalog Service

Ship Service

<<Requests Products>>

Item Broker

Customer Orders Data

XML

Order Placer

Listen for OrderPlacer RaisedEventSelect sequenced ItemOutput XMLrasie event : stats.delivery start

validate (dtd)Insert into SQL@@Identity / GUID to clientreturn est timeraise OrderMgr.event

Order Database

Selects from

XML Request for dataLoggerCalled by anyonerasies to stats svc'

ASP

XMLXML

Soil Data Viewer

39.3

27.5

27.3

21.7

15.9

8.9

12.0

11.5

11.3

6.9

5.34.8

4.6

2.9

1.6

0.9

9 10B

10

12

33

14 18

29

5A

24

26

21

22

27

6A

25

17

20

11

28

19

16

31

9C

9A

13

13A

32

30

31A

22A28A

16A

30A

25A

LandunitsFields Within Buffer

Buffer Area Within Fields 5A 6A10B18202425262728293030A3131A32

Pipelines 97

2000 0 2000 4000 FeetN

Buffer Area Within Fields

USDA1:15840

NRCS

Geospatial Data

Acknowledges item ready for delivery

Data Services

Package Service

Send order info

FTP Services

Rimage CD Service

Product Catalog Updates

Billing Services

NCGC - Fort Worth, Texas

ITC - Fort Collins, Colorado

TerraService

Custom End ProductWeb Soil Data Viewer XML Soil ReportSoil Interpretation Map

ESRISpatial Data Engine

WebSDVArcIMS Connector

Connects to ArcIMS; communication is done through ArcIMS XML (AXL)

Retrieves and processes Soils Data from the NASIS relational Database

Image RetrieverIMSNavigator

Generates maps (JPGs) using ArcIMS

Retrieves imagery from the Microsoft TerraServer

Terraserver

GeospatialData

BusinessRules

National SoilsData

Database Server - Microsoft SQL Server

Database Server - ESRI Spatial Data Server

Web Server - COM+ Applications

Microsoft Terraserver

Brief tour of TerraService

• Show map service

• Show some methods

• SeeTerraService.NET:

An Introduction to Web Services Tom Barclay; Jim Gray; Eric Strand; Steve Ekblad; Jeffrey Richter, MSR TR 2002-53, pp 13, June 2002

What We Learned

• You can build and manage a very popular website with relatively little effort (if you do it right and have Tom Barclay)

• Loading 20 TB takes a lot of energy• And you get to do it many times -- automate• Tape and tape software are problematic• Triplex and snap-shot disks works

(we have never had to use it, but..)• The internet gives you 2-9’s

Servers can run at 4 9’s easily, 5 9’s with effort.

What we are doing now.

• Building with 3K$ 2TB bricks• 4 bricks = 1 backend• Triplexing systems • Duplexing sites.• 4*3*2 = 24k$ for Geoplex• Very simple operations model• See: • “TeraScale SneakerNet:

Using Inexpensive Disks for Backup, Archiving, and Data Exchange,” Jim Gray; Wyman Chong; Tom Barclay; Alex Szalay; Jan Vandenberg, pp. 1-8, May 2002

Agenda

• TerraServer– What it is– What we learned– What we are doing now.

• SkyServer / WWT– What it is – What we learned– What we are doing now

• Grid Computing– General comments– Build a web service

SkyServerSkyServer.SDSS.org

• Like the TerraServer, but looking the other way: a picture of ¼ of the universe

• Pixels +Data Mining

• Astronomers get about 400 attributes for each “object”

• Get Spectrograms for 1% of the objects

Why Astronomy Data?•It has no commercial value

–No privacy concerns–Can freely share results with others–Great for experimenting with algorithms

•It is real and well documented–High-dimensional data (with confidence intervals)–Spatial data–Temporal data

•Many different instruments from many different places and many different times•Federation is a goal•The questions are interesting

–How did the universe form?

•There is a lot of it (petabytes)

IRAS 100

ROSAT ~keV

DSS Optical

2MASS 2

IRAS 25

NVSS 20cm

WENSS 92cm

GB 6cm

Demo of SkyServer

• Shows standard web server

• Pixel/image data

• Point and click

• Explore one object

• Explore sets of objects (data mining)

Virtual Observatoryhttp://www.astro.caltech.edu/nvoconf/

http://www.voforum.org/

• Premise: Most data is (or could be online)• So, the Internet is the world’s best telescope:

– It has data on every part of the sky– In every measured spectral band: optical, x-ray, radio..

– As deep as the best instruments (2 years ago).– It is up when you are up.

The “seeing” is always great (no working at night, no clouds no moons no..).

– It’s a smart telescope: links objects and data to literature on them.

Time and Spectral DimensionsThe Multiwavelength Crab Nebulae

X-ray, optical,

infrared, and radio

views of the nearby Crab

Nebula, which is now in a state of

chaotic expansion after a supernova

explosion first sighted in 1054 A.D. by Chinese Astronomers.Slide courtesy of Robert Brunner @ CalTech.

Crab star 1053 AD

Federation

Data Federations of Web Services• Massive datasets live near their owners:

– Near the instrument’s software pipeline– Near the applications– Near data knowledge and curation– Super Computer centers become Super Data Centers

• Each Archive publishes a web service– Schema: documents the data– Methods on objects (queries)

• Scientists get “personalized” extracts

• Uniform access to multiple Archives– A common global schema

Grid and Web Services Synergy• I believe the Grid will be many web services

share data (computrons are free)

• IETF standards Provide – Naming– Authorization / Security / Privacy– Distributed Objects

Discovery, Definition, Invocation, Object Model

– Higher level services: workflow, transactions, DB,..

• Synergy: commercial Internet & Grid tools

Web Services: The Key?• Web SERVER:

– Given a url + parameters – Returns a web page (often dynamic)

• Web SERVICE:– Given a XML document (soap msg)– Returns an XML document– Tools make this look like an RPC.

• F(x,y,z) returns (u, v, w)

– Distributed objects for the web.– + naming, discovery, security,..

• Internet-scale distributed computing

Yourprogram

DataIn your address

space

Web Service

soap

object

in

xml

Yourprogram Web

Server

http

Web

page

SkyQuery: a prototype• Defining Astronomy Objects and Methods.• Federated 3 Web Services (fermilab/sdss, jhu/first, Cal Tech/dposs)

multi-survey cross-matchDistributed query optimization (T. Malik, T. Budavari, Alex Szalay @

JHU)

http://SkyQuery.net/• My first web service (cutout + annotated SDSS images) online

– http://skyservice.pha.jhu.edu/devel/ImgCutout/chart.asp

• WWT is a great Web Services (.Net) application– Federating heterogeneous data sources.– Cooperating organizations– An Information At Your Fingertips challenge.

Demo of Image Cutout Service

• Shows image cutout

• Show project and debugging project

• Show hello World

• Show “theAnswer” method

SkyQuery (http://skyquery.net/)

• Distributed Query tool using a set of services• Feasibility study, built in 6 weeks from scratch

– Tanu Malik (JHU CS grad student) – Tamas Budavari (JHU astro postdoc)

• Implemented in C# and .NET• Allows queries like:

SELECT o.objId, o.r, o.type, t.objId FROM SDSS:PhotoPrimary o,

TWOMASS:PhotoPrimary t WHERE XMATCH(o,t)<3.5

AND AREA(181.3,-0.76,6.5) AND o.type=3 and (o.I - t.m_j)>2

SkyNode Basic Web Services• Metadata information about resources

– Waveband– Sky coverage– Translation of names to universal dictionary (UCD)

• Simple search patterns on the resources– Cone Search– Image mosaic– Unit conversions

• Simple filtering, counting, histogramming• On-the-fly recalibrations

Portals: Higher Level Services• Built on Atomic Services• Perform more complex tasks• Examples

– Automated resource discovery– Cross-identifications– Photometric redshifts– Outlier detections– Visualization facilities

• Goal:– Build custom portals in days from existing building blocks

(like today in IRAF or IDL)

ArchitectureArchitectureImage cutout

SkyNodeSDSS

SkyNode2Mass

SkyNodeFirst

SkyQueryWeb Page

Summary So Far

• Some real web services deployed today• Easy to build & deploy• Services publish data, Portals unify it• Tools really work!• I’m using C# and foundation classes of

VisualStudio, a great! Tool• A nice book explaining the ideas:

(.Net Framework Essentials, Thai, Lam isbn 0-596-00302-1)

Possible Relevance to You

• This web service stuff is REAL• If you have a class,

It is a way to publish data:InternetIntranet

• It is a way to find datadata comes with schema no more screen scraping/parsing

• Business model unclear– Your ideas go here.

Yourprogram

DataIn your address

space

Web Service

soap

objectin xml

What We Learned• Web services really are a breakthrough.• Data mining worked beautifully. See

Data Mining the SDSS SkyServer Database,” J. Gray, D. Slutz, A. Szalay, A. Thakar, P. Kuntz, C. Stoughton, MSR TR 2002-1, pp1-40, 2002.

• You can operate a system in Chicago from San Francisco – Terminal Server is wonderful.

• The Internet gives you 2 9’s of availability• TeraScale SneakerNet works well

What we are doing now.

• Loading more data (next data release)• Preparing for the next generation • Building the WWT• Web Services for the Virtual Observatory,

Alexander S. Szalay, Tamás Budavária, Tanu Malika, Jim Gray, and Ani Thakar, SPIE Astronomy Telescopes and Instruments, 22-28 August 2002, Waikoloa, Hawaii,

• Petabyte Scale Data Mining: Dream or Reality?,Alexander S. Szalay; Jim Gray; Jan vandenBerg, SIPE Astronomy Telescopes and Instruments, 22-28 August 2002, Waikoloa, Hawaii,

• Online Scientific Data Curation, Publication, and Archiving Jim Gray; Alexander S. Szalay; Ani R. Thakar; Christopher Stoughton; Jan vandenBerg, SPIE Astronomy Telescopes and Instruments, 22-28 August 2002, Waikoloa, Hawaii,

Agenda

• TerraServer– What it is– What we learned– What we are doing now.

• SkyServer / WWT– What it is – What we learned– What we are doing now

• Grid Computing– General comments– Build a web service

The Grid

• Computation Grid: harvest Internet cpus.

• Data Grid: Share files

• Application Grid: Web services

• Access Grid: teleconferencing

The Microsoft View

• Web Services will subsume the Grid–The Grid will be data and services

not renting cycles

• OGSA: evolution of Globus Toolkit to Web services concepts and technologies…

• Lots of encouragement from Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, Sun

• GGF as forum for discussion

Engagement with Grid Community• Goal: GXA as infrastructure for Grids• Working with Globus & GGF

– Funding work at Argonne National Lab (Globus) – Globus Toolkit 3, and CondorG on Windows

• http://www.globus.org/win-alpha/ (we sponsored this)– OGSA for .NET (prototyping)

• http://www.globus.org/ogsa/ – Also OGSI.NET at U. VA is very interesting

• http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~gsw2c/ogsi.net.html– GGF

• Active membershp

• HPC .net kit – see http://www.microsoft.com/HPC– Part of .net server scale out development– Includes MPI-CH 1.2.4, distributed job scheduler,…– Thomas Sterling, Beowulf on Windows, MIT Press 2001

What’s Microsoft Doing

• Mostly .NET, W3C standards, web services, …• I think SkyQuery is the best web service (grid

app) in GriPhyN today.• My stuff is grid computing• But…• Globus (GT3), OGSA, and CondorG ported to

Windows (we sponsored it)• We have a HPC toolkit: MPI-CH 1.2.4• See

http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/hpc/ for many useful links

I Can Talk About Computing on Demand But… Best to read

• Distributed Computing Economics, Jim Gray, MSR-TR-2003-24, March 2003

• The slides that follow are based on that paper.

Distributed Computing Economics

• Why is Seti@Home a great idea

• Why is Napster a great deal?

• Why is the Computational Grid uneconomic

• When does computing on demand work?

• What is the “right” level of abstraction

• Is the Access Grid the real killer app?

Computing is Free

• Computers cost 1k$ (if you shop right)

• So 1 cpu day == 1$

• If you pay the phone bill (and I do)Internet bandwidth costs 50 … 500$/mbps/m(not including routers and management).

• So 1GB costs 1$ to send and 1$ to receive

Why is Seti@Home a Good Deal?

• Send 300 KB for costs 3e-4$

• User computes for ½ day: benefit .5e-1$

• ROI: 1500:1

Why is Napster a Good Deal?

• Send 5 MB costs 5e-3$• ½ a penny per song• Both sender and receiver can afford it.

• Same logic powers web sites (Yahoo!...):– 1e-3$/page view advertising revenue– 1e-5$/page view cost of serving web page– 100:1 ROI

The Cost of Computing:Computers are NOT free!

• Capital Cost of a TpcC system is mostly storage and storage software (database)

• IBM 32 cpu, 512 GB ram 2,500 disks, 43 TB (680,613 tpmC @ 11.13 $/tpmc available 11/08/03)http://www.tpc.org/results/individual_results/IBM/IBMp690es_05092003.pdf

• A 7.5M$ super-computer

• Total Data Center Cost: 40% capital &facilities60% staff

(includes app development)

TpcC Cost Components DB2/AIXhttp://www.tpc.org/results/individual_results/IBM /IBM p690es_05092003.pdf

cpu/mem29%

storage61%

software10%

Computing Equivalents1 $ buys

• 1 day of cpu time

• 4 GB ram for a day

• 1 GB of network bandwidth

• 1 GB of disk storage

• 10 M database accesses

• 10 TB of disk access (sequential)

• 10 TB of LAN bandwidth (bulk)

Some consequences• Beowulf networking is

10,000x cheaper than WAN networkingfactors of 105 matter.

• The cheapest and fastest way to move a Terabyte cross country is sneakernet.24 hours = 4 MB/s50$ shipping vs 1,000$ wan cost.

• Sending 10PB CERN data via networkis silly: buy disk bricks in Geneva, fill them, ship them – one way.

TeraScale SneakerNet: Using Inexpensive Disks for Backup, Archiving, and Data ExchangeJim Gray; Wyman Chong; Tom Barclay; Alex Szalay; Jan vandenBergMicrosoft Technical Report may 2002, MSR-TR-2002-54 http://research.microsoft.com/research/pubs/view.aspx?tr_id=569

How Do You Move A Terabyte?

14 minutes6172001,920,0009600OC 192

2.2 hours1000Gbps

1 day100100 Mpbs

14 hours97631649,000155OC3

2 days2,01065128,00043T3

2 months2,4698001,2001.5T1

5 months360117700.6Home DSL

6 years3,0861,000400.04Home phone

Time/TB$/TBSent

$/MbpsRent

$/monthSpeedMbps

Context

Computational Grid Economics

• To the extent that computational grid is like Seti@Home or ZetaNet or Folding@home or… it is a great thing

• The extent that the computational grid is MPI or data analysis, it fails on economic grounds: move the programs to the data, not the data to the programs.

• The Internet is NOT the cpu backplane.• The USG should not hide this economic fact

from the academic/scientific research community.

Computing on Demand• Was called outsourcing / service bureaus in my

youth. CSC and IBM did it.• Payroll is standard outsource.• Now we have Hotmail, Salesforce.com, Oracle.com,

….• Works for standard apps.• Airlines outsource reservations.

Banks outsource ATMs.• But Amazon, Amex, Wal-Mart, ...

Can’t outsource their core competence.• So, COD works for commoditized services.• It is not a new way of doing things: think payroll.

What’s the right abstraction level for Internet Scale Distributed Computing?• Disk block? No too low.• File? No too low.• Database? No too low.• Application? Yes, of course.

– Blast search– Google search– Send/Get eMail– Portals that federate astronomy archives

(http://skyQuery.Net/)

• Web Services (.NET, EJB, OGSA) give this abstraction level.

Access Grid• Q: What comes after the telephone?

• A: eMail?

• A: Instant messaging?

• Both seem retro technology: text & emotons.

• Access Grid could revolutionize human communication.

• But, it needs a new idea.

• Q: What comes after the telephone?

Distributed Computing Economics

• Why is Seti@Home a great idea?

• Why is Napster a great deal?

• Why is the Computational Grid uneconomic

• When does computing on demand work?

• What is the “right” level of abstraction?

• Is the Access Grid the real killer app?

Based on: Distributed Computing Economics, Jim Gray, Microsoft Tech report, March 2003, MSR-TR-2003-24

http://research.microsoft.com/research/pubs/view.aspx?tr_id=655

Agenda

• TerraServer– What it is– What we learned– What we are doing now.

• SkyServer / WWT– What it is – What we learned– What we are doing now

• Grid Computing– General comments– Build a web service