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MorphologyMorphology

Chapter 7Chapter 7

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What is Morphology?What is Morphology? What is a ‘word’?What is a ‘word’? Items marked in black separated by Items marked in black separated by

spaces?spaces? What about the ‘thecatsatonthemat’?What about the ‘thecatsatonthemat’? In Swahili the form ‘In Swahili the form ‘nitakupendanitakupenda’ stands ’ stands

for what we might say in English ‘I will for what we might say in English ‘I will love you’?love you’?

What about the word ‘replayed’ and ‘play’?What about the word ‘replayed’ and ‘play’? The concept ‘word’ turns out to be a The concept ‘word’ turns out to be a

complex fuzzy category.complex fuzzy category. Depend on ‘Depend on ‘elementselements’ rather than ‘’ rather than ‘wordswords’’

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DefinitionsDefinitions

MorphologyMorphology is the branch of is the branch of linguistics that studies the linguistics that studies the structure of words.structure of words.

= the study of how words are built= the study of how words are built   = set of morphemes + the rules of = set of morphemes + the rules of

how they are combinedhow they are combined How words are put together out of How words are put together out of

smaller pieces smaller pieces morphemes morphemese.g. e.g. replayedreplayed consists of consists of re+play+edre+play+ed

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MorphemeMorpheme

A minimal unit of meaning or A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical functiongrammatical function

Minimal= can’t be broken down any Minimal= can’t be broken down any further.further.

Meaning?Meaning? Grammatical function?Grammatical function?

renewable Tourists

re + new + able tour + ist + s

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MorphemesMorphemes

A word that contains more than A word that contains more than one morpheme is a one morpheme is a morphologically complex wordmorphologically complex word

One morphemeOne morpheme is the basic one, the is the basic one, the core of the form core of the form root or stem root or stem

The add-ons bound morphemes are The add-ons bound morphemes are affixesaffixes

E.g. ‘E.g. ‘rerearrangarrangeded’’ ‘ ‘teachteachererss’’

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Types of morphemesTypes of morphemes

Free vs. Bound morphemesFree vs. Bound morphemes

FreeFree BoundBound

Can stand alone as Can stand alone as separate wordsseparate words

Cannot occur on Cannot occur on their own as their own as separate wordsseparate words

Single morphemesSingle morphemes

e.g. e.g. hunt, kill, the, hunt, kill, the, play, child, bookplay, child, book..

AffixesAffixes

-s-s in dogs in dogs

-ness-ness in happiness in happiness

-ed-ed in walked in walked

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Free MorphemesFree Morphemes Divided into : Divided into : Lexical morphemesLexical morphemes

vs. vs. Functional Morphemes.Functional Morphemes.Lexical morphemesLexical morphemes Functional Functional

morphemesmorphemes

a.k.a content words: a.k.a content words: carry the content of carry the content of the messagethe message

a.k.a function wordsa.k.a function words

Includes nouns, verbs, Includes nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs adjective, adverbs such as, children, love, such as, children, love, beauty, play, singbeauty, play, sing

Include pronouns, Include pronouns, articles, conjunctions, articles, conjunctions, prepositions as, the, prepositions as, the, on, from, and, in, etc.on, from, and, in, etc.

Open class wordOpen class word Close class wordsClose class words

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Bound MorphemesBound Morphemes

AffixationAffixation Prefix: An affix that is attached to Prefix: An affix that is attached to

the front of a base, e.g. re-play.the front of a base, e.g. re-play. Suffix: An affix that is attached to Suffix: An affix that is attached to

the end of a base, e.g. kind-ness.the end of a base, e.g. kind-ness. Infix: An affix that occur within a Infix: An affix that occur within a

base, e.g. (in Indonesian) s-in-base, e.g. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung.ambung.

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Bound MorphemesBound Morphemes

Divided into derivational vs. Divided into derivational vs. inflectional morphemes.inflectional morphemes.

DerivationalDerivational morphemes make morphemes make new words in a new words in a language- language- different different grammatical grammatical category from the category from the stemstem

e.g. suffix –ness e.g. suffix –ness in in happinesshappiness

InflectionalInflectional morphemes morphemes indicate aspects indicate aspects of grammatical of grammatical function of a function of a word.word.

e.g. suffix –e.g. suffix –eded in in walked walked indicate indicate past tensepast tense

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Derivation vs. Derivation vs. InflectionInflection

It changes the It changes the category and/or the category and/or the type of meaning of type of meaning of the word, so it is the word, so it is said to create a new said to create a new word.word.

e.g. suffix –e.g. suffix –mentment in in governmentgovernment

It does not change It does not change either the either the grammatical grammatical category or the type category or the type of meaning found in of meaning found in the word.the word.

e.g. suffixe.g. suffix –s –s in in booksbooks

•Bound morphemes always appear in order, first derivational then inflectional. E.g. teachers

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English Inflectional MorphemesEnglish Inflectional Morphemes

NounsNouns––ss pluralplural–’–’ss possessivepossessive

VerbsVerbs – –ss third person singular presentthird person singular present––eded past tensepast tense––en en past participlepast participle––inging progressiveprogressive

AdjectivesAdjectives––erer comparativecomparative––estest superlativesuperlative

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Some examples of English Some examples of English Derivational MorphemeDerivational Morpheme

--icic : Noun : Noun Adj Adj ; alcohol ; alcohol alcoholicalcoholic

-ly-ly : Adj : Adj Adv Adv ; exact ; exact exactly exactly -ate : Noun -ate : Noun Verb Verb ; vaccin ; vaccin vaccinate vaccinate -ity-ity : Adj : Adj Noun Noun ; active ; active activity activity -ship : Noun -ship : Noun Noun Noun ; friend ; friend friendship friendship re- : Verb re- : Verb Verb Verb ; cover ; cover recover recover

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Categories of Categories of MorphemesMorphemes

Morphemes

Free Bound

Lexical DerivationalFunctional inflectional

Tree - read The -er in ‘teacher-s in teachers

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Analyzing wordsAnalyzing words

The girl’s wildness shocked the The girl’s wildness shocked the teacherteacher

TheThe functional functionalgirlgirl lexical lexical--ss inflectional inflectionalWildWild lexical lexical--nessness derivational derivationalShockShock lexical lexical--eded inflectional inflectionalTheThe functional functionalTeachTeach lexical lexical--erer derivational derivational

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Morphs and allomorphsMorphs and allomorphs

Phoneme and allophone?Phoneme and allophone? Morphs are the actual realization of Morphs are the actual realization of

morphemes.morphemes. Morphemes are abstract units- morphs Morphemes are abstract units- morphs

are discrete.are discrete. Some morphemes are realized by one Some morphemes are realized by one

or more morphs according to their or more morphs according to their position in a word or a sentence position in a word or a sentence allomorphallomorph

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Morphs and allomorphsMorphs and allomorphs

Morpheme of plurality represented Morpheme of plurality represented as as -s-s

E.g Cats – digs – forces E.g Cats – digs – forces Allomorphs are represented {-s}, {-Allomorphs are represented {-s}, {-

z} and {-iz}z} and {-iz} Phonetic influence of neighboring soundPhonetic influence of neighboring sound

Allomorphs for the morpheme of Allomorphs for the morpheme of past tense –past tense –eded??

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Describe the italic affixes:Describe the italic affixes:

1)1) imimpossiblepossible

2)2) terrorizterrorizeded

3)3) terrorterrorizeize

4)4) deskdeskss

5)5) disdislikelike

6)6) humanhumanityity

7)7) fastfastestest

1)1) Derivational prefixDerivational prefix

2)2) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix

3)3) Derivational suffixDerivational suffix

4)4) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix

5)5) Derivational prefixDerivational prefix

6)6) Derivational suffixDerivational suffix

7)7) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix

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Describe the italic affixes:Describe the italic affixes:

8)8) preprematuremature

9)9) ununtietie

10)10) darkdarkenen

11)11) fallfallenen

12)12) oxoxenen

13)13) fastfasterer

14)14) lecturlecturerer

8)8) Derivational prefixDerivational prefix

9)9) Derivational prefixDerivational prefix

10)10) Derivational suffixDerivational suffix

11)11) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix

12)12) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix

13)13) Inflectional suffixInflectional suffix

14)14) Derivational suffixDerivational suffix

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Analyze different types of Analyze different types of morphemesmorphemes

The young boy played with his friends.The young boy played with his friends.The

Young

Boy

Play

-ed

With

His

Friend

-s

Functional

Lexical

Lexical

Lexical

Inflection

Functional

Functional

Lexical

inflectional