1 motivation in sport chapter 4. why do we play sports? 5zm 5zm

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Motivation in Motivation in SportSport

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Why do we play sports?Why do we play sports?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6xLYt265ZM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKrA8QtpBfo

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What is Motivation?What is Motivation?

Motivation: Motivation: The internal and/or The internal and/or external forces that produce the external forces that produce the initiation, direction and persistence initiation, direction and persistence of behaviour. of behaviour.

Tom Hall Canada’s Men’s

Rowing

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Michael Jordan was cut from the Varsity

basketball team in his sophomore year.

"Whenever I was working out "Whenever I was working out and got tired and figured I and got tired and figured I ought to stop, I'd close my ought to stop, I'd close my eyes and see that list in the eyes and see that list in the

locker room without my name locker room without my name on it," Jordan said, "and that on it," Jordan said, "and that usually got me going again." usually got me going again."

He eventually made He eventually made the team and led it to the team and led it to

the state the state championship. championship.


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direction direction

of effortof effortsituations that an

athlete seeks out, approaches or is attracted to

e.g. Choosing what sport to

engage in

intensity intensity of effortof effortamount of

effort one is willing to put

forth in a particular

situation or event

PersistencPersistencee

maintaining intensity over a

continuous period of time

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What is Motivation?What is Motivation? Intrinsic motivationIntrinsic motivation: Behaviours : Behaviours

we engage in because of interest we engage in because of interest and enjoyment and enjoyment

-Intrinsically motivated reasons for -Intrinsically motivated reasons for participating in sport include enjoying participating in sport include enjoying the experience of the game and a the experience of the game and a desire to improve your skillsdesire to improve your skills

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What is Motivation?What is Motivation? Extrinsic motivation:Extrinsic motivation: Engaging in Engaging in

behaviours for the purpose of behaviours for the purpose of achieving a reward or outcomeachieving a reward or outcome

-Extrinsically motivated reasons for -Extrinsically motivated reasons for participating in sport include a desire to participating in sport include a desire to win the competition or make money by win the competition or make money by participatingparticipating

In 2000, Alex Rodriguez signed the most lucrative contract in sport history- a 10 year, $252-million contract to play for the Texas Rangers


Excellent example of motivation: Men’s Excellent example of motivation: Men’s Olympic 8 rowing team.Olympic 8 rowing team.

Ranked 1Ranked 1stst internationally prior to Athens internationally prior to Athens Finished a “disappointing 5Finished a “disappointing 5thth place” place” In Beijing, team vowed to “finish the job In Beijing, team vowed to “finish the job

they started”they started” Won every race for two years prior to 2008 Won every race for two years prior to 2008

Olympics, and won gold in BeijingOlympics, and won gold in Beijing

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What is Motivation?What is Motivation?““We never stopped, we just kept on We never stopped, we just kept on

pushing,pushing,

every stroke… it was the battle of our every stroke… it was the battle of our lives”lives”

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What is Motivation?What is Motivation?““The biggest pressure facing the Canadian men’s eight in The biggest pressure facing the Canadian men’s eight in

Beijing isn’t from an outside source. It’s personal, Beijing isn’t from an outside source. It’s personal, whether it’s about righting a wrong from four years whether it’s about righting a wrong from four years ago or not.”ago or not.”

Coach Mike SpracklenCoach Mike Spracklen

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The gold medal-favoured Canadian men's eight crew reacts to a disappointing fifth place

finish at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens.


In your opinion, were the rowers on In your opinion, were the rowers on the men’s eight team intrinsically the men’s eight team intrinsically or extrinsically motivated??or extrinsically motivated??

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Sources of MotivationSources of MotivationParticipation Motivation:Participation Motivation: Why people Why people

become involved in and stay involved in become involved in and stay involved in sport and exercise activities.sport and exercise activities.

Physical Inactivity, by Age and Sex, Canada, 2000/01

http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/rma/dpr/01-02/HCan/images/e_appendixa26.gif

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Sources of MotivationSources of Motivation

Trait centred view of motivation-Individual characteristics such as

personality, needs, values, goals are the primary sources of motivation.

Situation centred view of motivation-Environmental/contextual factors are the

primary sources of motivation.

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Interaction centred view of motivation

-The interaction between trait/personal and situation specific factors best explains motivation.

Tiger Woods won the British Open just weeks

after the death of his father Earl Woods

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Personal Factors

-Beliefs/values

-Goals

-Emotional state


Interactional view of motivation

Situation Factors

-Coach behaviour

-Fan behaviour

-Opponent

MotivationMotivation

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Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation

Attribution theoryAttribution theory Theory of competence motivationTheory of competence motivation Achievement goal theoryAchievement goal theory Self efficacy theorySelf efficacy theory Self determination theorySelf determination theory

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Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory

Attribution Theory focuses on how individuals Attribution Theory focuses on how individuals explain success or failureexplain success or failure

Possible reasons for perceived success & failurePossible reasons for perceived success & failure-Poor personal ability or effort-Poor personal ability or effort-Opponents ability or effort-Opponents ability or effort-Luck-Luck-Referee decisions-Referee decisions-Facility conditions-Facility conditions-Weather-Weather

Heider and Wiener (1985) suggested that thousands of explanations for success and failure

can be classified into a few categories.

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Attribution TheoryAttribution TheoryWeiner later added the Weiner later added the controllability controllability dimensiondimension

Ability

Task difficulty

Effort

Luck

Stability dimension

Whether the attributed quality is stable over time (or how easy it

is to change)

Locus of Causality Dimension

Whether the attributed quality is internal or external to the athlete

Controllability Dimension

To differentiate between factors that are under one’s control (e.g., one’s effort) and those that are not under

one’s control (e.g., one’s illness)

UncontrollableControllable

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Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory Self serving bias:Self serving bias:

Athletes tend to Athletes tend to attribute outcomes attribute outcomes to internal causes to internal causes when they are when they are successful and more successful and more to external causes to external causes when they are not when they are not successfulsuccessful Serena Williams lost to Justine Henin in the 2007

US Open “I think she made a lot of lucky shots and I

made a lot of errors”

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Achievement Goal TheoryAchievement Goal Theory

There are two antecedents that contribute to There are two antecedents that contribute to achievement goal theory:achievement goal theory:

How people evaluate their competenceHow people evaluate their competence How people define success and failureHow people define success and failure

Success and failure are subjective Success and failure are subjective psychological statespsychological states

Nicholls and Roberts (1989, 2001) accounted for individual differences and

their effects on motivation

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1.1. The concept of ability: People are motivated to The concept of ability: People are motivated to demonstrate ability (competence) and avoid demonstrate ability (competence) and avoid demonstrating inability (incompetence).demonstrating inability (incompetence).

Undifferentiated concept of abilityUndifferentiated concept of ability-An inability or a choice not to differentiate between -An inability or a choice not to differentiate between

ability and effort. In this sense, working hard is ability and effort. In this sense, working hard is related to one’s abilityrelated to one’s ability

Differentiated concept of abilityDifferentiated concept of ability--A person is able to, and chooses to, differentiate A person is able to, and chooses to, differentiate

between ability and effort. This takes cognitive between ability and effort. This takes cognitive maturity. Younger children are unable to do thismaturity. Younger children are unable to do this

Three key concepts:

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Achievement Goal TheoryAchievement Goal Theory2. The psychological achievement goal state of the 2. The psychological achievement goal state of the

athlete influences perceived motivational athlete influences perceived motivational climate.climate.

Mastery based climate:Mastery based climate:An emphasis on mastery learning, effort, An emphasis on mastery learning, effort,

individual improvement, and cooperation tend to individual improvement, and cooperation tend to evoke a evoke a state of task involvementstate of task involvement

Performance based climate:Performance based climate:Environments that stress interpersonal Environments that stress interpersonal

competition, winning and social comparison tend competition, winning and social comparison tend to evoke to evoke a state of ego involvementa state of ego involvement

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3. Dispositional achievement goals3. Dispositional achievement goals

-How an individual defines success or failure-How an individual defines success or failure

Task goal orientation (mastery Task goal orientation (mastery orientation):orientation): Tendency to engage in skill Tendency to engage in skill improvement behaviourimprovement behaviour

Ego goal orientation (outcome Ego goal orientation (outcome orientation) :orientation) : Tendency to focus on the Tendency to focus on the outcome, and outperforming othersoutcome, and outperforming others

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Achievement Goal TheoryAchievement Goal Theory Mark Tewksbury won Mark Tewksbury won

the gold medal in the gold medal in backstroke at the 1992 backstroke at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Barcelona Olympics.

When asked prior to the When asked prior to the 1996 Olympics "So are 1996 Olympics "So are you still swimming every you still swimming every day?" He said, "Are you day?" He said, "Are you kidding, I haven't been kidding, I haven't been back in the pool since I back in the pool since I won my Gold." won my Gold."

He experienced a He experienced a serious depression after serious depression after he finished. he finished.

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““I prepared myself mentally to win, but I I prepared myself mentally to win, but I didn’t prepare myself at all for the minutes, didn’t prepare myself at all for the minutes, weeks, and months that would follow after weeks, and months that would follow after the competition. I found myself asking why the competition. I found myself asking why I was here on earth. My life no longer had I was here on earth. My life no longer had any interest to me. I should have been any interest to me. I should have been happy. I had attained my goal of winning an happy. I had attained my goal of winning an Olympic gold medal. I had plenty of money. Olympic gold medal. I had plenty of money. But I found myself in a profound But I found myself in a profound depression.” (Tewksbury after winning depression.” (Tewksbury after winning gold)gold)

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(Leah Pells after 4(Leah Pells after 4thth place finish) place finish)

““My coach is really big on process. He taught My coach is really big on process. He taught me to enjoy the process so that the end me to enjoy the process so that the end result is a bonus. No matter what, you have result is a bonus. No matter what, you have a really great life. In order to get something a really great life. In order to get something done, you have to enjoy the doing. For done, you have to enjoy the doing. For awhile I don’t think I enjoyed the doing awhile I don’t think I enjoyed the doing

because I was constantly comparing because I was constantly comparing

myself to other runners and putting myself to other runners and putting

too too much pressure on the outcome.”much pressure on the outcome.”

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Tewksbury vs. Pells:Tewksbury vs. Pells:

Did their motivation differ before their Olympic Did their motivation differ before their Olympic performances? How?performances? How?

How did this lead to differences in How did this lead to differences in consequences?consequences?

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Self-Determination Self-Determination TheoryTheory

Deci and Ryan (1985) stated that two main Deci and Ryan (1985) stated that two main concepts work together to explain motivated concepts work together to explain motivated behaviour:behaviour:

1. Motivation is a 1. Motivation is a multidimensional multidimensional constructconstruct

2. The type of motivation an athlete 2. The type of motivation an athlete experiences in a specific sporting situation experiences in a specific sporting situation will be determined by how well the situation will be determined by how well the situation meets that person’s basic needs for meets that person’s basic needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness.autonomy, competence and relatedness.

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Three basic psychological needsThree basic psychological needs

Autonomy

The need to perceive that one has choice and is in control of one’s behaviour

Competence

The need to feel effective at dealing with challenges & achieving desired outcomes

Relatedness

The need to connect with others and feel involved in a social context

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Generally, people are intrinsically Generally, people are intrinsically motivated by tasks that:motivated by tasks that: Allow them to demonstrate competencyAllow them to demonstrate competency They have control overThey have control over Allow them to feel related and Allow them to feel related and

connected to othersconnected to others

Perdita Felicien Brad Gushue

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Sport Commitment Sport Commitment ModelModel

Sport commitment:Sport commitment: The The psychological state representing the psychological state representing the desire or resolve to continue sport desire or resolve to continue sport participation.participation.

Nine time Olympian Ian Millarwon a silver medal in Beijing at age 61

He has competed in every Summer Games since 1971

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Six determinants of sport commitment:Six determinants of sport commitment:1.1. Sport enjoymentSport enjoyment: positive feelings related : positive feelings related

to the sporting experienceto the sporting experience

2.2. Involvement alternativesInvolvement alternatives: Degree to : Degree to which alternative activities are more or less which alternative activities are more or less desirable in relation to their current sport desirable in relation to their current sport programprogram

3.3. Involvement opportunities:Involvement opportunities: Opportunities Opportunities that arise as a result of sport (social that arise as a result of sport (social recognition, travel)recognition, travel)

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4. 4. Personal Investment:Personal Investment: Refers Refers to the personal resources to the personal resources devoted to the sportdevoted to the sport

5. 5. Social Constraints:Social Constraints: Social Social expectations or norms that expectations or norms that make a person feel obligated make a person feel obligated to remain in sportto remain in sport

6. 6. Social Support: Social Support: Perceived Perceived help and encouragement help and encouragement received from significant received from significant others while participating in others while participating in sport.sport.


Conclusions:Conclusions: Has provided insight into factors Has provided insight into factors

related to related to whywhy athletes continue to athletes continue to participate in sport at youth and participate in sport at youth and adult levelsadult levels

However, there exists little However, there exists little information about its effectiveness in information about its effectiveness in predicting aspects of motivation predicting aspects of motivation (e.g., intensity and persistence).(e.g., intensity and persistence).

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outcome extrinsic motivation

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