1 nrt101 terminology
TRANSCRIPT
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Terminology
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Content
leaf arrangement
leaf type
leaf shapes
leaf vein pattern
leaf margins
leaf tips and bases
plant form (silhouette)
plant texture
fruit
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Dendrology
dendrology is the study of woody plants
includes
trees: erect woody plants usually with one central
stem (trunk, bole)
shrubs: erect plants with numerous woody stems
vines: woody plants that require an erect
substrate for support
we are focussed on trees and shrubs
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/dendrology/
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Plant morphology
woody plant identification is based on plant
morphology
morphology the size, shape and appearance
of plant parts
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Plant morphology
important to identify trees/shrubs using a
number of features including:
leaves twigs/buds
bark flowers/fruit
growth form texture
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Principles of identification
leaf arrangement
leaf type
leaf shape
leaf structure
vein pattern
leaf margin
leaf base leaf tip
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Leaf arrangement
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Leaf arrangement broad-leaves
alternate opposite whorled
bud at base
of petiole
(leaf stalk)
Identifying leaf arrangement along a stem is a useful first step
in broad-leaved woody plant identification
(e.g., the ashes and maples are likely the only native trees
that you may encounter in Ontario with opposite leaves)
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northern catalpa
(Catalpa speciosa)
mid-western U.S. native
opposite, alternate or whorled
leaf arrangement?
early June (S.S.M.)
bud at base
of petiole
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Jacan or David Elm
(Ulmus davidiana)
widely distributed across China,
Mongolia, Korea, Siberia and Japan
early June (S.S.M.)opposite, alternate or whorled
leaf arrangement?
bud at base of
petiole
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green ash
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
opposite, alternate or whorled
leaf arrangement?
bud at base of petiole
that makes this
an entire leaf!
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willow
(Salixsp.)
opposite, alternate or whorled
leaf arrangement?
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Leaf type
simple leaf vs. compound leaf
(needles are leaves also they arediscussed later)
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Simple leaf
a single blade attached to a stem by
a petiole
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Lobe
Sinus
Apex tip or uppermost portion
Margin outer edge Base bottommost part
Veins conduction system
Midrib main vein
Blade expanded portion of a leaf
Petiole - the stem of the leaf
Lobe roundish division of a leaf
Sinus the separation between lobes
Axillary (orlateral) bud at junction of stem and petiole(embryonic leaf, shoot, or flower)
Node - portion of a stem from which one or more leaves(or other stem) arise
Stipules green, leaf-like, (often small) structures,attached to the twigs in pairs, one at each side of thebase of a petiole; may fall off early in the growing
season or persist through the growing season
Parts of a simple leaf
Blade
Petiole
LEAF = petiole + blade
Blade
Node
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Review
Blade
Margin
Vein
Petiole
Blade
Axillary bud (lateral bud)
A.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
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ReviewA. stipules
B. petiole
C. axillary bud
(lateral bud)
witch hazel
(Hamamelis virginiana)
A B
C
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Parts of a compound leaf
Leaflet
LeafletRachis
Rachis
Petiole
Petiole
Petiole
StemStem Stem
Axillary
bud
Axillary
bud
Axillary
bud
Petiolule
Petiolule
Rachis extends from the first set of leaflets (where the petiole ends)
to the end of the leaf
Leaflet resembles a leaf, but not borne on a stem as a leaf is (a
leaflet at the terminal end of the leaf is called a terminal leaflet)
Petiolule a stalk of a leafletLeaf Leaf
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Review
A B
C
E
D
A. axillary bud
(lateral bud)
B. petiole
C. leafletD. petiolule (small)
E. rachis
green ash
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
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pinnately
(oronce pinnate)
compound
bipinnately
(ortwice pinnate)
compound
palmately
compound
Different types of compound leaves
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Leaf types
pinnately and bi-pinnately
compound both occur
(honey locust)
pinnately compound
(white ash)
simple
(white oak)
palmately compound
horse chestnut
simple
(sugar maple)
bi-pinnately compound(Kentucky coffeetree)
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simple or compound
leaf?
early June (S.S.M.)
green ash
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
petiole basebud
no buds
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compound leaf
green ash
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
petiolebud
petiolulerachis
leaflet
leaflet
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petiole base
honey locust
(Gleditsia triacanthos)
top portion of leaf
simple or compound
leaf? bud
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petiole base
top portion of leaf
compound leaf
pinnately compound?
bipinnately compound?
palmately compound?
bud
honey locust
(Gleditsia triacanthos)
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Review
Leaftype
Leafarrange
ment
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What would we call these
compound leaf types?
Review
pinnately
(oronce pinnate)
compound
palmately
compound
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Review
one leaf!
bi-pinnately
compound
What would we call thiscompound leaf type?
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broad-leavedtrees
oppositebud/leaf
arrangement
compound
leaf
pinnate
palmate
simple
leaf
alternatebud/leaf
arrangement
General
dichotomous
key
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Leaf shapes - conifers
(leaf type = needles)
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Leaf shapes conifer needles
Needle-like
single(e.g., spruces)
bundled
(e.g., pines)
clustered(e.g., tamarack)
Scale-likee.g., eastern white cedar,red cedar (slow growth)
Awl-likee.g., common juniper, red
cedar (fast growth)
arran
gement
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awl-shaped, scale-like,
needle-like
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Leaf shapes broad-leaves
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oblanceolate
Major leaf shapes
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Leaf vein pattern
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Major vein patterns
palmate pinnate parallel
P-P-P!
typical for
monocots
(e.g., grasses)
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Name the vein type
palmate pinnate
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Name the vein type
palmate(silver maple)
pinnate(American
beech)
pinnate
(red osier)
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Leaf margins
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Major leaf margins
the outer edge of a leaf .
incurved
doubly
serrate
palmately
lobed
pinnately
lobed
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Leaf margins Review
entire doubly serrate
crenate
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Leaf margins Reviewserrate
(basswood)
lobed
(white oak)
serrate & undulate(green alder)
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Leaf margins Review
incurved(black cherry)
doubly serrate
(hawthorn)crenate
(Canada plum)
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Selected leaf tips and bases
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Acuminate
(narrowly
pointed)
Acute
(broadly
pointed)
Obtuse
(rounded)
Truncate
(square)
Mucronate(bristle-tipped)
leaf tips
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Leaf tips Review
acuminate (narrowly pointed)
(Canada plum)
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Oblique (asymmetrical)Truncate
(square)Cordate (heart-shaped)
Rounded
leaf bases
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Leaf bases Reviewoblique (asymmetrical)
(northern hackberry)
cordate (heart-shaped) and
oblique (basswood)
oblique (asymmetrical)
(white elm)
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Plant form
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Plant Form
the outer shape of a tree and its branches
the outer silhouette
Columnar Oval Vase Weeping Pyramidal Round
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Plant Form
Columnar Oval Vase Weeping Pyramidal Round
Lombardy poplar
(Populus nigra)
(Upright)
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Plant Form
Columnar Oval Vase Weeping Pyramidal Round
white elm
(Ulmus americana)
(Upright)
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Plant Form
Columnar Oval Vase Weeping Pyramidal Round
balsam fir
(Abies balsamea)
(Upright)
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Texture
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Texture
deals with the size of the leaves
large leaves appear to have a coarse texture,
while small leaves give a fine textured
appearance
the size and thickness
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Plant Texture
the size and thicknessof the plants leavesand stems
fine, medium, coarse
eastern white pine
(Pinus strobus)
red pine
(Pinus resinosa)
fine
coarse
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Fruit
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nut
(e.g., acorn,
walnut)
samara (key)
double samara
(maple)
elm ash
legume (pod)
woody seed
cone
fleshy seed cone
(e.g., juniper berry)
stone or drupehard, lignified stone (or pit)
(e.g., peaches, olives,
cherries, plums)
pomeleathery or stony case
around one or more seeds