1 or support for sustainability: vision or janet spitz the college of saint rose school of business,...
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Support for Sustainability:
Vision or or Janet Spitz
The College of Saint Rose School of Business,
[email protected] 518 454 2032CREST Presentation November 2, 2010
The Author would like to thank The College of Saint Rose, and the University of Queensland, for generous research support
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This work focuses on Sustainability
- what is that?Pollution, Clean
Air, Clean WaterWe can also think about Sustainability as a “Sustainable Society” writ large
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A Sustainable Society might include Social Goals
A Healthy Economy workers earn a living
wage, medical careA Democratic system
of Governancewithout undue
interferenceA Sustainably sized
populationthat can reasonably
support itself
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This Vision of Sustainability has both
ideological and practical components –
Sustainability as a Goal, Theory
Practical Application, Enactment:
What does Sustainability mean
in the Real World?
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In particular, I ask
What does Sustainability mean to those in powerfully determinant decision-making positions? In a Market-Driven World,
People in Business
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Business Managers seek to satisfy goals and
groups:- stockholders- stakeholders- employees- customers- other Business Managers- External Requirements – political, legal, and so forth.
Managers use Tools and Strategies Learned
on the job, and
from Schools of Business
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The premise I follow in this investigation is, Students Learn More
Than what is in the Books.
Culture, an Ideologya Pattern of Shared Values and Beliefs
held by any organization or
strongly-identified group
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This research investigates Values and Beliefs
about Sustainability held by Academics
- in Business Schools- in other Academic
FieldsTo gain insight into general patterns of outcomes relating
to various Sustainability dimensions
emergent in economically active global locales
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Five Dimensions of Sustainability we Explore:
1. Abstract Sustainability – theory or goal2. The Pollution Aspect – Hazardous Materials3. Healthy Economy – Living Wage, Med. Care
70-75% GDP = Consumer purchases4. Democratic Governance5. Sustainable Population Strategies
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Hypotheses
1. Academics in the field of Business will hold more negative Values and Beliefs about Sustainability.
2. Academic Women will support Sustainability to a greater extent than will equivalent academic men.
[3. National identity (AU vs EU vs US vs Indonesia) will matter to Sustainability Views - has not yet been tested.]
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Sample, Data:
Survey Results from 2008-2009, paper and online
Academics in U.S., Australia/NZ, E.U., a few S. Africa
All Academic FieldsAll Academic Ranks
Compare Business Academics who teach Business Decision Makers
to Academics in Other Fields
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Sampling Details:
• 2008-2009 Academic Year, hardcopy anonymous surveys were sent with return envelopes to academics in three waves – To several thousand academics in all departments in seven major U.S.
universities (5.8% response)– To a purchased mailing list from the Academy of Management, International
Business and Strategy divisions, to oversample of business academics (12.8% response rate)
– To academics in two major Australian universities, sent through campus mail, with return envelopes (18.7% response rate)
• Response Rate: 12.55% overall; no reminders except in my dept at UQ (34% response rate).
• 1,290 AU & US responses sufficiently complete to be used in this run.
• Several hundred emailed requests for survey participation to Academics in the EU, AU, NZ, various African states, to an identical online survey
(2% response rate)
1843 cases was the total Academics sample size
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Social Goals NOT a
Concern of Business
HazMat Unavoidable in
Business Prod'n
Healthy Economy:
Good Wages & Med. Care
Democratic Society: no Bus
Military or Election Influence
Birth Control Be Easily Avail. World-Wide
1 2 3 4 5
constant -0.939 -1.085 2.591 2.365 1.605
Business -0.216** -.034 -.738** -.514** -.190**
Male .117* .387** -.402** -.327** -.184**
Years Int'l .022 -.004 .017** .018** .002
F 7.526** 14.246** 49.138 25.258** 14.676**R-sq .012 .023 .076 .041 .024
** p<.01*p<.05
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Results -
1.Business Faculty support the idea
of Sustainability more than non-Business Faculty,
…but…
Bus Fac oppose its enactment in 3 of 4 measures:
2. Healthy Economy3. Democratic Society4.Sustainable Population
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2. Men Academics oppose the idea of Sustainability more than Women Academics, and
Men Academics oppose its enactment in 4 of 4 measures:
1.Avoiding Pollution2.Healthy Economy3.Democratic Society4.Sustainable Population
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These Results are Preliminary -- Still to do:
a) Segment the sample by Nationality: US vs EU vs AU vs Indonesia (Indonesian sample still in data collection)
b) Control for Income, Publications, RankConsiderable missing data on these variables
c)Further segment by Academic Field- Hard Sciences vs Social Sciences- Education, Medicine- Art, Music
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Nontheless…these results make Clear- Business Faculty Values & Beliefs, and- Male Faculty Values & Beliefs
about Sustainability,
theory and practice, are “different” than
other people’s Sustainability Views:
The theory is a Vision, the Practice a Mirage
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By contrast,
•Women Academics consistently support Sustainability (vision and practice) as do
•Academics in Other Fields
[vision but no mirage]
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So, what can we learn from this?
1. There is a contest of identities, of what type of humanity will prevail – differences in views.
2. In that contest, the social & institutional construction of reality, or of a milieu within which culture is reproduced, matters.
3. That milieu has multiple factors:
Gender identity emerges powerfully and consistently Field identity emerges powerfully and consistently
in particular, the Business School culture as it pertains to Sustainability “is different.”
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One way in which Business Values and Beliefs are different is that often,
Business Academics focus narrowly on one aspect of Business activity:
Short Run ProfitAnd when Business considers Improvement or
Innovation, we seek Incremental Innovation, using existing technologies and skills, adjusted.
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Sustainability is seen through the
Larger Pictureit needs a Wider Lens, a Holistic View
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Today’s Business Community opposes full employment, good wages,
medical care, to get higher profit … but then we’re confused:
Why has the economy not recovered?
In the U.S. over 70% of GDP is Consumer Purchases:- 10% unemployment = 10% of households not buying.- 10% under-employed (working Part Time, wanting Full Time) buy
very little- 10% have Given Up finding work (no longer counted as
unemployed); they don’t make many purchases, either.
add ‘em up: 30% of the 70% of GDP not happening robustly or sustainably
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Creating a Sustainably Healthy Economy requires both
a Vision of the Sustainability Idea, and
a Tangible Practice of Sustainability Acts:- Avoiding Haz Mat Production
- Paying Wages for a Healthy Economy- Democratic Governance - Sustainable Population Practices (World Bank)
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Some years ago, Henry Ford actually thought about this:
Model T Factory paying a $5/day was subject to enormous ridicule:
- why pay so much? (2-3 times the going average)Ford’s answer:a) Because these people will work diligently to produce a complex product that reliably worksb) Because then they will Buy One.
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Looking forward from Today…
we need Forms & Methods of Production that are
Entirely Different from the forms of production
and the types of products we all use today
Path Breaking Research in a Partnership of
Science and Industry will get us thereCreating literally Millions of Good-Paying Jobs en route
as a Sustainable economic engine
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That is a Vision
we can Make a Reality
Thank you. Questions / Comments /
Thoughts?