1. outline of isdb-t transmission system - dibeg | isdb-t · pdf file ·...

1DiBEG

Digital Broadcasting Experts Group

ISDB-T technical seminar(2007) in Brazil

Section 3

Transmission system

In this section, mainly the principle of channel coding and OFDMModulation technology are presented.

June, 2007Digital Broadcasting Expert Group (DiBEG)

Japan

Yasuo TAKAHASHI

(Toshiba)

2DiBEG


Preface

Transmission system of ISDB-T is most feature of ISDB-T. Different from another DTTB standard, ATSC and DVB-T.

For examples, (1)One segment service within same bandwidth, (2)High performances for mobile/portable reception, (3)Robustness against multi-path and impulse noise, etc. These features re mainly led from ISDB-T transmission system.

So, it is very important to study the structure of ISDB-T transmission system for understanding the background of the features of ISDB-T.

This seminar document is prepared according ARIB STD-B31. But ,as described in seminar #2, SBTVD-T 01 is almost same as B31. Therefore, it is useful for Brazilian engineer to know this section.

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Contents

1. Outline of ISDB-T transmission system

1.1 Features of ISDB-T and technical baseline

1.2 Block diagrams of transmission system

1.3 transmission parameter

2. Principle of segment construction and hierarchical transmission

3. Transmission coding

3.1 Channel coding

3.2 Mapping and Interleaving

4. OFDM modulation4.1 OFDM modulation and Guard interval adding4.2 Quadrature modulation

5. Outline of ISDB-TSB5.1 outline of ISDB-TSB transmission system

5.2 Consecutive transmission system

5.3 example of consecutive transmission station

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1. 1. Outline of ISDB-T transmission system

1.1 Features of ISDB-T and technical baseline

1.2 Block diagrams of transmission system

1.3 transmission parameter

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Multimedia-Service

High-Quality, Multi-Channels

Flexible/Versatile

Mobile and handheld service

Commonality of receiver

Efficient Spectrumutilization

-Integrated Service(Video/Audio/Data)

-High quality Data Service

-Bi-directional Service

-HDTV 1CH or SDTV 3CH within 6MHz band.

-Robustness against multi-path

Single Frequency Network(SFN)

-Robustness against mobile/portable reception-fixed/mobile/portable service within same band　--- Layer　Transmission　Technology

- Commonality for BS/Cable/Terrestrial Broadcasting.

Requirement for transmission system　→Solutions

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Features of ISDB-T transmission system

Technical Specification Japanese Requirements for DTTB　

OFDM

Segment Structure

Time Interleaving

TMCC

Mobile Reception, Indoor Reception

Extensible, Partial Reception

Flexible, Versatile

Robustness, SFN

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ISDB-T system

1 segment　 429KHz

13 Segments

6MHz

Band Segmented OFDM : Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Frequency

Features• Modulation: DQPSK,

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

• 1HDTV or N SDTV/channel

• Mobile reception (time interleaving)

• Single Frequency Network

• Net data rate: 23.42Mbps (6MHz)

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13segments(6MHz bandwidth)

Layer B(HDTV or Multi-SDTV with Data))

Layer A(LDTV,Audio,Data)

frequency

(Example; 1seg + 12 seg)

QPSK constellation 64QAM constellation

*13 segments are divided into layers, maximum number of layers is 3.

*Any number of segment for each layers can be selected (totally 13 segment)*Transmission parameter sets of each layer can be set independently

(In above example, modulation index of each layer are different)

Difference of required C/NBetween 64QAM and QPSK

is about 12 dB

Segmented Structure and Partial Reception

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Feature of ISDB-T transmission system

1. Efficient frequency utilization(1)Adopt OFDM transmission system; SFN operation(2)Adopt hierarchical transmission; service for different type of reception in one frequency channel

2. Mobile/ handheld service in one transmission standard(1)Time interleave; Improve mobile reception quality(2)Partial reception; handheld service in same channel

3. Robustness against interference(1) Adopt concatenated error correction with plural interleave(2)Time interleave; very effective for impulse noise (urban noise)

4. Flexibility for several type of service/ reception style

5. Commonality of TV/audio transmission standard6. Auxiliary (AC) channel can be used for transmission network management

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MPEG-2 multiplexer

Carrier modulation

IFFT

TMCC signal

Guard-interval addition

Pilot signals

OFD

M- fr

ame

stru

ctur

e

Com

bini

ng o

f hie

rarc

hica

l le

vels

Bit interleaving

Tim

e in

terle

avin

g

Freq

uenc

y in

terle

avin

g

Mapping

Convolutionalcoding

Byte interleaving

Energy dispersal

Delay adjust-ment

Division of TS into hierarchi-cal levels

Outer code

(204,188)TS

re-multiplexer

Byte -> BitsMSB first

Bits -> ByteMSB first


TSConvolutional

codingByte

interleavingEnergy

dispersalDelay adjust-ment




Convolutionalcoding

Byte interleaving

Energy dispersal

Delay adjust-ment




Carrier modulationBit interleaving Mapping

Carrier modulation

Bit interleaving Mapping

Transmission system blockdiagram( B31 Fig.3-2)

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Parameters of ISDB-T (6MHz Bandwidth)

QPSK , 16QAM , 64QAM , DQPSK

Convolutional code (1/2 , 2/3 , 3/4 , 5/6 , 7/8)

ISDB-T modeNumber of OFDM segment

Useful bandwidthCarrier spacingTotal carriers

ModulationNumber of symbols / frame

Active symbol durationGuard interval duration

Inner codeOuter code

Useful bit rate

Mode 1 (2k) Mode 2 (4k) Mode 3 (8k)13

5.575MHz 5.573MHz 5.572MHz3.968kHz 1.984kHz 0.992kHz

1405 2809 4992

204252μ 504μ 1.008ms

1/4 , 1/8 , 1/16 , 1/32 of active symbol duration

RS (204,188)0 ～ 0.5s

3.651Mbps ～ 23.234MbpsTime interleave

s s

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Equation for calculating bit rate STEP 1: calculate the bit rate of one(1) segment

(1) reed-Solomon coding rate; (188/204), fixed value

(2) r: convolutional coding rate( depends on coding rate)

(3) M: modulation index(bit/ symbol); QPSK=2, 16QAM=4 , 64QAM=6

(4) Ts/(Ts+Tg); ratio of total symbol length and effective symbol length

(5) (effective data carrier)/(total carrier) =96/108 – fixed value for mode 1, 2, 3(note) total carrier; including pilot carrier, TMCC, and scattered pilot symbol

(6)Nf : Number of carrier in one segment; mode 1=108,mode 2=216, mode 3=432

(7) fd: carrier spacing = effective symbol transmission speedmode 1=(6/14)/108*103 kHz=3.9682540kHz, mode 2= (1/2) of mode 1　

mode 3=(1/4) of mode 1

(note) (6/14)*103 kHz = bandwidth of one(1) segment

ISDB-T is composed 13 segments, so, to calculate transmission bit rate,at first, calculate the bit rate of one(1) segment, and multiply number of

Segment of each layer. Then lead total bit rate of each layer

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ExampleMode 3, guard interval ratio=1/16, modulation=QPSK, coding rate(r)=2/3

Bit rate of 1 segment=0.9920635 *432 * (16/17) * 2 * (2/3) * (188/204) =440.56 kbps

fd Nf Ts/(Ts+Tg) M r RS coding rate

STEP 2 : multiply number of segment (Nseg)

Example 1 : 1 layer fixed reception, mode 3, guard interval ratio=1/16,Modulation =64QAM, coding rate(r)=3/4

Bit rate of 1 segment=0.9920635 *432 * (16/17) * 6 * (3/4) * (188/204) * 13 =19.329 Mbps

Number of segment

Example 2 : 2 layer ,1 segment for portable, 12 segment for fixed

Layer A: Nseg=1, mode 3, Tg/Ts=1/16, M=2(QPSK), r=2/3 Bit rate of A layer=0.9920635 *432 * (16/17) * 2 * (2/3) * (188/204) * 1 =440.56 kbps

Layer B: Nseg=12, mode 3, Tg/Ts=1/16, M=6(64QAM), r=3/4 Bit rate of A layer=0.9920635 *432 * (16/17) * 6 * (3/4) * (188/204) * 12 =17.842 Mbps

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2. 2. Segment construction and Hierarchical TransmissionSegment construction and Hierarchical Transmission

2.1 Concept and feature of hierarchical transmission system

2.2 The rules of hierarchical transmission

Relating clause of ARIB standard; B31 clause 3.2

2.3 Segment construction and hierarchical transmission

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TSRE-MUX

RSCoding

DivideTo

Hierarchy

EnergyDispersal

Delay Adjust

ByteInterleave

ConvolutionalCoding

BitInterleave

FrequencyInterleave

TimeInterleaveMapping

CombineHierarchy

OFDMFraming

Pilot/TMCC/AC

IFFT AddGuard interval

Quad.MOD

D/AConv.

OFDM signal

TS

Blockdiagram of ISDB-T Transmission coding

These functions are presented in this section16

DiBEGDigital Broadcasting Experts Group

- 16 -

Hierarchical transmission is the feature of ISDB-T, this concept is not in DVB-T system. The concept of hierarchical transmission system is shown in figure.2-1after.

The transmission parameters can be assigned as each service ID. This transmission system is called “hierarchical transmission”

For example, the service which should be strong against interference such as noise should be assigned to QPSK layer, other service is assigned to 64QAM layer.

In this case, service of QPSK layer could be received under serious receiving condition such as handheld reception.

In case of DVB-T system, for handheld reception service, another frequency should be prepared separately. But, in ISDB-T system, different reception service can be achieved within one frequency channel by making use of this transmission system.,

2.1 Concept and feature of hierarchical transmission system

TSP’s are divided into plural layers at Re-multiplexer, and re-arranged in each layer. After re-arranged, these TSP’s are combined to 1 transport stream and feed to OFDM modulator. (see figure. 2-2)

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Fig.2-1 Image of hierarchical transmission

Divide TSP’s into each hierarchy

Path of QPSK layer

Path of 64 QAM layer

Packet which path through the QPSK layer

Packet which path through the 64 QAM layer

Interference such as noise

Combine each hierarchy, and re-arrange TSP’s

Transmission capacity is nothigh, but interference level is low

Transmission capacity is high, butinterference level is high

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Fig. 2-2 Blockdiagram of TS re-multiplexer

PIDextract

DE-MUX

A layerbuffer

B layerbuffer

C layerbuffer

TS inputbuffer

buffer

INF１

INF２

INF３

INF４

PSI-SIbuffer

PCR select

TS re-multi-plex output

A layerMUX

B layerMUX

C layerMUX

TS input

TS input

TS input

buffer

MU

X

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ISDB-TRe multi-

plexer

Layer A

Example of 2 programs into 3 layers

Fig. 2-3 Image of multiple layer transmission

TV program #1

TV program #2

#1-V

#1-A

#1-D

#2-V

#2-A

#2-DLayer C

Layer B

#1-A #2-A

#1-D #2-D

#1-V #2-VM

UX

MUX

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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group- 20 -

2.2 The rules of hierarchical transmission (a) The strongest hierarchy layer should be able to be demodulated and decoded alone . Reason; to be able to demodulate and decode, PCR and minimum required PSI should be transmitted by strongest layer. (see Fig.2-4)

(b) Transmission delay difference between hierarchy should be compensated at the transmission side. The compensated transport stream is called “Multi-frame pattern”Image of Multi-frame pattern is shown in Fig. 2-5 later

(c) Multi-frame pattern should be completed within 1 OFDM frame.

(d) The number of packet in 1 segment should be integer in any combination of transmission parameter and coding rate. Reason; minimum unit of hierarchical transmission is the segment.

(e) Even though the information transmission speed is different because of its transmission parameters, the clock rate of TS at the output of receiver RS decoder should be constant( for TV, clock rate is 4fs). To adjust the clock rate, Null packets are inserted. See details in fig. 2-6 later.

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A-1 B-1 B-2 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7

A-1 B-1 B-2 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7

Transmit TSP（RS input）

A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4

The B layer packets are interfered and broken

Recovered TSP’s

TSP’s of layer A should include PCR and minimum required PSI which are necessary to recover TSP

… … … …

Received TSP（RS output）

Fig. 2-4 Concept of hierarchical transmission(strongest layer should be recovered alone)

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Transmit TS

Transmission in layer A

Time axis

A-1 B-1

B-2

A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7

A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4

A-1 A-2 A-3

B-1 B-3

B-2

B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6

B-1 A-1 B-2 B-3 A-2 B-4 B-5 A-3 B-6

Received layer A TS

Transmission in layer B

Received layer B TS

Layer A + layer B(order is different from transmission side(operation of S1 in Fig.2-7)

Transmit TS


Time axis

A-1 B-1

B-2

A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7

A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4

A-1 A-2 A-3

B-1 B-3

B-2

B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6

B-1 A-1 B-2 B-3 A-2 B-4 B-5 A-3 B-6

A-1 B-1

B-2

A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7

A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4

A-1 A-2 A-3

B-1 B-3

B-2

B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6

B-1 A-1 B-2 B-3 A-2 B-4 B-5 A-3 B-6

Received layer A TS


Received layer B TS

Layer A + layer B(order is different from transmission side(operation of S1 in Fig.2-7)

As shown above, Transmission delay of each layer is different according to each layer transmission parameter set. As a result, because of its transmission parameter set. Therefore, order of TSPof receiver side is different from transmitter side

Fig. 2-5 Concept of hierarchical transmission(1/2)(delay adjustment of each layers)

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Fig. 2-5 Concept of hierarchical transmission(2/2)(delay adjustment of each layers)

As shown above, delay adjustment is inserted at transmitter side. As a result, same order of TSP is recovered in receiver side.

Transmit TS


Time axis

A-1 B-1 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7

A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4

A-1 A-2 A-3

B-2

B-2B-1 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6

Received layer A TS


Received layer B TS

Layer A + layer(operation of S1 in Fig.2-7) A-1 B-1 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6B-2

Delay adjustment

Transmit TS


Time axis

A-1 B-1 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6 A-4 B-7

A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4

A-1 A-2 A-3

B-2

B-2B-1 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6

B-2B-1 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6

Received layer A TS


Received layer B TS

Layer A + layer(operation of S1 in Fig.2-7) A-1 B-1 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6B-2A-1 B-1 A-2 B-3 B-4 B-5A-3 B-6B-2

Delay adjustment

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A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4

A-1 null

Null packets are not transmitted

Transmit TS

transmission

Received TS

At the output portion of receiver RS decoder, TS is read by same clock rate of transmit TS (for TV, clock rate is 4fs). At the timing of head packet, packet does Not decoded yet, in this case, RS decoder feeds null packet. If decoded, RS decoderfeeds decoded packet.

Fig. 2-6 Concept of hierarchical transmission(How to adjust constant clock rate)

null A-2 null null A-3 null null A-4 null null(RS coder input)

(RS decoder output)

Packet output timing

A-1 null null A-2 null null A-3 null null

(operation of S2 in Fig.2-7)

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Hierarchicallevel C

S1

FFT Frequency/timede-interleaving

DifferentialdemodulationSynchronousdemodulation

Div

isio

n in

tohi

erar

chic

al le

vels

Com

bini

ng o

fhi

erar

chic

al le

vels

TS buffer

Viterbidecoding

Null TSP

TSre

prod

uctio

n

TSreproduction

sectionHierarchical

level A

De-puncturing

Hierarchicalbuffer

S2S3

S4

S2

TS buffer

Null TSP

TSre

prod

uctio

n

De-puncturing

Hierarchicalbuffer

Figure 2-7 Model receiver for multi-frame reproducing

S1; select the layer. If all data of 1 packet has been input to buffer, S1 select the buffer and send data to next stage

S2; select TS/Null packet, according to TS buffer status

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Digital Broadcasting Experts Group- 26 -

2.3 Segment construction and hierarchical transmissionSegment of ISDB-T is the concept for hierarchical transmission. The segment is

decided as follows considering the rule shown in clause 2.2

(1) Number of TSP in one OFDM frame is integer for all cases of transmission parameter set. Number of TSP is shown in Table 2-1.

(2) For easy tuning operation of receiver, bandwidth of 1 segment is set to 6/14 MHz.

(3) Number of multi-frame pattern is proportional to number of set of hierarchy. For this reason, number of hierarchy is limited as many as 3.

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　　　coding rate　　　　1/2　　　　2/3　　　　 3/4　　　　　5/6　　　　　7/8

modulation

DQPSK／QPSK 12 16 18 20 21

16QAM 24 32 36 40 42

64QAM 36 48 54 60 63

Table 2-1 Number of TSP in one OFDM frame

(mode 1)

(note1) number of TSP/segment

(note 2) in case of mode 2 , number of TSP is twice , and in case of mode 3, four times

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3. 3. Channel codingChannel coding

Relating clause of ARIB standard; B31 clause 3.3 – clause 3.11

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TSRE-MUX

RSCoding

DivideTo

Hierarchy

EnergyDispersal

Delay Adjust

ByteInterleave

ConvolutionalCoding

BitInterleave

FrequencyInterleave


CombineHierarchy

OFDMFraming

Pilot/TMCC/AC


Quad.MOD

D/AConv.

OFDM signal

TS




Outer coder (Reed-Solomon coding)

A shortened Reed-Solomon code (204,188) is used in every TSP as an outer code. The shortened Reed-Solomon (204,188) code is generated by adding 51-byte 00HEX at the beginning of the input of the data bytes of Reed-Solomon (255,239) code, and then removing these 51 bytes.The GF (28) element is used as the Reed-Solomon code element. The following primitive polynomial p (x) is used to define GF (28):p (x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1Note also that the following polynomial g (x) is used to generate (204,188) shortened Reed-Solomon code:g (x) = (x - λ0) (x - λ1) (x - λ2) ---- (x - λ15) provided that λ = 02 HEX

(b) TSP error-protected by RS code (transmission TSP)

Sync.1 byte

Data(187 bytes)

Sync.1 byte

Data(187 bytes)

Parity16 byte

(a) MPEG-2 TSP

MPEG2 TSP and Transmission TSP(B31, Fig. 3-6)

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g(x) = X15 + X14 + 1

output

D

+

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

D D D D D D D D D D D D DD

Energy Dispersal

Energy dispersal is conducted at each hierarchical layer using a circuit, shown in Fig. 3-8, that is generated by a PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence). All signals other than the synchronization byte in each of the transmission TSPs at different hierarchical layers are EXCLUSIVE ORed using PRBSs, on a bit-by-bit basis.

PRBS-Generating Polynomial and Circuit (B31,Fig. 3-8)

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DDD DDD

Output X

Data input

Output Y

G 1 = 171 Octal

G 2 = 133 Octal

X1, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, X5, Y6, X7X : 1 0 0 0 1 0 1Y : 1 1 1 1 0 1 07/8

X1, Y1, Y2, X3 Y4, X5X : 1 0 1 0 1Y : 1 1 0 1 05/6

X1, Y1, Y2, X3X : 1 0 1Y : 1 1 03/4

X1, Y1, Y2X : 1 0Y : 1 12/3

X1, Y1X : 1Y : 11/2

Transmission-signal sequencePuncturing patternCoding rate

Inner coding

Fig. 3-10: Coding Circuit of a Convolutional Code with Constraint Length k of 7and a Coding Rate of 1/2

Table 3-8: Inner-Code Coding Rates and Transmission-Signal Sequence

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X out(1 bit)

Y out(1 bit)

data input(1 bit)Puncture

output（x bits）

Puncturing Pattern

coding rate

Number of input bits

Number of output bits

Puncturing pattern

Output of puncturing

1/2 1 2 X:1 X1, Y1

2/3 2 4 X: 10 X1, Y1, Y2

Y:1 (2)

3/4 3 6 X: 101 X1, Y1, Y2 ,Y3

Y: 11 (3)

Y: 110 (4)

5/6 5 10 X: 10101 X1, Y1, Y2 ,Y3 ,Y4, Y5Y: 11010 (6)

7/8 7 14 X: 1000101 X1, Y1, Y2 ,Y3 ,Y4, Y5,Y6,Y7Y: 1111010 (8)

ConvolutionalCoding(K=7)

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1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

1.00E+00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40C/N[dB]

BER

FEC=

FEC=

FEC=

FEC=

Mode;1 GI=1/8, 64QAM, I=0, RS;OFF

no correction

FEC=7/8

FEC=5/6

FEC=3/4

Example of input C/N vs BER characteristics

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　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　×××× 　　　　×　　　　　　　　　×　　　　　　　×　　　　　×

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　××××

Burst error; FEC does not work well

interleave

de-interleave

Burst error occurs attransmission path

　　　　×　　　　　　　　×　　　　　　　　×　　　　　×

Effect of interleave

Interleave is one of important technology in transmission system. Error correction system is most effective when the characteristics of noise is random.The purpose of interleave is to randomize the burst error occurred in transmission path

Random error; FEC works well

receiver after de-interleave receiver before de-interleave

transmitter before interleave transmitter after interleave

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Byteinterleaveﾞ

RScoder

Convolu-tionalcoding

Bitinterleaveﾞ

Frequencyinterleave

Time interleaveﾞ

Mapping

Kind of interleave and these effect

Byte interleaveByte interleave is located between outer coder and inner coder. Randomize the burst errorof Viterbi decoder output

Bit interleaveBit interleave is located between convolutional coding and mapping. Randomize the symbol

error before Viterbi decoding

Frequency interleaveFrequency interleave is located at the output of time interleave. Randomize the burst error of frequency domain which is mainly caused by multi-path , carrier interference, etc.

Time interleaveTime interleave is located at the output of maping(modulation). And randomize the burst errorof time domain which is mainly caused by impulse noise, fading of mobile reception, etc.

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Byte interleave

Switching between paths every byte

0

1

2

3

11

FIFO shift register

17 bytes

17×2 bytes

17×3 bytes

17×3 bytes

The 204-byte transmission TSP, which is error-protected by means of RS code and energy-dispersed, undergoes convolutional byte interleaving. Interleaving must be 12 bytes in depth. Note, however, that the byte next to the synchronization byte must pass through a reference path that causes no delay.

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b00 bX0 bY0 bZ0b41 b01 bX1 bY1b82 b42 b02 bX2bC3 b83 b43 b03

S/P

40 bits delay

80bits delay

120 bits delay

16QAMMapping

b*0

b*1

b*2

b*3

I

Q

b0,b1,b2,b3,b11・・

４０ carriers

bC0 b80 b40 b00bC1 b81 b41 b01bC2 b82 b42 b02bC3 b83 b43 b03

Without bit interleave; burst error

With bit interleave; errors are randomized

４０ carriers

Bit interleave(B31, clause 3.9.3)

Bit interleave circuit is different according to carrier modulation. Following diagram is a example of 16QAM.

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frequency

time

　1 2 3 4 5 N

N+1 N+2 N+3 N+4 N+5　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2N

203N 203N 203N 203N 203N 203N+1　　 +2　　+3 +4 +5 　　　　　　 +N

Frequency interleave

Time interleave

N=1404(mode 1)　　2808(mode 2)　　5616(mode 3)

Relation between OFDM frame and interleave

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no time interleave

Transmitter side

field strength varied

receiver side

With time interleaveTransmitting delay

Receiving delay

Burst error Error randomized

timetime

frequency

Error symbol

Effect of time interleave

(After de-interleave)

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3-2. What is the merit of Time- Interleave? (2/2)•How much improved by using Time- Interleave

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

160 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Pulse Width [µs]

C/N

eq [d

B] (

Car

rie to

Equ

ival

ent G

auss

ian

ATSC Latest Generation - 19.39Mbps-8 VSB 2/3 ATSC Previous Generation - 19.39Mbps-8 VSB 2/3DVB Latest Generation - 19.3Mbps-64QAM 8k 3/4 1/16 DVB Previous Generation - 19.3Mbps-64QAM 8k 3/4 1/16ISDB Latest Generation - 19.3Mbps - 64QAM 8k 3/4 1/16 0,2s ISDB Previous Generation - 19.3Mbps - 64QAM 8k 3/4 1/16 0,2s

(7dB improved!)

ISDB-TATSC

DVB-T

Following graph shows degradation by impulse noise, which is dedicated by Mackenzie Presbyterian University measured in Autumn , 2005

7dB improved Transmitter power reduced to 1/5 !! 42DiBEG


Switched every IFFT

sample clock

0 Intradata-segment time 0 1 interleaving section 1 2 No. 0 2 : : n c -1

c -1

0 Intradata-segment time 0 interleaving section :

n c -1 No. 2

c -1


: n c -1 No. 12

c -1

Switched every IFFT

sample clock


n c -1 No. 1

c -1

Time interleaver blockdiagram(B31, 3.11.1)

43DiBEG


Ixm0 symbol buffer

Ixm1 symbol buffer

Ixm2 symbol buffer

Ixmnc-1 symbol buffer

0

1

2

nc-1

Provided that mi = (i × 5) mod 96

nc is 96, 192, and 384in modes 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

Fig. 3-23: Configuration of the Intra-segment Time Interleaving Section

44DiBEG


Table 3-12: Time Interleaving Lengths and Delay Adjustment Values

22844568811216

114222844568

1109111422284

000000000

Number of delayed frames in transmiss

ion and reception

Number of

delay-adjustment

symbols

Length (I)


ion and reception

Number of

delay-adjustment

symbols

Length (I)


ion and reception

Number of

delay-adjustment

symbols

Length (I)

Mode 3Mode 2Mode 1

(Notification)

45DiBEG


Envelope of combined wave

Frequency characteristics

In-band

Multi-path

Received signal

Direct path

Vector diagramfrequency

Frequency characteristics distortion caused by multi-path

Reciprocal of delay time

This drawing shows the effect of multi-path. As shown, received signal level is varied in frequency domain.

46DiBEG


Multi-path

Frequencyinterleave

Frequency de-interleave

x ; error

Effect of frequency interleave

As shown above, function of frequency interleave is to dispersethe error caused by multi-path

x x x x x xx xx xx

47DiBEG


Intrasegment carrierrotation

Intrasegment carrierrandomizing


Intersegmentinterleaving

Partial-reception portion

Differentiallymodulated portion

Segmentdivision



Intersegmentinterleaving


OFDM-frame

formation

Synchronouslymodulated portion

Configuration of frequency interleaving section

48DiBEG


T

QPSKmapping

b1

S/PI

Q

b0

b0,b1,⋅⋅⋅120-bit retardation

element

Fig. 3-14: QPSK Modulation System Diagram

Q (level corresponding to b1)

I (level corresponding to b0)

(1,0) (b0,b1)=(0,0)+1

-1 +1

(1,1) (0,1)-1

Fig. 3-15: QPSK Constellation

.

120-bit delay element

The input signal must be 2 bits per symbol and QPSK-mapped to output multi-bit I-and Q-axes data. To conduct mapping, the 120-bit delay element shown in Fig. 3-14 is inserted into the mapping input for bit interleaving.Figs. 3-14 and 3-15 show the system diagram and mapping constellation, respectively.

Mapping

49DiBEG


16QAMm apping

I

b0

b0,b1,b2,b3 ⋅⋅⋅

b1

b2

Qb3

S/P

40-bit retardationelem ent



F ig. 3-16: 16Q AM M odulation S ystem D iagram

(1,1,0,0)

Q (Level corresponding to b1, b3)

I (Level correspondingto b0, b2)+3+1-1-3

+3

+1

(1,1,1 ,0) 0,1,1,0) (0,1,0,0)

(1,1,0,1) (1,1,1 ,1) 0,1,1,1) (0,1,0,1)

(1,0,0,1) (1,0,1,1) 0,0,1,1 ) (0,0,0,1)

(1,0,0,0) (1,0,1,0) 0,0,1,0) (b0,b1,b2,b3) = (0,0,0,0)

-1

-3

(

(

(

(

F ig. 3-17: 16Q AM Constellation

.

t

120-bit delay e lem ent



The input signal must be 4 bits per symbol and 16QAM-mapped to output multi-bit I- and Q-axes data. To conduct mapping, the delay elements shown in Fig. 3-16 are inserted into b1 to b3 for bit interleaving.Figs. 3-16 and 3-17 show the system diagram and mapping constellation, respectively.

Mapping50


Coding rate

Modulation 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8

QPSK 4.9 6.6 7.5 8.5 9.1

DQPSK 6.2 7.7 8.7 9.6 10.4

16QAM 11.5 13.5 14.6 15.6 16.2

64QAM 16.5 18.7 20.1 21.3 22.0

Required C/N (dB) (note)

(note) after Viterbi decoding, BER is as much as 2*10-4

Note: these data are simulation data at early stage,but recently, receiver LSI shows more good data.

51DiBEG


Mode; 1, GI=1/8 FEC=3/4, RS=OFF

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

1.00E+00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

C/N[dB]

BER

QPSK

DQPSK

16QAM

64QAM１６ＱＡＭ

64QAM

ＤＱＰＳＫ

ＱＰＳＫ

Input C/N vs BER characteristics

52DiBEG


4. 4. OFDM modulationOFDM modulation


(1) IFFT

(2) Pilot signal

(3) AC

(4) TMCC

(5) Guard interval

(6) Quad. Modulation and RF format

53DiBEG


TSRE-MUX

RSCoding

DivideTo

Hierarchy

EnergyDispersal

Delay Adjust

ByteInterleave

ConvolutionalCoding

BitInterleave

FrequencyInterleave


CombineHierarchy

OFDMFraming

Pilot/TMCC/AC


Quad.MOD

D/AConv.

OFDM signal

TS




Fourier transform and inverse FFT

frequency

amplitude

time１／Ｔ

Nyquist separation and orthogonal FDM

Nyquist bandwidth

Orthogonal division multiplex

At the adjacent carrier position ,all other carrier energy is zero.

T

55DiBEG


I axis

Q axis

f=2/T

x

xx

x

x xx

x

Symbol length = T

x;

Sample point

OFDM signal generation by IFFT

x

Sample point to generate sine wave of f=1/T cycle

Sample point to generate sine wave of f=2/T cycle

f=1/T

56DiBEG


f=0

f=1/T

f=2/T

f=3/T

Symbol length=T

IFFT output

Freq. separation=1/T

IFFT output and frequency allocation

57DiBEG


#1

+

+

+

+

Frequency

+

+

+

+

carrier #k

GI Effective symbol

OFDM symbol

OFDM signal

=

=

carrier

carrier

#2

Example of OFDM signal waveform

Time axis Frequency axis

58DiBEG


TV signal spectrum

analog Digital; OFDM

59DiBEG


AC

(AC

1, A

C2)

TMC

C

CP

S0,0

S0,1

S0,2

S0,3

S0,4

S0,5

S0,6

S0,7

S0,203

S1,0

S1,1

S1,2

S1,3

S1,4

S1,5

S1,6

S1,7

S1,203

S95,0

S95,1

S95,2

S95,3

S95,4

S95,5

S95,6

S95,7

S95,203

Carrier number0 1 2 107

OFD

M-s

ymbo

l num

ber

203

76

54

32

10

OFDM frame structure (DQPSK, mode 1)

60DiBEG


SPSP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

TMC

C

AC (A

C1)

S0,0

S0,1 S1,1

S95,0

S95,1

S95,2

S95,3

S95,4

S95,5

S95,6

S95,7

S95,201

S95,202

S95,203

Carrier number

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 107

OFD

M-s

ymbo

l num

ber

S0,2 S1,2

S0,3

S3,203S2,203S1,203S0,203

S1,3

S0,4

S8,203S7,203S6,203S5,203S4,203

S3,202S2,202S1,202S0,202 S8,202S7,202S6,202S5,202S5,201

S2,201S1,201S0,201 S8,201S7,201S6,201S5,201S4,201S3,201

0

1

2

3

4

200

201

202

203

S1,0

S2,1

S2,2

S2,3

S2,4

S2,0

S3,2

S3,3

S2,4

S3,0

S3,1

S4,2

S4,3

S3,4

S4,0

S4,1

S5,2

S5,3

S4,4

S5,0

S5,1

S5,3

S5,4

S6,0

S6,1

S6,2

S6,3

S6,4

S7,0

S7,1

S7,2

S7,3

S7,4

S8,0

S8,1

S9,2

S8,4

S9,0

S9,1

S9,2

S9,3

S9,4

S10,0

S10,1

S10,2

S10,3

S10,4

S11,1

S11,2

S11,3

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

OFDM frame structure (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, mode 1)

61DiBEG


Envelope of combined wave

Frequency characteristics

In-band

Multi-path

Received signal

Direct path

Vector diagramfrequency

Frequency characteristics distortion caused by multi-path

Reciprocal of delay time

This drawing shows the effect of multi-path. As shown, received signal level is varied in frequency domain.

62DiBEG


frequency

time

TMCCAC(Auxiary Channel)Scattered pilot (SP)

Scattered pilot (SP) is used to Compensate the frequency distortioncaused by multi-path

Estimation of transmission characteristics by SP

Effect of scattered pilot (SP) signal

frequency

63DiBEG


(a) AC and TMCC Carrier Arrangements in Mode 1

231018561833149474486172570TMCC 1

101896489899779100401011008328AC1_ 298784047635742011615310AC1_ 1

1210864201357911Segment No.

Example of AC, TMCC (mode 1, QPSK,16QAM, 64QAM)

64DiBEG


AC; (Auxiliary Channel)AC is a channel designed to convey additional information on modulating signal-transmission control.AC’s additional information is transmitted by modulating the pilot carrier of a type similar to CP through DBPSK. The reference for differential modulation is provided at the first frame symbol, and takes the signal point that corresponds to the Wi value stipulated in Section 3.13.1.

What is AC?

Details of AC is specified in ARIB STD-B31 reference

Recently, new utilization of AC has been proposed, that is, the transmission network management information can be carried to relay station by using AC. Details will be explained in seminar #9

In DVB-T system, CP is inserted for carrier synchronization instead of AC, butCP cannot carry any information. This is the feature of AC

65DiBEG


The TMCC signal is used to convey information on how the receiver is to perform demodulation of information such as the hierarchical configuration and the OFDM-segment transmission parameters.

Table 3-20: Bit Assignment

Parity bitB122 – B203

TMCC information (102 bits)B20 – B121

Segment type identification (differential: 111;synchronous: 000)B17 – B19

Synchronizing signal(w0 = 0011010111101110, w1 = 1100101000010001)

B1 – B16

Reference for differential demodulationB0

See details of TMCC information in 3.15.6 of ARIB STD-B31

TMCC; transmission management and configuration control signal

66DiBEG


Guardinterval

IFFT output data

tGuardinterval

IFFT output data

Effective symbol Effective symbol

A guard interval, the latter part of the IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) data output for the specified duration, is added without any modification to the beginning of the effective symbol. This operation is shown in Fig. 3-33.

IFFT

1 effectiveSymbol delay

switch

I axis

Q axis

I axis

Q axis

Guard interval

67DiBEG


Effect of guard interval

GI Effective Symbol GI Effective Symbol

GI Effective Symbol GI Effective Symbol

FFT Window

td

(a)

Time Axis

(b)

(c)

(a) : Direct wave from transmitter, (b) : reflected wave (multi-path wave)

GI: Guard Interval , td: delay time of multi-path, (c) FFT window of receiver

FFT window of receiver cuts a signal with Ts (effective symbol ) length, this signal isfed to FFT to demodulate OFDM signal. If FFT window can be set within the intervalof “transmitted OFDM symbol”, Inter Symbol Interference (ICI) is not occurred.As a result, if multi-path delay time is no longer than GI, multi-path interference is almost compensated.

Transmitted OFDM symbol

68DiBEG


Performances under multi-path condition •Performances of each DTTB systems

- 2

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

- 3 0 0 - 2 5 0 - 2 0 0 - 1 5 0 - 1 0 0 - 5 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0

D e la y S p re a d (µ s )

De

sir

ed

to

Un

de

sir

ed

(D

/U)

[dB

]

A TS C L a t e s t G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 3 9 M b p s - 8 V S B 2 / 3 A TS C P re vio u s G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 3 9 M b p s - 8 V S B 2 / 3D V B -T L a t e s t G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 7 6 M b p s - 6 4 Q A M 8 k 3 / 4 1 / 1 6 D V B -T P re vio u s G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 7 6 M b p s - 6 4 Q A M 8 k 3 / 4 1 / 1 6IS D B -T L a t e s t G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 3 M b p s - 6 4 Q A M 8 k 3 / 4 1 / 1 6 0 , 2 s IS D B -T P re vio u s G e n e ra t io n - 1 9 . 3 M b p s - 6 4 Q A M 8 k 3 / 4 1 / 1 6 0 , 2 s

Following graph shows degradation by single multi-path, which is dedicated by Mackenzie Presbyterian University measured in Autumn , 2005

ISDB-T

DVB-T

ATSC

As shown above, within guard interval length (+/- 63 us), ISDB-T work well almost 0dB D/U ratio. In addition, newest ISDB-T demodulator LSI adopt adaptive compensation technology, so, widen the low D/U area up to 250us

69DiBEG


Quad. modulation

multiplyer

multiplyer

ADD X

I signal

Q signal

sin/cos gen.

SAWfilter

37.15MHz IF output

Lo.OSC

32MHz digital processing Analog processing8 MHz digital processing

8 MHz IF

(1) interpolation/FIR; convert from 8MHz sampling to 32 MHz sampling

(2) Quad. Mod.; multiply I and Q data and add, 32 MHz digital signal process. The output is 8MHz OFDM signal with 32MHz sampling

(3) Analog circuit; up convert to 37.15 MHz IF and SAW filter.

D/A

InterpolationFIR

InterpolationFIR

70DiBEG


5. 5. ISDBISDB--TTSBSB transmission systemtransmission system


1. Outline of ISDB-TSB transmission system

2. Consecutive transmission system

3. Example of consecutive transmitter station

71DiBEG


1. ISDB-TSB transmission system

(1) What is ISDB-TSB

(2) Commonality with ISDB-T

ISDB-TSB transmission system is unique in ISDB-T family. This transmission system has been standardized for narrow band ISDB-T transmission system, which is focused to audio and data service, therefore, called ISDB-TSB.

(a) Same segment transmission construction. But ,considering narrow band reception, only 1 segment and 3 segment transmission systems are standardized(b) Adopt same transmission parameters as ISDB-T.

(c) Commonality of 1 segment receiver with ISDB-T partial reception

(3) Efficient use of frequency resource(a) Consecutive transmission system. This system is unique for ISDB-TSB, this transmission system is to transmit plural channel without guard band(b) To achieve consecutive transmission, phase compensation technology at transmitter side is adopted

72DiBEG


ISDB-TSB transmission and partial reception

1-Segment receiver(1024 FFT [mode3])

3-Segment receiver8192 FFT [mode 3])

Layer A

Spectrum

Data segment

Layer A

Layer B

430kHz

Example of DTTB spectrum

430kHz

Channel coding &Segmented OFDM framing

Partialreception

ISDB-TSB ISDB-T

Partialreception

73DiBEG


Transmission parametersMode 1 2 3 Segment(s) 1 or 3 Bandwidth 430kHz or 1.3MHz Carrier spacing 3.97kHz 1.98kHz 0.99kHz Total carriers 109 / 325 217 / 649 433 / 1297 Data carriers 96 / 288 192 / 576 384 / 1152 TMCC,AC,CP, SP carriers

13 / 37 25 / 73 49 / 145

Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, DQPSK

74DiBEG


Transmission parameters (continued)

Mode 1 2 3 Symbol duration 252μs 504μs 1.008ms

Guard interval 1/4 ～ 1/32 of symbol duration Symbols/frame 204 Frame duration 53～64ms 106～129ms 212～257ms

Inner code Convolutional code

(1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8) Outer code (204,188) RS code Interleaving Time and Frequency

75DiBEG


Example of information bit-rate(TS rate)

The information bit rates do not depend on transmission mode1,2 or 3, They depend on modulation ,coding rate and guard interval

Bandwidth 430kbps 1.3Mbps

1segment 3segment note

QPSK, r=1/2,Tg=1/4 280kbps 0.84Mbps Minimum rate

QPSK, r=1/ 2,Tg=1/16 330kbps 0.99Mbps

QPSK, r=2/3,Tg=1/16 440kbps 1.32Mbps

16QAM, r=1/2.Tg=1/16 660kbps 1.98Mbps

64QAM,r=7/8,Tg=1/32 1.87Mbps 5.20Mbps Maximum rate

76DiBEG


Spectrum utilization (1)Broadcasting frequency bands are looked upon as a sequence of segments,which have a bandwidth of one fourteenth of a TV channel.

-DTV uses 13 segments, remaining one ; guard band,

-DSB uses 1 or 3 segments

-1-segment reception of 13 segment-TV signal by DSB receiver

-Consecutive-segment transmission without guard bands

-systematic frequency re-packing towards total digital age

BST-OFDM scheme provides followings.

77DiBEG


Frequency allocation of consecutive transmission

Concept of sub-channel

Allocation of sub-channel

Sub-channel- bandwidth=1/7 MHz

ISDB-TSB allocation with guard band

guard band

1/7 MHz

ISDB-TSB allocation for consecutive transmission

guard band

3/7MHz

78DiBEG


Spectrum utilization (2)Consecutive-segment Transmission of DSB channels

430kHz 1.3MHz

…

1.3MHz

…

430kHz

Conventional allocation

Guard bands

Transmission from single transmitter keeping OFDM -condition

Frequency utilization efficiency will be improved up to 150%.

Example of allocation

79DiBEG


SegmentMUX

ConsecutiveTransmission

MOD/PA

tuner/filter

Frequency spectrum

A B C D

Astudio

OFDMDEM

Audio/dadadecoder

channel select（digital terrestrial audio receiver)

Select required channel

Image of consecutive transmission and reception

BstudioC

studioDstudio

A B C D

80DiBEG


Why is the phase compensation of segment necessary for consecutive transmission ?

A B C D E

Center of IFFT

D

f

Center of FFT

transmitter

receiver

Frequency allocation for 5 one segment channel consecutive transmission

Select channel D at receiver side

The center of IFFT and FFT is different , as a result,each carrier of received OFDM signal rotate duringGuard interval period. (see next page) This phase rotation is compensated at the trans-mitter side.

81DiBEG


F =1/Ts

Tg Ts

Tg=1/4*TS

F =2/Ts

F =3/Ts

F =4/Ts Rotate 2*pai in every symbol

During guard interval (Tg) period, phase rotation (=2*N*pai*Tg/TS) occurs.Consequently, each carrier seems to rotate in every symbol period.

Rotate 3*pai/2 in every symbol

Rotate pai in every symbol

Rotate pai/2 in every symbol

Phase rotation in every symbol

82DiBEG

Digital Broadcasting Experts Group…

F=(4N+2)/Ts

……

…

……

IFFT carrier

(note) F=0 means the frequency which is the center of FFT and IFFT

Center of IFFT

Center of FFT

Relationship between IFFT and FFT for consecutive transmission

F=(4N+1)/Ts

F=2/TsF=1/Ts

F=0F=-1/TsF=-2/Ts

F=-(4N+1)/TsF=(4N+1)/Ts

F=2/TsF=1/Ts

F=0F=-1/TsF=-2/Ts

FFT carrier

83DiBEG


Phase of Each carrier in consecutive transmissionFrequency slot No.

Center frequency of FFT

Phase of each carrier at the front end of guard interval

Transmitterside

Phase compensation at transmitter side

After phase compensation

Receiverside

Frequency slot No.

Center frequency of IFFT

In case of consecutive transmission, center frequency of IFFT and FFT is different. Therefore, during guard interval, each carrier phase rotate according to above figure. To avoid such phase rotation at receiver FFT, phase compensation is done at transmitter side.

84DiBEG


Pai rotate at the next symbol

In every symbol, phase rotate pai

F =(4N+2)/Ts

Tg=(1/4)*Ts

No phase rotation

Tg Ts

Without phase compensation

With phase compensation

Example of phase compensation

In this example, center frequency of FFT is equal to F=(4N+2)/Ts of IFFT. Therefore, if Tgis equal to (1/4)*Ts, at the front end of every symbol rotate pai.

85DiBEG


Phase compensation in every symbol

　　　　　 mode 1 mode 2 mode 3 mode 1 mode 2 mode 3

1/32 -3/8 -3/4　 -1/2 -6/8 -2/4 0

1/16 -3/4 -1/2 0 -2/4 0 0

1/8 -1/2 0 0 0 0 0

1/4 0 0 0 0 0 0

1/32 -6/8 -2/4 0 -1/8 -1/4 -1/2

1/16 -2/4 0 0 -1/4 -1/2 0　　

1/8 0 0 0 -1/2 0 0

1/4 0 0 0 0 0 0

1

3

GI

Upper adjusent channel format

1 segment 3 segment

Number of segment pf received channel 86


ISDB-TSB studio & transmitter system for consecutive transmission system

RE-MUX

RE-MUX

FECENC

FECENC

　

segment com

bine

OFDMMOD

U/C&PA

Service MU

X

Audio ENC

Data server

AudioMTX

Authoringterminal

(broadcaster studio)

……

……

(Consecutive transmitter station)

TS interface

Service MU

X

Audio ENC

Data server

AudioMTX

Authoringterminal

(broadcaster studio)

87DiBEG


Details of ISDB-TSB transmitter block diagram

RE-MUX

…

FECENC

SW

Test signalGEN.

　segment com

bine

OFDMMOD

Sync. signalGEN.

…

System controller(SCS)

(OFDM MOD)

Broadcaster studio

U/C

PA

Monitor

IF signal

After RE-MUX , frame and clock of each channel are synchronized

RE-MUX

FECENC

SW

Broadcaster studio

88DiBEG


END of Seminar #3

Thank you for your attention

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