1 phenix overview phenix overview n. n. ajitanand nuclear chemistry, suny, stony brook rhic &...

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PHENIX OverviewPHENIX Overview

N. N. Ajitanand

Nuclear Chemistry, SUNY, Stony Brook

RHIC & AGS Annual Users' Meeting Workshop 2 Bulk and medium properties in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and RHIC-II

N.N. Ajitanand RHIC-AGS 2007 2

PHENIX stands for• Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment

• Goals:

– Broadest possible study of A+A, p+A, p+p collisions to

• Study nuclear matter under extreme conditions

• Using a wide variety of probes sensitive to all timescales

• Study systematic variations with species and energy

– Measure spin structure of the nucleon

These two programs have produced a detector with unparalleled capabilities

What is PHENIX ?


•Global Detectors (Luminosity,Trigger)•BBC 3.0 < || < 3.9

•Quartz Cherenkov Radiators•ZDC/SMD (Local Polarimeter)

•Forward Hadron Calorimeter•RxNP,HBD

•Forward Calorimetry 3.1 < || < 3.7•MPC

•PbWO4 Crystal•Forward Muon Arms 1.2 < || < 2.4

•Central Arm Tracking || < 0.35, xF ~ 0•Drift Chamber (DC)

•momentum measurement•Pad Chambers (PC)

•pattern recognition, 3d space point•Time Expansion Chamber (TEC)

•additional resolution at high pt•Central Arm Calorimetry

•PbGl and PbSc•Very Fine Granularity

•Tower x ~ 0.01x0.01•Trigger

•Central Arm Particle Id•RICH

•electron/hadron separation•TOF

/K/p identification

PHENIX Detector


– An aerogel and time-of-flight system to provide complete /K/p separation for momenta up to ~10 GeV/c.

– A high resolution Reaction Plane Detector

– A vertex detector to detect displaced vertices from the decay of mesons containing charm or bottom quarks.

– A hadron-blind detector to detect and track electrons near the vertex.

– A muon trigger upgrade to preserve sensitivity at the highest projected RHIC luminosities.

– A forward calorimeter to provide photon+jet studies over a wide kinematic range.

Upgrades

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Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas, USA Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Chemistry Dept., Upton, NY 11973, USABrookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Collider Accelerator Dept., Upton, NY 11973, USABrookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Physics Dept., Upton, NY 11973, USAUniversity of California - Riverside (UCR), Riverside, CA 92521, USAUniversity of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Columbia University, Nevis Laboratories, Irvington, NY 10533, USA Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USAFlorida State University (FSU), Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA Georgia State University (GSU), Atlanta, GA 30303, USA University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USAIowa State University (ISU) and Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM 87545, USALawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9337, USAOld Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USAUniversity of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook (USB), Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook (USB), Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA University of Tennessee (UT), Knoxville, TN 37996, USA Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA

University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilAcademia Sinica, Taipei 11529, ChinaChina Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), Beijing, P. R. ChinaPeking University, Beijing, P. R. ChinaCharles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague, Czech RepublicCzech Technical University, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Brehova 7, 11519 Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech RepublicUniversity of Jyvaskyla, P.O.Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, FinlandLaboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Universite de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubiere, Clermont-Ferrand, FranceDapnia, CEA Saclay, Bat. 703, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceIPN-Orsay, Universite Paris Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, BP1, F-91406 Orsay, FranceLaboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-IN2P3, Route de Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau, FranceSUBATECH, Ecòle des Mines at Nantes, F-44307 Nantes, FranceUniversity of Muenster, Muenster, GermanyKFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA KFKI RMKI), Budapest, HungaryDebrecen University, Debrecen, HungaryEövös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, HungaryBanaras Hindu University, Banaras, IndiaBhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Bombay, IndiaWeizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, IsraelCenter for Nuclear Study (CNS-Tokyo), University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo 188, JapanHiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739, JapanKEK - High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, JapanRIKEN, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, JapanRIKEN – BNL Research Center, Japan, located at BNLPhysics Department, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, JapanTokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, JapanUniversity of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-8577, JapanWaseda University, Tokyo, JapanCyclotron Application Laboratory, KAERI, Seoul, South KoreaEwha Womans University, Seoul, KoreaKangnung National University, Kangnung 210-702, South KoreaKorea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea Myong Ji University, Yongin City 449-728, Korea System Electronics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul, South KoreaYonsei University, Seoul 120-749, KoreaIHEP (Protvino), State Research Center of Russian Federation , Protvino 142281, RussiaJoint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR-Dubna), Dubna, Russia Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, RussiaPNPI, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Leningrad region 188300, RussiaSkobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob'evy Gory, Moscow 119992, RussiaSaint-Petersburg State Polytechnical Univiversity , Politechnicheskayastr, 29, St. Petersburg 195251, RussiaLund University, Lund, Sweden

*as of July 2006 and growing

14 Countries; 68 Institutions; 550 Participants*

Collaboration, 2006


Recent (2006-2007) Publications

Measurement of high-p_T Single Electrons from Heavy-Flavor Decays in p+p Collisions at sqrt(s) = 200 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett.. 97, 252002 (2006) 2006-12-21

Production of omega meson at Large Transverse Momenta in p+p and d+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV Phys. Rev. C 75, 051902 (2007) 2007-05-09

Measurement of Direct Photon Production in p+p collisions at sqrt(s) = 200 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 012002 (2007) 2007-01-05

Spectra 10 papers

Nuclear Modification of Single Electron Spectra and Implications for Heavy Quark Energy Loss in Au + Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 032301 (2006) 2006-01-26

Common suppression pattern of high pT eta and pi0 in Au+Au at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeVPhys. Rev. Lett. 96, 202301 (2006) 2006-05-22

Centrality Dependence of pi^0 and eta Production at Large Transverse Momentum in sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV d+Au Collisions Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 172302 (2007) 2007-04-24

High transverse momentum eta meson production in p+p, d+Au, and Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV Phys. Rev. C 75, 024909 (2007) 2007-02-27

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https://www.phenix.bnl.gov/WWW/p/talk/add_paper.php?editkey=PPG065




Spectra (Contd.)

Nuclear Effects on Hadron Production in d+Au and p+p Collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV Phys. Rev. C 74, 024904 (2006) 2006-08-16

J/psi Production and Nuclear Effects for d+Au and p+p Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeVPhys. Rev. Lett 96, 012304 (2006) 2006-01-04

Helicity

An Update on the Double Helicity Asymmetry in Inclusive Midrapidity $\pi^{0}$ Production for Polarized $p+p$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV Phys. Rev. D 73, 091102(R) (2006) 2006-05-25

Imaging

Evidence for a long-range component in the pion emission source in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 132301 (2007) 2007-03-26

Single Electrons from Heavy-Flavor Decays in p+p Collisions at sqrt(s) = 200 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 032001 (2006) 2006-01-26

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Jet Structure from dihadron correlations in d+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeVPhys. Rev. C 73, 054903 (2006) 2006-01-26

Modifications to Di-Jet Hadron Pair Correlations in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 052301 (2006) 2006-08-02

Jet Properties from Di-Hadron Correlations in p+p Collisions at \sqrt{s} = 200 GeVPhys. Rev. D 74, 072002 (2006) 2006-10-05

Jets 4 papers

Azimuthal Angle Correlations for Rapidity Separated Hadron Pairs in d+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 222301 (2006) 2006-06-08

Anisotropy 3 papers

Scaling properties of azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 162301 (2007) 2007-04-16

pi0/photon v_2 in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 032302 (2006) 2006-01-26

Energy Loss and Flow of Heavy Quarks in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 172301 (2007) , 2007-04-24

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We now look at some schematic perspectives of RHIC Collisions


QCD “Phase Diagram”

RHIC collision trajectories start at the low density high temperature region of the phase diagram

Questions : What are the phases through which the system evolves and how far is it from the critical point ?

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Space-time Evolution of Collisions

space

time

Hard Scattering

E

xpan

sion

Hadronization

Freeze-out

jet J/

QGPThermaliztion

ep K

AuAu


Lattice QCD prediction:Lattice QCD prediction:

Lattice QCD prediction:Lattice QCD prediction:

Phase Transition

12 °

3

170 MeV 10 K

1 GeV/fm

T

Energy density required for QGP formation Energy density required for QGP formation Energy density required for QGP formation Energy density required for QGP formation

Necessary to create Necessary to create εε > 0.6 – 1.0 GeV/fm > 0.6 – 1.0 GeV/fm3 3 in heavy ion collisions in heavy ion collisions Necessary to create Necessary to create εε > 0.6 – 1.0 GeV/fm > 0.6 – 1.0 GeV/fm3 3 in heavy ion collisions in heavy ion collisions

F. Karsch, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 153, 106 (2004)


PRL87, 052301 (2001)

Central collisionsperipheral collisions

time to thermalize the system (0 ~ 0.2 - 1 fm/c)Bjorken~ 5 - 15

GeV/fm3

~ 35 – 100 ε0

dy

dE

RT

Bj0

2

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Estimate From Measured EEstimate From Measured ETT

Achieved Energy Density is Well Above theAchieved Energy Density is Well Above the Predicted Value for the Phase TransitionPredicted Value for the Phase Transition

Achieved Energy Density is Well Above theAchieved Energy Density is Well Above the Predicted Value for the Phase TransitionPredicted Value for the Phase Transition

200 GeV Au+Au Collisions 200 GeV Au+Au Collisions studies at RHIC!studies at RHIC!

200 GeV Au+Au Collisions 200 GeV Au+Au Collisions studies at RHIC!studies at RHIC!


Strong quenching observed for high pt hadrons

hydro-like flow observed

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.4

0.8

1.21.6

2.0

510

1520

2530

v 2

pT (GeV/c)

Centrality (%)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Au+Au

200 GeVNNs Baryons

s/

P ²

High Energy Density matter produced in 200 GeV Au + Au

High Energy Density matter produced in 200 GeV Au + Au

Initial anisotropy gives large pressure gradients

Initial anisotropy gives large pressure gradients


Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX collaboration

Nuclear Physics A Volume 757, Issues 1-2 , 8 August 2005, Pages 184-283 2005-05-24

Abstract: Extensive experimental data from high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions were recorded using the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The

comprehensive set of measurements from the first three years of RHIC operation includes charged particle multiplicities, transverse energy, yield ratios and spectra of identified

hadrons in a wide range of transverse momenta (p_T), elliptic flow, two-particle correlations, non-statistical fluctuations, and suppression of particle production at high p_T.

Conclusion after first three years of study

The results are examined with an emphasis on implications for the formation of a new state of dense matter. We find that the state of matter created at RHIC cannot be described in terms of ordinary color neutral hadrons.

16Phi meson mT spectraPhi meson mT spectra

Improved detector systems and high statistics have yielded quality measurements


Direct photons as a function of centrality


In minimum bias collisions the dielectron yield in the mass range between 150 and 750 MeV/c^2 is enhanced by a factor 3.4+-0.2(sta)+-1.3(syst)+-0.7(model)

Dielectrons

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Azimuthal Anisotropy in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV

Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 162301 (2007) 2007-04-16

A universal scaling for the flow of both mesons and baryons is observed for the full transverse kinetic energy range of the data when quark number scaling is employed – strong indication of partonic flow

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Even the phi which has a very low hadronic scattering cross- nic section develops a v2 which scales with the mesons. The same applies to lambdas and cascades – a strong indication of flow developing at the partonic stage. v_2 values for (d^bar)d suggest that elliptic flow is additive for composite particles.

Phi meson Flow nucl-ex/0703024


Such a low value is consistent with the observation of substantial elliptic flow and may provide the conditions for a special medium response to hard probes such as Mach flow

R. Lacey et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98,092301 (2007)

The shear viscosity to entropy ratio ( eta /s) is estimated for the hot and dense QCD matter created in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC . A very low value is found; eta /s~0.1, which is close to the conjectured lower bound (1/4 pi )

Shear viscosity to Entropy ratio


G. D. Moore, D. Teaney hep-ph/0412346

Calculation of the charm spectrum and the elliptic flow as a function of the diffusion coefficient implies surprisingly strong rescattering behaviour for the heavy quark. An indication of the rather special attributes of the matter formed

Charm Diffusion

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Energy Loss and Flow of Heavy Quarks

Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 172301 (2007) 2007-04-24

A comparison to transport models which simultaneously describe RAA(pT) and v2(pT) suggests that the viscosity to entropy density ratio is close to the conjectured quantum lower bound, i.e., near a perfect fluid.


Although a part of this effect may be trivially related to the contribution of resonances, the possibility of medium modification contributions is an interesting area of investigation.

One way to do this would be to look at the source function at different orientations with respect to the reaction plane

Imaging Studies

Source functions extracted for charged pions produced in Au+Au collisions show non-Gaussian tails.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 132301 (2007) 2007-03-26

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Inclusive charged hadron multiplicity fluctuations

PHENIX Preliminary

Exhibit a universal power law scaling as a function of Exhibit a universal power law scaling as a function of Npart. Further studies of this type are required for Npart. Further studies of this type are required for investigating the neighborhood of the critical point.investigating the neighborhood of the critical point.


There is strong evidence to support the view that the medium thermalizes rapidly during the partonic stage and

exhibits a high degree of collectivity.

One now needs to study the medium further in terms of its response to various probes

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Jets are a natural probe of the Medium

coneRFragmentation:

z hadron

parton

p

p

In relatvistic heavy ion collisions hard parton-parton processes occur early

Scattered partons propagate through the medium radiating gluons and interacting with partons of the medium

Finally partons fragment, (possibly) outside the medium

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Armesto,Salgado,Wiedemann hep-ph/0411341

Possible Modifications of Jet Topology

Mach Cone,Wake Effect or “sonic boom” Mach Cone,Wake Effect or “sonic boom”

Stoecker nucl-th/0406018

Muller,Ruppert Hep-ph/0503158

Casalderrey-Solana, Shuryak, Teaney, arXiv hep ph/0411315 (2004)

Flow induced Deflection Flow induced Deflection

Cherenkov Cone

Strong pT dependence

Cherenkov Cone

Strong pT dependence

A. Majumdar Hard Probes 2006

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J. Friess, S. Gubser, G. Michalogiorgakis, S. Pufu

hep-th/0607022

Graviton perturbations of AdS_5-Schwarzschild generated by a string trailing behind an external quark moving with constant velocity

Components of the stress tensor exhibit directional structures in Fourier space at both large and small momentum. Green lines are experimental peaks of away side jet structure seen by PHENIX

ADS-CFT approach

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Jet Study via AssortedJet Study via Assorted CorrelationsCorrelations

Associated low pT particle

1.0 2.5 GeV/cpT 1.0 2.5 GeV/cpT

pT

2 ( )P assor High pT Hadron

2.5 4.0 GeV/cpT 2.5 4.0 GeV/cpT

Re al

mix

NC

N

Correlation FunctionCorrelation Function

N(pT)

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It is necessary to decompose the correlation function to obtain

the Jet Function!

Two source model gives :

0

HarmoC Jet Functiorrelation Function onic n

C a H J

Correlation Flow JetSets a0

min 0J

Condition Zero Yield At Minimum (ZYAM)

nucl-ex/0501025 Ajitanand et. al.

Normal Jet Shape abnormal Jet Shape

Simulation Test of Jet Recovery

Di-jet faithfully recovered.Di-jet faithfully recovered.Method has become the Method has become the standard method of jet standard method of jet analysisanalysis

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200 GeV Au+Au : Hadron Jet Shapes

Jet-pair distributions resulting from decomposition showJet-pair distributions resulting from decomposition showsignificant away side modification. Deflection or medium significant away side modification. Deflection or medium response ?response ?

Jet-pair distributions resulting from decomposition showJet-pair distributions resulting from decomposition showsignificant away side modification. Deflection or medium significant away side modification. Deflection or medium response ?response ?

PRL 97, 052301 (2006)

200 GeV Au+Au

1<pT<2.5

vs

2.5<pT<4.0

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System Size and Energy Dependence of Jet-Induced Hadron Pair Correlation Shapes

The broadening and peak location are found to depend upon the number of participants in the collision, but not on the collision energy or beam nuclei. These results are consistent with sound or shock wave models, but pose challenges to Cherenkov gluon radiation models

nucl-ex/0611019

D,rms are shape parameters for double Gaussian fit to jet correlation

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Dip to Shoulder ratio vs pT for different trigger pT ranges

Behaviour for Au+Au is quite different from p+p, indicative of “shoulder” region containing medium response to energetic jets

Disentangling “Mach Cone ” (Shoulder) and normal jet (dip) regions

Dip

Shoulder

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Associated mesons and baryons are similarly modified as would be expectedAssociated mesons and baryons are similarly modified as would be expectedIf in-medium modification is the cause of the away side bending If in-medium modification is the cause of the away side bending

PHENIX Preliminary

MesonMeson vs. vs. BaryonBaryon associated partner (for fixed Hadron associated partner (for fixed Hadron trigger)trigger)

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Phys. Rev. C 69, 034909 (2004) 2004-03-29

In central collisions at intermediate transverse momenta ~ 1.5-4.5 GeV/c, proton and anti-proton yields constitute a significant fraction of the charged hadron production and show a scaling behavior different from that of pions. This can be explained on the basis of parton coalescence and fragmentation.

Rcp of Identified Charged Particle Spectra in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV

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The conditional yield of mesons triggered by baryons (and anti-baryons) and mesons in the same pT range rises with increasing centrality. These data are consistent with a picture in which hard scattered partons produce correlated p and p^bar in the p_T region of the baryon excess

Effects of parton coalescence on jet yields

Phys. Lett. B 649 (2007) 359-369, 2007-05-28


Probing medium modification via 3-particle

correlations

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along azimuth

Polar plot

3 Particle Correlations in High pT Framework (*)

Normal Jet

Same Side

Away Side

*

*

Assoc. pTs (2,3)

*12

* =

along radius

*12

*13

* _=

Hi pT(1)

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Deflected jet sim

Data shows strong away side modification

Mach Cone sim

High pT(1) High pT(1)

Normal jet sim

Same Side

Away Side

*

*

High pT(1)

3Particle Correlations in High pT Framework

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Simulated Deflected jet

Simulated Mach Cone

The data validates the presence of a Mach Cone but does not rule out The data validates the presence of a Mach Cone but does not rule out contributions from other topologies.contributions from other topologies.

Azimuthal variation along ridge

Data

43

Looking ahead to the LHC

Phi Eta

Et

Phi

Et

Eta

Jet+Flow JetsRemove Flow & soft background

A Simulated Event

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Expected landscape for Mach flow signal

Once leading jet candidates have been identified the three-particle correlation method can be applied to look for medium modification in the event !

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Tsunami : Nature’s awesome medium response to a hard event !!

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Future Investigations

Energy scan of fluctuations for critical point determination

Reaction Plane associated studies – energy loss, charge asymmetry,jet properties, imaging …

v2 fluctuations : seperating partonic and hadronic contributions

Detailed study of medium response

Detailed study of deconfinement signals

Conclusions

Global properties such as flow arise early during the partonic stage

QGP medium formed exhibits properties of a near-perfect, near-zero viscosity fluid

Indications of medium excitation e.g. Mach cone formation

System probably evolves through a second order phase transition with some evidence to indicate trajectory is not far from the critical point

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