rate of reactionM1S15 Table 5.1 shows the result obtained from an experiment to determine the rate of reaction between magnesium

ribbon with excess hydrochloric acid solution. The volume of gas released during the reaction was recorded every 30 second. Jadual 5.1 di bawah menunjukkan keputusan yang diperolehi daripada satu eksperimen untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas antara pita magnesium dengan larutan asid hidroklorik berlebihan. Isipadu gas yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas dicatat setiap 30 saat.

Time / secondMasa/ saat

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Experiment 1Eksperimen ITotal of gas volumeJumlah Isipadu gas / cm3

0 15 30 42 54 66 75 84 90 96 99 99 99

TABLE / JADUAL 5.1(a) (i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

Tuliskan persamaan tindak balas yang terlibat.

………………….………………………………………………………………….[1 mark](ii) Draw a graph volume of gas against time on the graph paper.

Lukiskan graf isipadu gas melawan masa pada kertas graf. [3 marks]

(iii) Based on the graph in (b), determine the average of rate of reaction.Berpandukan graf di (b) tentukan kadar tindak balas purata bagi tindak balas tersebut. [2 marks]

(b) A student was carried out two experiments to determine the factor that affect the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid with magnesium. Table 5.2 shows the result.Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan dua eksperimen untuk menentukan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas antara asid hidrokorik dengan magnesium. Jadual 5.2 di bawah menunjukkan keputusan yang diperolehi.

Experiment Eksperimen

Time taken for all magnesium dissolveMasa yang diambil untuk semua magnesium

melarut/s

40

20

TABLE / JADUAL 5.

1

Excess hydrochloric acid + 2 g of magnesium ribbon.Asid hidroklorik berlebihan+ 2 g pita magnesium

Excess hydrochloric acid + 2 g of magnesium powderAsid hidroklorik berlebihan+ 2 g serbuk magnesium

Experiment Eksperimen I

Experiment Eksperimen II

(i) Referring to collision theory, explain why there is difference in result in experiment I and Experiment II.Merujuk kepada teori perlanggaran, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan keputusan dalam Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................[3 marks]

(ii) State another method to quicken magnesium dissolving in the hydrochloric acid.Nyatakan satu kaedah lain bagi mempercepatkan magnesium melarut di dalam asid hidroklorik.

..................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

M1S25 Experiment I and II are carried out to study the effect of total surface area on the rate of reaction.

Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II dijalankan bagi mengkaji kesan jumlah luas permukaan ke atas kadar tindak balas.

Experiment I : 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, 0.1mol dm-3 is added to 6.0 g of marble chips.

Eksperimen I : 50 cm3 larutan asid hidroklorik 0.1mol dm-3 dicampur kepada 6.0 g ketulan marmar.

Experiment I : 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, 0.1mol dm-3 is added to 6.0 g of marble powder.

Eksperimen II : 50 cm3 larutan asid hidroklorik 0.1mol dm-3 dicampur kepada 6.0 g serbuk marmar.

Total volume of gas released for both experiments are recorded every 30 second. The result of experiment as Table 5. Jumlah isipadu gas yang terbebas bagi kedua-dua eksperimen direkod setiap 30 saat. Keputusan eksperimen seperti Jadual 5.

Time / second Masa / saat 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300

Volume of gas Isipadugas/ cm3

Experiment IEksperimen I 0 12 23 32 40 48 56 61 68 74 78

Experiment IIEksperimen II 0 22 40 56 68 77 84 89 93 95 98

TABLE / JADUAL 5

(a) Name the gas released when hydrochloric acid reacted with marble.Namakan gas yang terbebas apabila asid hidroklorik bertindak balas dengan marmar.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..[ 1 mark]

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction take place.Tuliskan satu persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..[ 1 mark ]

2

(c) By using the same axes, draw the graph of volume of gas released against time for both experiment I and II on the graph paper provided.Dengan menggunakan paksi yang sama , lukiskan graf isipadu gas yang terbebas melawan masa bagi kedua-dua eksperimen I dan II pada kertas graf di halaman [ 3 marks]

(d) Determine the rate of reaction in experiment I and experiment II on 120 second.Hitungkan kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen I dan eksperimen II pada saat ke 120.

[ 2 marks](e) What is the relationship of total surface area of marble with rate of reaction?

Apakah hubungan antara jumlah luas permukaan marmar dengan kadar tindak balas?

……………………………………………………………………………………………...[ 1 mark]

(f) (i) Is there any different between total volume of gas released at the end of experiment I and experiment II?Adakah terdapat perbezaan antara jumlah isipadu gas yangterbebas di akhir eksperimen I dengan eksperimen II?

……………………………………………………………………………………..[ 1 mark]

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (f) (i).Berikan sebab bagi jawapan anda di (f)(i).

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [ 1 mark ]

M1S34 Table 4 shows the volume and the concentrated hydrochloric acid which is use in experiment I,II and III.

All the experiment involve of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and excess calsium carbonate. Jadual 4 menunjukkan isipadu dan kepekatan asid hidroklorik yang digunakan dalam Eksperimen I, II dan III. Ketiga-tiga eksperimen itu melibatkan tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik dengan kalsium karbonat yang berlebihan.

Experiment/ Eksperimen

Volume of hydrochloric acid/

Isipadu asid hidroklorik ( cm3 )

Concentration of hydrochloric acid/

Kepekatan asid hidroklorik ( moldm-3 )

I 50 0.1

II 50 0.2

III 50 0.3

JADUAL 4The volume of carbon dioxide collected in each experiment was recorded at certain time.Isipadu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam setiap eksperimen dicatatkan pada sela masa tertentu.

3

Graph 4.1 below shows the volume of crbon dioxide gas against the tme for experiment II.Graf 4.1 di bawah menunjukkan isipadu gas karbon dioksida melawan masa bagi Eksperimen II.

GRAF 4.1(a) Name the product of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate

Namakan hasil tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik dengan kalsium karbonat.

………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 markah ]

(b) Write the equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate.Tuliskan persamaan bagi tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik dengan kalsium karbonat.

………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 markah ]

(c) Calculate the volume of maximum carbon dioxide gas that is collected in experiment I.[1 mole gas occupied 24000 cm3 at room temperature and pressure]Hitungkan isipadu maksimum gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam Eksperimen I.

[Gunakan maklumat 1 mol gas menempati 24000 cm3 ruang pada suhu dan tekanan bilik]

[ 3 markah ](d) Sketch the shape of graph for experiment I and II at the same axis in Graph 4.1

Lakarkan bentuk graf bagi Eksperimen I dan III pada paksi yang sama di Graf 4.1. [ 2 markah ](e) Based on collision theory, explain why there is different in grafh curves in experiment I than experiment II

at (d).Berdasarkan teori perlanggaran, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan lengkungan graf Eksperimen I berbanding Eksperimen III di (d).

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 2 markah ]

4

Volume/ Isipadugas CO2 /cm3

Time /Masa / s

Eksperimen II120

(f) State one other factor which influence the rate of reaction.Selain daripada faktor kepekatan asid hidroklorik, nyatakan satu faktor lain yang boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas itu.

………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 markah ]M1S46 An experiment was carried out to determine the rate of reaction between zinc granules and dilute hydrochloric

acid. The volume of hydrogen gas released is determined at certain time interval.Graph of volume of hydrogen gas against time obtained as follow: Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas antara ketulan zink dengan asid hidroklorik cair. Isipadu gas hidrogen yang terbebas dalam tindak balas tersebut ditentukan pada satu sela masa tertentu.Graf isipadu gas hidrogen melawan masa yang diperolehi adalah seperti berikut

(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction occurred. Tuliskan persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.

……….……………………………………………………………………………………………..[ 1 mark ]

5

Graph of volume of hydrogen gas against time Graf Isipadu gas hidrogen melawan masa

Time Masa/s

Volume of hydrogen gasIsipadu gas hidrogen/cm3

10

20

30

40

40 80 120 160 200

(b) Draw the set-up of apparatus that has been used in the experiment.Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini.

[ 2 marks ]

(c) Calculate:Hitungkan :

(i) Average rate of reaction for the whole reaction.kadar tindak balas purata bagi keseluruhan tindak balas ini

[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Rate of reaction at 40 second and at 80 second.kadar tindak balas pada saat ke 40 dan saat ke 80

[ 3 marks ](d) From the answer in (c) (ii), at which second the rate of reaction is higher? Explain why.

Daripada nilai yang dihitung di (c) (ii), kadar tindak balas pada saat ke berapakah yang lebih tinggi? Terangkan mengapa.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………… [ 2 marks ]

(e) Suggest one way to increase the rate of reaction.Cadangkan satu cara untuk meningkatkan kadar tindak balas ini.

……………….…………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark ]

M2S65 Experiment I and experiment II have done to investigate the effect of total surface area on the rate of

reaction.

Experiment I : 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to 6.0 g of big crushed marble chips.

6

Experiment II : 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to 6.0 g of powder marble chips.

Eksperimen I dan eksperimen II telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan jumlah luas permukaan ke atas kadar tindak balas.

Eksperimen I : 50 cm3 larutan asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm-3 dicampur kepada 6.0 g ketulan marmar.

Eksperimen II : 50 cm3 larutan asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm-3 dicampur kepada 6.0 g serbuk marmar.

The total volume of gas that is released for the both experiments are recorded for every 30 seconds. The results obtained from the both experiments as in Table 5 below.Jumlah isipadu gas yang terbebas bagi kedua-dua eksperimen direkod setiap 30 saat. Keputusan yang diperolehi daripada kedua-dua eksperimen adalah seperti dalam Jadual 5 di bawah.

Time/sMasa /s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300

Volume of gas /cm3

Isipadu gas / cm3

Experiment IEksperimen I 0 12 23 32 40 48 56 61 68 74 78

Experiment IIEksperimen II 0 22 40 56 68 77 84 89 93 95 98

Table / Jadual 5(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in the both experiments.

Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam kedua-dua eksperimen.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 2 marks]

(b) By using the same axes, draw a graph of volume of gas against time for experiment I and experiment II in graph sheet at page 11.Dengan menggunakan paksi yang sama, lukiskan graf isipadu gas melawan masa bagi kedua-dua eksperimen I dan II pada kertas graf di halaman 11.

[ 3 marks](c) By reffering to the graph in (b), calculate the rate of reaction for experiment I and experiment II at 120

seconds.Menggunakan graf di (b), hitungkan kadar tindak balas bagi eksperimen I dan eksperimen II pada saat ke 120.

Experiment / Eksperimen I Experiment / Eksperimen II

[ 2 marks]

7

(d) Based on the calculations in (c), state the relationship between total surface area of marble with the rate of reaction.Berdasarkan penghitungan di (c), apakah hubungan antara jumlah luas permukaan marmar dengan kadar tindak balas?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….........[ 1 mark]

(e) (i) If the both experiments is carried out until no more gas is released, is there any differences of total volume of gas released at the end of these experiments.Jika kedua-dua eksperimen diteruskan sehingga tiada lagi gas yang terbebas, adakah terdapat perbezaan pada jumlah isipadu gas yang terbebas di akhir eksperimen-ekperimen ini.

…………………………………………………………………………………………...[ 1 mark]

(iii) Give areason for your answer in (e) (i)Berikan sebab bagi jawapan anda di (e) (i).

……………………………………………………………………………………...........[ 1 mark]

M2S75 A student has done three experiments to determine the factor that affect the rate of reaction between

hydrochloric acid and magnesium. Table 5 below shows the result of the experiment.Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan tiga eksperimen untuk menentukan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak

balas antara asid hidrokorik dengan magnesium. Jadual 5 di bawah menunjukkan keputusan yang diperolehi.

Experiment and the set up of apparatusEksperimen dan susunan radas

Temperature/oCSuhu/oC

Time taken for all the magnesium dissolve/s

Masa yang diambil untuk semua magnesium

melarut/s

30 40

40 20

8

Excess hydrochloric acid 1 mol dm-3

Asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm-3 berlebihan

0.3 g of magnesium ribbon0.3 g pita magnesium

Excess hydrochloric acid 1 mol dm-3

Asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm-3 berlebihan

0.3 g of magnesium ribbon0.3 g pita magnesium

Experiment / Eksperimen I

Experiment / Eksperimen II

40 10

Table / Jadual 5(a) What is meant by rate of reaction?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kadar tindak balas?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(b) Write the equation for the reaction above.Tuliskan persamaan bagi tindak balas di atas.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2 marks]

(c) Sketch a graph of volume of gas against time for all three experiments above on the same axes.Lakarkan graf isipadu gas melawan masa bagi ketiga-tiga eksperimen di atas pada paksi yang sama.

[3 marks]

(d) With reference to the collision theory, explain why there are differences in the rate of reaction in the Experiment I and II.Merujuk kepada teori perlanggaran, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan keputusan dalam Eksperimen I dan II.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [3 marks]

9

Volume of gas /cm3

Isipadu gas /cm3

Time/sMasa/s

Excess hydrochloric acid 1 mol dm-3

Asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm-3 berlebihan

0.3 g of magnesium powder0.3 g serbuk magnesium

Experiment / Eksperimen III

(e) State another method on how to dissolve the magnesium into hydrochloric acid in Experiment III faster.Nyatakan satu kaedah lain bagaimana mempercepatkan lagi magnesium melarut di dalam asid hidroklorik dalam Eksperimen III.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

M2S96 An experiment is carried out to determine the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute

hydrochloric acid. The volumes of carbon dioxide gas evolved at fixed intervals are recorded. Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas antara kalsium karbonat dengan asid hidroklorik cair. Isipadu gas karbon dioksida yang terbebas dalam tindak balas tersebut ditentukan pada satu sela masa tertentu

Graph of the volumes of carbon dioxide gas against time are shown below.Graf isipadu gas karbon dioksida melawan masa yang diperolehi adalah seperti berikut

(a) Write an equation for the above reaction. Tuliskan persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.

……….……………………………………………………………………………[ 2 marks ]

10

Graph of the volumes of carbon dioxide gas against timeGraf isipadu gas karbon dioksida melawan masa

Time/sMasa/s

Volume of carbon dioxide gas /cm3

Isipadu karbon dioksida /cm3

10

20

30

40

40 80 120 160 200

(b) Draw a labeled diagram to show the set-up of the apparatus in the experiment. Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini.

[ 2 marks ]

(c) Calculate / Hitungkan :

(i) the average rate of reaction kadar tindak balas purata bagi keseluruhan tindak balas ini

[ 1 mark ]

(ii) the rate of reaction at 40 second and 80 second. kadar tindak balas pada saat ke 40 dan saat ke 80

[ 3 marks ](d) Base on the answer in c(ii), which have the higher rate of reaction. Explain your answer. Daripada nilai yang dihitung di (c) (ii), kadar tindak balas pada saat ke berapakah yang lebih tinggi? Terangkan mengapa.

…………………….……………………………………………………………………………

…………….……………………………………………………………………………………

………………..………………………………………………………………………………… [ 2 marks ]

(e) Suggest another way to increase the rate of above reaction Cadangkan satu cara untuk meningkatkan kadar tindak balas ini.

…………………...……………….……………………………………………………………[1 mark ]

M3S10

11

10 (a) A student carried out two experiments to investigate the effects of the factors influencing the rate of reaction. Table 10 shows the results of the experiments.Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan dua eksperimen untuk menyiasat kesan faktor-faktor yang menpengaruhi kadar sesuatu tindak balas. Jadual 10 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen.

Experiment Volume of hydrogen gas /cm3

I 60

II 60

TABLE 10 / JADUAL 10

(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara magnesium dan asid hidroklorik.

[2 marks]

(ii) Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I and IIHitungkan kadar tindak balas purata untuk Eksperimen I and II

[2 marks]

(iii) Sketch the graphs of the volume of hydrogen gas against time for Experiment I and IILakarkan graf isipadu gas hidrogen melawan masa bagi Eksperimen I and II

[2 marks]

(iv) Compare the rate of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II. By referring to the Collision Theory, explain why there are differences in the rate of reaction in the experiment. Bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II. Dengan merujuk kepada Teori Perlanggaran, terangkan kenapa terdapat perbezaan dalam kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen itu

[4 marks]

12

3 minutes

1 g magnesium ribbon /1g pita magnesium

Hydrochloric acid 1 mol dm-3

in excess /acid hidroklorik 1 mol dm-3

berlebihan

5 minutes

1 g magnesium ribbon /1g pita magnesium

Hydrochloric acid 0.5 mol dm-3

in excess /acid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3

berlebihan

(b)

(i) Describe how you can carry out an experiment to determine the rate of liberation of carbon dioxide gas at 60 seconds.Huraikan bagaimana anda menjalankan eksperimen untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas pembebasan gas karbon dioksida pada saat ke 60.

[8 marks]

(ii) State two ways to increase the rate of reaction in the experiment but the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas collected remains unchanged.Nyatakan dua cara untuk meningkatkan kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen itu tetapi isipadu maksimum gas karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan tidak berubah

[2 marks]

M3S115. Diagram 5 shows the set up of the apparatus for a reaction between 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

and excess solid calcium carbonate.Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk tindak balas di antara 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik, 0.2 mol dm-3 dan pepejal kalsium karbonat berlebihan.

Diagram / Rajah 5

The gas produced is measured at 30 second intervals. Table 5 shows the results obtained.Gas yang terhasil diukur pada selang 30 saat. Jadual 5 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperolehi.

Time / Masa ( s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210Volume of gas produced / Isipadu gas terhasil (cm3)

0 32 58 80 98 110 116 116

(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction takes place.Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 marks ]

13

Marble reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate carbon dioxide gas

Marmar bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik membebaskan gas karbon dioksida

Hydrochloric acid / Asid hidroklorik

Calcium carbonate / kalsium karbonat

Water / air

(b) Draw the graph of volume of gas produced against time.Lukis graf isipadu gas yang terhasil melawan masa.

[3 marks ]

(c) From the graph, calculate the rate of reaction at the time 60 seconds.Dari graf, kira kadar tindak balas pada masa 60 saat.

[ 2 marks ]

(d) The experiment is repeated using a small amount of copper (II) sulphate solution as catalyst. Based on the collision theory, state how catalyst acts as a factor that affects the rate of reaction.Eksperimen diulangi menggunakan sejumlah kecil kuprum (II) sulfat sebagai mangkin. Berdasarkan teori perlanggaran, nyatakan bagaimana mangkin bertindak sebagai satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[4 marks ]

14

M2S9K31 An experiment is carried out to study the rate of reaction. A 250 cm3 conical flask contained 45 cm3 of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 0.2 mol dm-3 is placed

on a white paper marked with the ‘X’ sign as shown in the figure below.

5 cm3 sulphuric acid of l.0 mol dm-3 was added to the sodium thiosulphate solution and themixture swirled. At the same time the stopwatch was started. The time is taken as soon as the ‘X’ sign is no longer visible.

The experiment is repeated using the different concentration of sodium thiosulphate.

The table below shows the results of experiment with the different concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution.

Experiment Concentration of sodium thiosulphate (mol dm-3)

Time(s) 1/time(s-1)

1 0.04 552 0.08 483 012 424 0.16 375 0.20 33

(a) (i) Complete the table above and draw the graph of concentration against 1/time on the graph paper next page.

[3 marks]

(ii) Based on the graph in (a)(i), state the relationship between rate of reaction with concentration.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

15

eye

“X” sign

White paper

Sodium thiosulphate+ sulphuric acid

[3 marks]

(b) Predict the time when the ‘X’ sign no longer visible if the same experiment is repeated by using 0.1 mol dm-3 of sodium thiosulphate.

…………………………………………………………………………........……………… [3 marks]

(c) Complete the table below based on the experiment

Name of variables Action to be taken

(i) Manipulated variable:

…………………………………

(ii) Responding variable:

………………………………

(iii) Controlled variable

……………………………….

(i) The way to manipulate variable

………………………………………

……………………………………….

(ii) What to observe in the responding variable

……………………………………

……………………………………

(iii) The way to maintain the controlled variable ………………………………..

…………………………………

[3 marks]

(d) State the hypothesis for the experiment.

…...………..……………………………..............…………………………………………

……….. …………….……………………………………………………………[3 marks]

M1S22 (a) What is meant by rate of reaction?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kadar tindak balas?[ 1 mark]

(b)

Explain the statement above.Terangkan pernyataan di atas.

16

Food stored in refrigerator is last longer than stored in room temperature.Makanan yang disimpan dalam peti sejuk tahan lebih lama berbanding yang dibiarkan pada suhu bilik.

[2 marks]

(c) Graph I is obtained from the result of an experiment involving reaction between 10 g of zinc powder with 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, 0.5 moldm-3 at 30 0C.Graf I diperoleh daripada keputusan satu eksperimen yang melibatkan tindak balas antara 10 g serbuk zink dengan 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 moldm-3 pada suhu 30 0C.

Volume of gas Isipadu gas /cm3

I II

t t1 t2 Time

Masa / s

(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen gas produced.[ molar volume : 24 dm3/mol at room condition ]Tuliskan persamaan tindak balas zink dengan asid hidroklorik.Hitungkan isipadu maksimum gas hidrogen yang terhasil.[ Isipadu molar gas : 24 dm3/mol pada keadaan bilik ]

(ii) What are three changes that need to be done towards the experiment to form graph III?Apakah tiga perubahan yang perlu di buat ke atas eksperimen itu untuk menghasilkan graf II?

(iii) Compare and contrast the graph for experiment I and experiment II. Banding dan bezakan Graf bagi eksperimen I dan eksperimen II.

[ 9 marks]

(d) Temperature, catalyst and total surface area are factors that can affect the rate of reaction. Using Collision Theory, explain how one of the factor affect the rate of reaction.Suhu, mangkin, kepekatan dan jumlah luas permukaan adalah faktor-faktor yang boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas. Menggunakan Teori Perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana salah satu faktor itu mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

[ 4 marks]

(e) Oswald Process is a chemical manufacturing process in industry. Describe briefly how the process is carry out in the industry. Proses Ostwald merupakan proses pembuatan bahan kimia dalam industri. Huraikan dengan ringkas bagaimana proses itu dijalankan dalam industri.

M1S5

17

V

10 (a) What is the meaning of catalyst? Give one example of catalyst and its uses. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan mangkin? Berikan satu contoh mangkin dan kegunaannya.

[ 2 marks]

(b) Based on the collision theory, explain how the following factors affect the rate of reaction:Berdasarkan teori perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana faktor-faktor berikut mempengaruhi kadar sesuatu tindak balas :

(i) Size of reactantsaiz bahan

(ii) Concentration kepekatan

[ 8 marks]

(c) Reaction between sulphuric acid and calcium carbonate powder is faster than with calcium carbonate granules.Tindakbalas antara asid sulfurik dengan serbuk kalsium karbonat lebih cepat berbanding dengan ketulan kalsium karbonat. Describe an experiment how you can prove the statement above. In your description, include the diagram of set-up of apparatus and chemical equation involved. Huraikan satu eksperimen bagaimana anda dapat membuktikan kebenaran pernyataan di atas. Dalam huraian anda, sertakan gambar rajah susunan radas dan persamaan yang terlibat.

[ 10 marks]

M2S87 (a) The equation below represent the reaction between hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate Persamaan bagi tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik dengan kalsium karbonat

adalah seperti berikut :

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

(i) Based on kinetic theory, explain how the concentration of hydrochloric acid influent in the rate of reaction with calcium carbonate Berdasarkan teori perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana kepekatan asid hidroklorik boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balasnya dengan kalsium karbonat. [ 4 markah]

(ii) Describe an experiment to study the effect of concentration of hydrochloric acid into the rate of reaction with calcium carbonate. Your answer must include set-up of apparatus used.Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan asid hidroklorik ke atas kadar tindak balas dengan kalsium karbonat. Dalam huraian anda sertakan gambar rajah susunan radas yang digunakan. [12 markah]

(b) Contact process is a industry process to produce one substances. Name the substances produce and state the condition required to produce optimum product.

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Proses Sentuh merupakan suatu proses industri untuk menghasilkan suatu bahan. Namakan bahan yang di hasilkan dan nyatakan keadaan yang diperlukan supaya penghasilan yang optimum.

[ 4 markah]M2S98 (a) Meat stored in refrigerator can last longer than meat stored in an open kitchen cabinet. Explain this

phenomenon.Daging yang disimpan dalam peti sejuk tahan lama berbanding yang dibiar pada suhu bilik. Terangkan keadaan ini.

[4 marks]

(b) A group of students carried out 3 experiments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of reaction. Table 8.1 shows the information about the reactants and the temperature used in each of the experiment.Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan 3 eksperimen untuk mengkaji factor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.Jadual 8.1 menunjukkan keadaan bahan tindak balas dan suhu yang digunakan dalam setiap eksperimen

TABLE / JADUAL 8.1The results of these 3 experiments are show in the figure below.

(i) What is meant by rate of reaction for this experiment? Apakah yang dimaksudkan kadar tindakbalas untuk eksperimen ini?

[2 marks](ii) Base on table 8.1 and figure 8.2, compare the rate of reaction between

Experiment A and Experiment B Experiment B and Experiment C

Berdasarkan Jadual 8.1 dan Rajah 8.2 , banding kadar tindakbalas antara Eksperimen A dan Ekspeimen B Eksperimen B dan Eksperimen C

Experiment Eksperimen

ReactantBahan Tindak balas

Temperature (oC)Suhu (oC)

A

Excess magnesium ribbons and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm –3 hydrochloric acidPita magnesium berlebihan dan 25 cm3

0.5 mol dm –3 asid hidroklorik

25

B

Excess magnesium ribbons and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm –3 hydrochloric acidPita magnesium berlebihan dan 25 cm3

0.5 mol dm –3 asid hidroklorik

35

C

Excess magnesium powder and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm –3 hydrochloric acidSerbuk magnesium berlebihan dan 25 cm3

0.5 mol dm –3 asid hidroklorik 35

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Volu

me

of g

as p

rodu

ced/

cm

Is

ipad

u ga

s te

rkum

pul /

cm

3

time / masa s

A B C

FIGURE / RAJAH 8.2

In each case, explain the difference in the rate of reaction by using the collision theory. Bagi setiap kes, terangkan perbezaan dalam kadar tindakbalas berdasarkan teori perlanggaran

[10 marks]

M3S128 (a) State three factors affecting the rate of reaction.

Nyatakan tiga faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar suatu tindak balas. [3 marks]

(b) An experiment is carried out to study the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. The time taken by magnesium to dissolve in acid in each experiment is recorded in Table 8.Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas antara magnesium dan asid hidroklorik. Masa magnesium larut di dalam asid dalam setiap eksperimen dicatat seperti dalam jadual 8

ExperimentEksperimen

ReactantBahan tindak balas

Temperaturesuhu (0C)

Timemasa

(s)

I

20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + 2 g of magnesium strip

20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3 + 2 g pita magnesium

30 120

II

20 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + 2 g of magnesium strip

20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3 + 2 g pita magnesium

30 60

III

20 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + 2 g of magnesium powder

20 cm3asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3 + 2 g serbuk magnesium

30 40

IV

20 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + 2 g of magnesium strip + 5 drops of copper(II) sulphate solution

20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3 + 2 g pita magnesium + 5 titik larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

30 45

TABLE/JADUAL 8(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium and acid.

Tuliskan persamaan ionik yang berlaku antara magnesium dan asid. [1 mark]

(ii) Compare the rate of reaction for experiment I and experiment II, experiment II and experiment III. experiment II and experiment IV

Explain your answer based on the collision theory. Bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara eksperimen I dan eksperimen II eksperimen II dan eksperimen III eksperimen II dan eksperimen IV

Terangkan jawapan andaberdasarkan teori perlanggaran [9 marks]

(iii) If experiment II is repeated at 40 0C, predict the time taken for the 2 g magnesium to dissolve completely. Explain your answer.Jika eksperimen II diulangi pada suhu 40 0C, cadangkan masa yang diambil untuk 2 g magnesium larut sepenuhnya. Jelaskan jawapan anda. [3 marks]

(c) Based on the collision theory, explain why we need to store fresh milk in a refrigerator.Berdasarkan Teori Perlanggaran, terangkan mengapa kita perlu menyimpan susu segar dalam peti sejuk.

[4 marks]

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