11

Super BeamsSuper BeamsTakashi KobayashiTakashi Kobayashi

IPNS, KEKIPNS, KEK

’04June 17, 2004Paris

Contents1. Introduction2. “Super beam” experiments3.Summary

Future dream for 10~20years from now

22

Conventional neutrino beam with (Multi-)MW proton beConventional neutrino beam with (Multi-)MW proton beam (am (Fact)Fact)

Pure beam ( 99%)≳ e ( 1%) from ≲ e chain and K decay(Ke3) can be switched by flipping polarity of focusing

device

What is (Original) Super What is (Original) Super Beam?Beam?

ProtonBeam

Target FocusingDevices

Decay Pipe

Beam Dump

,K

Strongly motivated by high precision LBL osc. exp.

33

Long baseline osc. experimentsLong baseline osc. experiments 11stst phase experiments (Now) phase experiments (Now)

Confirmation of atm. Confirmation of atm. results results K2K(1999~)/MINOS(2005~)/ICARUS/OPERA(2006~)K2K(1999~)/MINOS(2005~)/ICARUS/OPERA(2006~)

22ndnd phase experiments (Now~10yrs) phase experiments (Now~10yrs) Discovery of Discovery of ee appearance appearance Designed & Optimized aft. SK atm Designed & Optimized aft. SK atm ~MW beam w/ ~50kton detector~MW beam w/ ~50kton detector

T2K-I (approved. 2009~)/NOT2K-I (approved. 2009~)/NOA (2009?~) / (C2GT)A (2009?~) / (C2GT) 33rdrd phase experiments(10~20yrs?) phase experiments(10~20yrs?)

CP violation and mass hierarchyCP violation and mass hierarchy thru thru ee app. app. Typically Multi-MW beam & Mton detectorTypically Multi-MW beam & Mton detector 22ndnd phase is critical step to go phase is critical step to go

Classification byG.Feldman @SB WS@BNL

“Super Beam”Experiments

() ()

44

ee appearance & CPV appearance & CPV

, a-a for e

]GeV[]cmg[][eV1056.7

325 E

a

Matter eff.:

CP-odd

sinsin

2sin

13

12212

E

Lm

PP

PPACP

Solar

MainMain

MatterMatter

# of signal ∝ sin213 (Stat err∝sin13),CP-odd term ∝ sin13

Sensitivity indep. from Sensitivity indep. from 1313

(if no BG & no syst. err)(if no BG & no syst. err)

55

CPV vs matter effectCPV vs matter effect

295km 730km

)( ePP )( ePP

Smaller distance/lower energy small matter effectPure CPV & Less sensitivity on sign of m2

Combination of diff. E&L help to solve.

e osc. probability w/ CPV/matter

@sin2213=0.01

66

High intensity narrow band High intensity narrow band beambeam

-- Off-axis (OA) beam ---- Off-axis (OA) beam --(ref.: BNL-E889 Proposal)

TargetHornsDecay Pipe

Far Det.

Decay Kinematics

Increase statistics @ osc. max.Decrease background from HE tail

1/~ E(GeV)

E(GeV)

E(

GeV

)

5

12

]mrad[

30]GeV[max

E

flux

77

Idea of C2GT (CNGS to Gulf of Taranto)Idea of C2GT (CNGS to Gulf of Taranto)

OA-CNGSOA-CNGS Movable underwater Cherenkov det. (r=150m), 2Mt fid vol, L=Movable underwater Cherenkov det. (r=150m), 2Mt fid vol, L=

1,200~1,600km1,200~1,600km ~5,000 ~5,000 CC/year CC/year Disappearance & AppearanceDisappearance & Appearance sinsin22221313~0.008 @90%~0.008 @90% Technology to be established Technology to be established (underwater, light collection, LE PID,…)(underwater, light collection, LE PID,…)

F.Dydak et.al.

EGeV)

Flu

x (m

-2)

e

1

88

Kamioka

J-PARC(Tokai-mura)

T2K-IIT2K-II (0.75MW(0.75MW)4MW 50G)4MW 50G

eV PS @ J-PARCeV PS @ J-PARC OA 2~3degOA 2~3deg EEpeak=0.5peak=0.5~0.8GeV~0.8GeV L=295kmL=295km Hyper KamiokandeHyper Kamiokande ~360k ~360k CC/yr CC/yr 1313, CPV, CPV Small matter effectSmall matter effect OAB2.0deg

OAB2.5degOAB3.0deg

99

J-PARCJ-PARC(Japan Proton Accelerator Research (Japan Proton Accelerator Research

Complex)Complex)

Linac

3GeV PS

50G

eV P

S(0

.75M

W)

N

FD

Neutrino Beam Line

To SK

Pacific Ocean

(formerly known as JHF) Construction: 2001~2007Construction: 2001~2007 0.75MW 50GeV-PS0.75MW 50GeV-PS Possible upgrade to 4MWPossible upgrade to 4MW

Preliminary study donePreliminary study done Rep. rate x 2.5Rep. rate x 2.5

Double RF cavities (space OK)Double RF cavities (space OK) Eliminate idling time in acc. Eliminate idling time in acc.

cyclecycle Double # of circulating protonsDouble # of circulating protons

““barrier bucket method” to barrier bucket method” to avoid space charge limitavoid space charge limit

IssuesIssues Achieve first goal (0.75MW)Achieve first goal (0.75MW) Beam lossBeam loss Target,…Target,…(these apply also for other (these apply also for other

projects)projects)

1010

J-PARCJ-PARC

TOKYO

KEK

JAERI

NARITA

KAMIOKA

December, 2003

1111

2 detectors×48m × 50m ×250m, Total mass = 1 Mton

Far Detector: Hyper-KamiokandeFar Detector: Hyper-Kamiokande

12T.Kobayashi (KEK)

Sensitivity for Sensitivity for 1313

sin2213~0.006 (90%)

sinsin22221313 < 10 < 10-3-3 can be searched if syst err ~ few % can be searched if syst err ~ few %

0.5xsin2213

sin2213~0.018 (3)

1313

/ / CC interaction spectrum for CPV CC interaction spectrum for CPV meas.meas.

Wrong sign BG(x10 case)

cross sectiondifference

NC

C(/

100M

eV/2

2.5k

t/ye

ar)

: 2 years: 6.8 years

1414

sin2213=0.02

Very PreliminaryExpected signal and BG (SK full sim)Expected signal and BG (SK full sim)

signal background

=0 =/2 total e e

e 536 229 913 370 66 450 26

e 536 790 1782 399 657 297 430

m212=6.9x10-5eV2

m322=2.8x10-3eV2

12=0.59423=/413=0.05 (sin2213=0.01)

:2yr, :6.8yr4MW0.54Mt

15T.Kobayashi (KEK)

Sensitivity for CPV in T2K-IISensitivity for CPV in T2K-II

no BGsignal stat only

(signal+BG) stat only

stat+2%syst.stat+5%syst.

stat+10%syst.

CHOOZ excludedsin2213<0.12@m31

2~3x10-3eV2

T2K 3 discovery

3 CP sensitivity : ||>20o for sin2213>0.01 with 2% syst.

4MW, 540kt2yr for

6~7yr for

sinsin

2sin

4 13

12212

E

mACP

m212=6.9x10-5eV2

m322=2.8x10-3eV2

12=0.59423=/4

T2K-I 90%

1616

Europe: SPLEurope: SPLFrejusFrejusG

enev

e

Italy

130km

40kt400kt

4MW 2.2GeV Superconducting Proton Linac 4MW 2.2GeV Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL) @ CERN(SPL) @ CERN

Low energy wide band (ELow energy wide band (E~0.3GeV)~0.3GeV) L=130kmL=130km Water Cherenkov 40Water Cherenkov 40 400kt (UNO) 400kt (UNO) ~18,000 ~18,000 CC/year/400kt CC/year/400kt 1313, CPV, CPV Small matter effectSmall matter effect SPL in R&D, UNO in conceptual designSPL in R&D, UNO in conceptual design

1717

Mezzetto

Fluxes for SPL beamFluxes for SPL beam

Low energy wide band beamLow energy wide band beam Less NC Less NC 00 BG for BG for ee search search

1818

13

Sensitivity for CPVSensitivity for CPV

sin2213=0.0313(deg)

2 5

(d

eg)

0

-150

150

1919

BNL-HomestakeBNL-Homestake 28GeV AGS upgrade to 1MW (2M28GeV AGS upgrade to 1MW (2M

W) cf current 0.1MWW) cf current 0.1MW Wide band beam (0.5~6GeV)Wide band beam (0.5~6GeV) L=2,540kmL=2,540km Mton UNO (alternative option: LiMton UNO (alternative option: Li

q. Ar.)q. Ar.) ~13,000 ~13,000 CC/year/500kt CC/year/500kt Cover higher osc. maximaCover higher osc. maximaGoalsGoals ee appearance appearance Sign of Sign of mm2323 CPVCPV 1212, , mm1212

Possible w/ only Possible w/ only run at certain pa run at certain parameter regionrameter region

(Ref: Diwan et al., PRD68, 012002, 2003)

2540 kmHomestake BNL

Page 20S. Holmes, Mulit-MW Workshop, May 2004

Brookhaven AGS Upgrade

• Direct injection of ~ 11014 protons via a 1.2 GeV sc linac extension– low beam loss at injection; high repetition rate possible– further upgrade to 1.5 GeV and 2 1014 protons per pulse possible (x 2)

• 2.5 Hz AGS repetition rate– triple existing main magnet power supply and magnet current feeds– double rf power and accelerating gradient– further upgrade to 5 Hz possible (x 2)

200 MeV Drift Tube Linac

BOOSTER

High Intensity Sourceplus RFQ

Superconducting Linacs

To RHIC

400 MeV

800 MeV

1.2 GeV

To Target Station

AGS1.2 GeV 28 GeV

0.4 s cycle time (2.5 Hz)

0.2 s 0.2 s

200 MeV

200 MeV Drift Tube Linac

BOOSTER

High Intensity Sourceplus RFQ

Superconducting Linacs

To RHIC

400 MeV

800 MeV

1.2 GeV

To Target Station

AGS1.2 GeV 28 GeV

0.4 s cycle time (2.5 Hz)

0.2 s 0.2 s

200 MeV

2121

Detector options: UNO (or Liq. Ar?)Detector options: UNO (or Liq. Ar?)

Highway tunnel

Detector

Perlite insulation

h =20 m

≈70 m

Electronic crates

A. Rubbia

C.K.Jung

440kton fiducial mass

A.Rubbia~100kton

2222

Mass Hierarchy ResolutionMass Hierarchy Resolution

w/ only w/ only running, reversed hierarchy reject running, reversed hierarchy rejected >2.5ed >2.5 level level

with w/ with w/ // running, then >10 running, then >10

Diwan, Mar.2004

2323

Sensitivity on CPVSensitivity on CPV

Diwan, Mar.2004

2424

Fermilab Proton Driver (PD)Fermilab Proton Driver (PD)

8 GeV synchrotron option8 GeV synchrotron option Original concept (May 2002, FermiOriginal concept (May 2002, Fermi

lab-TM-2169)lab-TM-2169) Large aparture (100x150mm) magLarge aparture (100x150mm) mag

netsnets LINAC 400MeV LINAC 400MeV 600MeV 600MeV MI cycle time 1.87s MI cycle time 1.87s 1.53s 1.53s Net results : MI power of 1.9MWNet results : MI power of 1.9MW

8 GeV superconducting linac8 GeV superconducting linac Recent studyRecent study Direct injectionDirect injection 2MW @ 8GeV & 40~120GeV(MI)2MW @ 8GeV & 40~120GeV(MI) Future flexibilityFuture flexibility Issue: Cost?Issue: Cost?

Replace injector for Main InjectorReplace injector for Main Injector

Increase MI power by x5~6 (2MW) Improve MINOS & NOA sensitivities

2525

~ 700m Active Length

2 MW 8 GeV Linac

X-RAY FEL LAB

Slow-Pulse Spallation Source& Neutrino Target

Neutrino“Super- Beams”

MainInjector@2 MW

8 GeV

NUMI

Anti-Proton

SY-120Fixed-Target

Off- Axis

Also includes upgrades to Main Injector for current and cycle

To Homestake120 GeVand 8 Gev

Potential Flexibility of LINACPotential Flexibility of LINAC

B.Foster and D.Michael, BNL-APS SB WS Mar.04

2626

NONOA + PD : Mass hierarchyA + PD : Mass hierarchy

G.FeldmanJun.04

2727

HomestakeHomestake

BNLHendersonMine

Fermilab~8m

~200M

~4m

30 m

R m

axim

um o

ff a

xis

120 GeV protaons

8 GeV protons

Another possibility with PDAnother possibility with PD

1290km

A case study for future experimA case study for future experiment with PDent with PD

2MW 8/120GeV PD2MW 8/120GeV PD “4MW” “4MW” WB/OA to Homestake @1290kWB/OA to Homestake @1290k

m (or Henderson)m (or Henderson) EE=0.5~3GeV=0.5~3GeV Cover higher osc maxCover higher osc max 500kt WC or 100kt Liq.Ar500kt WC or 100kt Liq.Ar ~50k ~50k CC/year/500kt CC/year/500kt Studies of physics potential starStudies of physics potential star

tedted

FeHo (Fermilab-Homestake)Beam Line

D.MichaelMar.04@BNL

5yrs

2828

Sensitivities with 500kt Water Sensitivities with 500kt Water CC

D.MichaelMay 04, FNAL

(m2)<1%(sin22)~4%

(90%)

Disappearance

Appearance

100kt Liq Ar could be betterthanks to det. resolutionStudies in progress.

5yrs running

2929

Summary of (“super-beam”) LBL Summary of (“super-beam”) LBL experimentsexperiments

EEpp(GeV)(GeV)

PowePowerr

(MW)(MW)

BeaBeamm

〈〈 EE

〉〉(GeV)(GeV)

LL

(km)(km)

MMdetdet

(kt)(kt)

CCCC

(/yr)(/yr)

ee

@peak@peak

K2KK2K 1212 0.0050.005 WBWB 1.31.3 250250 22.522.5 ~50~50 ~1%~1%

MINOS(LE)MINOS(LE) 120120 0.40.4 WBWB 3.53.5 730730 5.45.4 ~2,500~2,500 1.2%1.2%

CNGSCNGS 400400 0.30.3 WBWB 1818 732732 ~2~2 ~5,000~5,000 0.8%0.8%

T2K-IT2K-I 5050 0.750.75 OAOA 0.70.7 295295 22.522.5 ~3,000~3,000 0.2%0.2%

NONOAA 120120 0.40.4 OAOA ~2~2 810?810? 5050 ~4,600~4,600 0.3%0.3%

C2GTC2GT 400400 0.30.3 OAOA 0.80.8 ~120~12000

1,0001,000??

~5,000~5,000 0.2%0.2%

T2K-IIT2K-II 5050 44 OAOA 0.70.7 295295 ~500~500 ~360,00~360,0000

0.2%0.2%

NONOA+PDA+PD 120120 22 OAOA ~2~2 810?810? 50?50? ~23,000~23,000 0.3%0.3%

BNL-HsBNL-Hs 2828 11 WB/OAWB/OA ~1~1 25402540 ~500~500 ~13,000~13,000

SPL-FrejusSPL-Frejus 2.22.2 44 WBWB 0.320.32 130130 ~500~500 ~18,000~18,000 0.4%0.4%

FeHoFeHo 8/1208/120 ““4”4” WB/OAWB/OA 1~31~3 12901290 ~500~500 ~50,000~50,000

Running, constructing or approved experiments

I

II

III

3030

1.27xm2(L/E) [/2]

T2K-IIT2K-II

K2KK2K

MINOSMINOS

CNGSCNGS

NONOAA

T2K-IT2K-I

C2GTC2GT

NONOA+PDA+PDBNL-Hs BNL-Hs (<5(<5))SPL-FrejusSPL-Frejus

1 3 5

osc. maximaosc. maxima

BNL-HsBNL-Hs

C2GTC2GT

NONOAA

MINOSMINOSCNGSCNGS

T2KT2KK2KK2K

SPL-FrejusSPL-Frejus

““Graphical” Summary of Graphical” Summary of experimentsexperiments

m2=2.5x10-3eV2

<30GeV

FeHoFeHo

FeHoFeHo<10yrs<10yrs

10~20yrs10~20yrs

<5yrs<5yrs

3131

SummarySummary Next generation “Super Beam” experiments will provide chances Next generation “Super Beam” experiments will provide chances

to clarify whole view of to clarify whole view of mixing mixing 1313 CPV, sign of CPV, sign of mm22, .., .. High precision measurements of parametersHigh precision measurements of parameters

Several experiments are under considerationSeveral experiments are under consideration (Multi-)MW beam + Mton detector (or Liq.Ar)(Multi-)MW beam + Mton detector (or Liq.Ar) Japan: 4MW 50GeV @ J-PARC Japan: 4MW 50GeV @ J-PARC Mt Hyper-Kamiokande Mt Hyper-Kamiokande Europe: 4MW 2.2GeV SPL Europe: 4MW 2.2GeV SPL Mt UNO Mt UNO US-BNL: 1(2)MW AGS US-BNL: 1(2)MW AGS UNO(Liq.Ar)@~2500km UNO(Liq.Ar)@~2500km US-FNAL: 2MW PD/MI US-FNAL: 2MW PD/MI NO NOA/ UNO(liq.Ar)@~1300kmA/ UNO(liq.Ar)@~1300km

Future direction much depend on results from “2Future direction much depend on results from “2ndnd phase” experi phase” experimentsments T2K-I(2009~) and NOT2K-I(2009~) and NOA(if approved)A(if approved)

Let’s do experiments to know Let’s do experiments to know 1313 (2 (2ndnd phase) ASAP!!, phase) ASAP!!, While keeping R&D efforts for future projectsWhile keeping R&D efforts for future projects (while reducing too many meeting!)(while reducing too many meeting!)