1 the gujarat earthquake reconstruction experience: 2001-04 civil service day 2007 vigyan bhavan,...
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THE GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCE: 2001-04
CIVIL SERVICE DAY 2007Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi
21 April 2007
Dr. P.K MishraSecretary to Government of India
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation
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CONTENTS
• The devastation
• Reconstruction: programme outcomes
• Processes and innovation
• Mitigation and preparedness measures
• An analysis: how and why
• The larger impact
DEVASTATION: A TERRIBLE HUMAN TRAGEDY
• Lives lost 13,805• 167,000 persons suffered
injury
• Over 2,22,035 houses completely destroyed and 9,17,158 houses damaged
• Over 10,000 small and medium industrial units went out of production
• 50,000 artisans lost their livelihood
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Housing
Reconstruction of 2,00,218 houses (90%) completed Repair of 9,08,751 houses (99%) completed
Social Infrastructure
Education Infrastructure 44,218 (100%) school rooms repaired 12,750 (100%) school rooms reconstructed 13,000 new additional school rooms reconstructed
Health Infrastructure Repair & Reconstruction of 1,107 health structures
Livelihood Restoration
Restoration of livelihood of over 200,000 families working in agriculture and village / cottage industries etc
Social Rehabilitation
Setting of orphanages, assistance to paraplegics, pension to widows and old aged, artificial limbs to handicapped etc
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
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Public InfrastructurePower
Strengthening of 8,903 km (90%) of transmission and distribution lines completed
Roads & Bridges Repair/Reconstruction of 4,134 km (98%) of state highways and rural
roads completed
All 179 bridges reconstructed
Rural Water Supply 2,615 km (96%) of water supply pipelines laid
Dam Safety & Irrigation 181 dams (82%) have been strengthened
Urban Infrastructure
349 Km (100%) of urban roads completed
333 Km (93%) of sewerage pipelines have been laid
700 Km ( 99.7%) of water supply pipelines have been laid
171 (99%) new municipal buildings have been reconstructed out of 173
Public Buildings
2,758 ( 99%) public buildings reconstructed
8,999 (98%) public buildings repaired
Retrofitting of 3534 undamaged buildings underway and 377 completed
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE
Education - After Health - After
Health infrastructure damaged
Health infrastructure reconstructed
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HOUSES: REPAIR
928369
229194
638054
791719
891972 895841 901323
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
No.
of H
ouse
s
To berepaired
Jul-01 Jan-02 Jul-02 Jan-03 May-03 Feb-04
(97%)
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HOUSES: RECONSTRUCTION
215255
12119
57466
115014
142858
168127187346
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
No.
of H
ouse
s
To bereconstructed
Jan-02 Jan-03 Feb-04
(87%)
RECONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES
Before – Text/Photograph
• Owner-driven Reconstruction (80%)
• PPP Reconstruction (20%)
PPP Housing Owner-driven Housing
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SCHOOL ROOMS: REPAIR
42678 41514 42678
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
No.
of C
lass
room
s
Target Jan-02 Jan-03
(100%)
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SCHOOL ROOMS: RECONSTRUCTION
8212
0
1792
3865
63557080
7469
0
3000
6000
9000
No.
of C
lass
room
s
Target Jul-01 Jan-02 Jul-02 Jan-03 May-03 Jan-04
• In addition to the 8212 destroyed classrooms, 3810 additional classrooms have been constructed
(91%)
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LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION
Livelihood of 77,587 beneficiaries could be
restored through• Working Capital Assistance to Handloom Weavers• Toolkits to Handloom Weavers, Artisans, Handicraft
Artisans, Masons• Loan Subsidy to self-employed persons • Handlooms and handicraft parks, Gramudyog vikas
kendra sanctioned
1,83,793 farmers have benefited through• Input kits• Pucca Structure on Farms• Irrigation Assets
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LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION
187,284 industrial units benefited
through • Cash Assistance to Small Cabins & Shops• Subsidy assistance for small industrial units• Subsidy and interest subsidy given for service &
trade units
Rehabilitation of 69 affected tourism
units
LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION
• Restored livelihood of over 200,000 families (Agriculture, Industry including Cottage Industry)
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Owner Driven Reconstruction ( 80%)
Owner was the prime mover of the reconstruction process and reconstruction as per the need, pace and will of the owner
Government provided material, technical and financial assistance
A sense of acceptance and ownership leading to higher occupancy
Knowledge transfer resulting in long-term disaster management capacity building
Public Private Partnership Programme (20%)
Partnership with 80 NGOs on a 50% cost sharing basis with government
Community through Gram Sabha to approve NGO involvement
HOUSING RECOVERYAPPROACH
19HOUSING RECOVERYINNOVATIVE ASPECTS
RISK TRANSFER
Insurance to 14 types of
hazards for 10 years at
premium of Rs.367 deducted
from the last financial
installment by the state
ENSURING STANDARDS
Multi-hazard resistant reconstruction
Payment of installments after engineers’ certification
Third party quality audit by National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCCBM)
RESOURCE ASSISTANCE
Payment made directly in bank accounts - 6,60,000 bank accounts opened
1,082 outlets opened - 219 lakh cement bags distributed apart from steel at subsidized cost
Excise duty / Sales tax exemption for building materials procured in KutchEQUITY
Joint ownership of house by
husband and wife
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Largely Owner Driven Minimal relocation Choice of relocation decided by
village community through gram sabha
GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL
District Judge declared as
Ombudsman and around 42,000
cases were re-solved
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Task undertaken scientifically & methodically..
In 14 affected towns
Task 2
Task 1
Relocation and
Rehabilitation
Preparation of Town Planning Schemes
Infrastructure Development
URBAN RECONSTRUCTIONAPPROACH
Task 3
Task 4
Preparation of
Development Plans
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URBAN RECONSTRUCTIONProgramme implementation - Institutional arrangement
Designation of Gujarat Urban Development Company as implementation agency for procurement, design supervision and implementation
Setting up Area Development Authorities in the worst affected towns of Kutch to facilitate the development process and rehabilitation
Programme design Elaborate mapping done through 19 studies of the affected areas
Using existing legislations for preparation of Development Plans (DPs) and Town Planning Schemes (TPS) to lay the base for infrastructure design and implementation
Separate packages for procurement of town planning, infrastructure design and supervising, and detailed unit design consultants
Community participation 1,800 consultative meetings conducted for incorporating public
objections and suggestions in the development and town planning processes
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Large central market area
Market streets for pedestrians
Well planned street
network
Proper access for all plots
Existing Proposed
Traditional markets on specific streets
Traffic congestio
n
No hierarchy of
streets
Plots have no proper access
Source – Bhuj Development Plan: GERRP
URBAN RECONSTRUCTIONREPARATION OF 4 DEVELOPMENT PLANS
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Source – Bhuj Development Plan: GERRP
URBAN RECONSTRUCTIONPREPARATION OF 13 TOWN PLANNING SCHEMES
Before the implementation of the Town Planning Scheme
After the implementation of the Town Planning Scheme
Previous plot layout New plot layout
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Road network in periphery poor
No clear pattern
No hierarchy
Poor quality of construction
New roads for growth areas
Ring - radial pattern
Clearly defined hierarchy
Better quality of construction
Source – Bhuj Development Plan: GERRP
URBAN RECONSTRUCTIONROAD NETWORK PLANNING
Existing Proposed
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City only partly served
Inadequate supply
Periphery has no piped supply
Pipes in old city
damaged
Service to entire
city
Narmada drinking water
New system for
periphery
Reconstruction of city networks
Existing Proposed
Source – Bhuj Development Plan: GERRP
URBAN RECONSTRUCTIONWATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE NETWORK PLANNING
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SEARCH & RESCUE 49 personnel trained in Search & Rescue at ICET,
Netherlands and in Germany
The persons trained at ICET, in turn, would train 500 more first responders in the state. Three batches of 30 fire personnel have been trained.
Two batches of 30 fire officers/ firemen trained in flood rescue
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Equipments received for the establishment of Emergency Response Unit (ERU) at Ahmedabad
Three sets of emergency equipments were procured for AMC, SMC and RMC.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Emergency equipment to be procured for 90 municipalities and 10 industrial areas.
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CAPACITY BUILDING-TRAINING
More than 29,000 masons trained in multi hazard resistant constructions & retrofitting techniques
6,200 engineers trained in multi-hazard resistant construction
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Revised syllabus of all Engineering colleges to include seismic engineering.Revised syllabus already adopted by all the
engineering and polytechnic colleges.
Training programs for the teachers of Engg. Colleges on the revised curricula
Syllabi of schools revised for incorporating general awareness about Disaster Management
CAPACITY BUILDING-EDUCATION
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MITIGATION MEASURES - GUIDELINES
Guidelines for multi hazards resistant
construction provided• For several types of construction such as
masonry, RCC structures, compressed mud earthen wall structures etc.
• Guidelines provided for using local materials in hazard-resistant construction
• Guidelines specifically for low cost reconstruction and retrofitting
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AWARENESS CREATION
Four Shake Table demonstrations & video shows held for awareness generation & confidence building
Two Technical cassettes prepared on construction and retrofitting of houses
Audio and video cassettes prepared to create awareness through the medium of music and jokes, traditional folk art
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DM made as a permanent agenda in Gramsabha conducted in 18000 villages
• “Do’s & Don'ts for EQ” circulated and discussed
• “Do’s & Don'ts for cyclone” circulated and discussed
• Need for safe construction• Preparation of village level
disaster response groups
AWARENESS CREATION – GRAM SABHAS
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OTHER ACTIVITIES ENVISAGED
Certification of masons and licensing of engineers
Provincial Fire Services
A seismic pavilion named “Planet We Live In” at Science City
Revision of Relief Manual
BENEFIT MONITORINGHousing – Urban and Rural
93% G-5 beneficiaries occupied re-constructed and insured permanent houses
52% beneficiaries had separate toilets and 84% had separate kitchens
39% beneficiaries in the 4 towns lived in larger houses as compared to the pre-earthquake situation
85% newly constructed houses in the 4 towns had a road passing directly in front of them
23% more BPL families live in permanent houses
Education More than 90% students who dropped out in both primary
and secondary schools have rejoined - no loss in academic year Livelihood
72% women surveyed have more income now compared to pre–earthquake time
Source – BME (phase II), 2nd sample survey report - 2004
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WHAT GSDMA DID
Earthquake reconstruction work
Formulation of Act and policies
Preparation of DM plans
Preparedness initiatives
Capacity building
Mitigation measures
Awareness & community preparedness
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SOME SALIENT ASPECTS
A comprehensive reconstruction and rehabilitation program
Progress during the first and second years no parallel elsewhere
Capacity building and information dissemination
Public-private partnership in a systematic manner; people’s participation
Medium and long-term perspective
FACTOR LEADING TO SUCCESS
Creation of a new institutional structure in the form of the Gujarat State Disaster Management (GSDMA)
A lean and efficient structure, extremely dedicated and committed personnel, professional approach and operational flexibility
Organizational interlinkages and optimal use of existing structures
Involvement of expertise and specialized knowledge of institutions and individuals
Commitment of the government at the highest level
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MOST INFLUENTIAL POST-DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION INITIATIVE
A strong foundation for national level initiatives, e.g.
• Mitigation projects, changes in syllabus
• Capacity building in search & rescue
• Disaster Management Act, 2005
• Creation of the National Disaster Management Authority
• Community-based disaster preparedness initiatives
Disaster Management Authorities in several States
Framework for post-disaster reconstruction in the context of Asian Tsunami 2004 and Kashmir earthquake 2005
RECOGNITION/AWARDS
GEERP awarded The Green Award by World Bank for successfully integrating environmental concerns in the Emergency Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Program for the year 2001
GSDMA awarded The Commonwealth Association for Public Administration & Management (CAPAM) GOLD Award for Innovations in Governance in 2004
GSDMA was awarded The United Nations Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction 2003
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THE CAPAM AWARD CITATION
The massive earthquake rehabilitation and reconstruction programme was a paradigm shift from the conventional approach of response, post-disaster mitigation and preparedness, and that each of the various initiatives like an owner-driven reconstruction programme, the role and involvement of community, the transparency and equity procedures, various capacity building initiatives taken up during the programme was innovation in governance by itself.