1 trox trox usa chilled beams for laboratory hvac applications

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1 TROX TROX USA Chilled Beams for Laboratory HVAC Applications

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Page 1: 1 TROX TROX USA Chilled Beams for Laboratory HVAC Applications

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TROXTROX USA

• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Chilled Beamsfor Laboratory HVAC Applications

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Chilled Ceilings and BeamsEarly 1980’s

1980 1990 2005

Chilled Ceilings

• Advent of personal computers

• Buildings well insulated for heating

• Need to remove heat from space

• Limited space available

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Principle of OperationChilled Ceiling PanelsChilled Ceiling Panels

CWS = 59 to 62ºF CWR = 62 to 66ºF

55% Convective45%

Radiant

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Radiant Effect on OccupantsChilled Ceiling PanelsChilled Ceiling Panels

77° F

74.5° F74.5° F

Dry Bulb Temp.

Effective Radiant Temp.

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Chilled Ceiling Systems

• Improved thermal comfort– Typically combined with displacement ventilation system

– Low turbulence intensity decreases draft risks

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Chilled Ceiling Systems

• Improved thermal comfort

• Minimal space requirements– No additional space required in ceiling cavity

– Easy to install in retrofit applications

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Chilled Ceiling Systems

• Improved thermal comfort

• Minimal space requirements

• Low energy cooling solution– High heat transfer efficiencies using water

– Low transport costs

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Cooling Capacity Comparison

1 : 327

Flow Cross Section Ratio

18“ x 18“

Air Duct

1“ diameter Water Pipe

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Chilled Ceiling Systems

• Improved thermal comfort

• Minimal space requirements

• Low energy cooling solution

• Limited Cooling Capacity– 25 BTUH/FT2 of active panel– 18 BTUH/FT2 of floor area (based on 70% active ceiling)

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

1980 1990 2000 2005

Chilled Ceilings

Passive Beams

• Greater occupant densities

• Increased equipment loads

• Inadequate perimeter cooling

Chilled Ceilings and BeamsEarly 1990’s

• Technology revolution

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Passive Chilled Beams• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

• Ceiling manufacturers begin to sell high free area perforation panels competitively

• Convective coils replace ceiling panels

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Concrete soffit

Passive Chilled BeamsPassive Chilled Beams• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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Passive Chilled BeamPassive Chilled BeamAir Distribution PatternAir Distribution Pattern

• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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Passive Chilled BeamsPassive Chilled Beams• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Recessed Beams

Exposed Beams

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Passive Beam ComponentsPassive Beam Components• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Heat Transfer Coil Separation Skirt

Support Rods

Optional Cabinet

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Passive Chilled BeamsPassive Chilled BeamsInterior Area InstallationInterior Area Installation

B

B x 2

Z

H is between 4 and 12 in. Z should be ≥ 0.33B

H

• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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Passive Chilled BeamsPassive Chilled BeamsPerimeter InstallationPerimeter Installation

B

B x 1.5

• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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Passive Beam Installations• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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Passive Beam Installations• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

1980 1990 2000 2005

Chilled Ceilings

Passive Beams

Active Beams

• Greater occupant densities

• Continually increasing sensible loads

• Gypsum board tiles become common

• Combine cooling and ventilation

Chilled Ceilings and BeamsMid 1990’s

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Concrete soffitPrimary air supply

Suspended Ceiling

Active Chilled BeamsActive Chilled Beams• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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Active Chilled BeamActive Chilled BeamAir Distribution PatternAir Distribution Pattern

• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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Active Chilled BeamsActive Chilled Beams• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

• Sensible loads up to 70 BTUH/FT2

• Primary air delivered at conventional (50 to 55ºF) temperatures at or near minimum ventilation flow rate

• Can be used with fiberglass ceiling tiles or without any ceiling

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Active Beam Installation

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Active Beam Installation

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Comparative Energy Costs

VAV System

Passive Beam with Displacement

Ventilation

Chilled Ceiling with Natural Ventilation

Typ

ical

Ann

ual H

VA

C E

nerg

y C

ost

($/F

T2)

$1.50

$0.48

$0.80

Cost to chill water

Cost to transport water

Cost to cool air

Cost to transport air

LEGEND

$1.00

Active Chilled Beam

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

1990 2000 2005

Chilled Ceilings

Passive Beams

Active Beams

Active Chilled Beams For Laboratory HVAC Applications

Active Beams for Lab HVAC

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Laboratory Design Issues

• Space sensible heat gains of 60 to 70 BTUH/FT2

• Space ventilation requirements of 6 to 8 ACH-1

• Laboratories where chemicals and gases are present require 100% OA

• All air systems require 18 to 22 ACH-1 to satisfy sensible load

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Active Chilled Beamsin a General Use Laboratoryin a General Use Laboratory

Sensible Heat Gain = 65 BTUH/FT2

Ventilation Rate = 8 ACH-1

8’ Active Beams

12 CFM/LF

44 ft.

22 ft.T

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Active Chilled Beamsin a General Use Laboratoryin a General Use Laboratory

Sensible Heat Gain = 65 BTUH/FT2

Ventilation Rate = 8 ACH-1

8’ Active Beams

12 CFM/LF

44 ft.

22 ft. 12’ o.c.

All Air Solution = 18 ACH-1

Air-Water Solution = 8 ACH-1

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Laboratory Design for Pharmaceutical Company

– Location: St. Louis, MO

– Outdoor Design Conditions: 94DB/75WB

– Laboratory Space: 54,000 FT2

– Minimum Ventilation Rate: 8 ACH-1

– Space Sensible Heat Gain: 72 BTUH/FT2

Case Study• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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Equipment Conventional VAV Active Chilled Beam

Air Handling Units 180,000 CFM 72,000 CFM

Cooling 1,477 Tons 587 Tons

Heating 21,617 lbs/hr 8,588 lbs/hr

Duct Distribution 285,493 lbs. 214,120 lbs.

Control Points 800 800

Chilled Beams 1,056

Piping Distribution 4,200 LF

Sensible Cooling Chiller System

200 Tons

Equipment Requirements• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Cooling Energy RequirementExampleExample

65 70 75 80 85 9060

TO

TA

L C

OO

LIN

G E

NE

RG

Y (

kW

)

2.0

3.0

6.0

5.0

7.0

8.0

OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE (°F)

Chilled beam water side cooling

Chilled beam air side cooling

TOTAL ENERGY, AIR-WATER SOLUTION

TOTAL ENERGY, ALL AIR SOLUTION

1000 FT2 LAB (10’ CLGS) TSHG = 70 BTUH/FT2 VENTILATION = 8 ACH-1

4.0

1.0

45%

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Active Chilled Beam (Parallel Sensible Cooling)

– Reduced fan power – 32 % from Base VAV

– Reduced cooling energy – 46 % from Base VAV

– Reduced ductwork sizes – 18-20 ACPH to 6-8 ACH-1

– Higher Pumping energy – 15% - Offset by other savings

– Higher cooling system efficiencies

Overall 35% Reduction in Energy Costs

Energy ComparisonsCase Study, 93/75F Outdoor DesignCase Study, 93/75F Outdoor Design

• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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Active Chilled Beam (Parallel Sensible Cooling)

– Reduced fan power – 32 % from Base VAV

– Reduced cooling energy – 30 % from Base VAV

– Reduced ductwork sizes – 18-20 ACPH to 6-8 ACH-1

– Higher Pumping energy – 15% - Offset by other savings

– Higher cooling system efficiencies

Overall 25% Reduction in Energy Costs

• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Energy ComparisonsModified for 80/64F Outdoor DesignModified for 80/64F Outdoor Design

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Equipment Conventional VAV Active Chilled Beams

Air Handling Units $2,264,335 $899,610

Cooling $1,627,799 $646,717

Heating $244,267 $97,046

Duct Distribution $1,481,709 $1,111,282

Control Points $1,200,000 $1,140,000

Chilled Beams $1,652,984

Piping Distribution $266,444

Sensible Cooling Chiller System

$265,373

Totals $6,818,109 $6,079,456

Equipment Requirements• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

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TROXTROX USA

• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

Chilled Ceilings and Beams