afore2019.orgafore2019.org/afore2012/files/afore_2012-abstrack_book.pdf1 >>welcome message on...

This work was supported by the Korean Federation of Science and Technology

Societies Grant funded by the Korean Government.

>> Welcome Message ······························································· 1

>> Forum Committee ································································ 4

>> Program at a Glance ·························································· 6

>> Forum Schedule ··································································· 7

>> General Information ···························································· 8

>> Floor Plan ············································································ 10

>> Forum Program ·································································· 11

Plenary Session ···································································· 81

Special Session ···································································· 87

Oral Session ·········································································· 95

Poster Session ···································································· 263

>> Author Index ····································································· 491

Contents

1

>> Welcome Message

On behalf of the Executive and Organizing Committees it is

my pleasure to extend to you the warmest welcome to AFORE

2012, the 2nd Asia-Pacific Forum on Renewable Energy in

beautiful Jeju island, Korea.

I would like to first express my sincere gratitude to all the participants and presenters

from around the world for their support of this forum. More than 130 papers were

accepted for oral presentations and another 190 papers as posters. All these contributions

have been integrated into Technical Sessions. In addition to the Technical Sessions,

the forum contains 3 Plenary Sessions and 2 Workshops. Together these programs

provide future directions of Renewable Energy. The topics cover the range from

technology to policy and strategy. I believe that AFORE 2012 may serve as a good

platform for the participants to communicate and share their recent ideas and experiences

on the renewable energy activities from the industry and research sectors.

Finally I am grateful for the hard work and diligence of the members of the Organizing

Committee and others.

I hope you enjoy your stay in Jeju and I wish you a fruitful forum.

Sincerely,

Kyung Seop HanChairman of AFORE 2012

2

>> Welcome Message

Dear Colleague,

Welcome to Jeju and Asia-Pacific Forum on Renewable Energy

2012. On behalf of the organizing committee, it is our great

pleasure to invite your participation for this valuable development

activity. Your attendance at this conference is an evidence of your

commitment to concerns of energy and environment.

The AFORE2012 has been co-organized by Korean Society for New and Renewable

Energy (KSNRE), Chinese Renewable Energy Society (CRES), Japanese Council for

Renewable Energy (JCRE) and World Renewable Energy Network (WREN). It contains

more than 330 papers which will be presented with selected plenary and invited speeches

as well as technical tour to look around smart grid and renewable energy demonstration

sites.

We are facing energy crisis and global warming with an economic depression.

Asia-Pacific nations can handle these problems and solve them all together with the

research collaborations. We believe this forum, as one of these works, is the most

important step offering the opportunities and changes with an outstanding study of all

participants.

In this symposium, we will have a chance to discuss the state of the art of renewable

energy from the industry, academic experts and research sectors, as well as related

policies throughout the world. I also believe that this timely event will certainly make

a milestone for the real international networking and cooperation mechanism to share

knowledge and experience each other for all human beings living in the present and

future generation.

Once again, I would like to give sincere thanks to all of co-organizers, sponsors and

participants for kind efforts for the successful symposium.

Sincerely,

Prof. Soogab LeeAFORE2012 Organizing Committee Chairperson

3

>> Welcome Message

As global warming is becoming a major concern, intensive

works have been conducted to preserve the environment of the

earth. Renewable energy and low carbon technologies have

emerged as the promising options to resolve the environmental

problems and energy issues towards global sustainability.

The slot of areas for presentation and discussion in AFORE 2012 is composed of

14 topics, such as photovoltaic, wind, biomass, hydrogen & fuel cell and many other

renewable energy and low carbon technologies and policy. In this forum, two special

hot topics, “Super Grid in Gobi Desert” and “Renewable Energy Standardizations”, are

organized as the special sessions to reflect the recent issues of renewable energy. Many

interesting papers (more than 330) from over 10 countries including China, Japan, Korea

and others will be presented at the conference.

We believe that this conference may serve as a good platform for the participants

to communicate and share their recent ideas and experiences on the renewable energy

R&D activities.

On behalf of the program committee of the conference, I would like to express my

deepest gratitude to all paper contributors.

Sincerely yours,

Jin-Suk LEEChair of AFORE 2012 program Committee

4

>> Forum Committee

General Chair : Kyung Seop Han (President, Korean Society for New & Renewable Energy, Korea)

General Co-Chairs :Jinsoo Song (President, Korea Photovoltaic Society, Korea)Li Baoshan (Vice-President & Secretary General, China Renewable Energy Society, China)Kosuke Kurokawa (Japan Council for Renewable Energy, Japan)Ali Sayigh (Chairman of World Renewable Energy Congress, U.K.)

International Advisory Committee Chair : Jinsoo Song (President, Korea Photovoltaic Society, Korea)

Member :Bhola Thapa (Prof., Kathmandu University, Nepal)Bundit Fungtammasan (Prof., King Mongkut's Univ. of Technology, Thailand)J. Osgonbaatar (Director, National Renewable Energy Center, Mongolia)Jambaljamts Osgonbaatar (Director, National Renewable Energy Center, Mongolia)Li-Chyong Lin Chen (Dr., National Taiwan Univ., Taiwan)Maziar Arzomandi (Prof., Univ. of Adelaide, Australia)Miguel T. Escoto Jr. (Prof., Univ. of the Philippines, Philippines)Namijil Enebish (Dr., Int’l Renewable Energy Agency, IRENA)Pham Trong Thuc (Director, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Vietnam)Phouang Phouthavong (Prof., National Univ. of Laos, Laos)Rafiuddin M. Ahmed (Prof., Univ. of South Pacific, Fiji)Song K. Choi (Prof., Univ. of Hawaii, USA)Stefan Gsänger (Secretary General, World Wind Energy Association)

Organizing Committee Chair : Soogab Lee (Prof., Seoul National University, Korea)

Co-Chair : Eunnyeong Heo (Prof., Seoul National University, Korea)

Member :Yeon Seok Choi (Dr., Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Korea)Chinwha Chung (Prof., POSTECH, Korea)Ou-sam Jin (Dr., Korea District Heating Corp., Korea)Heon Jung (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)Jae Hak Jung (Prof., Yeungnam University, Korea)Yong-Heack Kang (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)Donghwan Kim (Prof., Korea University, Korea)Hyun Goo Kim (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

5

Hyung Jin Kim (Director General, KEMCO New & Renewable Energy Center, Korea)Seok-Woo Kim (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)You Taek Kim (Prof., Korea Maritime University, Korea)Chang-Ha Lee (Prof., Yonsei University, Korea)Jang-Ho Lee (Prof., Kunsan University, Korea)Jin-Suk Lee (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)Won Yong Lee (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy & Technology Evaluation and Planning, Korea)Young-Ho Lee (Prof., Korea Maritime University, Korea)Ki-Bok Min (Prof., Seoul National University. Korea)Seung Ill Moon (Prof., Seoul National University, Korea)Si-Doek Oh (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy & Technology Evaluation and Planning, Korea)Chang Hyung Park (Vice President, Korea New & Renewable Energy Association, Korea)Chinho Park (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy & Technology Evaluation and Planning, Korea)Jin Won Park (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy & Technology Evaluation and Planning, Korea)Junsin Yi (Prof., Sungkyunkwan University, Korea)Hyung Kee Yoon (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)Sewang Yoon (Vice President, Korean Society for New & Renewable Energy, Korea)

Program CommitteeChair : Jin-Suk Lee (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

Member :Kyung-Jin Boo (Prof., Seoul National University, Korea)Jongmin Choi (Prof., Hanbat National University, Korea)Yeon Seok Choi (Dr., Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Korea)Chul Hee Jo (Prof., Inha University, Korea)Se Ho Kim (Prof., Jeju National University, Korea)You Taek Kim (Prof., Korea Maritime University, Korea)Dong-Won Lee (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)Jeong Chul Lee (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)Won Yong Lee (Dr., Korea Institute of energy & Technology Evaluation and Planning, Korea)Keesuk Nahm (Prof., Chonbuk National University, Korea)Cheol Oh (Prof., Korea Maritime University, Korea)Kyeong Keun Oh (Prof., Dankook University, Korea)Jong-Po Park (Dr., Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction, Korea)Chae-Whan Rim (Dr., Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Korea)Tae Beom Seo (Prof., Inha University, Korea)Yoonho Song (Dr., Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Korea)Jung-Il Yang (Dr., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

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8

>> General Information

Registration Desk

Location: Lobby(1F)

Registration HoursNovember 26(Mon) 13:00~18:00November 27(Tue) 08:00~18:00November 28(Wed) 08:00~17:00

Registration Fee

Pre-Registration On-site Registration

Regular participant US$ 500 (KRW 500,000) US$ 600 (KRW 600,000)

Student/ Accompanying person US$ 200 (KRW 200,000) US$ 250 (KRW 250,000)

Official ProgramOpening Ceremony Date : November 27(Tue)Time : 13:30~14:10Place : Crystal #3

Plenary Session 1Date : November 27(Tue)Time : 14:10~14:50Place : Crystal #3

Plenary Session 2Date : November 27(Tue)Time : 14:50~15:30Place : Crystal #3

9

Plenary Session 3Date : November 28(Wed) Time : 09:00~10:00Place : Crystal #1

Closing Ceremony Date : November 28(Wed) Time : 18:00~18:30Place : Crystal #1

Social Program

Forum BanquetDate : November 27(Tue)Time : 19:00~21:00Place : Crystal #1, #2

Official Language

English is the official language of the forum.

10

>> Floor Plan

11

>> Forum Program

Plenary Session I

November 27 [Tue], 14:10~14:50 [Crystal #3]

Chair : Heon JUNG (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

Plenary speech I14:10~14:50

RENEWABLE ENERGY WILL BE A MAJOR SOURCE OF ENERGY BY 2020Prof. Ali SAYIGH Chairman of World Renewable Energy Congress & Director General of WREN

12

Plenary Session II


Chair : Heon JUNG (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

Plenary speech II14:50~15:30

THE ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEM IN THE 21ST CENTURYNam-Sung AHNPresident, Korea Institute of Energy & Technology Evaluation and Planning

13

Plenary speech III09:00~10:00

GROWING EXPECTATIONS FOR WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT’S NEW POLICYTetsuro NAGATAPresident, Japan Wind Power Association(JWPA)

Plenary Session III

November 28 [Wed], 09:00~10:00 [Crystal #1]

Chair : Hyungkee YOON (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

14

Special Session I

Renewable Energy & Standards


Chair : Kyungjin BOO (Seoul National University, Korea)

O-SSI-00115:50~16:50

AFRICA STANDARDIZATION HARMONIZATION MODEL HERMOGÈNE NSENGIMANASecretary General, African Organisation for Standardisation(ARSO)

O-SSI-00216:50~17:20

THE STRATEGY OF STANDARDIZATION FOR RENEWABLE ENERGYPilkyu Kim1, Jeong-jun Do1, Jun-seok Park1

1New and renewable energy assessment center, Digital industry division, Korea Testing Laboratory 723, Haean-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, Korea

O-SSI-00317:20~17:50

INTERNATIOINAL STANDARDIZATIOIN FOR RENEWABLE ENERGIESKyungjin BOO Dr., Seoul National University, Korea

15

Special Session II

Super Grid in Gobi desert


Chair : Jinsoo SONG (President, Korea Photovoltaic Society, Korea)

Keynote Speech13:30~14:00

COOPERATION WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES FOR SUPER-GRID IN GOBI DESERTJinsoo SONGPresident, Korea Photovoltaic Society, Korea

Panel Discussion14:00~15:30

Moderator : Dr. Jinsoo SONG (President, Korea Photovoltaic Society, Korea)

Panelists :- Mr. Baoshan LI (Vice-President & Secretary General, China Renewable Energy

Society, China)- Prof. KUROKAWA (Chairman, Japan Council for Renewable Energy, Japan)- Mr. B. JIGJID (Chairman, Mongolia Energy Development Association, Mongolia)

16

Oral SessionsPV : Photovoltaics

O-PV-I


Chair : Jae hak JUNG (Yeungnam University, Korea)

IN-PV-00109:00~09:30

THE STATUS AND TRENDS OF PV INDUSTRY IN CHINAHonghua XU Electrical Engineering Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences

O-PV-00109:30~09:50

A STUDY OF ENERGY SAVING DESIGN OF CZOCHRALSKI PROCESS FOR SOLAR CELL SI-INGOTJae Hak JUNGSchool of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University

O-PV-00209:50~10:10

IMPACT OF ZN1-XMGXO:AL TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE FOR BUFFER-LESS CU(IN,GA)SE2 SOLAR CELLSYoshihiro KUWAHATA*, Takashi MINEMOTORitsumeikan University 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga.

O-PV-00310:10~10:30

DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOELECTRODES FOR SOLAR FUELSHyunwoong PARKSchool of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

17

O-PV-II


Chair : YoungKyoo KIM (Kyungpook National University, Korea)

IN-PV-00210:40~11:20

LONG-TERM STABILITY AND CHARGE TRANSPORTATION IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSJongchul LIM, Young Soo KWON, Sung-Hae PARK, Taiho PARK*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea

O-PV-00411:20~11:40

ENHANCED PERFORMANCE OF DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS USING PEDOT ELECTRODEPOSIT COUNTER ELECTRODEKyung Hee PARK1, Hyung Jin KIM2, and Chang Kook HONG2*

1The Research Institute for Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea 2School of Applied Chemical Engineering,Chonnam National University,Gwangju, Korea

O-PV-00511:40~12:00

P-TYPE NICKEL OXIDE AS PHOTOCATHODE IN PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL SOLAR CELLSMin-Ah PARK1 and Kwang-Soon AHN1*

1School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea

18

O-PV-III

November 27 [Tue.], 15:50~17:40 [Crystal #1]

Chair : Taiho PARK (Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea)

O-PV-00615:50~16:20

RECENT RESEARCH ON HYBRID BULK HETERO-JUNCTION SOLAR CELLSChinho PARK* and Nguyen Tam Nguyen TRUONGSchool of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk Republic of Korea

O-PV-00716:20~16:40

HIGHLY EFFICIENCY INORGANIC/ORGANIC HYBRID TANDEM SOLAR CELLSJae-Wook KANG, and Chang Su KIMAdvanced Functional Thin Films Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Korea

O-PV-00816:40~17:00

ON THE STABILITY OF POLYMER SOLAR CELLSHwajeong KIM1,2, Joonhyeon KIM1, Jaehoon JEONG1, Sungho NAM1, and Youngkyoo KIM1*

1Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea 2Priority Research Center (NRF), Research Institute for Advanced Energy Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

O-PV-00917:00~17:20

DEVELOPMENTS OF PHOTOSENSITIZERS TO ENHANCE PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE ON DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Hyo Jung HEO, Sok Kyun CHOI, Dae Young JUNG, Mi Ran JUNG, Jae Hong KIM*

School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea

O-PV-01017:20~17:40

CONTROLL OF TIO2 STRUCTURE FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY SOLID-STATE DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSDong Kyu ROH1, Won Seok CHI1, Sung Hoon AHN1, Jin Ah SEO1, Harim JEON1

and Jong Hak KIM1*

1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea

19

O-PV-IV


Chair : Chinho PARK (Korea Institute of Energy & Technology Evaluation and Planning, Korea)

IN-PV-00310:20~11:00

ENERGY YIELD OF DIFFERENT PV MODULE TECHNOLOGIES AND INFLUENCING FACTORSSooBong LIMTUV Rheinland

O-PV-01111:00~11:20

PHTOTOVPLTAIC SYSTEMS IN UNIVERSITY OF MIYAZAKI Kenji YOSHINO1*, Kensuke NISHIOKA1, Atsuhiko FUKUTAMA1,Hidetoshii SUZUKI2

1Department of Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan2Interdisciplinary Research Organization, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

O-PV-01211:20~11:40

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ULTRA-THIN CONCENTRATOR FOR A CPV MODULE USING THE TIR FRESNEL LENS Sungbin KIM1, Sangkyoung OH1, Jangkyun KIM1, Chankyu PARK1,Jaehak JUNG2, Yujin JUNG2 and Byungwook KIM1

1Anycasting, Seoul, Korea2Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea

O-PV-01311:40~12:00

THE SOLAR MODULE WITH FLEXIBLE SOLAR CELL AND OFF-GRID SOLAR APPLICATION SYSTEM STUDYingab GOHETA Co., Ltd.

20

WE : Wind Energy

O-WE-I


Chair : Ki-Weon KANG (Kunsan National University, Korea)

O-WE-00109:00~09:20

FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION OF SMALL WIND TURBINE COMPOSITE BLADE BASED ON WIND SPEED HISTORYJi-Won JIN1, Jang Ho LEE1, and Ki Weon KANG1*

1School of Mechanical Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Korea

O-WE-00209:20~09:40

AERODYNAMIC AND AEROACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FLATBACK AIRFOILS FOR USE ON LARGE WIND TURBINESTae Hyung KIM1*, Min U JEON1, Hyung Ki SHIN2, and Soogab LEE1

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea2Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

O-WE-00309:40~10:00

INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF A CROSS FLOW TYPE WIND TURBINEJoji WATA and Young Ho LEE*

Department of Mechanical & Energy Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime University

O-WE-00410:00~10:20

AUGMENTATION OF WIND POWER GENERATION DUE TO DYKEHyun Goo KIM1*, Bong-Hee LEE2, Young Cheol HA2, Seok Bum KIM3 and Wan Ho JEON3

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Kumho National Institute of Technology, Goomi, Korea 3Division of Renewable Energy, CEDIC Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea

21

O-WE-II


Chair : Jangho LEE (Kunsan National University, Korea)

IN-WE-00110:40~11:10

THE INTRODUCTION OF CHINESE WIND ENERGY INDUSTRYShen DECHANGChinese wind energy equipment association

O-WE-00511:10~11:30

LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER AIRFOIL OPTIMIZATION FOR SMALL WIND TURBINES USING GENETIC ALGORITHMKrishnil R RAM, Sunil LAL, M. Rafiuddin AHMED*

Division of Mechanical Engineering, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

O-WE-00611:30~11:50

UNSTEADY AERODYNAMICS OF OFFSHORE FLOATING WIND TURBINES IN PLATFORM PITCHING MOTION USING VORTEX LATTICE METHODMin U JEON1, Seung Min LEE1, and Soogab LEE1*

1Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

O-WE-00711:50~12:10

A FULL SCALE PREDICTION METHOD FOR WIND TURBINE ROTOR NOISE BY USING WIND TUNNEL TEST DATAJaeha RYI1, Jong-Soo CHOI1, Seunghoon LEE2, Soogab LEE2

1Department of Aerospace Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea2School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

22

O-WE-III


Chair : Chaewhan RIM (Korea institute of machinery and materials, Korea)

O-WE-00815:50~16:10

EFFECT OF BOND THICKNESS ON THE STRENGTH OF ADHESIVE JOINT IN WIND TURBINE BLADEYeong Mi JI1, and Kyung Seop HAN1*

1Graduate school of Wind Energy, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea

O-WE-00916:10~16:30

WIND TUNNEL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SAVONIUS-TYPE WIND TURBINEHyun Bong YANG1, Hee Chang LIM1*

1School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

O-WE-01016:30~16:50

SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS FOR WIND ENERGY APPLICATIONS USING MRAS AND ASO Ill Woo JEONG1, Won Shik CHOI1, Ki Hyun PARK2, Hyun Chul PARK1

1Graduate School of Wind Energy, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea2Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Korea

O-WE-01116:50~17:10

A ROBUST AND TRANSFORMER-LESS HIGH-POWER CONVERTER FOR PMSG-BASED WIND TURBINE SYSTEMKi Mok KIM1*, Won Shik CHOI1, Ki Hyeon PARK2, and Hyun Chul PARK1


O-WE-01217:10~17:30

A STUDY ON THE SPAR-BUOY DESGIN OF FLOATING WIND TURBINE FOR BETTER DYNAMIC PERFORMANCEChae-Whan RIM1*, Jinseop SONG1, Tae-Young CHUNG1, and Seokjoon MOON1

1Mechanical System Safety Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea

23

O-WE-IV


Chair : Hyun-Goo KIM (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

O-WE-01310:20~10:40

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON AERODYNAMIC NOISE OF A SMALL WIND TURBINESeunghoon LEE1*, Seungmin LEE1, and Soogab LEE2

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Engineering Research Institute, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

O-WE-01410:40~11:00

OPTIMIZATION OF COUNTER ROTAITNG WIND TURBINE USING BLADE ELEMENT & MOMENTUM THEORYByeong Ho HWANG1*, Seung Min LEE1, and Soogab LEE1

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

O-WE-01511:00~11:20

DYNAMIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF DRIVETRAIN IN A WIND TURBINEWei SHI1, Changwan KIM2, Jonghoon HAN1, Chinwha CHUNG3, and Hyunchul PARK3*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea 3Graduate School of Wind Energy, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea

O-WE-01611:20~11:40

CFD PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A 10kW PASSIVE STALL CONTROL WIND TURBINE BLADENak Joong LEE1, Jae wook KO2, Bum suk KIM3 and Young Ho LEE4*

1Graduate School, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Pusan, Korea2Hwashin Co., Pohang, Korea3Green & Industrial Technology Center, Korea Register of Shipping, Daejeon, Korea.4Division of Mechanical and Energy System Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Pusan, Korea.

O-WE-01711:40~12:00

AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS ON WIND FARM IN NON-NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONSEunkuk SON1*, Seungmin LEE1, Minu JEON1 and Soogab LEE2

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea2Engineering Research Institute, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

24

O-WE-V


Chair : M. Rafiuddin AHMED (The University of the South Pacific. Fiji)

O-WE-01813:30~13:50

NUMERRICAL SIMULATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE WITH A SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE PLATFORMThanh Dam PHAM1, Byung Cheol KIM1, Kwang Jin JUNG1, Hyunkyoung SHIN1*

1School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

O-WE-01913:50~14:10

TURBULENT WIND SEED SELECTION USING ROBUST STATICS FOR THE WIND BLADE DESIGNSoo Hyun KIM1*, Hyung Ki SHIN1, Hyung Joon BANG1, Moon Seok JANG1, and Seung Un YANG2

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2DACC Aerospace Co., Ltd, Gunsan, Korea

O-WE-02014:10~14:30

DEVELOPMENT OF 1KW-CLASS HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE BLADE USED IN THE SOUTHWEST ISLANDS OF KOREAPatrick Mark SINGH1, Jun-Yong LEE1, Sung-Woo SON1, Young-Do CHOI2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate school, Mokpo National University Mokpo, Korea2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mokpo National University Mokpo, Koreaa

O-WE-02114:30~14:50

THE EFFECT OF THE TOWER ON THE AERODYNAMICS OF THE MEXICO BLADETae Hwan CHO1, and Cheolwan KIM1*

1Department of Aerodynamics, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea

O-WE-02214:50~15:10

WIND TUNNEL TEST FOR THE NREL PHASE VI ROTOR WITH 2M DIAMETERTae Hwan CHO1*, Cheol Wan KIM1

1Aerodynamics & Structure Dept., Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea

O-WE-02315:10~15:30

A LOW COST MICRO WIND TURBINE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIESKrishnil R RAM, Kaushik SHARMA, Isireli VEITOKIYAKI, Joshua ROQICA and M Rafiuddin AHMED*


25

O-WE-VI


Chair : Hyungki SHIN (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

O-WE-02415:50~16:10

OPTIMIZATION OF A LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER AIRFOIL FOR SMALL WIND TURBINE APPLICATIONS IN PACIFIC ISLAND COUNTRIESEpeli B. G. NABOLANIWAQA, M. Rafiuddin AHMEDDivision of Mechanical Engineering, The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji

O-WE-02516:10~16:30

DERIVATION OF NONLINEAR WIND TURBINE MODEL USING EFFECTIVE WIND SPEED FOR SIMULATION OF CONTROL ALGORITHMYun Ho SHIN1*, Seok Jun MOOM1, Young Chul HUH1, Tae Young CHUNG1, and Ji Yun RYU2

1System Dynamics Research Department, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, South Korea2Wind Turbine Research Center, Unison co., Daejeon, South Korea

O-WE-02616:30~16:50

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE USING VARIOUS CODESDong Hoon KIM1, Chae-Whan RIM1* and Jinseop SONG1


O-WE-02716:50~17:10

A NON-ROTATING BLADE TEST FOR AN ACTIVE LOAD CONTROL BY THE FLAP-TYPE DEVICEHyungki SHIN1*, Hyungjun BANG1, Jongwon LEE2 and Jaeheung HAN2

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2KAIST, Daejeon, Pusan, Korea

26

HF : Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Energy

O-HF-I

November 27 [Tue.], 09:00~10:20 [Emerald]

Chair : Sukkee UM (Hanyang University, Korea)

O-HF-00109:00~09:20

AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO OPTIMAL METALLIC BIPOLAR PLATE DESIGNS REFLECTING GAS DIFFUSION LAYER COMPRESSION EFFECTSAh-Reum KIM1, Hye-Mi JUNG1, and Sukkee UM1*

1School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea

O-HF-00209:20~09:40

THE EFFECTS OF COMPRESSION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PEM FUEL CELLAdisorn THOMYA1, Yottana KHUNATORN2, and Nattawut JARUWASUPANT2

1Faculty of Industrial Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Thailand2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand

O-HF-00309:40~10:00

THE RELATION BETWEEN INTERNAL STRESS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLEXIBLE PEMFC BASED ON PDMS BY 1-D DEFLECTION ANALYSISTaehyun PARK1, Ikwhang CHANG2, Jinhwan LEE3, Seung Hwan KO3, and Suk Won CHA1*

1School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea2Department of Intelligent Convergence System, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea

O-HF-00410:00~10:20

DESIGN OF BENDANBLE FUEL CELLS USING SILVER NANOWIRE CURRENT COLLECTORIkwhang CHANG1, Taehyun PARK2, Jinhwan LEE3, Seunghwan KO3 and Suk Won CHA1,2*

1Dept. of Intelligent Convergence Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea3Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea

27

O-HF-II


Chair : Young-gi YOON (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

O-HF-00510:40~11:00

OPERATIONAL OPTIMIZATION FOR IMPROVING THE LIFETIME OF HIGH TEMPERATURE PEM FUEL CELLS BASED ON DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTSJintae KIM1,2, Taegon KANG1,2, Minjin KIM1,2*, Young-Jun SOHN1, Taewon SONG3,and Kyoung Hwan CHOI3

1Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Advanced Energy Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea 3Energy Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,Yongin, Korea

O-HF-00611:00~11:20

OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE PEM FUEL CELL STACK BY ACCELERATED LIFETIME TESTJi-Rae KIM*, Tae-Won SONG and Jeongsik KOFuel Cell Group, Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Yongin, Korea

O-HF-00711:20~11:40

THE OPTIMIZATION METHOD OF GASKETS FOR HT-PEM FUEL CELLSJeongsik KO*, Tae-won SONG, and Jirae KIMEnergy Lab., Samsung Electronics, Yongin, Korea

O-HF-00811:40~12:00

CONJUGATE HEAT & MASS TRANSFER MODELING OF AN INTEGRATED AUTOTHERMAL REFORMER FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM HEAVY HYDROCABONSJung-Hun NOH1, Hye-Mi JUNG1, and Sukkee UM1*


28

O-HF-III


Chair : Unho JUNG (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

O-HF-00915:50~16:10

METHANE DRY REFORMING FOR PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS GAS USING ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE MICROWAVE PLASMA: EXPERIMENT AND KINETIC MODELINGManoj YADAV1, Sang Ju LEE1,2, Yong Cheol HONG1*, Chun Se MIN1

1Plasma Technology Research Center, National Fusion Research Institute, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Korea2School of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Korea

O-HF-01016:10~16:30

Cu-Al CATALYZED WATER GAS SHIFT REACTION FOR H2

PRODUCTIONRasika B. MANE1, Chandrashekhar V. RODE1*, Dae-Woon JEONG2, and Hyun-Seog ROH2*

1Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, National Chemical Laboratory, India2Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea

O-HF-01116:30~16:50

DEVELOPMENT OF SOFCS VIA SINGLE-STEP CO-FIRING MONOLITHIC LAMINATESJae-ha MYUNG1,2, Hyun Jun KO1,2 and Sang-Hoon HYUN1*

1School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea2Specialized Graduate School of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea

O-HF-01216:50~17:10

A STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF YTTRIUM-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA THIN FILMS FABRICATED BY DIFFERENT DEPOSITION TECHNIQUESJun Yeol PAEK1, Ikwhang CHANG2, Joon Ho PARK1, Sanghoon JI2 and Suk Won CHA1*

1Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Intelligent Convergence Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

O-HF-01317:10~17:30

FABRICATION OF SINGLE CHAMBER SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL VIA THIN FILM TECHNIQUESYoon Ho LEE1, Ikwhang CHANG2, Sanghoon JI2 and Suk Won CHA1*

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea2Department of Intelligent Convergence Systems, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea

29

WU : Wasted Energy & Utilization

O-WU-I

November 27 [Tue], 15:50~17:50 [Charlotte]

Chair : Yeon Seok CHOI (Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Korea)

O-WU-00115:50~16:10

FAST PYROLYSIS OF WOODY BIOMASS BY USING A TILTED-SLIDE REACTOR AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOCRUDE-OIL FRACTIONSJin Pil BOK1 and Yeon Seok CHOI2*

1Department of Environmental and Energy Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea2Environment and Energy System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea

O-WU-00216:10~16:30

CHARACTERISATION OF BIO-OIL PRODUCT FROM PYROLYSIS OF JATROPHA CAKESaniporn CHANCHATURAPHAN1, Siriporn LARPKIATTAWORN2,Wasana KHONGWONG2 and Orapin CHIENTHAVORN1*

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 2Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Pathumthani, Thailand

O-WU-00316:30~16:50

HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLID FLOW IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTOR FOR BIOMASSHun Chae PARK1, Hang Seok CHOI1*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea

O-WU-00416:50~17:10

A MUSHROOM WASTE MANAGEMENT OF PONGYANGKOK DISTRTRICT, LAMPANG PROVINCE WORKING GROUP BY CONVERSION PROCESS APPLICATION Yongprayun RAWIPHA1, Kuphoonsap THANIN2, and Hunyala JAKKIT2*

1Energy Community Research and Development Center, Department of Industrial Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, Thailand2Department of Industrial Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, Thailand

O-WU-00517:10~17:30

A STUDY ON COMPRESSION/ABSORPTION HIGH-TEMPERATURE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT RECOVERYJiyoung KIM1, Minsung KIM1, Young-Jin BAIK1, Ki-Chang CHANG1, Ho-Sang RA1,Seong-Ryong PARK1* and Yongchan KIM2

1Energy Efficiency Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

O-WU-00617:30~17:50

THE EFFECT OF COAL TYPE, DIMENSIONS AND TOPOGRAPHY STOCKPILE TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Rusdianasari1, Susila ARITA2, Eddy IBRAHIM3, Ngudiantoro4

1Department of Chemical Engineering, State of Polytechnic Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia (Doctoral Student of Environmental Science, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia)2Department of Chemical Engineering, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia3Department of Mining, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia4Department of Mathemathic, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

30

ST : Solar Thermal Energy

O-ST-I

November 27 [Tue], 10:40~11:50 [Pearl]

Chair : Euy Joon LEE (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

IN-ST-00110:40~11:10

DEVELOPING SITUATION AND ENERGY SAVING EFFECTS FOR SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING IN CHINAZheng RUICHENGChina Academy of Building Research

O-ST-00111:10~11:30

COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE BETWEEN R22 AND R744 SOLAR-GEOTHERMAL HYBRID HEAT PUMP SYSTEMByun KANG1 and Honghyun CHO2*

1Graduate school of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea

O-ST-00211:30~11:50

MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SOLAR FLUXHyun Jin LEE1*, Kwan Kyo CHAI1, Jong Kyu KIM1, Sang Nam LEE1,Hwan Ki YOON1, Chang Kyun YU1, and Yong Heack KANG1

1Solar Energy Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

31

O-ST-II

November 27 [Tue], 15:50~17:50 [Pearl]

Chair : Euy Joon LEE (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

O-ST-00315:50~16:10

STUDY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF NANOFLUID-BASED FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTORSeung-Hyun LEE, Seoung Youn LEE, Sang Hoon KIM and Seok Pil JANG*

1School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea

O-ST-00416:10~16:30

A DOUBLE BLIND LIGHT PIPE(DBLP) DAYLIGHTING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION STUDYEun Chul KANG1, Seong Yeon YOO2, Euy Joon LEE1*

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Mechanical Design, Chungnam National University, Deajeon, Korea

O-ST-00516:30~16:50

SPREADSHEET AND TRNSYS MODEL VERIFICATION STUDY FOR FUEL CELL - GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEM ANNUAL ENERGY PERFORMANCESATRIO ANINDITO1, Eun Chul KANG2, and Euy Joon LEE2*

1Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea2Energy Efficiency Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

O-ST-00616:50~17:10

A SOLAR PVT-GHP SYSTEM ANNUAL ENERGY PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AND VERIFICATION STUDY WITH SPREADSHEET AND TRNSYS MODELINGSATRIO ANINDITO1, Eun Chul KANG2, and Euy Joon LEE2*


O-ST-00717:10~17:30

EES MODELING SIMULATION FOR AIR TO AIR HEAT PUMP Euy Joon LEE1*, Eun Chul KANG1, and Sunik NA2

1Energy Efficiency Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea

O-ST-00817:30~17:50

ANNUAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION STUDY OF THE BUILDING INTEGRATED HEAT PUMP SYSTEM USING TRNSYSEuy Joon LEE1*, Eun Chul KANG1, and Jin Woo PARK2

1Energy Efficiency Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Architecture Department, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea

32

PSN : Policy, Strategy & New Business

O-PSN-I

November 27 [Tue], 09:00~10:40 [Ruby]

Chair : Kyungjin BOO (Seoul National University, Korea)

O-PSN-00109:00~09:20

THE CHALLENGES OF THE GUATEMALAN ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN INCREASING THE NATION’S INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESSergio David Aldana MORATAYA1*

1Technology Management, Economics, and Policy Program College of Engineering at Seoul National University, Republic of Korea

O-PSN-00209:20~09:40

CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF THE BIOFUELS FRAMEWORK IN PERUCarlo FRANCHINI, Pedro ISUSI and María ORTIZInternational Energy Program - Technology, Management, Economics and Policy Program College of Engineering at Seoul National University, Republic of Korea

O-PSN-00309:40~10:00

THE PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY IN TURKMENISTANShohrat Baymuradovich NIYAZMURADOVInternational Energy Policy Program, TEMEP, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

O-PSN-00410:00~10:20

ESTIMATION OF UNIT COST OF ELECTRICITY FROM SOLAR PV AND WIND POWER SYSTEMS IN KOREAYungpil YOO1, Si-Doek OH1, and Ho-Young KWAK1,2*

1Blue Economy Strategy Institute Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea

O-PSN-00510:20~10:40

POLICY ANALYSIS FOR POWER SECTOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINESDanilo Visitacion VIVARInternational Energy Policy Program, Technology Management Economics and Policy Program, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

33

O-PSN-II


Chair : Eunnyeong HEO (Seoul National University, Korea)

O-PSN-00610:40~11:00

PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT IN ETHIOPIAEphrem HASSENInternational Energy Policy Program (IEPP), Technology Management, Economics & Policy Program(TEMEP), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

O-PSN-00711:00~11:20

ENERGY POLICY FOR INCREASED ACCESS TO ELECTRIFICATION IN TANZANIA: THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTORSErick Gerald Kalugira RUGABERA1

1Department of Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

O-PSN-00811:20~11:40

RESEARCH ON ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS OF COOLING BY HOUSEHOLD IN APARTMENTChihye BAE1*, Chungyoon CHUN2

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejoen, Korea2Department of Housing & Interior Design, Yonsei University, Daejeon, Korea

O-PSN-00911:40~12:00

FEED-IN-TARIFF DESIGN FOR INCREASE UTILIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN NIGERIA’S ELECTRICITY GENERATION FUEL MIXHabib NUHUInternational Energy Policy, Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program, Seoul National University, Seoul

O-PSN-01012:00~12:20

POTENTIALS OF SMALL SCALE HYDRO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES IN NIGERIAAli Garba ALIInternational Energy Program - Technology, Management, Economics and Policy Program College of Engineering at Seoul National University, Republic of Korea

34

O-PSN-III


Chair : Eunnyeong HEO (Seoul National University, Korea)

O-PSN-01115:50~16:10

THE “BEST PRACTISES” IN PROMOTING AND REGULATING RENEWABLE ENERGY IN TANZANIAJohn F. KITONGAInternational Energy Policy Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic ofKorea

O-PSN-01216:10~16:30

PROMOTING RENEWABLE ENERGY OPPORTUNITIES IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGOJerold Bongu BARABUTUDepartment of TEMEP, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

O-PSN-01316:30~16:50

ENERGY POLICIES TO PROMOTE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESAmin SHOKRIIEPP, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

O-PSN-01416:50~17:10

THE ACHIEVABILITY OF KOREA’S RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGET IN 2030Kyung Nam KIM1, Ki-Yual BANG1, and Donghwan KIM2*

1Green School, Korea University, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

O-PSN-01517:10~17:30

THE HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION STRUCTURE THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY HRD PROGRAMSYouah LEE1*

1Department of Energy Resource Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

O-PSN-01617:30~17:50

COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR CUSTOMER ENTERING THE SMART GRID CALLED I-RENEMamoru TANI1, Shiro YANO2, and Tadahiro TANIGUCHI3*

1Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan 2Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan 3Department of Human & Computer Intelligence College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan

O-PSN-01717:50~18:10

AN ANALYSIS ON ENERGY SYSTEMS WITH A LARGE SHARE OF FLUCTUATING RENEWABLESSang Hoon LEE1, Nyun-Bae PARK1, and Eui Chan JEON1*

1Climate Change Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea

O-PSN-01818:10~18:30

THE COMPARISON OF OFFSHORE WIND INDUSTRY SUPPORT POLICIES AND SUGGESTIONS OF POLICY IMPLICATIONSJong Hoon LEE1, Bong Gyou LEE2

1Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning2Professor, Graduate School of Information, Yonsei University

35

BE : Bioenergy

O-BE-I

November 28 [Wed], 10:20~12:00 [Emerald]

Chair : Soo-Jeong SHIN (Chungbuk National University, Korea)

IN-BE-00110:20~10:50

MICROALGAE AS SUSTAINABLE BIORESOURCES FOR BIOFUELS PRODUCTION AND BIOREFINERIES - OPPORTUNITIES AND TECHNOLOGIESJo-Shu CHANG National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

IN-BE-00210:50~11:20

RHIZOMUCOR MIEHEI LIPASE: GENE CLONING, EXPRESSION IN PICHIA PASTORIS AND PROPERTIESLUO Wen, MIAO Changlin, LU Pengmei*, LIU Shuna, and YUAN zhenhongKey Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate,Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion,CAS, Guangzhou 510640,Guangdong,China

O-BE-00111:20~11:40

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER UTILIZATION FOR BIOMASS AND BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY SCENEDESMUS OBLIQUUS HM103382 AND MICRACTINIUM REISSERI JN169781Reda A.I. ABOU-SHANAB1,2, Min-Kyu JI, Hyun-Chul KIM1, and Byong-Hun JEON1*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Korea2Department of Environmental Biotechnology, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt

O-BE-00211:40~12:00

DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST TRANSPARENT-FILM PHOTOBIOREACTOR SYSTEM FOR THE CULTIVATION OF OLEAGINOUS MICROALGAEYou-Kwan OH1*, Eunji CHOI1, Bo Hwa KIM1, Jong Hyun HA1, Ju Soo HYUN1,Sunghoon PARK2

1Clean Fuel Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea

36

O-BE-II


Chair : Young-Kwon PARK (The University of Seoul, Korea)

O-BE-00313:30~13:50

OPTIMIZATION OF BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION USING ALGINATE BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGYHong Duc PHAM, Min Kyung SONG, Seong Chan LEE, and Hee Chul WOO*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea

O-BE-00413:50~14:10

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DEISEL ENGINE USING PYROLYSIS OIL-DIESEL FUEL BLENDSWarakhom WONGCHAI1*, Rawipa YONGPRAYOON1, and Adisorn THOMYA1

1Energy Community Research and Development, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, Thailand

O-BE-00514:10~14:30

CATALYTIC UPGRADING PYROLYSIS VAPORS OF JATROPHA WASTE USING METAL PROMOTED ZSM-5 CATALYSTS: AN ANALYTICAL PY-GC/MSSupawan VICHAPHUND1, Duangdao AHT-ONG1,2, Viboon SRICHAROENCHAIKUL3,and Duangduen ATONG4*

1Department of Material Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 2Research Unit of Advanced Ceramics and Polymeric Materials, National Center ofPetroleum, Petrochemicals, and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand 3Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand4National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand

O-BE-00614:30~14:50

EMISSION FACTORS OF BIODIESEL COMBUSTION IN INDUSTRIAL BOILER ; A COMPARISON TO FOSSIL FUELLeily Nurul KOMARIAH1, Susila ARITA2, Novia SUMARDI2,Soni Solistia WIRAWAN3, Muhammad YAZID4*1Department of Chemical Engineering Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya, 30163, IndonesiaDoctoral Candidate of Environmental Science Post Graduate Programe of Sriwijaya University, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia2Department of Chemical Engineering Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya, 30163, Indonesia3Energy Technology Center (B2TE-BPPT), Serpong, 15314, Indonesia4Department of Agrobusiness Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya, 30163, Indonesia

37

O-BE-00714:50~15:10

EFFECT OF REACTION CONDITIONS ON BIO-OIL PRODUCTION VIA PYROLYSIS OF WASTE CONSTRUCTION BIOMASS Jeong Wook KIM1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3, In Gu LEE4,Changkook RYU5, Dong Jin SUH6, and Young-Kwon PARK1,7*

1Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University ofSeoul, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea4Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea5School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea6Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea7School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

38

O-BE-III


Chair : You-Kwan OH (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

O-BE-00815:50~16:10

AQUEOUS PHASE REFORMING OF GLYCEROL FOR H2 PRODUCTION AND ITS IN-SITU UTILIZATION Rasika B. MANE and Chandrashekhar V. RODE*

Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune

O-BE-00916:10~16:30

KINETICS OF CELLULOSE ACID HYDROLYSIS WITH DIFFERENT RAW MATERIALSSoo-Jeong SHIN1, Sim-Hee HAN2, and Jaehoon SIM1*

1Department of wood and Paper Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea2Department of Forest Resources Devlopment, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Korea

O-BE-01016:30~16:50

INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT KOH CATALYST TOWARD THE REACTION TIME AND THE QUALITY OF BIODIESEL WITH USED COOKING OIL AS FEEDSTOCKSusila ARITA, Rice TANJUNG, Arie PRIMAWANDepart. of Chemical Engineering, Sriwijaya University-Palembang-IndonesiaJl. Raya Prabumulih km 32-Indralaya-Palembang-Indonesia

O-BE-01116:50~17:10

LIFE CYCLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BIO-CNG UTILIZATION FROM CASSAVA STARCH WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTSeksan PAPONG1, Paritta ROTWIROON2, Thawach CHATCHUPONG2, and Pomthong MALAKUL1,3*

1National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand2PTT Research and Technology Institute, PTT Public Company Limited, Ayutthaya, Thailand 3The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

39

LCT : Low Carbon Technology Energy

O-LCT-I

November 28 [Wed], 10:20~12:10 [Charlotte]

Chair : Jin-Suk LEE (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea)

IN-LCT-00110:20~10:50

THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF BIOMASS INTERMEDIATES TO FUELS/CHEMICALSYong WANGVoiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University

O-LCT-00110:50~11:10

SUBMICRON PARTICLE COLLECTION AT HIGH GAS VELOCITY OF 12 M/S BY METTALLIC FOAM FILTER WITH ELECTROSTATIC CHAGEER AND ELECTROSTATIC FORCE ENHANCERHak Joon KIM, Bangwoo HAN, and Yong Jin KIM*

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea

O-LCT-00211:10~11:30

HYDROPHOBIC AMINO ACIDS AS HYDRATE INHIBITORS FOR CO2

SEQUESTRAIONJeong-Hoon SA1 and Kun-Hong LEE1*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea

O-LCT-00311:30~11:50

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN GAS-TO-LIQUIDS TECHNOLOGIESJung-Il YANG1*, Ji Chan PARK, Nam-Sun NHO, Sung Jun HONG and Heon JUNG1Clean Fuel Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

O-LCT-00411:50~12:10

GAS CLEANING PERFORMANCE OF A WET ELECTORSTATIC PRECIPITATOR WITH A CONTINUOUS THIN WTER FILM ON COLLECTION PLATES USING 1.5 L/MIN/M2

Hak Joon KIM, Bangwoo HAN, and Yong Jin KIM*


40

SH : Small Hydro Power Energy

O-SH-I


Chair : You-Taek KIM (Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Korea)

IN-SH-00113:30~14:00

PROSPECTS OF NEW BUSINESS IN HYDROPOWER MARKET WITH INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR REDUCING SEDIMENT EROSION IN TURBINESBiraj Singh THAPA1*, Bhola THAPA1, Ole Gunnar DAHLHAUG2

1Turbine Testing Laboratory, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal 2Waterpower Laboratory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

O-SH-00114:00~14:20

A HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM COMBINING PSP AND CAESJun lian YIN1, De zhong WANG1, Yu-Taek KIM2, Young Ho LEE2*

1School of mechanical engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China2Division of Mechanical and Energy Systems Engineering, Korea Maritime University Busan, Korea

O-SH-00214:20~14:40

TRANSIENT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A FRANCIS TURBINEAnup KC1, Young-Ho LEE1*

1Division of Mechanical and Energy System Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Busan, Korea

O-SH-00314:40~15:00

DESIGN OF PROPELLER TURBINE FOR MICRO HYDROByung Kon KIM*

Dsk Engineering Co.,Ltd., Seoul, Korea

O-SH-00415:00~15:20

CFD ANALYSIS OF A MICRO PROPELLER-TYPE HYDRO TURBINE BY VARYING THE NUMBER OF RUNNER AND GUIDE VANESJi Hoon PARK1, You Taek KIM2*, Byeong Gon KIM3 and Young Ho LEE4

1Graduate school of Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Busan, Korea2Division of Marine System Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Busan, Korea 3DSK Engineering Co., Seoul, Korea 4Division of Mechanical and Information Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Busan, Korea

41

O-SH-II


Chair : Byung-Kon KIM (DSK engineering, Korea)

O-SH-00515:50~16:10

SUPPRESSION OF CAVITATION IN THE DRAFT TUBE OF A FRANCIS TURBINE WITH J-GROOVESQingsheng WEI1 and Young-Do CHOI2*

1Graduate school, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Korea2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Korea

O-SH-00616:10~16:30

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A VERY LOW HEAD CROSS-FLOW HYDRO TURBINEQingsheng WEI1 and Young-Do CHOI2*

1Graduate school, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Korea2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Korea

O-SH-00716:30~16:50

SEDIMENT INDUCED OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CHALLENGES OF 12 MW PELTON RUNNER IN NEPALAmod PANTHEE1*, Bhola THAPA1, Biraj Singh THAPA2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engnieering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal2Turbine Testing Lab, School of Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal

42

ME : Marine Energy

O-ME-I

November 28 [Wed], 10:20~11:50 [Pearl]

Chair : Andrea GULISANO (Wave for Energy Srl(Politecnico di Torino), Italy)

IN-ME-00110:20~10:50

MARINE CURRENT ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN OF A MARINE CURRENT TURBINE FOR FIJI Jai N. GOUNDAR, M. Rafiuddin AHMED*

The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

O-ME-00110:50~11:10

DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL POINT ABSORVER IN HEAVE FOR WAVW ENERGY CONVERSIONQuang Truong DINH1, Kyoung Kwan AHN1*, and Jong Il YOON1

1School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

O-ME-00211:10~11:30

DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY CONVERTERS: FROM RESEARCH TO DEPLOYMENTDomenico P. COIRO1

1Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy

O-ME-00311:30~11:50

WAVE AND TIDAL ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: THE ITALIAN PERSPECTIVEGianmaria SANNINOENEA, Energy and Environment Modeling Unit / Climate and Impact Modeling Lab

43

O-ME-II

November 28 [Wed], 13:30~14:50 [Pearl]

Chair : Kyoung Kwan AHN (University of Ulsan, Korea)

O-ME-00413:30~13:50

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A GYROSCOPE-BASED WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERGiuliana MATTIAZZO1, Andrea GULISANO2*

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, Italy2Business Development, Wave for Energy Srl, C.so Francia 296, Turin, 10146, Italy

O-ME-00513:50~14:10

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE PTO SYSTEM OF A NOVEL FLOATING WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERMohammed FAIZAL1, Byung-Ha KIM1, Chang-Goo KIM1, Nak-Joong LEE1,M. Rafiuddin AHMED2, and Young-Ho LEE1*

1Division of Mechanical and Energy System Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime University (KMU), Busan, Korea2Division of Mechanical Engineering, The University of the South Pacific

O-ME-00614:10~14:30

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL PITCHING TYPE FLOATING WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERMohammed Asid ZULLAH1, Byung-Ha KIM1, Mohammed FAIZAL1,M. Rafiuddin AHMED2, and Young-Ho LEE1*

1Division of Mechanical and Energy System Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime University (KMU), Busan, Korea2Division of Mechanical Engineering, The University of the South Pacific

O-ME-00714:30~14:50

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF HAT TIDAL TURBINE FOR THE PERFORMANCE AND WAKE PROPAGATIONChul Hee JO1, Yu Ho RHO1, Do Youb KIM1, Kang Hee LEE1*

1Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea

44

GE : Geothermal Energy

O-GE-I

November 28 [Wed], 10:20~11:50 [Ruby]

Chair : Jongmin CHOI (Hanbat National University, Korea)

IN-GE-00110:20~10:50

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEPLOYMENT POTENTIAL FOR ASIA-PACIFIC REGION Christopher J. BROMLEY1* and Michael A. MONGILLO2

1Chairman, IEA-GIA, GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, Taupo, New Zealand2Executive Secretary, IEA-GIA, GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, Taupo, New Zealand

O-GE-00110:50~11:10

THE GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION PILOT PROJECT IN KOREA: CAPACITY ESTIMATIONYoonho SONG1*, Tae Jong LEE1, and Woon Sang YOON2

1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Korea2NexGeo Inc., Seoul, Korea

O-GE-00211:10~11:30

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM PARAMETERS OF DOUBLET SYSTEM IN A HORIZONTALLY FRACTURED GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRThushan EKNELIGODA1*, Ki-Bok MIN1

1Department of Energy systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

O-GE-00311:30~11:50

ANISOTROPY IN PORE STRUCTURE OF BEREA SANDSTONEKwang Yeom KIM1*, Kyeong Min KIM2, Hwa Young YANG2

1Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Gyeonggi, Korea 2University of Science & Technology, Gyeonggi, Korea

45

O-GE-II

November 28 [Wed], 13:30~15:10 [Ruby]

Chair : Yoonho SONG (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Korea)

O-GE-00413:30~13:50

POTENTIAL TO ENHANCE PERFORMANCE OF SEAWATER-SOURCE HEAT PUMP BY SERIES OPERATIONYoung-Jin BAIK, Minsung KIM, Ki-Chang CHANG*, Young-Soo LEE and Ho-Sang RAHigh Efficiency and Clean Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

O-GE-00513:50~14:10

HEAT TRANSFER MEASUREMNT DURING DROPWISE CONDENSATION USING MICRO/NANO-SCALE POROUS SURFACESangsoo LEE1, Kuok CHENG1, Viljar PALMREL1, Kwang KIM1,2*, and Hyungkee YOON3

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, U.S.A. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A. 3Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

O-GE-00614:10~14:30

PRELIMINARY DESIGN METHOD FOR CAST-IN-PLACE ENERGY PILESangwoo PARK1, Culho LEE1, Kyoung-Sik JUNG2, Yongsun JOO3 and Hangseok CHOI1*

1School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea 2S-TECH Consulting Group, Seoul, Korea 3Civil Eng. Dept., SAMSUNG C&T Corporation, Seoul, Korea

O-GE-00714:30~14:50

REVIEW OF TWO-STAGE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTKojo Atta AIKINS1 and Jong Min CHOI2*

1Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, Korea2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, Korea

O-GE-00814:50~15:10

ANALYSIS OF REFRIGERANTS USED AND HOT WATER GENERATION WITH GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP UNITSKojo Atta AIKINS1 and Jong Min CHOI2*


46

P-PV-001 TEN YEARS OUTDOOR OPERATION OF SILICON BASED PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES AT CENTRAL LATITUDE OF JAPANAika KAMEI1, Shota YOSHIDA1, Hideyuki TAKAKURA1, and Takashi MINEMOTO1

1Department of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeican University, Kusatsu, Japan

P-PV-002 A HIGHLY EFFICIENT BACK CONTACT MODULE USING SCREEN PRINTINGJunyoung LEE1, Min gu KIM1, Yeon il KANG1, Donghun NO1, Dongseop KIM1*

1Samsung SDI, yong-in, Korea

P-PV-003 RESEARCH ON DECREASE OF CELL TO MODULE LOSS FOR CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULEJungYup YANG1, YoungKyoung AHN1, PilHo HUH1, Min PARK1, MinGu KIM1,JunYoung LEE1, DongHun NO1, YeonIl KANG1, and DongSeop KIM1*

1Photovoltaic Development Team, ES Business Division, Samsung SDI, Korea

P-PV-004 IMPACT OF SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE DISTRIBUTION AND TEMPERATURE ON OUTDOOR PERFORMANCE OF CONCENTRATOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM Naoki SHIBATA1*, Seiya UENO2, Tsuyoshi SUETO1, Yasuyuki OTA1,Takashi MINEMOTO2, Kenji ARAKI3 and Kensuke NISHIOKA1

1faculty of engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan 2College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan 3Daido Steel Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan

P-PV-005 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBON/PLATINUM HYBRID COUNTER ELECTRODES FOR HIGHLY EFFICIENT DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSSoo Bong HONG, Hee Hyun GONG, Jeong Eun SHIN, Hee Jung CHOI, and Sung Chul HONG*

Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea

P-PV-006 A MODIFIED METALLURGICAL REFINING PROCESS FOR MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON INGOT USING A SEED IN ELECTRON BEAM MELTING SYSTEMJin Seok LEE1,*, Jun Kyu LEE1, Joon Soo KIM1, Young Soo AHN1 and Churl Hee CHO2

1Energy Materials and Convergence Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Republic of Korea 2Graduate School of Green Energy Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Poster SessionsPV : Photovoltaics

P-PV-I


47

P-PV-007 A EXPERMANTALL STUDY ON POWER EFFICIENCY OF THE TRANSPARENT AMORPHOUS THIN-FILM BIPV SYSTEM DEPENDING ON INSTALLED LOCATIONT OF THE WALL Young Sub AN1, Bich Na KIM2, Sung Tae KIM3, Sung Jin LEE4, Jong Ho YOON5*

1,3,4R&BD Center, Kolon Global Corporation, Yongin, Korea 2,5Department of Architecture Engineering, Hanhat National University, Daejeon, Korea

P-PV-008 ASSESSMENT OF ROOFTOP PHOTOVOLTAIC POTENTIAL IN THE PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, KOREAJinyoung SONG1, Yosoon CHOI1*, and Hyeong-Dong PARK2

1Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

P-PV-009 EFFECT OF VARIOUS ENCAPSULANTS FOR CuInGaSe2 (CIGSe) MODULEPilHo HUH1, Youngkyoung AHN1, Junyoung LEE1, MinGu KIM1, Jungyup YANG1,DongSeop KIM1*


P-PV-010 ENHANCEMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS WITH TIO2 BASED ON SILICA AEROGEL PHOTOELECTRODEHyung Jin KIM1, Kyung Hee PARK2, and Chang Kook HONG3*

1Department of Advanced Chemicals & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea2The Research Institute for catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea3Department of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

P-PV-011 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SILICA REDUCTION BY SOLID CARBON AND GASES FOR UPGRADED METALLURGICAL-GRADE SILICONEun Jin JUNG1, Seong Ho SEOK2, and Dong Joon MIN1*

1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea 2Silicon Refining Research Team, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea

P-PV-012 APPLICATION OF SLAG REFINING MECHANISM OF BORON TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL SOG-SI MANUFACTURING PROCESSEun Jin JUNG1, Seong Ho SEOK2, Byung Moon MOON3, and Dong Joon MIN1*

1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea2Silicon Refining Research Team, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea3Production Technology R&D Divison, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, Korea

48

P-PV-013 ADSORPTION CHRCTERISTICS OF GARDENIA BLUE ON TIO2 THIN FILM FOR DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSTae Young KIM1, Byoung Jun MIN1, Kyung Hee PARK2, Jae Wook LEE3,Jung Hun KIM3 and Sung Yong CHO1*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea2The Research Institute for Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea3Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea

P-PV-014 AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF BIPV SYSTEM FOR THE REALIZATION OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGJae Bum KIM1, Jae Wan PARK2, Jong Ho YOON3, Nam Choon BAEK4,Dai Kon KIM5 and U Cheul SHIN6*

6National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea1Department of Architecture, Graduate School, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea3Department of Architecture, Hanbat University, Daejeon, Korea4Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea5National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea6Department of Architecture, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea

P-PV-015 FABRICATION OF FLEXIBLE DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL USING LASER ASSISTED NANO PARTICLE DEPOSITION SYSTEMJung Oh CHOI1, Chung Soo KIM1, Gil Yong LEE1, Hyun Taek LEE1, Jae Il PARK1,Caroline S. LEE2 and Sung Hoon AHN1*

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Division of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea

P-PV-016 EFFECT OF WO3 NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS IN PEDOT:PSS LAYER ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS Eung-Kyu PARK1, Jun-Ho JEUN1, Ki-Tae LIM1, Dawoon HAN1, Rohit CHAND1,Kamrul ISLAM1, Ik-Soo SHIN2 and Yong-Sang KIM1,3,*

1Department of Nanoscience & Engineering, Myongji University, Gyeonggi, Korea 2Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea3Department of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Gyeonggi, Korea

P-PV-017 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE FILMS DEPOSITION BY ION BEAM ASSISTED MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXYSung Jin KIM and Se-Young CHOI*

School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea

P-PV-018 ENHANCEMENT OF PHOTOELECTRIC PERFORMANCE OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS USING METAL-DOPED TITANIUN OXIDE NANOFIBER ELECTRODESJae-Wook LEE1*, Jung-Hun KIM1, Ju-Young PARK2, Do-Young CHOI3,Chel-Ho HWANG4

1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea2Southwestern Research Institute of Green Energy Technology, Mokpo-Si, Korea 3Department of Dental Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea4Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea

49

P-PV-019 APPLICATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLY (VINYLIDENEFLUORIDE-CO-HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE) NANOFIBERS FOR POLYMER ELECTROLYTE IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Ju-Young PARK1*, Jae-Wook LEE2, Kyung Hee PARK3, Tae-Young KIM4,Soon-Ho YIM5, En Mei JIN6, Do-Young CHOI7

1Southwestern Research Institute of Green Energy Technology, Mokpo-Si, Korea 2Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea3The Research Institute for Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea4Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korean5Gist Technology Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea6Department of Electrical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea7Department of Dental Materials, Chousn University,Gwangju, Korea

P-PV-020 INFLUENCE OF TIO2 FILM THICKNESS ON MASS TRANSPORT OF DYE MOLECULE AND TRIIODIDE/IODIDE REDOX COUPLE IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSJung Hun KIM1, Kyung Hee PARK2, Tae Young KIM3 and Jae Wook LEE1*

1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea2The Research Institute for Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

P-PV-021 PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE OF GARDENIA YELLOW SEPARATED BY NONIONIC POLYMERIC SORBENT FOR DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSJung Hun KIM1, Kyung Hee PARK2, Tae Young KIM3 and Jae Wook LEE1*

1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea2The Research Institute for Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

P-PV-022 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LARGE-AREA GRAPHENE FILMS GROWN ON COPPER FOILS BY CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITIONTursunkulov OYBEK*, Bunyod ALLABERGENOV, Amir ABIDOV, SangYup KIM, Jeong Ae PARK, Li Li HE, Jinxing and Sungjin KIM1Department of Information and Nanomaterials Engineering, The School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Korea

P-PV-023 SILICON SOLAR CELL COUPLED WITH GRAPHENE ELECTRODES FOR CHARGE COLLECTIONSang-Yeop KIM1, Eun-Young LEE1, Amir ABIDOV1, Taeyong KIM1, Lili HE1,Heung Woo JEON2, and Sungjin KIM1*

1The School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Korea2The School of Electronics, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Korea

50

P-PV-024 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS USING ZnO NANOSTRUCTURES AND GRAPHENE FILMS Eun Young LEE1, Soo Jeong JO1, Sang Yeop KIM1, Tae Yong KIM1, Li Li HE1,Moon Hyup KIM1, Heung Woo JEON2, and Sung Jin KIM1*

1School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Korea2School of Electronic Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Korea

P-PV-025 WEAR BEHAVIOR OF VARIOUS WAFERS ON ELECTROPLATING DIAMOND WIREGil Jae LEE1,2, Dong Chul BAEK3, Rak Joo SUNG3 and Bum Sung KIM1*

1Rare Metal Research Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, Korea2Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon University, Incheon, Korea3Semiconductor Biz. Div., EHWA Diamond Industrial CO., LTD, Kyungki - Do, Korea

P-PV-026 LIFETIME MODELLIING OF PV MODULE BASED ON DAMP HEAT TEST AND CLIMATIC DATAWonwook OH1, Byung Jun KANG1, Nochang PARK2, Sung Ju TARK1,Donghwan KIM1*

1Department of materials science and engineering, Korea university, Seoul, Korea 2Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam, Korea

P-PV-027 INFLUENCE OF SURFACE FILM PROPERTIES ACCORDING TO VARYING RADIO FREQUENCY FOR CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS Kyung Dong LEE1, Soohyun BAE1, Sungeun PARK1, Sung Ju TARK1 and Donghwan KIM1*

1Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

P-PV-028 LOW TEMPERATURE SPUTTER DEPOSITED AZO BACK REFLECTOR FOR AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELLHyeongsik PARK1, S. M. IFITIQUAR1, Chonghoon SHIN2, Jinjoo PARK1,Minbum KIM2, Junhee JUNG2, Sunbo KIM1, Youn-Jung LEE1 and Junsin YI1,2*

1School of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea2Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

P-PV-029 IMPROVEMENT OF HAZE RATIO OF DC-SPUTTERED ZNO:AL THIN FILMS THROUGH HF VAPOR TEXTURINGYoun-Jung LEE1, Hyeongsik PARK1, Minkyu JU1, Youngkuk KIM3, Jinjoo PARK1,Dao vinh AI1, S. Qamar HUSSAIN2, Youngseok LEE2, Shihuyn AHN1 and Junsin YI1,2*

1School of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea 2Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea3Solar R & D Group, Hanwha Chemical, Daejeon, Korea

51

P-WE-001 MICROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MULTIAXIAL KNITTED COMPOSITE FABRIC BASED ON HOMOGENIZATION METHOD SEUNG-PYO LEE1 and Ki Weon KANG2*

1R&D Center, LJIN GLOBAL, Seoul, Korea 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Korea

P-WE-002 RELIABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF THE LONG TERM WIND ENERGY ASSESSMENT USING THE COMPLEMENTARY MCP(MEASURE-CORRELATE-PREDICT) TECHNIQUEKi-Yong OH1*, Ji-Young KIM1, and Jun-Shin LEE1

1Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea

P-WE-003 DEVELOPMENT OF 20KW WIND TURBINE SIMULATOR WITH SIMILARITIES TO 3MW WIND TURBINESKi-Yong OH1*, JaeKyung LEE1, Hyung-Joon BANG2, Joon-Young PARK1 and Jun-Shin LEE1

1Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea 2Wind Energy Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

P-WE-004 DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR THE POWER PERFORMANCE AND LOAD MEASUREMENTS OF WIND TURBINE GENERATOR SYSTEMSKyehwan GIL1*, Je-Sung BANG2, and Chinwha CHUNG1

1Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea2Department of System Reliability, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea

P-WE-005 THE STUDY ON ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL LOADS FOR TYPE CERTIFICATION TESTS OF WIND TURBINE GENERATOR SYSTEMSJe-Sung BANG1*, Kyehwan GIL2, Geun-Ho LEE1 and Jong-Won LEE3

1Department of System Reliability, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea2Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea3Department of Architectural Engineering, Namseoul University, Cheonan-si, Korea

P-WE-006 VALIDARTION OF KOREA OFFSHORE WIND MAP BY SAR SATELLITE IMAGERYHyun Goo KIM1, Hyo Jung HWANG1, and Moon Seok JANG1

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

WE : Wind Energy

P-WE-I


52

P-WE-007 CORRELATION ANALYSIS ON WIND PROFILE EXPOENT AND LOCAL WIND SYSTEM OF JEJUDOHyun Goo KIM1*


P-WE-008 AN ALGORITHM TO MINIMIZE WIND TURBINE DYNAMIC LOAD WITH POWER REGULATIONJae Kyung LEE*, Ki Yong OH, Joon Young PARK and Jun Shin LEE1

1Department of Chemistry, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea

P-WE-009 POWER PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION OF WIND TURBINE IN EXTREME COMPLEX TERRAINJiyune RYU1*, Sang-Dug KIM2, Jin-Seok KIM2, and Kyeongsup HAN1

1Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea 2UNISON Wind Energy R&D Center, Daejeon, Korea

P-WE-010 MODELING AND ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY CONTROL BASED ON A WIND-DIESEL HYBRID SYSTEM Hae Joon AN1, Suk Whan KO1, Hyun Goo KIM1, Moon Seok JANG1*, and Gil Soo JANG2

1New and Renewable Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

P-WE-011 MODELING AND ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY CONTROL BASED ON A HVDC SYSTEM Hong Woo KIM1, Seong Wan KIM 1, Nam Ho KYONG 1*, and Sea Seung OH2

1New and Renewable Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2High Efficiency and Clean Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

P-WE-012 MODELING AND VOLTAGE CONTROL OF A PMSG-BASED VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINEHong Woo KIM1, Seong Wan KIM 1, Nam Ho KYONG 1*, and Sea Seung OH2

1New and Renewable Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2High Efficiency and Clean Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

P-WE-013 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF SUPPORT STRUCTURE FOR OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE USING TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATIONWon Cheol KIM, Henry PANGANIBAN, and Tae Jin CHUNG*

School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Korea

P-WE-014 SENSITIVITY STUDY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION ON OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE JACKET SUBSTRUCTUREJonghoon HAN1, Wei SHI1, Daeyong LEE2 and Hyunchul PARK1*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang university of science and technology(POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea 2Steel Structure Research Division, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology(RIST), Incheon, South Korea

53

P-WE-015 SEISMIC FRAGILITY ANALYSIS OF 5MW OFFSHORE WIND TURBINESang Geun LEE1 and Dong Hyawn KIM2*

1Department of Ocean Industrial Engineering, Kunsan Nat’l University, Jeonbuk, Korea2Department of Coastal Construction Engineering, Kunsan Nat’l University, Jeonbuk, Korea

P-WE-016 NUMERICAL STUDY ON AERODYNAMIC NOISE FROM A COUNTER-ROTATING WIND TURBINESeungmin LEE1*, Seunghoon LEE1, Byoungho HWANG1, and Soogab LEE2

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea2Engineering Research Institute, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

P-WE-017 STUDY ON SSI(STRUCTURE-SOIL INTERACTION) OF AN OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE CONSIDERING SCOUR EFFECTSeung Min LEE1, Chinwha CHUNG1, Harkjin EUM2, Wei SHI3, Hyun Chul PARK1*

1Graduate School of Wind Energy, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea 2New and Renewable Energy, Korean Register, Daejeon, Korea3Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea

P-WE-018 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL H-TYPE TURBINE BLADE USING NEWLY DEVELOPED ASYMMETRIC WING SHAPEYoung-Jin WOO1, Young-Woo SON2, and Ki-Weon KANG3, Jang-Ho LEE3*

1Dept. of Mechanical Engineering ,Graduate school of Kunsan National University, GunSan, Korea 2Center for Urban Wind Energy Systems, Kunsan National University, GunSan, Korea3School of Mechanical &Automotive Engineering, Kunsan National University, GunSan, Korea

P-WE-019 DEVELOPMENT OF EDDY CURRENT HEAT GENERATOR FOR THE BLADE COUPLED DIRECT HEAT CONVERSION OF WIND ENERGYTeak-Han YUN1, Young-Woo SON2, and Jang-Ho LEE3*

1Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate school of Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea2Dept. of Center for Urban Wind Energy System of Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea3School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea

P-WE-020 ESTIMATION OF THE DETALIED DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR THE OC3-HYWIND FLOATING SYSTEMJinseop SONG1*, Chae-Whan RIM1, Tae-Young CHUNG1, and Seokjoon MOON1


P-WE-021 RESEPONSE ANALYSIS ON MONOPILE FOUNDATIONS FOR OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES CONSIDERING NON-LINEAR BEHAVIORS OF SOILJeseong YOON1*, Sanghyu LEE1, Dong-Joon KIM1, and Jaehyung CHOI1

1Research & Development Division, Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co., Korea

54

P-WE-022 A WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ICING ON WIND TURBINE BLADE AIRFOILYan LI1*, Kotaro TAGAWA2, Fang FENG3, Qingbin HE1 and Qiang LI1

1Engineering College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China 2Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan3College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Haerbin, China

P-WE-023 ADVANCED CONTROL STRATEGY STUDIES ON IMBALANCED LOAD REDUCTION OF LARGE OFFSHORE WIND TURBINEHailong QIN1, Hyunchui PARK2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea

P-WE-024 A STUDY ON ANNOYANCE IN SHORT TERM EXPOSURE TO WIND TURBINE NOISE Yeolwan SUNG1*, Seunghoon LEE1, Doo Young GWAK1, Yoonho CHO1 and Soogab LEE2

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Center for Environmental Noise and Vibration Research, Engineering Research Institute, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

P-WE-025 POWER MANAGEMENT USING DEMAND RESPONSE FOR VARIABLE GENERATION IN SMART GRIDDong-woo LEE and Seung-Ill MOONDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

P-WE-026 LIFT CORRECTION MODEL FOR LOCAL SHEAR FLOW EFFECT ON WIND TURBINE AIRFOILSKyung Seh LEE1,2*, Je Hyun BAEK2

1Pohang Institute of Metal Industry Advancement, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea

P-WE-027 AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS UNDER WAKE SHADOW EFFECT IN OFFSHORE WIND FARMJong Hwan Park1, Beom Chan Park1, Hyun Chul Park1, Chin Wha Chung2*

1Graduate School of Wind Energy, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 790-784, Korea2Pohang Wind Energy Research Center, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 790-784, Korea

55

P-HF-001 FUEL CELL POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEM WITH ZERO-VOLTAGE AND ZERO-CURRENT-SWITCHING SERIES-RESONANT FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTERJung Min KWON1*

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanbat Nat. University, Daejeon, Korea

P-HF-002 OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY FOR 1KW RESIDENTIAL POWER GENERATOR USING HYBRID MODELS Minjin KIM1,2,*, Taegon KANG1,2, Donghun SEOK3, Jintae KIM1,2, and Young-Jun SOHN1

1Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2Advanced Energy Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea3Fuel Cell Technology Group, POSCO energy, Pohang, Korea

P-HF-003 COMBINED STEAM AND CARBON DIOXIDE REFORMING OF METHANE OVER NI-M/MGO-AL2O3 CATALYSTS (M:CE,LA) FOR SYNGAS PRODUCTIONKee Young KOO1, Un Ho JUNG1 and Wang Lai YOON1*

1Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon, Korea

P-HF-004 LOW-TEMPERATURE WATER-GAS SHIFT REACTION OVER SUPPORTED CU CATALYSTSDae-Woon JEONG1, Won-Jun JANG1, Jae-Oh SHIM1, Won-Bi HAN1,Hyun-Seog ROH1*, Un Ho JUNG2, Wang Lai YOON2*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea2Hydrogen Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

P-HF-005 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SUPPORTED PT CATALYSTS FOR A SINGLE STAGE WATER GAS SHIFT REACTIONDae-Woon JEONG, Hari S. POTDAR, Jae-Oh SHIM, Won-Jun JANG, Hyun-Seog ROH*

Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea

P-HF-006 ULTRA-THIN NI DENSE MEMBRANE PREPARED BY POLISHING TREATMENT OF POROUS NICKEL SUPPORT FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE H2 SEPARATIONShin-Kun RYI*, Jong-Soo PARKEnergy Materials and Convergence Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, South Korea

HF : Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Energy

P-HF-I


56

P-HF-007 EXPERIMENTS OF ASSOCIATED GAS PRE-REFORMING BY USING PRESSURIZED REACTORSeung hyeon CHOI1, Joong Myeon BAE1, Sangho LEE1

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea

P-HF-008 FACILE SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN-DOPED MICROPOROUS CARBON FOR CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURESeul-Yi LEE and Soo-Jin PARKDepartment of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Korea

P-HF-009 HYDROGEN STORAGE BEHAVIORS OF MICROPOROUS CARBON DERIVED FROM POLY(VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE-CO-ACRYLONITRILE)Seul-Yi LEE and Soo-Jin PARKDepartment of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Korea

P-HF-010 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PEM ELECTROLYZER STACKHong Gun KIM1, Hee Jae SHIN2, Sun Ho KO2, Hyun Woo KIM2, Yun Ju CHA2,Lee Ku KWAC3*

1Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonbuk, Korea2Graduate school of Mechanical Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonbuk, Korea3Department of Carbon and Nano Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonbuk, Korea

P-HF-011 HYROGEN PRODUCTION BY CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF PROPANE-CONTAINING METHANE OVER N330 CARBON BLACK CATAKALYST IN A FLUIDIZED BEDSeung chul LEE1, Gui young HAN1*

1School of Chemical Engineering, Sung kyun kwan University, Suwon, Korea

P-HF-012 REACTIVITY OF IRON OXIDE WITH CO+H2+CO2 GAS MIXURE FOR CHEMICAL LOOPING PROCESS FOR H2 PRODUCTIONWon Chul CHO1, Kyoung Soo KANG1, Ki Kwang BAE1, Change Hee KIM1,Seong Uk JEONG1, Chu Sik PARK1, and Sang Done Kim2*

1Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon, Republic of Korea2Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea

P-HF-013 MULTI-COMPONENT NANO-COMPOSITE ELECTORDE FOR SOFC VIA THIN FILM TECHNIQUEGu Young CHO1, Yoon Ho LEE1, and Suk Won CHA1*

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea

P-HF-014 A HIGHLY DURABLE CROSS-LINKED HYDROXIDE ION CONDUCTING PORE-FILLING MEMBRANE FOR SOLID ALKALINE FUEL CELLS AND ITS CELL PERFORMANCEChang-Soo KIM, Mi-Soon LEE and Young-Woo CHOI*

Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

57

P-HF-015 HYDROGEN SENSING PROPERTIES FROM PALLADIUM COATED ON THE SPUN CARBON NANOTUBESHoon-Sik JANG, Seok Chel LEE, Nam Hee LEE and Seung Hoon NAHM*

Center for Materials Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Korea

P-HF-016 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE ANODE OFFGAS CATALYTIC COMBUSTOR FOR 25KW MCFC SYSTEMSSang Min LEE1*, Hyun Tak WOO2, and Kook Young AHN1

1Department of Eco-Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea

P-HF-017 PREPARATION OF CARBON PAPER GAS DIFFUSION LAYER FOR POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS Ji-Han LEE and Soo-Jin PARK*

Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Korea

P-HF-018 DESIGN OF GRAPHENE-COATED BIPOLAR PLATE IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLSIkwhang CHANG1, Junbeom SHIM2, Taehyun PARK3, Yongseong KIM4,SeongHyun CHUN4, Ju-Hyung LEE2 and Suk Won CHA1,3,*

1Dept. of Intelligent Convergence Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2XFC. Inc. Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea3Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea4Dept. of Physics, Sejong Universit, Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul

P-HF-019 DYNAMIC MODELING OF HYDROGEN SUPPLY CAPACITY FROM A METAL HYDRIDE TANKJu-Hyeong CHO1,*, Sang-Seok YU2, Sang-Gyu KANG1, Young-Duk LEE1,Kook-Young AHN1

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, South Korea2Chung Nam National University, Daejeon, South Korea

P-HF-020 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY BIOETHANOL OVER MESOPOROUS SILICA NANO-SUPPORTED CATALYSTTzong-Horng LIOU1*, Bin-Joen TSAY1, and Bo-Chen LAI1

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei, Taiwan

P-HF-021 TECHNO-ECONOMIC COMPARISON ON SOFC HYBRID SYSTEMSSung Ho PARK1, Young Duk LEE2*, Kang Hun LEE3, Kook Young AHN2

1Graduate School, University of Science &Technology, Deajeon, Republic of Korea 2Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials , Daejeon, Republic of Korea3Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

58

P-HF-022 MODELING GAS DISTRIBUTION IN CHANNELS OF MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLSJoonho PARK1, Jongwoo CHOI1, and Suk Won CHA1*


P-HF-023 FABRICATION AND INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPOSITES ON THE BASE OF STAINLESS STEEL AND TITANIUM CARBONITRIDE SYNTHESIZED BY SPARK PLASMA SINTERINGBunyod ALLABERGENOV, Oybek TURSUNKULOV, Sang-Yeop KIM, Eun-Young LEE, Seung Jin YUN, Jeong-Ae PARK, Soon-Wook JEONG and Sungjin KIM*School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute ofTechnology, Gumi, Korea

P-HF-024 DYNAMIC MODEL OF THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF 1KW PEMFC SYSTEM FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLESanggyu KANG1*, Hanseok KIM1, and Sangmin LEE1


P-HF-025 DYNAMIC MODEL OF 1KW PEMFC HYBRID SYSTEM FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLESanggyu KANG1,*, Hanseok KIM1, Suyong CHAE2, Yujin SONG2

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea2Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

P-HF-026 GEOMETRIC PERFORMANCE OF STEAM REFORMER COUPLED WITH CATALYTIC BURNERKang hoon LEE1, Sang Gyu KANG2, Kook Young AHN2 and Sangseok YU1*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea2Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea

P-HF-027 SCALE UP PERFORMANCE OF ANNULUS STEAM REFORMER THERMALLY COUPLED WITH CATALYTIC BURNER Sang Gyu KANG1, Kook Young AHN1, Kang hoon LEE2 and Sangseok YU2*

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea

59

P-WU-001 REDUCTION IN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS BY MILD COMBUSTION OF DRIED SLUDGESung Hoon SHIM1, Sang Hyun JEONG1, and Sang-Sup LEE2*

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju,

Korea

P-WU-002 MERCURY EMISSION BEHAVIOR IN COMBUSTION FLUE GASES Sung Hoon SHIM1, Sang Hyun JEONG1, Kwang-Yul KIM2, and Sang-Sup LEE2*

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea

P-WU-003 COOLING PERFORMANCE OF A WATER-TO-WATER HEAT PUMP SYSTEM USING POLYETHYLENE PIPE AS A HEAT EXCHANGERYoung Sun RYOU*, Yeon Ku KANG, Jae Kyung JANG, Jong Goo KIM and Geum Chun KANGDepartment of Energy & Environment Engineering, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea

P-WU-004 CASSAVA RHIZOME CONVERSION OVER MONO AND TRI-METALLIC CATALYSTSPanchaluck SORNKADE1, Duangduen ATONG1, Viboon SRICHAROENCHAIKUL2*

1National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Thailand 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

P-WU-005 GASIFICATION OF PEANUT SHELLS AND JATROPHA WASTE USING A MODULAR FIX-BED GASIFIER Jurarat NISAMANEENATE1, Duangduen ATONG2, and Viboon SRICHAROENCHAIKUL1*

1Department of Environment Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 2National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand

P-WU-006 FINE PARTICLES AND OIL MISTS COLLECTION IN A ELECTRIC ACTIVATED CATALYST SCRUBBER FOR FOOD WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIESBangwoo HAN1*, Hak-Joon KIM1 and Yong-Jin KIM1

1Environmental and Energy Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea

WU : Wasted Energy & Utilization

P-WU-I


60

P-WU-007 DECOMPOSITION OF SO2 AND NO BY A NANO-PULSE DISCHARGE FROM AIR AND COMBUSTION GAS EXHAUSTS FOR A COAL AND WASTES CO-COMBUSTIONBangwoo HAN1, Hak-Joon KIM1, Yong-Jin KIM1*, Dong-Keun SONG1,Won-Seok HONG1 and Wan-Ho SHIN1


P-WU-008 PREPERATION OF HIGHLY STABLE WATER-OIL EMULSIONS AND THEIR DEMULSIFICATION USING A PARALLEL PLATE ELECTROSTATIC REACTORBangwoo HAN1*, Hak-Joon KIM1, Yong-Jin KIM1, Dong-Keun SONG1,Won-Seok HONG1, Wan-Ho SHIN1 and Han-Seok KIM1


P-WU-009 STUDY OF SYNGAS PRODUCTION FROM CH4-REFORMING IN CO2

MICROWAVE TORCH PLASMAYong C. HONG1,*, Se M. CHUN1, Sang J. LEE1,2, Dong H. SHIN1,2

1Convergence Plasma Research Center, National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea2School of Advanced Green Energy and Environments, Handong Global University, Pohang, Korea

P-WU-010 INTERACTION OF MERCURY WITH CEMENT KILN DUSTSung Hoon SHIM1, Sang Hyun JEONG1, Jun-Min JEON2, and Sang-Sup LEE3*

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Suncheon First College, Suncheon, Korea 3Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea

P-WU-011 WATER GAS SHIFT REACTION FOR OXY GASIFICATION SYNGASSeon Ah ROH*, Jung Bae LEE, and Sang In KEELKorea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea

P-WU-012 ASPEN PLUS SIMULATION OF UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION FOLLOWING OXYGEN & AIR CONDITIONS AS OXIDIZERSDong-Ha JANG1, Sang-Phil YOON1, Du-Re HAN1, Jin-Wook LEE2, and Hyung-Taek KIM1*

1Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea 2Institute for Advanced Engineering, Suwon, South Korea

P-WU-013 DEVELOPMENT OF PELLETIZING TECHNOLOGY OF AUTOMOBILE SHREDDER RESIDUE FOR UTILIZING AS ENERGY RESOURCESWoo Hyun KIM1*, Tai Jin MIN1, Jin Han YUN1, Sung Jin CHO2, Yong Chil SEO2

1Environmental Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea

61

P-WU-014 PERFORMANCE ANALYSYS ON OXYFUEL COMBUSTION BASED WASTE HEAT RECOVERY POWER GENERATION SYSTEMSYoung Duk LEE1*, Sung Ho PARK2, Sanggyu KANG, Kook Young AHN1

1Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials , Daejeon, Republic of Korea 2Graduate School, University of Science and Technology, Deajeon, Republic of Korea

P-WU-015 THE EXPERIMENTAL OF SELECTIVE ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION BEHAVOR OF FOR REMOVAL OF CO2 IN LANDFILL GAS WITH PRESSURE SWING METHOD AND TEMPERATURE SWING METHODSang-Phil YOON1, Dong-Ha JANG1, and Hyung-Taek KIM1*

1Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

P-WU-016 MASS BALANCE ANALYSIS OF 0.5 T/D SCALE OF FIXED BED GASIFIERTai Jin MIN1*, Jin Han YUN1, and Woo Hyun KIM1

1Environmental Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea

P-WU-017 KINETICS OF BIO MASS CHAR GASIFICATION ON HIGH TEMPERATUREJin Han YUN1*, Sang In KEEL1, Seon Ah ROH1, Chung Kyu LEE1

1Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea

P-WU-018 OPTIMAL POLLUTANTS CONTROL IN OXY-PC COMBUSTION SYSTEMSang In KEEL1*, Jin Han YUN1, Tai Jin MIN1, Woo Hyun KIM1


P-WU-019 PULVERIZING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW CALORIFIC HIGH VOLATILE SUB-BITUMINOUS COALSang In KEEL1*, Jin Han YUN1, Seon Ah ROH1, Chung Kyu LEE1


P-WU-020 WATER GAS SHIFT REACTION WITHOUT CATALYST IN A LAB SCALE TUBE REACTORSeon Ah ROH* and Sang In KEELKorea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea

62

P-ST-001 STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBON NANOFLUID FOR HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENTSung Seek PARK and Nam Jin KIM*

Department of Nuclear & Energy Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea

P-ST-002 DERIVATION AND SHORT-TERM PERFORMANCE OF A SIMPLE MODIFIED EQUATION FOR SOLAR COLLECTOR EFFICIENCYKyoung-Ho LEE1*, Hee-Youl KWAK1, and Soon-Myung LEE1


P-ST-003 STUDY ON THE HYBRID SYSTEM OF SOLAR THERMAL AND GROUND COUPLED HEAT PUMP FOR LOW ENERGY HOUSENam Choon BAEK1*, Seon Yeong JEONG1, Eung Sang YOON1, Jin Kook LEE1

and Moon Chang JOO1


P-ST-004 THE EXPERIMENTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR THERMAL AND GROUND COUPLED HEAT PUMP HYBRID SYSTEMNam Choon BAEK1*, Seon Yeong JEONG1, Jun Woo PARK1, Eung Sang YOON1,and Moon Chang JOO1


P-ST-005 AN ESTIMATION OF AN ANNUAL HEATING LOAD FOR AN APARTMENT HOUSE USING TRNSYSSeung Ho LEE, Young-Jin BAIK*, Young-Soo LEEHigh Efficiency and Clean Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

P-ST-006 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENT COOLING PERFORMANCE BETWEEN R744 AND R22 SOLAR HAET PUMP SYSTEMByun KANG1 and Honghyun CHO2*


P-ST-007 THE EVALUATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METAL DOPED TITANIA PHOTOCATALYST BY DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC DYESAmir ABIDOV*, Bunyod ALLEBERGENOV, Oybek TURSUNKULOV, Jeonghwan LEE, EunYoung LEE, LiLi HE, SooJeong JO, Sungjin KIMDepartment of Advanced Materials and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology Gumi, Korea

ST : Solar Thermal Energy

P-ST-I


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P-PSN-001 ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY COMPETITIVENESS USING A PATENT ANALYSISKi Kwan KOO1, Geum Hi BACK2, Deok Ki LEE3, Jong Chul HONG4,Dong Seok Kim1, and Soo Uk PARK1*

1R&D Strategy Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2PSMB, Seoul, Korea 3Planning and Management Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea4Energy R&D Strategy and Policy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

P-PSN-002 DRIVING FACTORS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN KOREAN CITIESMin Jin LEE1, Hyun Sik CHUNG1, and Tae Kyu AHN1*

1Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea

P-PSN-003 SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR GENERATING A STRATEGIC ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN: IN CASE OF LOW OIL PRICES AND ADDITIONAL NUCLEAR PLANT CONSTRUCTION WITH SCENARIO PLANNING AND MCDM APPROACHESSeongkon LEE1,2,*, Gento MOGI2, Baeghol BAGHERI2, K.S. HUI3, K.N. HUI4,Sangkon LEE5, Jongwook KIM1

1Energy Policy Research Division, KIER, Daejeon, Republic of Korea 2Department of Technology Management for Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan3Green Transformation Technology Center, KITECH, Daegu, Korea3Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong4School of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea5Green Transformation Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Daegu Convergence R&D Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea

P-PSN-004 R&D INVESTMENT AND STRATEGY ON RENEWABLE ENERGY IN KOREANoeon PARK*, Sang Hyon LEE, Jung Suk HONG, Kyoung-mi LEEOffice of National R&D Coordination, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Evaluation and Planning (KISTEP), Seoul, Korea

P-PSN-005 A SUGGESTION ON THE R&D STRATEGY FOR ENERGY R&D FIELD -FOCUSED ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL ENERGY AND SOLAR CELL FIELD-Jung Kyu PARK, Yu Jeong KIM, Dae Hyung KIMR&D Strategy Department, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Korea

PSN : Policy, Strategy & New Business

P-PSN-I


64

P-PSN-006 ENERGY INDUSTRY RELATING TO WATER RISKS Yeonji KIM1, Ki Yual BANG1, Donghwan KIM2


65

P-BE-001 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF BIO DIESEL TECHNOLOGY IN SOUTH KOREAMi Ri KIM, Beom Soo KIM, Sang Won PARK and Jin Won PARK*

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea

P-BE-002 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL CATALYZED BY SOLID SUPERACID SO4

2-/TiO2/La3+ UNDER LOW PRESSUREKui WANG*, Jian Chun JIANG, Zhan SIInstitute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF; National Engineering Lab For Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key of Open Lab. on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China

P-BE-003 DIESEL-LIKE FUEL PRODUCTION FROM CATALYTIC CRACKING AND ESTERIFICATION OF WASTE OILJie CHEN*, Jian Chun JIANG, Xiao An NIE, Jun Ming XU, Xia CHANG, Ke LI Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, China

P-BE-004 ADVANTAGE OF TANDEMRING-MILL PULVERIZATION FOR ENZYMATIC SCCHARIFICATION OF VARIOUS BIOMASSTakehiko TAKAHASHI1*, Kazushi ITO1, Arata ITO1, Yukio ENDA2,MOTOHIRO GOCHI3, Hideaki MORI1, and Junichi KOBAYASHI4

1Faculty of Systems, Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan2Akita Industrial Technology Center, Akita, Japan3Chuo Kakouki Shoji Co.Ltd, Tokyo, Japan4Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan

P-BE-005 EFFECT OF AGITATION SPEED ON ENZYMATIC SACCHARIFICATION OF DRY-PULVERIZED LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASSYoshiki SATO1, Takehiko TAKAHASHI2*, Kazushi ITO2, and Hideaki MORI2

1Graduate School of Systems, Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan2Faculty of Systems, Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan

P-BE-006 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS AND DECOMPOSITION KINETICS OF -CELLULOSE IN A MICRO TUBING REACTORSeung-Soo KIM1*, Hoang Vu LY2, and Jinsoo KIM2*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samckeok, Korea2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea

BE : Bioenergy

P-BE-I


66

P-BE-007 PYROLYSIS CHARACTERISTICS AND KINETICS OF THE ALGA SACCHARINA JAPONICA RESIDUE FROM ETHANOL EXRACTIONSeung-Soo KIM1*, Gyeong-Ho CHOI1, Jinsoo KIM2*, Jae-Hyung CHOI, and Hee Chul WOO3

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Korea2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea3Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea

P-BE-008 CHARACTERISTIC OF PALM BARK PYROYSIS EXPERIMENT ORIENTED BY CENTRAL COMPOSITE ROTATABLE DESIGNThanh-An NGO1, Jinsoo KIM2*, and Seung-Soo KIM3*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea3Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samckeok, Korea

P-BE-009 SELECTION OF OLEAGINOUS MICROALGAE FOR COAL-FIRED FLUE GAS APPLICATIONYou-Kwan OH1*, Bo Hwa KIM1, Ju Soo HYUN1, Sunghoon Park2


P-BE-010 EFFECTS OF SODIUM SUBSTITYED ZRO2 CATALYST ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF PHENETHYL PHENYL ETHER (PPE) IN NEAR CRITICAL WATER CONDITIONHee-Jun EOM1, Yoon-Ki HONG1 Sang-Ho CHUNG, and Kwan-Young LEE1,2,*

1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea2Green School, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

P-BE-011 HYDRODEOXYGENATION OF OLEIC ACID OVER CE(1-X)ZR(X)O2

CATALYSTSJae-Oh SHIM1, Dae-Woon JEONG1, Won-Jun JANG1, Kyung-Won JEON1,Hyun-Seog ROH1*, Jeong-Geol NA2, Chang Hyun KO3*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea 2Greenhouse Gas Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea3School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

P-BE-012 PRETREATMENT OF EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH USING CONTINUOUS TWIN SCREW-DRIVEN REACTOR (CTSR) FOR CELLULOSIC ETHANOL PRODUCTIONJin Young HONG, Hyun Jin RYU, and Kyeong Keun OH*

Department of Applied Chemical Engineering,Dankook University, Cheonan,Chungnam, Korea

67

P-BE-013 CONTINUOUS TWIN SCREW-DRIVEN REACTOR (CTSR) PRETREATMENT FOR ENHANCED GLUCAN CONTENT OF SACCHARINA JAPONICA AND SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATIONJi Ye LEE, Hyun Jin RYU, and Kyeong Keun OH*

Department of Applied Chemical engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea

P-BE-014 ETHANOL AND FURFURAL PRODUCTION FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS WITH ZINC CHLORIDETae Hoon KIM1, Kyeong Keun OH1, Hyun Jin RYU1, and Tae Hyun KIM2*

1Department of Applied Chemical engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan Chungnam, Korea

P-BE-015 UPGARDING OF BIO-OIL FROM FAST PYROLYSIS OF JATROPHA RESIDUE WITH ALUMINA AND ZIRCONIA SUPPORTED Pd, Ru, and Ni CATALYSTS Prangtip KAEWPENGKROW1, Duangduen ATONG2, and Viboon SRICHAROENCHAIKUL1*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand2National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand

P-BE-016 SYNTHESIS AND ACTIVITY OF LaNi1-xCoxO3 (x= 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, AND 1) PEROVSKITE-TYPE CATALYST FOR TAR ELIMINATIONChakrit SOONGPRASIT1, Duangdao AHT-ONG1, and Duangduen ATONG2*

1Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand

P-BE-017 USE OF POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE IN CATHODE AS ELECTROLYTE TO IMPROVE THE CURRENT GENERATIONJae kyung JANG*, Young Sun RYOU, Jong Goo KIMEnergy and Envrionmental Engineering Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science

P-BE-018 COMPARISON OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROFILING (CLPP) IN ANODE OF MICROBIAL FUEL CELLJae kyung JANG*, Young Sun RYOU, Jong Goo KIMEnergy and Envrionmental Engineering Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science

P-BE-019 RECOVERY OF XYLOSE PRESENT IN THE BYPRODUCTS GENERATED IN BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS Seonghun KIM* and Chul Ho KIMJeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Korea

68

P-BE-020 ETHANOL PRODUCTION USING WHOLE PLANT BIOMASS- JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE BY KLUYVEROMYCES MARXIANUSSeonghun KIM* and Chul Ho KIMJeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Korea

P-BE-021 PRODUCTION OF VALUE-ADDED CHEMICALS USING LIGNIN AND THERMAL-CATALYTIC CRACKINGChang Geun YOO1, Kyong-Hwan LEE2, and Tae Hyun KIM3*

1Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States2Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan Chungnam, Korea

P-BE-022 SHORT ROTATION WILLOW COPPICE AS BIOENERGY RAW MATERIALSSim-Hee HAN1 and Soo-Jeong SHIN2*

1Department of Forest Genetic Resources, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Korea2Department of wood and Paper Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea

P-BE-023 LIPID EXTRACTION FROM MICROALGAE USING IONIC LIQUIDSun-A CHOI1,2, Min-Ji JEONG1, Won-IL CHOI1, Jin Suk LEE1, Seung Wook KIM2,and Ji-Yeon PARK1*

1Department of Clean Fuel, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

P-BE-024 PYROLYSIS OF WASTE MEDIUM DENSITY FIBER WOODJeong Wook KIM1, Kyung Sun PARK1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3,Dong Jin SUH4, and Young-Kwon PARK1,5*

1Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University ofSeoul, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea4Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea5School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

P-BE-025 CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF LAMINARIA JAPONICA OVER MICROPOROUS ZEOLITES Suek Joo CHOI1, Kyung Sun PARK1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3,Dong Jin SUH4, and Young-Kwon PARK1,5*


69

P-BE-026 CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF UNDARIA PINNATIFIDA USING PY-GC Bo Ram JUN1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3, Dong Jin SUH4, and Young-Kwon PARK1,5*


P-BE-027 INFLUENCE OF REACTION PARAMETERS ON PYROLYSIS OF WOOD POLYMER COMPOSITEJeong Wook KIM1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3, In Gu LEE4,Changkook RYU5, Dong Jin SUH6, and Young-Kwon PARK1,7*

1Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University ofSeoul, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea4Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea5School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea6Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea7School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

P-BE-028 CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF MISCHANTHUS OVER SBA-15 BASED CATALYSTSMi Jin JEON1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3 and Young-Kwon PARK4*

1Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University ofSeoul, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea4School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

P-BE-029 BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS USING WASTE STARFISH VIA TRANSESTERIFICATION OF SOYBEAN OILYong-Beom JO1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3 and Young-Kwon PARK4*

1Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University ofSeoul, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea4School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

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P-BE-030 CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF CELLULOSE AND HEMICELLUOSE OVER MESOPOROUS Y ZEOLITEHyung Won LEE1, Kwang-Eun JEONG2, Jong-Ki JEON3, Sung Hoon PARK4,Dong Jin SUH5, and Young-Kwon PARK1,6*

1Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University ofSeoul, Seoul, Korea 2Green Chemistry Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea3Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Korea4Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea5Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea6School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

P-BE-031 CONTINUOUS PRETREATMENT OF EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH BY TWIN SCREW EXTRUDER Won-Il CHOI1, Ji-Yeon PARK1, Joon-Pyo LEE1, Kyeong Keun OH2, and Jin-Suk LEE1*

1Clean Fuel Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan Korea

P-BE-032 SIMULATION OF A BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BED BIOMASS GASIFIER USING ASPEN PLUS Jung-Chin TSAI1*, Chen-Yaw CHIU1, and Chih-Shen CHEN2

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan2Taiwan Power Research Institute, Taiwan Power Company, New Taipei City, Taiwan

P-BE-033 TWO-STAGE HOT LIQUID WATER PRETREATMENT OF EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ENZYMATIC DIGESTIBILITY Minsu KANG1, Jun Seok KIM1*

1Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea

P-BE-034 EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLVENT SYSTEMS TO REMOVE ACETIC ACID DERIVED FROM ITS PRE-PULPING EXTRACTSeong Jik PARK1, Joon-Kwan MOON2, and Byung Hwan UM3*

1Department of Bioresources and Rural System Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea2Department of Plant Life and Environmental Sciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea

P-BE-035 CEPHALOSPORIN C PRDOCUTION BY ACREMONIUM CHRYSOGENUM M35 USING XYLOSE AS A CARBON SOURCE FROM DILUTE ACID PRETREATED BARLEY STRAWSung Bong KIM1, Hyun Yong SHIN1, Hah young YOO1, Sang Jun LEE1,Seung Wook KIM1

1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

71

P-BE-036 PRETREATMENT PROCESS OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS BY ALKALINE SOLUTION FOR FERMENTABLE SUGAR PRODUCTIONYong Cheol PARK and Jun Seok KIM*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea

P-BE-037 A STUDY ON BIO-ENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR EFB(EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH) FROM PALM MILL PLANTHeung Min YOO1, Sung-Jin CHO1, Jang-Su LEE1, Yong-Chil SEO1* and Chang-Ho OH2

1Department of Environmental Engineering, YIEST, Yonsei University, South Korea 2Dae Kyoung ESCO Company, South Korea

P-BE-038 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS STRAINS SACCHAROMYCES CERVISIAE TO PRODUCE BIOETHANOL FROM RED ALGAE GELIDIUM AMANSIIJeong-Hoon PARK1,2, Hee-Deung PARK1, Sang-Hyoun KIM3, and Jeong-Jun YOON2*

1Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering Korea University, Seoul, Korea2Green Materials Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea

P-BE-039 CHARACTERIZATION AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING OF BIO-OIL DERIVED FROM SACCHARINA JAPONICAJae Hyung CHOI1, Yong Beom PARK1, Seung-Soo KIM2, Min Kyung SONG1, and Hee Chul WOO1*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Korea

72

P-LCT-001 ELIMINATION OF H2S AND COS USING MICROWAVE NITROGEN PLASMA TORCHSang Jun YOON1, Young Min YUN1, Yong Ku KIM1, See Hoon LEE2, and Jae Goo LEE1*

1Department of Clean Fuel, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Mineral Resources & Energy Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, Korea

P-LCT-002 THE REACTION CHARICTERISTICS FOR PRODUCING METHANE-RICH GAS THROUGH CATALYTIC UCC CHAR AND COAL GASIFICATION AT VARIOUS CONDITIONSHueon NAMKUNG1, Xiang Zhou YUAN1, and Hyung-Taek KIM1*

1Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea

P-LCT-003 AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR A DEMONSTRATIVE LOW-ENERGY HOUSEKyoung-Ho LEE1, Nam-Choon BAEK1*, Moon-Chang JOO1, Sun-Young JEONG1,Jin-Kook LEE1, Eung-Sang YOON1, and Soon-Myung LEE1


P-LCT-004 A CASE STUDY ON DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL SIZE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS AT EARLY STAGE OF NET ZERO-ENERGY HOUSE DESIGNKyoung-Ho LEE1*, Nam-Choon BAEK1, and Dong-Won LEE1


P-LCT-005 A SIMULATED EVALUATION OF RENEWABLE HEATING SYSTEM UTILIZING RETURN WATER OF DISTRICT HEATINGKyoung-Ho LEE1*


P-LCT-006 THE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WATER GAS SHIFT REACTION WITH FLUIDIZED BED/PD-BASED MEMBRANE HYBRID TYPE REACTOR FOR THE SIMULATED REACTION/SEPARATION PROCESSJung Min SOHN* and Yong Taek CHOI1Department of Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea

LCT : Low Carbon Technology Energy

P-LCT-I


73

P-LCT-007 HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION OF MIDDLE DISTILLATES RAGNE FROM SYNGAS ON THE COBALT-BASED HYBRID CATALYSTSSuk Hwan KANG1*, Jae Hong RYU1, Jin Ho KIM1, Chan Gi LEE1,P.S. Sai PRASAD2, Kyung Su HA3 and Ki Won JUN3

1Plant Engineering Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Suwon, Kyonggi-do, Republic of Korea 2Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 607, India 3Petroleum Displacement Technology Research Center, Korea Research Institute ofChemical Technology (KRICT), Yuseong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

P-LCT-008 DESIGN OF A SUSTAINABLE LOW ENERGY STUDENT LOUNGEEun Sol KIM, Ji Hye KIM, So Hyun PARK, Jang Won SUH, and Hyeong-Dong PARK*

Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

P-LCT-009 GASIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM COKE IN A FLUIDIZED BED REACTORMyung Won SEO1, Young Tae GUAHK1, Sang Jun YOON1, Ho Won RA1,Jae Goo LEE1*, Nam Sun NHO1, and Sang Done KIM2

1Clean Fuel Department, KIER, Daejeon, Korea2Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea

P-LCT-010 METHANOL ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE REMOVAL OF H2S, COS, CO2 IN A PILOT-SCALE BIOMASS-TO-LIQUID PROCESSMyung Won SEO1, Young Min YUN1, Sang Jun YOON1, Ho Won RA1, Jae Ho KIM1*,See Hoon LEE2, Won Hyun EOM3, Eun Do LEE4, and Sang Bong LEE5

1Clean Fuel Department, KIER, Daejeon, Korea2Department of Resources and Energy Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea4Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, Korea 5Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Cheonan, Korea

P-LCT-011 THE STUDY OF DRYING KINETICS OF LOW RANK COAL(INDONESIA-IBC) THROUGH USING FLUIDIZED-BED REACTOR FOR CATALYTIC GASIFICATIONTae-Jin KANG1, Hueon NAMKUNG1, Dong-Ha JANG1, and Hyung-Taek KIM1*

1Division of Energy System Research, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea

P-LCT-012 INITIAL DEVOLATILIZATION TEMPERATURE OF LOW RANK COAL USING WIRE MESH REACTORHo Won RA, Shin Young KIM, Myung Won SEO and Jaegoo LEEClean Fuel Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

P-LCT-013 CO2 ENRICHMENT SYSTEM USING BOILER EXHAUST GAS FOR HORTICULTURAL GREENHOUSESSang Min LEE1*, Keun Won CHOI1, and Kyung Sub PARK2

1Department of Eco-Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea2Protected Horticulture Research Station, Rural Development Administration, Busan, Korea

74

P-LCT-014 A STUDY ON LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR UNIT PANEL OF TWO-WAY VOID SLABEun Hee JOO1, Sang Mo KIM1*, Ji yeon KANG2, Hyung Geun KIM2,Jong Moon CHOI3, Sung Hoon JANG4

1Department of Resaerch, TVS korea, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Resaerch, SH Corporation, Seoul, Korea 3Department of Resaerch, Poscoenc, Incheon, Korea 4Department of Resaerch, Lotte E&C, Seoul, Korea

P-LCT-015 EFFECT OF NITROGEN FUNCTIONAL GROUP ON ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIORS OF STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE-BASED POROUS CARBONS FOR ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER CAPACITORS ELECTRODESJi-Han LEE and Soo-Jin PARK*


P-LCT-016 AN EVALUATION OF CO2 EMISSION OF LONG SPAN FLAT PLATE SYSTEM WITH VOID SLAB IN APARTMENTJi Yeon KANG1, Hyung Geun KIM1, Eun Hee JOO2, Sang Mo KIM2,Su Won YOON3, and Tae Woo BYEON4

1Department of Urban Research, SH Corporation, Seoul, Korea2Department of Research & Enginnering, TVS Co, Seoul, Korea 3Divison of Research & Enginnering, Posco Engineering & Construction Co., Incheon, Korea4Department of Research & Development, Lotte Engineering & Construction Co., Seoul, Korea

P-LCT-017 INFLUENCE OF CONSTITUENT PHASE ON THE REDUCIBILITY OF WÜSTITE UNDER H2 AND CO GASWan Ho KIM1 and Dong Joon MIN1*

1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea

P-LCT-018 A STUDY OF NEW ABSORBENTS FOR POST-COMBUSTION CO2

CAPTURE TEST BED No Sang KWAK, Ji Hyun LEE, In Young LEE, Kyung Ryoung JANG and Jae-Goo SHIM*

Green Growth Laboratory, Korea Electric Power Research Institute, Daejon, Korea

P-LCT-019 COMPARISON OF DIESEL PM REMOVAL PERFORMANCE OF METALLIC FLOW-THROUGH FILTER AND ELECTORSTATICALLY ASSISTED METALLIC FOAM FILTERHak Joon KIM, Bangwoo HAN, and Yong Jin KIM*

Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea

P-LCT-020 SULFUR ADSORPTION ON COAL ASH FOR OXY COAL COMBUSTIONSeon Ah ROH* and Sang In KEELKorea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea

P-LCT-021 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF HFC-134A Seon Ah ROH1*, Woohyun KIM1, and DaeSung JUNG2

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Taejon, Korea2Hyundai Motor Company, Hwaseong, Korea

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P-LCT-022 OXYFUEL COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DUAL STAGE SWIRL-STABILIZED BURNERJu Hyeong CHO1*, Min Kuk KIM1, Sang Min LEE1, Han Seok KIM1,Jae Hwan JANG2, Kook Young AHN1

1Eco-Machinery Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea2University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea

P-LCT-023 A SIMULATION STUDY ON GTL FT WAX UPGRADING PROCESSYong Heon KIM*, Ji Han BAE, Myong Ho PARKE&P Technology Insititute, Korea National Oil Corporation, An Yang, South Korea

P-LCT-024 BIMETALLIC CATALYST FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH CALORIC SNGJin Ho KIM1, Suk Hwan KANG1, Jae Hong RYU1, Hyo Sik KIM1, Young Don YOO1*,Kwang Jun KIM2, Hyun Jung LEE2, Su Han KIM3, Dong Jun KOH3

1Plant Engineering Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Suwon, Kyonggi-do, Republic of Korea 2Clean Gas Project Team/ New Growth Business Dept., POSCO, Seoul, Repubric of Korea3Coal Chemical Processing Team, RIST, Pohang, Repubric of Korea

P-LCT-025 STUDY OF FORMATION AND INVESTIGATION OF PROPERTIES OF METAL DOPED TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOTUBE ARRAYS SYNTHESIZED BY ANODIZING METHOD Li Li HE, Oybek TURSUNKULOV, Amir ABIDOV, Jae Jin SONG, Soon-Wook JEONG, SangYeop KIM, Tae Yong KIM and Sungjin KIM*

The School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Korea

P-LCT-026 DEVELOPMENT OF CU-BASED WGS CATALYST FOR FLUIDIZED-BED SEWGS PROCESSDong-Hyeok CHOI, Joong Beom LEE*, Tae Hyoung EOM, Jeom In BAEK, Seong JEGARL, Chong Kul RYUOffice of Technology Commercialization, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea

P-LCT-027 SOLID CO2 SORBENTS FOR FLUIDIZED-BED SORPTION ENHANCED WATER GAS SHIFT PROCESS Joong Beom LEE*, Dong-Hyeok CHOI, Tae Hyoung EOM, Jeom In BAEK, Seong JEGARL, Chong Kul RYUTechnology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea

P-LCT-028 SCREENING OF Na/K-BASED SOLID SORBENT FOR CO2 CAPTURETae Hyoung EOM1, Joong Beom LEE1, Chong Kul RYU1, Jeom In BAEK1,Young Woo RHEE2*

1Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University., Daejeon, Korea

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P-LCT-029 SULFUR REMOVAL FROM SYNGAS BY ZINC-BASED SOLID SORBENTSJeom-In BAEK1*, Tae Hyoung EOM1, Joong Beom LEE1, Dong Hyuk CHOI1,Seong JEGARL1, Chong Kul RYU1, Young Cheol PARK2, Sung-Ho JO2, and Yongseung YUN3

1Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea 2Greenhouse Gas Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea3Center for Plant Engineering, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Yongin, Kyeonggi, Korea

P-LCT-030 THE CO2 SOLUBILITY DATA IN MIXTURE SYSTEM OF WATER WITH POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL DIMETHYL ETHERYong Seok EOM, Sung Nam CHUN, Jun Han KIM and Jung Bin LEE*

Department of Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea

P-LCT-031 EFFECT OF SO2 ON DEGRADATION OF MEA SOLUTION WITH CORROSION INHIBITORS IN CO2 CAPTURE PROCESSIn Young LEE*, No Sang KWAK, Ji Hyun LEE, Kyung Ryong JANG and Jae-Goo SHIMKEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea

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P-ME-001 STUDY ON DEMONSTRATION OF THE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM USING SEA WATER SOURCEKichang CHANG1*, Youngjin BAEK1, Hosang RA1, Kibong KIM2, Jongwoo KIM2

and Hyungkee YOON2

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Energy Efficiency Department, Daejeon, Korea2Korea Institute of Energy Research, Global New & Renewable Energy Research Center, Jeju, Korea

P-ME-002 THE DEVELOPMENT OF 10KW OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION(OTEC) SYSTEM USING CONDENER EFFLUENT FROM A THERMAL POWER PLANTBeomjoo KIM1*, Jongyoung JO1, and Hoon JUNG1

1Green Energy Laboratory, Korea Electric Power Company Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea

ME : Marine Energy

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P-GE-001 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY-SLAB GROUND-COUPLED HEAT EXCHANGERByonghu SOHN1*, Jong Min CHOI2, and Hangseok CHOI3

1Green Building Research Division, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Goyang, Korea2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, Korea 3School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

P-GE-002 A VERIFICATION STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF ENERGY SAVING AND CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION IN LARGE SCALE GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEMByeong-Hak PARK1, Hyoung-Soo KIM1*

1Department of New and Renewable Energy, Jungwon University, Chungbuk, Korea

P-GE-003 HEATING PERFORMANCES OF THE UNDERGROUND AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM EQUIPPED WITH A DIRECT CONTACT HEAT EXCHANGERYoun Ku KANG1, Moon Suk SUNG2, Young Hwa KIM1, Young Sun RYOU1,Jae Kyoung JANG1 and Jong Koo KIM1

1Department of Agricultural Engineering, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration(R.D.A.), Suwon, Korea 2Jeju - Special Self - Governing Agricultural Research & Extension Service, Seogwipo, Korea

P-GE-004 THE EFFECTS OF DROPWISE CONDENSATION PHENOMENA ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICSKyosik HWANG1, Kichang CHANG1, Kibong KIM1, Jongwoo KIM1 and Hyungkee YOON1*

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju, Korea

P-GE-005 CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND-COUPLED HEAT PUMP SYSTEM WITH THE VARIATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERSMyung Suck OH1 and Jong Min CHOI2*


P-GE-006 INVERSE PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR SITU THERMAL RESPONSE TEST IN STANDING COLUMN WELLChulho LEE1, Jeehee LIM1, Dongseop LEE1, Myungsup YOON2, and Hangseok CHOI1*

1School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea2Energy Technology Center, Korea Testing Laboratory, Seoul, Korea

GE : Geothermal Energy

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P-GE-007 GROUND THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF GROUND COUPLED HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS WITH HORISONTAL GLHXS FOR GREENHOUSEYong-Jung PARK1 and Shin-Hyung KANG2*

1R&D Center, Daihan Climate Control Co. Ltd., Gyunggi-do, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konyang University, Chungnam, Korea

P-GE-008 THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST EVALUATION IN ENERGY PILESSeok YOON1, Seung-Rae LEE1*, Do-Won PARK1, Gyu-Hyun GO1 and Han-Byul KANG1

1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea

P-GE-009 STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ENERGY-PILE AND AN ENERGY-SLAB SYSTEMS FOR SPACE HEATINGJung Hoon CHAE1 and Jong Min CHOI2*


P-GE-010 OPTIMAL DESIGN OF A SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM TO ASSIST GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPSYong Ki KIM1, Duk Hee LEE1, Byong Hu SOHN1 and Tae Won LEE1*

1Building Research Division, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Seoul, Korea

P-GE-011 A STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WATER TO WATER GSHP SYSTEM USING TRNSYSYong Jeon CHOI1, Jea Chul JANG1, Ji Young KIM1, Eun Chul KANG1,Euy Joon LEE1*1Department of Energy Efficiency, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

P-GE-012 EVALUATION OF ANNUAL PERFORMANCE OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP WITH DIRECT EXANSION TYPE VERTICAL GROUND HEAT EXCHANGER Minsung KIM, Young-Jin BAIK, Ho-Sang RAHigh Efficiency and Clean Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

Plenary Session

AFORE 2012, Nov. 26-29, Jeju, Korea

83

RENEWABLE ENERGY WILL BE A MAJOR SOURCE OF ENERGY BY 2020

Prof. Ali Sayigh

Chairman of World Renewable Energy Congress & Director General of WREN, Chairman of Iraq Institute of Energy, Editor-in-chief of Renewable Energy, Fellow Inst. Energy, Fellow of IEE

P O Box 362, Brighton BN2 1YH, UK

* Corresponding author: [email protected], www.wrenuk.co.uk

There is no doubt that renewable energy technology is set to grow in all its forms by at least 20% per annum. Most countries are investing billions of US dollars into harnessing clean and sustainable renewable energies. Renewable industries are being set up in every region of the world. And amongst these China stands out for its large scale renewable energy investment and development despite the fact that it continues to build coal fired power stations at the rate of one per week. The United States of America and most European countries are leading the way in wind energy utilization and photovoltaic technology, while substantial progress in biofuel and waste to energy technologies has also been achieved in many parts. For example there is one application of 70 MW of PV in Italy, 300 MW off shore wind one wind farm in the UK and most European Countries have introduced feed-in-tariffs (FIT) which will accelerate the use of renewable energy. In the Gulf States: Saudi Arabia is investing US$ 250 billion in renewable energy, Abu Dhabi has MASDAR with US$ 18 billion towards a solar city, Kuwait has just announced the setting up of US$ 2 billion centre of renewable energy and Qatar has already allocated US$ 1 billion towards renewable energy. Malaysia is entering the PV manufacturing stage and speeding up the use of renewable energy by giving incentives to various industries. Thus the prediction for 2020, Renewable Energy will be a major source of energy in the world.

In this paper some of the important achievements and progress of some types of renewable energy sources will be discussed.

Plenary Speech I


84

THE ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEM IN THE 21ST CENTURY

*Nam-Sung AHN

President, Korea Institute of Energy & Technology Evaluation and Planning, Korea

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

The future energy system that is more sustainable, efficient, cleaner and safer will be characterized by more renewable energy and greater integration. Despite the economic and technical challenges, renewable energy will play an essential role in transforming the current energy system. In addition, new forms of internet communication technology will become the medium for organizing and managing the more complex civilizations made possible by the new sources of energy. As International Energy Agency has analyzed, the future energy system will integrate the sources of and requirements for energy from all parts of the energy system. It is expected that the future society will be operated by distributed generation resulting in improved efficiency and better use of energy resources.

In preparation for the future energy system, Korean government has invested more than 700 million dollars in 2010 in the development and deployment of energy technologies. As a result, the Korean green energy industry has grown rapidly as well, with renewable energy sectors recording combined sales of approximately 7.12 billion dollars in 2010. As economic, technical and financial challenges still exist for renewable energy, KETEP in support of the Ministry of Knowledge Economy focuses on the following areas: development of breakthrough innovative technology to bring down the cost of the renewable energy; technology convergence for better usage of renewable energy; establishment of infrastructure for more efficient integration to the current system and smoother transformation into the future system.

Key words: Renewable energy, Future energy system, distributed generation, Energy R&D policy

Plenary Speech II


85

GROWING EXPECTATIONS FOR WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE JAPANESE

GOVERNMENT’S NEW POLICY

Tetsuro NAGATA

Executive Advisor, Eurus Energy Holding Corporation President, Japan Wind Power Association

The biggest earthquake and tsunami attacked East Japan on March 11, 2011, and approximately 20 thousand people were dead or missing, more than 300 thousand people displaced, and economic damage considerable. But this was a natural disaster of epic proportion, and it triggered the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant incident, the consequences of which have impact on national energy, economic and other policies.

Prior to the disaster, the Japanese government had an energy supply plan which called for nuclear generation to comprise 45%, on a kWh basis of electricity generation in 2030. A revision to this plan is currently under discussion. Tentative options towards the energy supply in the year of 2030 were released this summer, but the final visions have not yet been decided due to many controversial issues, including the status of nuclear power.

On the other hand, expectations for renewable energy are growing among Japanese people, not only from a supply and security of energy perspective, but also from an environmental protection and safety perspective, and furthermore from a development and revitalization of regional economy perspective.

Current installed capacity of wind power in Japan is 2.52GW, which was equivalent to 1% in total generation. To support further investment in renewable energy a number of areas of improvement are necessary. This July, the new Feed-in-tariff system started to accelerate renewable energy through economic incentive. The tariff was set at a relatively higher level than the market’s expectation, so that it has provoked appetite and immediate actions of feasible players.

While economic incentives are secured by the Feed-in-tariff, there are many hurdles and issues needed to be resolved or overcome.

One of the most significant problems seems to be grid connection, because the Japanese wind resources have a distorted distribution favoring northern and southern regions like Hokkaido, Tohoku and Kyusyu, leading to a capacity restriction problem of transmission lines.

In addition to the grid problem, regulatory streamlining in various fields (for example, environmental assessment, building codes, agricultural land use, and so on) should be promoted as soon as possible. As an additional proactive measure, increased support for R&D covering battery storage, smart grid and off-shore wind is also expected.

The full presentation will expand on the above points and cover other relevant information.

Plenary Speech III

Special Session


89

AFRICANORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION

AFRICAN STANDARDS HARMONISATION MODEL

HERMOGÈNE NSENGIMANA

Secretary General, African Organisation for Standardisation(ARSO)

1. Introduction

The Expert Working Group (EWG) which was mandated to work on an African Standards Harmonisation Model (ASHAM) decided to do that in two parts namely at the sub-regional and the regional levels. The harmonisation model will be addressed as a recommendation to the sub-regional harmonisation groups with a view to ensuring that all the sub-regional groupings are working according to the same principles which will create confidence among African countries to accept sub-regional harmonised standards.

2. OBJECTIVES OF ASHAM:

To promote and facilitate intra-regional and global tradeTo assist in developing awareness at the policy-making levelTo support the harmonisation of technical regulations.To facilitate technology transferTo reinforce mechanisms needed throughout the harmonisation process.

3. Main features of ARSO-ASHAM:

The main features of the ASHAM shall be in line with the WTO TBT Code of Good Practice, and in addition, the following principles:

Human centred ModelMarket-drivenSustainable modelParticipativeCommunicativeInnovativeBuilt on existing best African practicesFlexible and dynamic

This document is prepared as a proposal for adoption by ARSO and is to be made available to sub-regional bodies for application with a view to harmonizing the standardisation practices in Africa.

4. Background

The Expert Working Group (EWG), in CAMI 17, “reiterated the commitment of African Governments and called on development partners to urgently strengthen the African standardisation and conformity assessment infrastructure and increase the harmonisation of standards in Africa”. Under Paragraph 45-c of

O-SSI-001


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the CAMI 17 Report, it is stated that “there should be co-operation between the AU with regional and international technical agencies, such as ARSO, ISO, ILAC, IAF and OIML.”

The ARSO EWG notes the collective consensus at the highest African political level on standards harmonisation in Africa, as witnessed by the CAMI 17. In order to accelerate the process of standards harmonisation in Africa, the EWG calls for the African Union and Regional Economic Communities (REC’s) to establish greater synergy as well as operational relationships with ARSO. The EWG meeting observes the existing AU-ARSO cooperation and recommends that the African Advisory Committee on Competitive Tools (AACCTs) gives priority to establishing mechanisms for promoting and improving African standards harmonisation in close cooperation with ARSO and RECs standardizing bodies as outlined in the recommendations of the EWG.

The role of the AACCTs as defined in its Terms of Reference is:

To monitor and advise on directions of standards harmonisation and trade related issues;To improve ARSO membership and ownership;To promote standardisation awareness in Africa;To facilitate market integration;To review ARSO’s progress and recommend as necessary.

5. Way forward

5.1 Policy frameworkAn ad hoc group (AU-ARSO) shall prepare a policy framework for cooperation between AU and ARSO

in the area of African Standards Harmonisation and was presented to the AACCTs on its inaugural meeting.

5.2 Formal links with the sub regional standardisation bodiesThe EWG agreed on the need for a formal relationship between ARSO and the sub regional

standardisation bodies on harmonisation activities. This formal relationship may be in the form of Statement of Technical Cooperation or Memorandum of Understanding, between ARSO and the sub regional standardisation bodies that should be recommended for support by the AU. The Statement shall include:

. Notification of work programmes

. Provision of drafts and final texts of harmonised standards to ARSO

. Maintenance of a list of harmonised standards

. Key guiding principles of harmonisation procedures as outlined in Part II

. Coordination of standards harmonisation activities of sub-regional standardisation bodies

. Membership in ARSO of member countries of sub-regional standardisation bodies

. Roles and responsibilities of ARSO and Sub-regional standardisation bodies

. Any other related information

PART I REGIONAL STANDARDS HARMONISATION MODEL

1. The African Standards Harmonisation Model (ASHAM)

For ASHAM to cover the standardisation needs of the various African products (goods and services), two channels for harmonisation of African standards are proposed:

1. Development of harmonised standards for unique African products; and2. Coordination of sub regional standards harmonisation activities. (See Figure 1 below)


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Figure 1. African Standards Harmonisation Model

ABBREVIATIONS:

ARSO: African Organisation for StandardisationARSO CS: ARSO Central SecretariatARSO TMC: ARSO Technical Management CommitteeAU: African UnionIS: International StandardR/SRSG: Regional/ Sub-Regional Stakeholder GroupingsSRHS: Sub-Regional Harmonised StandardSRSB: Sub-Regional Standardisation BodiesUPSR: Unique Product Standard Route

2. ARSO Technical Management Committee

2.1 ARSO Council resolution 4 of 2007 mandated the Central Secretariat to propose the formation of a Technical Management Committee.

Hence the EWG:a) proposed that the Technical Management Committee (TMC) manages and coordinates technical work

under the proposed ASHAMb) identified the need to come up with terms of reference and guidelines for the composition of TMC.

2.2 An ad-hoc group consisting of Mrs Samia (EOS), Mr. Masuku (SADCSTAN), Mrs. Oduor (KEBS) prepared draft TORs and guidelines for the composition of the TMC. The ad-hoc committee benchmarked with TORs of ISO/IEC, CEN, SADCSTAN, etc for their equivalent bodies.


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3. Development of harmonised standards for unique African

productsARSO will receive proposals for new work items from member bodies, AU, ARSO Central secretariat or from the regional/sub regional stakeholder groups/bodies and the sub regional standardisation bodies etc.Member states or sub regional standardisation bodies will hold the TC secretariats (key issue for sustainability).Approval shall be through voting in line with international best practice.Appeals procedure shall be defined.ARSO shall not publish standards but shall make the texts available to members for adoption and publication.ARSO to publish list of all standards

4. Coordination of sub regional standards harmonisation activities

In line with the Technical Cooperation to be signed between the ARSO and the Sub-regional standardising bodies, the sub-regional standardising bodies shall be required to submit work programmes, drafts and final harmonised texts to ARSO. Where a new work item proposal (NWIP) is based on sub-regional harmonised text and has been accepted into the work programme, it shall be fast tracked. (See Figure 1).

PART II SUB-REGIONAL STANDARDS HARMONISATION MODEL

1. Scope

This model lays down the basic framework for harmonisation of standards at the sub regional level. It does not cover the means by which individual Sub-regional member bodies are to implement the text of such standards within their own National systems of standards, as these are the prerogative of the member bodies.

2. Guiding Principles

2.1 For the purposes of harmonizing standards within the Sub-region, member states shall establish a legal structure on harmonisation of standards.

2.2 Member states shall appoint, for a limited period, a willing National Standards Body (NSB) that possesses the necessary resources, to carry out the functions of Sub - regional harmonisation Secretariat. The appointment is renewable, subject to Sub - regional approval.

2.3 Any project or published standard that is identified as suitable and necessary for harmonisation is referred for consideration to a Technical Committee (TC) or, when relevant, to a Sub-Committee (SC), in whose fields of activity the project falls. In the absence of such a TC/SC, a proposal to establish one may be made, via the sub-regional harmonisation secretariat, to a full meeting of sub-region for consideration.

2.4 For each TC (and its SCs), a secretariat, which shall be held by a willing NSB, shall be appointed by a meeting of sub-region.

2.5 A proposal for a new harmonisation project may be made by any person or body in the Sub - region, but shall be routed through the member states to the Sub regional Secretariat, which shall in turn submit it in the form of an NWIP to the relevant TC/SC.

2.6 At the new work item proposal stage, sub-regions shall notify ARSO of the new work item for coordination and circulation to member States.

2.7 Each TC/SC shall maintain a programme of work consisting of work items (projects) that are in progress, and shall report on progress at regular intervals in the prescribed format to the sub-region via the sub-regional Harmonisation Secretariat.


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2.8 The criteria used by sub-regions to establish TCs/SCs, allocate TC secretariats, and to approve titles, scopes, programmes of work and priorities within work programmes shall include:- trade volumes within the sub-region;- the existence and extent of any technical barriers to trade;- the interest of the majority of member states; and- issues of Health, safety and Environment

2.9 The steps by which work items progress toward harmonisation shall be based on, but not necessarily identical to, ISO/IEC procedures. See in particular the latest edition of ISO/IEC directives, (Part 1 Procedures for the Technical Work).

2.10 Wherever possible, source documents shall be international standards (ISO, IEC, etc.). Where this is not possible, source documents, such as existing regional or national standards in member states, shall be such that they do not refer normatively to standards that are not readily obtainable or to legislation that is of no legal force or effect in member states.

2.11 The principle of consensus shall be applied. In cases of dispute, a formal appeal process in line with international best practice shall be followed.

2.12 The process of harmonisation shall end when, following a vote, a Final Draft Harmonised Standard (FDHS) has been approved to become a Sub-regional Harmonised Standard. The process by which individual NSBs publish the text of a Sub-regional Harmonised Standard is outside the scope of this model.

2.13 At regular intervals a formal review of each Sub-regional Harmonised Standard shall be conducted by the responsible TC/SC to determine its continued applicability, and the need to amend, revise, withdraw, etc. Wherever possible, the review shall, in the case of adopted International Standards, be timed to coincide with and take into account the international review of the source document.

2.14 The forms and other routine progress control documents for use in the harmonisation process shall be designed as necessary by the Sub regional harmonisation Secretariat, standardised and made available to other sub-regional member States. Such forms will inevitably need to be updated from time to time and are outside the scope of this model

2.15 All draft documents should be provided in a format that facilitates rapid adoption and publication.2.16 The harmonisation process shall be guided by clear procedures based on the international best

practices which shall contain the following elements:

. Scope

. References

. Definition and abbreviations

. Principles

. Responsibilities.

. Stages in the harmonisation process

. Time periods allowed for commenting and voting

. Technical corrigenda and amendments

. Systematic review of sub-regional harmonised standards

. Appeal process.


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Division PV Solar thermal Wind turbine Hydrogen/Fuel cell Hydraulic

Coincident rate (%) 95 80 50 50 50

THE STRATEGY OF STANDARDIZATION FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

Pilkyu Kim1, Jeong-jun Do1, Jun-seok Park1

1New and renewable energy assessment center, Digital industry division, Korea Testing Laboratory 723, Haean-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, Korea


The development of renewable energy is needed to solve the environmental problem such as greenhouse gas reduction. Renewable energy is recognized as the growth engine, so many countries have taken the supporting policy such as RPS and FIT. And the portion of using renewable energy will be increased up. The strategic policy on the standards is needed to spread the ripple effect and composite the stable growth condition for the related companies. In this paper we will propose the strategy of the standardization such as improvement of the standard system and expansion of proposal of the international standard.

Table 1. Status of the coincident rate between KS and international standards

References

[1] Trend in PV applications, International Energy Agency, (2012).[2] Key world energy statistics, International Energy Agency, (2012)

O-SSI-002

Oral Session

Photovoltaics

(Oral Session)


99

THE STATUS AND TRENDS OF PV INDUSTRY IN CHINA

Xu Honghua

Electrical Engineering Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences

The presentation from Pro. Xu Honghua, representative of Electrical Engineering Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, will start from the current status of China’s PV utilization and prospective during “The Twelfth Five-year Plan (2011-2015)”, and will focus on the current highlight and development trend of PV industry, market, and policies.

Figure 1. 200 MW LS-PV Power Plants in Qinghai Province

IN-PV-001


100

A STUDY OF ENERGY SAVING DESIGN OF CZOCHRALSKI PROCESS FOR SOLAR CELL SI-INGOT

Jae Hak Jung

School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University


In the solar cell industry, the cost reducing issues are high righted recently. In the case of high efficiency solar cell they need single crystal Si wafer but manufacturing single crystal ingot & wafer requires huge of energy consumption. So in this study we researched 3categoried methods of dramatically reducing the energy consumption. The fist one is energy reducing shielder design change, the second one is a study which can find out optimal heater position for maximum energy consumption and the last one is design change of graphite insulator with multi block + space concept. Finally we reached to reduce more than 20% of energy savings with three concept of optimal design change. Conventional shielder’s shape is smooth triangle type but we suggested wide vending shielder type for energy reducing. Heat consumption is related with keeping heat from outside of process. So the insulator is very important part of process. We suggested insulation space with vaccum or low pressure Ar layer between graphite insulator blocks. Heater’s position is easily installable, so we can change the heater’s position vertically any time but the optimal position of each crucible condition is not ready Known. We studied the optimal position of heater bia CG-Sim simulation procedure.

Key words: CGSim, Czochralski, Crystal growth, Shielder design change

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IMPACT OF ZN1-XMGXO:AL TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE FOR BUFFER-LESS CU(IN,GA)SE2 SOLAR CELLS

Yoshihiro Kuwahata*, Takashi Minemoto

Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga.


Buffer layers such as CdS[1,2] and ZnS[3] are used in high efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells. Eliminating buffer layer is attractive to realize low-cost thin-film solar cells by reducing fabrication process. However, the elimination of the buffer layers leads to shunting due to the interface recombination between transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and CIGS layers. To reduce interface recombination, the control of the conduction band offset (CBO) is effective. We adopted sputtered Zn1-xMgxO:Al (AZMO) as the TCO for the CBO control. Buffer-less CIGS solar cells with an Al-NiCr grid/TCO/CIGS/Mo/SLG structure using AZMO (x= 0.11) and ZnO:Al were fabricated. For comparison, CdS buffered cell was also fabricated. Fig. 1 shows the transmittance of AZMO and ZnO:Al films, showing high transmittance in visible region. The band gap energy widen with the addition of Mg to ZnO:Al. Fig. 2 shows the J-V curves for the CIGS solar cells. Compared to the buffer-less cell with ZnO:Al, the cell with AZMO film achieved higher efficiency. This result suggested that controlled CBO is important to reduce interface recombination between TCO and CIGS layers.

Figure 1. Transparency of AZMO film and plot of ( h )2 as h

Figure 2. J-V curve of buffer-less solar sells with AZMO film

References

[1] P. Jackson, et al., Prog. Photovolt. 19 (2011) 894-897.[2] I. Repins, et al., Prog. Photovolt. 16 (2008) 235-239.[3] T. Nakada, M. Mizutani, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41 (2002) L165-L167.

O-PV-002


102

DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOELECTRODES FOR SOLAR FUELS

Hyunwoong PARK

School of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea


As the costs of carbon-footprinetd fuels grow continuously and simultaneously atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration increases, solar fuels are receiving growing attention as alternative clean energy carriers. These fuels include molecular hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide produced from water, and hydrocarbons converted from carbon dioxide. For high efficiency solar fuel production, not only light absorbers (oxide semiconductors, Si, inorganic complexes, etc) should have high absorption properties but also charge separation and transfers need to occur effectively. With this in mind, this talk will introduce the fundamentals of solar fuel production and artificial photosynthesis, and then discuss in detail on photoelectrocatalytic water splitting and CO2 conversion.

O-PV-003


103

LONG-TERM STABILITY AND CHARGE TRANSPORTATION IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

Jongchul Lim, Young Soo Kwon, Sung-Hae Park, Taiho Park*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea


In both academia and industry, tremendous effort has been devoted to improving the power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to exploit their high efficiency, and low production costs. The efficiency of a DSC is determined by the short circuit current density (JSC), the open circuit voltage (VOC), and the fill factor (FF). These key parameters are strongly governed by the characteristics of the TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface, at which many electrochemical reactions occur. Modifications of the interfacial properties can alter the conduction band edge and shield the trap states of TiO2, thereby influencing VOC,JSC, and the recombination reaction of the photoinduced electrons with any oxidized species. In addition, interfacial recombination pathways act as a loss mechanism in competition with the transport processes. The photoinjected electrons in the TiO2 have two possible recombination pathways: Direct recombination with cations of the dye, or with the HTM. In this talk, I will present some modifications of heterogeneous interface using coadsorbents, organic dyes and electrolytes, influencing the energy gap (VOC) between the potential of the redox couple and the Fermi level, and discuss charge transportation phenomena in DSCs studied using nanosecond transient absorption spectrophotometer (TAS) and electrochemical impedance spectrophotometer (EIS).

References

[1] T. Park et al. Adv. Energy Mater. 2012, ASAP (DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201200437).[2] T. Park et al. Chem. Commun. 2012, ASAP (DOI:10.1039/C2CC33629D).[3] T. Park et al. Adv. Energy Mater. 2012, 2(2), 219-224. [4] T. Park et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22 (17), 8641 - 8648.[5] T. Park et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2012, 4 (6), 3141 3147.[6] T. Park et al. RSC Adv. 2012, 2(8), 3467-3472.

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ENHANCED PERFORMANCE OF DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS USING PEDOT ELECTRODEPOSIT

COUNTER ELECTRODE

Kyung Hee Park1, Hyung Jin Kim2, and Chang Kook Hong2*

1The Research Institute for Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea 2School of Applied Chemical Engineering,Chonnam National University,Gwangju, Korea


PEDOT films were coated on FTO conductive glass by electrodeposit method as counter electrode. PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) is known to be a potential replacement for Pt when used as the catalytic layer on the counter electrode, and may also be used as the hole transport material in DSSCs[1,2]. Electrode materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry, and were also fabricated into symmetrical PEDOT/I3

-/I-/PEDOT cells and characterized periodically over time using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS suggests that the superior performance of PEDOT solar cells is due to their lower charge transfer resistance between counter electrode and electrolyte. Dye sensitized solar cell utilizing PEDOT counter electrode was dependent upon polymer thickness. The highest efficiency of alternative current PEDOT based dye sensitized solar cells 4.5%. Figure 1 is SEM images of PEDOT electrode.

Figure 1. The SEM images of surface view and cross sectional view of PEDOT counter electrode.

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012010655) and also supported by the Priority Research Centers Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2011-0030747).

References

[1] J.M. Pringle, V.Armel, D.R. MacFrarlane, Chem. Commun., 46 (2010) 5367.[2] J.J. Yun, T.Y Kim, S.Y. Cho, E.M. Jin, H.B Gu, K.H. Park, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn, 41 (2008) 639.

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105

P-TYPE NICKEL OXIDE AS PHOTOCATHODE IN PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL SOLAR CELLS

Min-Ah Park1 and Kwang-Soon Ahn1*

1School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea


Most researches in dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) have been focused on a n-type TiO2-based photoanode. DSSCs using n-type semiconductors have better efficiency than p-type. However, studies of p-type DSSCs are necessary for development in studies of DSSCs. P-type semiconductors such as NiO have wide band gap and potential to combine with n-type DSSCs to tandem DSSCs. In this presentation, the photosensitizers including the quantum dots and organic dyes are attached on the p-type NiO and their photovoltaic performances will be compared and discussed.

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106

RECENT RESEARCH ON HYBRID BULK HETERO-JUNCTION SOLAR CELLS

Chinho Park* and Nguyen Tam Nguyen Truong

School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea


Historically, conventional solar cells were made from inorganic materials such as silicon. Although the efficiency of Si solar cell is high and thus occupies more than 85% of the current world photovoltaics (PV) market, it has inherent drawback in cost competitiveness because of the heavy usage of materials and energy intensive processes. Organic and hybrid solar cells can be an alternative renewable energy source in the third generation photovoltaics era.

For the last decade, many researcher groups tried to make the photovoltaic devices using the mixture of inorganic nanoparticles and conjugated polymers, combining the unique properties of inorganic nanoparticles with the film forming properties of conjugated polymer [1]. Up to now, these inorganic-organic hybrid solar cells have a low power conversion efficiency of ~3%. However, they have drawn a great interest in the PV society due to the advantage of their high optical absorption, low-cost, simple to fabricate, and major pay back [2]. The structure of the device is called hybrid, because the active layer consists of a blend of electron donor polymer and electron acceptor inorganic nanoparticles such as CdSe [3], CdTe [4], CdS [5], ZnO [6]. These inorganic nanoparticles have various structures such as spheres, nanorods, elongated spheres, hyperbranched nanostructures and tetrapods. Enormous efforts have been made and reported in the literature for higher absorption and improved percolation pathways for electron transport in the hybrid structure design.

In this presentation, we will discuss the recent progress and outlook of hybrid bulk hetero-junction solar cell research, covering the basic principles, nanoparticle synthesis including the effects of surfactant ligand on the size and optoelectronic properties, development of long wavelength conjugated polymers as well as the device performance.

Key words: Bulk hetero-junction, Solar cell, Hybrid, Nanoparticle, Tetrapod

References

[1] E. Arici, D. Meissner, F. Schaffler, N. S. Sariciftci, Int. J. Photoenergy, 5, 199-203 (2003).[2] C.J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci and J. C. Hummelen, Adv. Funct. Mater, 11, 15-26 (2001).[3] S. Dayal, N. Kopidakis, D. C. Olson, D. S. Ginley and G. Rumbles, Nano Lett, 11, 239-242 (2010).[4] S. Kumar and T. Nann, J. Mater. Res, 19, 1990-1994 (2004).[5] H. N. Cong, M. Dieng, C. Sene and P. Chartier, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 63, 23-35 (2000).[6] H. D. Oosterhout, L. J. A. Koster and R. A. J. Janssen, Adv. Energy Mater, 1, 90-96 (2011).

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HIGHLY EFFICIENCY INORGANIC/ORGANIC HYBRID TANDEM SOLAR CELLS

Jae-Wook KANG, and Chang Su KIM

Advanced Functional Thin Films Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Korea


We have designed and fabricated high-performance a-Si/organic hybrid tandem solar cells and investigated the effects of interlayer combination and thickness matching on the device performance. The obtained results indicate that the ITO/PEDOT:PSS interlayer can provide an efficient recombination region for electrons and holes generated from the top and bottom cells, owing to the formation of superior ohmic contacts. Furthermore, the optical transmission through the bottom inorganic solar cell was optimized to maximize the optical absorption of the top organic solar cell. The power conversion efficiency of the optimized hybrid tandem solar cells reached a maximum PCE of 5.72% and the measured Voc was 1.42V, reaching 92% of the sum of the subcell Voc values. This study opens up a new direction towards the achievement of a universal optimal device layout and provides the potential to further enhance the efficiency of future hybrid tandem solar cells. [1].

Figure 1. (a) High-resolution TEM cross-sectional image and the corresponding device structure of the hybrid tandem solar cell. (d) J-V characteristics of organic, inorganic single solar cells and hybrid tandem solar cells under illumination (100 mW/cm2).

References

[1] J.H. Seo, D.-H. Kim, S.-H. Kwon, M. Song, M.-S. Choi, S.Y. Ryu, H.W. Lee, Y.C. Park, J.-D. Kwon, K.-S. Nam, Y. Jeong, J.-W. Kang* and C.S. Kim* “High efficiency inorganic/organic hybrid tandem solar cells” Advanced Materials 24 (2012) 4523.

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ON THE STABILITY OF POLYMER SOLAR CELLS

Hwajeong KIM1,2, Joonhyeon KIM1, Jaehoon JEONG1, Sungho NAM1, and Youngkyoo KIM1*

1Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

2Priority Research Center (NRF), Research Institute for Advanced Energy Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea


Recently polymer solar cells have attracted great attention because of their viable potential for low-cost plastic solar modules. The viability of the low-cost polymer solar modules can be ascribed to the room temperature process for polymer layer coating steps using polymer solutions. In addition, the top electrode layers can be also coated using metallic inks at atmospheric conditions without use of vacuum systems. Furthermore, the speedy production of film-type plastic solar modules can be realized by employing the roll-to-roll processes using plastic film substrates that are rolled compactly. For the commercialization of such plastic solar modules, however, the stability and/or lifetime of polymer solar cells should be critically examined though their applications can be diversified with various applications such as mobile devices, indoor intruments, short-time outdoor systems, etc. In this regard, we investigated the stability and lifetime of polymer solar cells in a type of normal and inverted device structures. In particular, we tried to overcome the low stability issues in the material aspect. This talk will discuss on a couple of methods for extending the lifetime of polymer solar cells.

0.32

0.33

0.34

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

50

51

52

FF (%

)

Exposure Time (hr)

RS (

kΩ)

Figure 1. Initial performance change (fill factor and series resistance) as a function of exposure time for polymer:fullerene solar cells.

References

[1] Y. Kim, S. Cook, S. M. Tuladhar, S. A. Choulis, J. Nelson, J. R. Durrant, D. D. C. Bradley, M. Giles, I. McCulloch, C.-S. Ha, M. Ree, Nat. Mater. 5 (2006) 197.

[2] H. Kim, M. Shin, J. Park and Y. Kim, ChemSusChem 3 (2010) 476.[3] H. Kim, S. Nam, H. Lee, S. Woo, C.-S. Ha, M. Ree and Y. Kim, J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 13502.[4] J. Kim, S. Lee, S. Nam, H. Lee, H. Kim and Y. Kim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 (2012) 5300.

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DEVELOPMENTS OF PHOTOSENSITIZERS TO ENHANCE PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE ON

DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

Hyo Jung HEO, Sok Kyun CHOI, Dae Young JUNG, Mi Ran JUNG, Jae Hong KIM*

School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea


After the historic paper on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was published in 1991 by M. Grätzel et al., DSSCs have been widely investigated because of their special features such as low-cost fabrication with fairly high solar energy-to-conversion efficiencies relative to conventional p-n junction solar cells [1, 2]. Up to now, high performance and good stability of DSSCs based on Ru-dyes as a photosensitizer had been widely reported. The Ru-dyes, Ru-bipyridyl complexes (N3 and N719) have achieved power conversion efficiencies up to 11.2 % and 10.4 %, respectively [3, 4]. However, the Ru-complexes have the problem of manufacturing costs and environmental issues. In order to obtain the cheaper photosensitizers for the DSSC, the metal-free organic photosensitizers are strongly desired. The metal-free organic dyes offer superior molar extinction coefficients, low cost, and diverse molecular structures as compared to the conventional Ru-based dyes.

In this study, we have synthesized new organic photo-sensitizers with Multi-acceptors which control the energy band gap and increase the electron transfer to conduction band of TiO2. And alkyl chains and cross-linkers were introduced to the organic dyes for controlling the dye aggregation which could decrease the conversion efficiency on dye-sensitized solar cells. These organic dyes were characterized for the application of dye-sensitized solar cells.

Also, we have demonstrated Först resonance energy transfer (FRET) in the quasi-solid dye sensitized solar cells between organic fluorescence materials as an energy donor doped in fluorine polymer gel electrolyte and organic dye as energy acceptor in quasi-solid electrolyte.

References

[1] B. O’Regan and M. Grätzel, Nature (1991) 353, 737.[2] M. Grätzel, Nature (2001) 414, 338.[3] M. K. Nazeeruddin, F. D. Anelis, S. Fantacci, A. Selloni, G. Viscardi, P. Liska, S. Ito, B. Takeru, M.

Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2005) 127, 16835.[4] M. K. Nazeeruddin, P. Péchy, T. Renouard, S. M. Zakeeruddin, R. H. Baker, P. Comte, P. Liska, L.

Cevey, E. Costa, V. Shklover, L. Spiccia, G. B. Deacon, C. A. Bignozzi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2001) 123, 1613.

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CONTROLL OF TIO2 STRUCTURE FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY SOLID-STATE DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

Dong Kyu Roh1, Won Seok Chi1, Sung Hoon Ahn1, Jin Ah Seo1, Harim Jeon1 and Jong Hak Kim1*

1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea


As global warming has intensified, more attention has been placed on sustainable and renewable energy sources such as solar cells. Since the announcement of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by O’Regan and Gratzel in 1991 [1], DSSCs have received significant attention as promising next generation solar devices due to their high photoconversion efficiency, low cost, and facile fabrication process. The advantage of the nanoparticulate TiO2 porous film is the large surface area for dye adsorption; however, the trap-limited diffusion of electron transport often limits the efficiency. To improve the photoconversion efficiency by promoting rapid electron transport and scattering effect, nanostructured TiO2 including nanowires (TNW), nanotubes (TNT) (Fig. 1) and mesoporous beads (Fig. 2) are synthesized. One-dimensional (1D) TiO2

compounds such as nanowires and nanotubes were investigated as a photoelectrode to enhance electron transport [2, 3]. Mesoporous TiO2 beads with a submicrometre-sized diameter and monodispersity are of particular interest because they can simultaneously promote light scattering and dye loading of electrodes, thereby increasing the photon-to current conversion efficiency [4, 5].

Figure 1. Surface SEM images of TNW and TNT with different sizes prepared using PC membranes as a template.

Figure 2. Surface SEM images of mesoporous TiO2

beads

References

[1] B. O’Regan and M. Gratzel, Nature, 1991, 353, 737.[2] J. R. Jennings, A. Ghicov, L. M. Peter, P. Schmuki and A. B. Walker, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130,

13364.[3] T. Krishnamoorthy, V. Thavasi, G. M. Subodh and S. Ramakrishna, Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, 4, 2807.[4] D. Chen, F. Huang, Y. B. Cheng and R. A. Caruso, Adv. Mater., 2009, 21, 2206.[5] Y. Chen, F. Huang, D. Chen, L. Cao, X. L. Zhang, R. A. Caruso and Y. B. Cheng, ChemSusChem,

2011, 4, 1498.

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111

ENERGY YIELD OF DIFFERENT PV MODULE TECHNOLOGIES AND INFLUENCING FACTORS

SooBong Lim

TUV Rheinland

Comprehensive investigations of different thin-film technologies (a-Si, a-Si/-Si, a-Si/a-Si, CIS, CIGS and CdTe) as well as crystalline technologies (mono- and polycrystalline) were performed in the laboratory and outdoors. Measurements according to IEC 61853-1and IEC 61646 were performed to determine the temperature and low irradiation behavior of each technology. In addition, spectral response measurements were performed for single-junction and multi-junction cells in order to characterize the spectral behavior of each technology. To measure the energy yield the specimens were exposed at a test-site for long-term outdoor testing. High-precision measurement equipment yielded a large database of indoor and outdoor module characteristics and measurements of even small effects, in order to quantify their effects on the energy yield for the test site in Cologne, Germany.

1. INTRODUCTION

Many different PV module technologies are available on the market. Given semi-conductors for generating the photo-current there remain principally four types of modules. Based on a-Si, CdTe, CI(G)S and c-Si cells, these modules perform differently under different climatic conditions. PV modules should be optimized for the highest energy yield under real climatic outdoor conditions. Typically the performance of PV modules is classified by just one single value; the nominal power at standard test conditions PMax,STC. Several individual factors must be considered in addition to the STC-performance in order to obtain a more realistic evaluation of the prospective energy yield. Besides the non-trivial determination of the nominal power for each technology, primarily four factors are crucial in calculating comparable specific energy yields for specimens of different power classes and thereby achieving a good ranking in energy yield comparisons: the weighted average module temperature in combination with the negative influence of the temperature coefficient TC , the non-linear low irradiance behavior of PMax at constant spectral conditions, the dependence of PMax on changes of the spectral distribution of sunlight and the instability of the nominal power of certain technologies. The following sections discuss the details of these factors and their effects on the energy yield. Additional factors such as differences in angle dependence and soiling will be treated only briefly.

Besides the outdoor tests, an extensive indoor characterization at the laboratory of TÜV Rheinland, Cologne, was performed before and after the exposure. These indoor measurements included, among other items, determination of the nominal power in the irradiance range of 100 W/m² ~ 1100 W/m² and temperature range of 15°C ~ 75°C at constant spectrum according to IEC 61853-1 and determination of the spectral response (SR) curve.

2. SUMMARY

Modules of different technologies and designs were intensively investigated indoors and outdoors. Module characteristics were measured and their influence on the energy yield quantified. The difference in the module performance under real outdoor conditions was significant for the investigated specimens (12%). The most influential factor for the test site location in Cologne was found to be the low irradiance behavior, with losses in the yield of up to -10% for south-mounted modules tilted 35°. This effect becomes even greater for less favorable mountings. The low irradiance behavior does not depend on the semi-conductor employed but on the module type. Advantages of thin-film technology could not be confirmed. The second

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important factor is the temperature behavior, with differences occurring in the yield of up to 1.8% because of the module design and up to -4% because of the temperature coefficient. The best temperature coefficients have been reached by the thin-film technology CdTe followed by some a-Si modules. Gains in the yield because of the spectral distribution can only be generated by some a-Si and CdTe modules. Depending on the spectral response of the specimen, the positive effects can be as much as 3% (a-Si) and 1% (CdTe). Losses caused by current mismatching among tandem modules are significant but difficult to quantify. The stabilization procedure according IEC 61646 proved to be insufficient for a-Si and inadequate for the other technologies. Despite the stabilization prior to the yield measurements, power losses of up to 12% were monitored. Especially for a-Si modules additional losses due to the Staebler-Wronski effect must be considered. To obtain a more accurately estimated energy yield, the measuring uncertainty in the PMax

determination must be further reduced, preconditioning methods for thin-film must be adapted, different mounting angles and orientations must be analyzed and studies in other climatic regions must be performed.


113

PHTOTOVPLTAIC SYSTEMS IN UNIVERSITY OF MIYAZAKI

Kenji Yoshino1*, Kensuke Nishioka1, Atsuhiko Fukuyama1, Hidetoshii Suzuki2

1Department of Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan 2Interdisciplinary Research Organization, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan


Electric power generated by solar cells, different from thermal power plants, cannot directly control production of electricity. Thus, a variety of peripheral technologies are essential to optimally combine, 1) power generated by solar cells and 2) user-side systems, e.g., technologies for forecasting production of electricity, and system design for optimization of storage battery suitable to user-side-demand.

Dating back well over a decade, the University of Miyazaki has been developing CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) solar cells. In particular, as for the development of solar cells with non-vacuum process utilizing spray technology, the University of Miyazaki has shown excellent results. These days, the University of Miyazaki has succeeded to fabricate CIGS target, superstrate-type solar cells.

It is critical to analyze output characteristics of CPV cells under a practical environment, as being grand new solar cells with few field trials. The University of Miyazaki optimizes a system design of CPV cells (Figure 1) through simulation, and has been evaluating output characteristics of two 14-kW CPV generation systems installed at its campus. Furthermore, three kinds of cells such as CIGS, polycrystalline Si and amorphous Si are also installed at the campus (total is 151 kW) and also have been evaluating output characteristics.

Figure 1. 14-kW CPV system in University of Miyazaki

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114

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ULTRA-THIN CONCENTRATOR FOR A CPV MODULE USING THE TIR FRESNEL LENS

Sungbin Kim1, Sangkyoung Oh1, Jangkyun Kim1, Chankyu Park1, Jaehak Jung2,Yujin Jung2 and Byungwook Kim1

1Anycasting, +82-2-3665-2493, Seoul, Korea, 2Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea

* Corresponding author: [email protected],

1. Introduction

The traditional concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module uses refractive fresnel lens to achieve point-focusing optical concentration which requires a minimum focal distance over certain length to provide the maximum light transmittance effeciency for the Fresnel lens [1]. For this reason, the longer focal length means the larger module thickness, which in turn results in increase in material used for the module housing, increased weight of the PV module, and causes subsequent higher manufacturing cost and becomes a major factor working against the pricing competitiveness of the module.

This paper looks at the primary optic element (POE) and the secondary concentrator (SOE, Secondary Optic Element) which are the components of the concentrator for CPV module to study the incident plane of sunlight and its total internal reflection (TIR) and refraction components, and construct a dual-purpose optical structure of a solar concentrator that combines refraction and TIR [2],which presents a concentrator that provides a highly optimized structural design for CPV module while maintaining the unique characteristics of the high-efficiency CPV technology, and proposes a new optical structure for an ultra-thin, high-efficiency concentrator CPV that will improve the current production level to below 50mm. This study will construct a sample based on high-precision plastic molding technology (POE) and glass direct molding technology (SOE) and evaluate its commercial possibilities.

2. Fabrication and Experimental Results

The traditional CPV shown in <Figure 1> brings solar concentration to a point using the refractive characteristics of the solar input through a Fresnel lens and the CPV based on TIR Fresnel lens implements solar concentration based on TIR. The TIR type CPV module can change the light direction after through the light source by use of a combination of TIR type POE and a combined reflection-TIR SOE that sends uniformly directed light through solar cell.

The TIR type POE presented in this research as shown in <Figure 2> implements an additional convex type of pattern at the upper surface of the stepper Fresnel lens that provides a localized light concentration effect and it also minimizes the effect of the tip radius of groove pattern and draft angle that reduce the major cause of the reduction in efficiency of light penetration through the lens during plastic lens injection molding process and provides a better structural design for improved injection output. The reflection-TIR combinational type takes the center light source from POE to SOE by the refraction method and the light source coming toward the periphery of the SOE are separately passed through to solar cell by the TIR method which significantly reduces the separation distance between POE and SOE and makes it possible to build a thinner CPV module.

The POE is built with Anycasting’s own digital mold temperature control (DMTC) injection molding technology. The DMTC injection molding technology keeps the mold surface temperature constant by digitally-controlled heating/cooling system which provides a strong advantage in producing high-precision and highly-intricate mold products compared to the general purpose molding technology.

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The SOE is built using the glass direct press molding technology which uses glass material heated to glass transition temperature and molded in high-pressure and heat-resistant mold. The Glass Direct Press molding is a commercialized technology used in manufacturing projection-type automobile headlamps which is suitable for low-cost, non-spherical lens surface products but has many restrictions in pressure-molding conducted in ambient temperature. In this study, the glass direct press molding technology’s limiting factors in shape formation is well understood and it has been included in the design by which a low-cost implementation with glass object molding technology is made possible.

The POE and SOE’s maximum light transmission efficiency has been measured with the initial sample and it exhibited POE at 85%, SOE 87% and there about. It is also a little bit lower than the designed efficiency for each element. The difference is believed to come from the difference in sample molding dimensions and the design values.

3. Conclusion and Future work

This paper has attempted a step forward to the ultra-thin CPV module design based on TIR Fresnel lens. With further improvements in the future on the optimized object and the molding precision parameters for the TIR type concentrator, the ultra-thin CPV module will be developed to verify the measured sample values with an optimum light concentration distance calculated by system computational value and furthermore, to reach the current commercial CPV module’s light conversion efficiency.

Figure 1. CPV projection based on TIR Optics

Figure 2. Design for dependency reduction in TIR’s sunlight transmission efficiency

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the New & Renewable Energy of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy.

References

[1] R. Lesutz, A. Suzuki (2001). Nonimaging Fresnel lens : Design and performance of solar concentrator, Springer.

[2] Lei Jing, Hua Liu, Zhenwu Lu, Hongsheng Wu, He Wang, and Jianlin Xu (2012). Design of novel compound fresnel lens for high-performance photovoltaic concentrator. Photoenergy, Vol. 2012. 630692.

[3] R. Herrero, M. Victoria, S. Askins, C. Dominguez, I, Anton, G. Sala and J. Berrios (2010). Indoor characterization of multi-junction solar cells under non uniform light patterns. Proc. CPV-6, Freiburg.


116

THE SOLAR MODULE WITH FLEXIBLE SOLAR CELL AND OFF-GRID SOLAR APPLICATION SYSTEM STUDY

Goh, ingab

ETA Co., Ltd.

This presentation will try to introduce flexible solar module with spherical silicon solar cell and talk about off-grid solar application system. Recently, the demand increasing rate of crystalline solar cells is slowing down, and proportion of thin-film solar cell market has been increasing. Spherical silicon solar cell is made with crystalline silicon, but it can be flexible, like the thin-film solar cell. This flexible solar module can be installed where a curved surface or weight constraints. We will show how it can be useful in flexible modules.

The need for off-grid system is also increased with the appearance of Micro-Grid and Prosumer. Off-grid system is operated independently without being connected to the power grid system. This presentation introduce some application examples of off-grid system and suggest the direction of development of photovoltaic industry.

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Wind Energy

(Oral Session)


119

FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION OF SMALL WIND TURBINE COMPOSITE BLADE BASED ON WIND SPEED HISTORY

Ji-Won Jin1, Jang Ho Lee1, and Ki Weon Kang1*

1School of Mechanical Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Korea


This paper deals with fatigue life prediction for composite blade used in small wind turbine. Firstly, the wind time history(averaged data over 2second) was monitored at Kunsan National Industrial Complex. And bending moment distributions along blade length were calculated using the beam element momentum theory for used airfoil. Combining the wind history and bending moment distributions give us a bending moment spectrum (Fig. 1). Next, the fatigue critical locations(FCLs) were identified using finite element analysis under loading condition of rated wind speed. At these FCLs, ply stresses were derived when the unit bending moment are applied. And combining bending moment spectrum and relationship between ply stress and unit bending moment relationship, we obtained the fatigue stress spectrum at FCLs (Fig. 2). The composite material used here is E-glass/epoxy material DBL600E. This is non crimp triaxial materials with stands of 0o, +45o and +45o fiber stands. And constant amplitude fatigue tests were performed under stress ratio R=0.1 using hydraulic fatigue testing machine. To obtain the Markov matrix, the rainflow cycle counting method was applied to fatigue stress-spectrum. Finally, Goodman’s equation and Miner’s rule[1] were applied to Markov matrix and fatigue damage rate per each stress block was evaluated. Table 1 shows the estimated fatigue life of composite blades at FCLs. From the table, it can be seen that the composite blades used here has the service life more that 20 years.

Figure 1. Measured wind history Figure 2. Evaluated fatigue stress spectrum

Table 1 Estimated fatigue life of composite blades

FCL 1 FCL 2Damage for 1 block 6.11E-05 5.99E-11

Fatigue life(years) 3.28E+05 3.34E+11

Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by by the Human Resources Development of the KETEP grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy (No. 2012H100100095).

References

[1] M. A. Miner, Cumulative Damage in Fatigue. Trans. ASME 67(1945): A159

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120

AERODYNAMIC AND AEROACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FLATBACK AIRFOILS FOR USE ON

LARGE WIND TURBINES

Tae Hyung KIM1*, Min U JEON1, Hyung Ki SHIN2, and Soo Gab LEE1

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea


The flatback airfoil is used for the inboard region of large wind turbines blades to meet structural requirements. The drawbacks are supposed to increase the base drag and generate the trailing edge vortex shedding noise. The objectives of our research are to investigate the noise effects of flatback airfoils which are applied to the wind turbine blades. We predicted the tonal and broadband noise characteristics generated by the flow past flatback airfoils using BPM(Brooks, Pope and Marcolini) model and a hybrid zonal RANS-LES(Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes and Large Eddy Simulation) method. A multi-domain decomposition is considered, where the acoustic sources are resolved with a LES sub-domain embedded in the RANS domain. A stochastic vortex method is applied to generate synthetic turbulent perturbations for the boundary conditions at the RANS-LES interfaces. The DU97-flatback airfoil [1] generates a prominent quasi-tone of 73 dB at 156 Hz numerically while the wind tunnel tests showed vortex shedding peak of 94 dB at 153 Hz. The peak frequency prediction shows good agreement with the experiments. The noise contribution of a flatback blade is predicted using a modified NREL Phase VI rotor [2]. The streamwise sectional angles of attack and free stream velocities are calculated by unsteady blade element momentum theory. The trailing edge scattering noise shows overwhelming superiority but the flatback noise generates a prominent quasi-tone at the low wind speeds. The tonal frequency and amplitude are relatively sensitive to angle of attack and wind speed.

Figure 1. Sound pressure level (DU97-flatback) Figure 2. Noise spectrum (modified NREL Phase VI rotor)

References

[1] D.E. Berg and J.R. Zayas, Aerodynamic and Aeroacoustic Properties of Flatback Airfoils, 46th AIAA Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit, 7-10 January 2008, Reno, Nevada

[2] D.D. Chao, C.P. van Dam, Computational Aerodynamic Analysis of a Blunt Trailing-edge Airfoil Modification to the NREL Phase VI Rotor, Wind Energy, Vol.10 (529-550), 2007

O-WE-002


121

INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF A CROSS FLOW TYPE WIND TURBINE

Joji WATA and Young Ho LEE*

Department of Mechanical & Energy Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime University


Cross flow turbines are primarily used in hydro power applications to produce power at small run of the river operations at low and medium heads. An advantage of this type of turbine is the simplicity and cheap cost of manufacturing the turbine. In addition, the turbine is less dependent on the flow rate of than other hydro turbines. Previous studies by Shigemitsu et al [1] and Kishinami et al [2] have shown that cross flow turbines in wind applications have high torque coefficients at low tip speed ratios, good self-starting characteristics, low noise and high stability. While these characteristics are attractive for urban areas, the major disadvantage is that the max power coefficient of the turbine is very low (approximately 0.1) compared to other types of turbines. These previous studies investigated various methods to increase the maximum power coefficient to about 0.2 [Fig.1]. This paper investigates the effect of the addition of a nozzle and the diffuser on the performance characteristics of the turbine. Moreover, the parameters for increasing the maximum coefficient of power of the cross flow type turbine through the use of a nozzle and diffuser will be investigated. Finally, the performance characteristics of the cross flow type wind turbine will be compared to a horizontal axis wind turbine of similar power output.

Figure 1. Performance curves of a cross flow turbine tested in [1,2]. Both studies improved maximum Cp to approximately0.2.

References

[1] T.Shigemitsu, J.Fukutomi and Y.Takeyama. Study on performance Improvement of Cross Flow Wind Turbine with Symmetrical Casing. Journal of Environment and Engineering. Vol 4(3), 2009. 490-501.

[2] K.Kishinami, J.Sukuki, N.Kon, H.Ambarita, Y.Muramatu, K.Hirama and H.Ibano. Experimental Study on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Cross Flow Type of Wind turbine with New Advanced Guide Vanes. Renewable Energy 2006 Proceedings. 976-979.

O-WE-003


122

AUGMENTATION OF WIND POWER GENERATION DUE TO DYKE

Hyun Goo KIM1*, Bong-Hee LEE2, Young Cheol HA2, Seok Bum KIM3 and Wan Ho JEON3

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2Kumho National Institute of Technology, Goomi, Korea

3Division of Renewable Energy, CEDIC Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea


Along with the accelerated dissemination of wind power generation, the cases of constructing wind farms on or behind the dykes of seashore have appeared. In case of Korea, Goonjang Wind Farm, Nue-Island Wind Farm and Saemangeum Wind Farm (scheduled) are the examples of these. Goonjang Wind Farm which is composed of 6 x 750kW and 4 x 850kW wind turbines has been constructed in 2002 at the Goonjang Industrial Complex, Goonsan-City, Bieongdo-Dong. These wind turbines are located at leeward side from dyke with respect to the prevailing westerly wind in a west coastline of Korea. While these wind farms can expect the benefit of power output increase as the wind speed gets accelerated as the wind blowing from the sea passes through this dyke, the unsteadiness due to local flow separation generated at the leeside of dyke or negative effect due to turbulence augmentation are becoming concern. Accordingly, this study has investigated on the positive and negative effect of atmospheric boundary layer transformed due to dyke on the wind farm by performing a wind tunnel experiment on Goonjang Wind Farm. During wind tunnel experiment, the problem of inconsistent Reynolds number followed by use of 1/100 down-scaled model was solved by the method of broad interpretation as actual scale after comparing and validating with wind tunnel experiment using computational flow analysis. This study carried out a 1/100 down-scaled wind tunnel experiment and the corresponding computational flow analysis to figure out speed-up characteristics due to the effect of dyke quantitatively which would contribute to augmentation of wind power generation. The vertical wind speed profile at a wind turbine location beyond dyke where wind speed up especially at a lower part of wind turbine blades is noticeable. This speed up makes a wind speed profile to be uniform with respect to a wind turbine blade, and accordingly increase efficient of wind power generation. The wind speedup distribution at a vertical cross-section is analyzed when an inflow angle of 22.5 degree with respect to the span axis of dyke and for ebb tide situation. It is also found that the maximum wind speed up occurs at the lower part of wind turbine blades which contributes flattening a wind speed profile. Comparing with an inflow angle of 0 degree case, wind speedup is getting larger when an inflow angle increases to 11.25 and 22.5 degrees. In a conclusion, it is obvious that a dyke positively contributes to wind power generation efficient by increasing wind speed at the lower part of wind turbine blades.

O-WE-004


123

THE INTRODUCTION OF CHINESE WIND ENERGY INDUSTRY

Shen Dechang

Chinese wind energy equipment association


Abstract: In 2011, Chinese wind power industry still developed very fast to compare with USA and Europe, the new installation capacity of WTGS was approached to 17.3GW. And total accumulated installation capacity has reached to 63GW by the end of 2011. About 30 WTGS manufacturers located in China can provide qualified products of WTGS to market. The lowest price of WTGS(excluding tower and basement) has dropped to 572USD/kW by the end of 2011. Chinese wind power industry will develop steadily & reasoning from now to 2020. 3MW double feed WTGS have been used on off shore wind farms and 2.5MW direct driveWTGS have been used on Intertidal wind farms. Several 5MW and 6MW WTGS have been developed for near future application on off shore wind farms, WTGS become Larger and enterprises become internationalization is an inevitable trend. It is predicted that the accumulated installation capacity of WTGS will reach to 200GW by the end of 2020 in China. Looking for overseas market will be a big task for Chinese WTGS manufacturers. According to the real situation of Chinese wind power industry, the paper analysis the development future of Chinese large-size wind generator Manufacturing industry objectively.

Figure 1. The typical Chinese wind farm

IN-WE-001


124

LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER AIRFOIL OPTIMIZATION FOR SMALL WIND TURBINES USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

Krishnil R RAM, Sunil Lal, M. Rafiuddin AHMED*



Small wind turbines are fast becoming an economical and practical solution to energy woes in small communities and developing countries. However there is still a lack of airfoils suitable for small wind turbines as the blade cross sections encounter low Reynolds numbers during operation. This study looks at developing new airfoils for use in small wind turbines. A Genetic Algorithm optimization is used to optimize the lift and drag characteristics of the airfoils at low Reynolds numbers. The airfoil is parameterized using a composite Bezier curve function using 11 control points which are optimized. XFOIL is used as the flow solver in this study and the upper surface transition point is fixed in the airfoils during optimization. Fixing the transition point allows the simulation of soiling which is common in turbine operation. The optimization is carried out at multiple angles of attack ranging from 0 to 12 degrees. To factor in structural strength, the airfoil thickness is constrained to remain between 8% to 12% for USP08 optimization and between 12 to 20% for USP09 optimization. USP09 is developed for use near the root region of the blade. The resulting airfoils USP08 and USP09 are studies in detail using XFOIL, RFOIL and ANSYS CFX. The results are also validated using wind tunnel experiments at Re= 150,000 and 250,000. Smoke flow visualization is also carried out on the airfoils to better under stand the flow past the optimized airfoils.

Figure 1. Genetic Algorithm airfoil optimization flow chart. The GA code has been written in C++ programming language

O-WE-005


125

UNSTEADY AERODYNAMICS OF OFFSHORE FLOATING WIND TURBINES IN PLATFORM PITCHING MOTION

USING VORTEX LATTICE METHOD

Min U JEON1, Seung Min LEE2, and Soo Gab LEE3*

1Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea3Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


In deeper sea, an offshore floating wind turbine (OFWT) is promising generator concept. Because floating platform has been used in oil industry, it is a proven and convincing technology. While fixed wind turbine has simple flow state, the OFWT has complex flow states during floating platform motion. So far, as conventional wind turbine aerodynamic analysis tool, which is called blade element momentum theory (BEMT), had been predicted only in windmill brake state of fixed wind turbines, it is questionable if this model is sufficiently accurate in highly unsteady conditions such as floating shear. The aim of this paper is to investigate unsteady aerodynamics of OFWT and show limitations of BEMT analysis. Finally, vortex lattice method (VLM), which is a more physical and advanced aerodynamic analysis model, is suggested.

References

[1] S.Gupta, J.Leishman, “Comparison Of Momentum And Vortex Methods For The Aerodynamic Analysis Of Wind Turbines”, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2005

[2] J.Leishman, “Challenges in modeling the unsteady aerodynamics of wind turbines”, Wind Energy, 5(2002), pp. 85-132.

[3] X. Shen, X. C. Zhu, and Z. H. Du, “Wind turbine aerodynamics and loads control in wind shear flow,” Energy, 36(2011), pp.1424-1434.

[4] Jonkman, J.M., “Dynamics of offshore floating wind turbines - model development and verification”, Wind Energy 12(5), 2009, p. 459-492.

[5] J.Jonkman, S.Butterfield, W.Musial and G.Scott, “Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development”, 2009, NREL

[6] J.Leishman, “Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics”, Cambridge University Press.

O-WE-006


126

A FULL SCALE PREDICTION METHOD FOR WIND TURBINE ROTOR NOISE BY USING WIND TUNNEL TEST DATA

Jaeha RYI1, Jong-Soo CHOI1, Seunghoon LEE2, Soogab LEE2

1Department of Aerospace Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea2School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


The development of low noise wind turbine rotor and propeller is often an effective cost and a race against time appropriate to build and test small scale rotor instead of expensive full scale rotor. The issue of this approach has to do with interpretation of wind tunnel model test data in terms of both the frequency band and sound pressure level information for noise scaling effect.

This paper discusses a prediction method for estimation of the noise generated from a full scale wind turbine rotor by using the wind tunnel test data measured with both a small scale rotor and a 2-D section of the blade. The 2-D airfoil self-noise and the scaled rotor noise investigated with a series of wind tunnel experiment. The wind tunnel data post-processing is then considered in four parts : removal of test condition effect, scaling to full scale, consider wind turbine rotor operating conditions and the most important terms of full scale rotor noise is adjustments for differences between wind tunnel test conditions and full scale operating conditions.

A full scale rotor noise prediction results comparison is performed by initially dividing the test conditions into a condition of 2-D section noise test and a condition of small scale rotor noise test.(Fig 1) Based on the airfoil section, the rotor is selected from a blade section at r R=0.75. The small scale rotor is scaled down by a factor of 5.71 for the wind tunnel test. [1]

Finally, it is confirmed that full scale rotor noise data is compared with wind tunnel test data by using a scaling prediction method.

Figure 1. Configuration of wind tunnel test stand at airfoil experiment and the wind turbine test in Chungnam National University.

References

[1] Seunghoon Lee, Soogab Lee, Jaeha Ryi, Jong-soo Choi, “Optimization of wind turbine blades for reduction of airfoil self-noise” 1st Asia-Pacific Forum on Renewable Energy 16th(Wed.)~19th(Sat.) November, 2011 Grand Hotel, Busan, KOREA

O-WE-007


127

EFFECT OF BOND THICKNESS ON THE STRENGTH OF ADHESIVE JOINT IN WIND TURBINE BLADE

Yeong Mi JI1, and Kyung Seop HAN1*

1Graduate school of Wind Energy, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea


Composite wind turbine blade joining method is adhesive bonding. Bond line thickness of adhesive joint in large scale wind turbine blade is thick and undergoes complex loading. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the strength of joint which represent wind blade joint. The objective of this paper is to investigate the performance of adhesive joints of glass/epoxy wind turbine blade subjected to combined bending and tension loadings. The influence of bond line thickness was examined in terms of joint strength. Results of static test on adhesive joint is presented and discussed.

References

[1] G. Di Bella, C. Borsellino, E. Pollicino, V.F. Ruisi, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 30 (2010) 347.

[2] L. Goglio, M. Rossetto, E. Dragoni, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 28 (2008) 427.[3] H.S.D. Mattos, A.H. Monteiro, R. Palazzetti, Materials & Design, 33 (2012) 242.[4] H. Osnes, D. McGeorge, Composites Part B-Engineering, 40 (2009) 29.[5] F.L. Ribeiro, L. Borges, J.R.M. d’Almeida, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 31 (2011)

331.

O-WE-008


128

WIND TUNNEL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SAVONIUS-TYPE WIND TURBINE

Hyun Bong YANG1, Hee Chang LIM2*

1School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea


This paper presents the performance of a Savonius-type vertical axis wind turbine which was measured by a 2m×2m large-scale wind tunnel. The usual thought for the helical savonius rotor is that it has a better stability compared with standard flat-shaped savonius rotor in the aspect of getting the noise and performance. In order to get an optimized angle and shape of a helical blade, the measurement for four different helical angle and three different aspect ratios were systematically made. We analyzed the coefficient of power and torque to understand the performance characteristics of savonius wind turbine by using a tachometer and a torque sensor. The results indicated that helical savonius wind turbine of the aspect ratio of 1 and the helical angle of 45° shows the best performance.

O-WE-009


129

SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS FOR WIND ENERGY APPLICATIONS USING MRAS AND ASO

Ill Woo Jeong1, Won Shik Choi2, Ki Hyun Park3, Hyun Chul Park4

1Graduate School of Wind Energy, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea2Graduate School of Wind Energy, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea

3Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Korea4Graduate School of Wind Energy, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea

Speed sensorless modes of operation are becoming standard solution in the area of electric drives. This paper presents flux estimator and speed estimator for the speed sensorelss vector control of induction motors. The proposed sensorless methods are based on the MRAS (Model Reference Adaptive System)[1] and ASO (Adaptive Speed Observer)[2]. The proposed speed estimation algorithm can be employed in the power control of grid connected induction generator for wind power applications. Two proposed schemes are verified through computer simulation PSIM and compared their simulation results.

References

[1] Cárdenas, R., “Sensorless Vector Control of Induction Machines for Variable-Speed Wind Energy Applications”, IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, vol.19, issue 1, pp196-205, March 2004

[2] Maes, J., “Speed-Sensorless Direct Torque Control of Induction Motors Using an Adaptive Flux Observer”, IEEE Trans Industry Applications, vol.36, issue 3, pp 778-785, May/Jun 2000

O-WE-010


130

A ROBUST AND TRANSFORMER-LESS HIGH-POWER CONVERTER FOR PMSG-BASED WIND TURBINE SYSTEM

Ki Mok Kim1*, Won Shik Choi1, Ki Hyeon Park2, and Hyun Chul Park1



These days, the reliability of offshore wind farms has become extremely important because it turned out that their maintenance costs are substantially higher than initially anticipated, compared to equivalent onshore wind farms, especially considering the 20-year guarantee of the system. Moreover, the power conversion systems for large wind turbines are facing a great challenge due to the high increase of a single wind turbine power rating, which is now approaching more than 7-MW. The high current from the conventional low voltage power systems increases significantly I2R loss and the cost of the cables, reducing the reliability of main power switch devices used in the converter. This paper proposes a highly reliable, medium voltage, high-power converter topology for the large permanent magnet wind generator system, eliminating the grid-side step-up transformer. H-bridge inverters are connected in series to generate multilevel medium voltage output so that the high current from the inverter can be reduced considerably. Introducing the Z-source network to a conventional H-bridge inverter allows both switches of same phase-leg to be ON simultaneously without damaging the power switch devices and gives voltage boost capability to the inverter without any step-up circuits. These unique features make the converter very robust and reliable, compared to the conventional converters. The topology configuration and operating principle of this converter are analyzed, and the converter control schemes are proposed and simulated. Simulation results with a 7-MW wind turbine system show the validation of the proposed converter topology and control method.

(a) Electrical configuration of the multilevel high-power converter (b) Topology of the converter cell

Figure 1. Configuration of the proposed converter system.

References

[1] F. Z. Peng, “Z-Source Inverter,” IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 504-510, March/April 2003.

[2] C. Ng, M. Parker, and P. Tavner, “A multilevel modular converter for a large light weight wind turbine generator,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1062 1074, May 2008.

O-WE-011


131

A STUDY ON THE SPAR-BUOY DESGIN OF FLOATING WIND TURBINE FOR BETTER DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE

Chae-Whan Rim1*, Jinseop Song1, Tae-Young Chung1, and Seokjoon Moon1



Based on the floating system for Phase IV of OC3 [1], a new design concept is suggested for the better dynamic performance. 3 detailed models are established according to the new concept. In order to focus on the design concept study, the basic design parameters such as the total length, the total mass, and the total volume are persevered almost same as in the OC3 system. The time series RAOs of the new models are evaluated using WindHydro(FOWT dynamic simulation code developed by KIMM). As a result, reduced RAOs compared with those in the original OC3are observed in the new models.

Figure 1. Conceptual design of the new conceptual models for the spar type floating system.

References

[1] J. Jonkman, “Definition of the Floating System for Phase IV of OC3”, Technical Report, NREL/TP-500-47535, May, 2010..

O-WE-012


132

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON AERODYNAMIC NOISE OF A SMALL WIND TURBINE

Seunghoon LEE1*, Seungmin LEE1, and Soogab LEE2

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea2Engineering Research Institute, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,

Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


This paper predicted and measured the aerodynamic noise of a small wind turbine, and validated the predicted results with that of the field measurements. The aerodynamic noise spectrum was predicted using semi-empirical models proposed by Lowson[1] and Brooks, Pope, and Marcolini[2]. The results indicated that the numerical method used in this study was a suitable tool for predicting the aerodynamic noise spectrum of small wind turbines. It is also found that trailing edge bluntness noise can be an important noise source for a small wind turbine.

Figure 1. The wind turbine power output and A-weighted sound pressure level with respect to wind speeds

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Human Resources Development program (No. 20104010100490) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy.

References

[1] M. V. Lowson, Theory and experiment for wind turbine noise, AIAA Paper 94-0119, 32nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit (1994)

[2] T. F. Brooks, D. S. Pope, and M. A. Marcolini, Airfoil self-noise and prediction, NASA reference publication 1218 (1989)

O-WE-013


133

OPTIMIZATION OF COUNTER ROTAITNG WIND TURBINE USING BLADE ELEMENT & MOMENTUM THEORY

Byeong Ho HWANG1*, Seung Min LEE2, and Soo Gab LEE3

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea2Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea3Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


In terms of the increasing efficiency of wind turbine, the maximum efficiency of counter rotating wind turbine is theoretically 64% and it is higher than 59%-maximum-efficiency[1]. A Counter rotating wind turbine has a front rotor and a rear rotor which rotate in opposite direction at the same axis. Compared to the single rotor, the flow field of counter rotating wind turbine is complicated due to interactions between the front rotor and the rear rotor. The wake induced by a front rotor is working on inflow of rear rotor and is essentially unsteady flow state. In order to estimate performance of counter rotating wind turbine, it is required to consider more variable than the case of single rotor wind turbine and to prepare the estimation system which is able to perform the delicate prediction. For optimization of counter rotating wind turbine, pitch angles, distance, radius ratio and rotation speed of two rotors are chosen for design values and variations of power coefficients and thrust coefficients are observed on this study. For reasonable comparison, the solidity is fixed. The torque of two rotors is balanced due to assuring maintenance efficiency and stability of the wind turbine systems. For analysis of whole performance of counter rotating systems, Blade Element & Momentum Theory modeling for the counter rotating wind turbine is developed to predict front rotor flow analysis and the wake flow generated by front rotor. After that the wake flow is applied for inflow of rear rotor. The vehicle test is carried out to validate prediction. According to variation of each design values, the distribution of performances and maximum point is obtained. Because of decrease of the front rotor effecting on the rear rotor, specially, whole performances are increasing when the rear rotor is longer than the front rotor at the specific ratio.

Figure 1. Operating test of the counter rotating wind turbine using vehicle

References

[1] Newman BG. Actuator-disc theory for vertical-axis wind turbines. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 1983;15: pp.347-355.

O-WE-014


134

DYNAMIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF DRIVETRAIN IN A WIND TURBINE

Wei SHI1, Changwan KIM2, Jonghoon HAN1, Chinwha CHUNG3, and Hyunchul PARK3*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea2School of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea

3Graduate School of Wind Energy, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea


Operational experience reveals that the drivetrain is the weakest link in the modern MW scale wind turbines. In this paper, a mathematical model of a horizontal axial wind turbine drivetrain is developed using the multi-body dynamics. The drivetrain in this study consists of a low-speed planetary gear stage (three identical planets with spur teeth, sun and fixed ring gears) and two high-speed spur gear stages. This typical arrangement is commonly used in the wind turbine industry. Using the Lagrange’s equation, the governing equation of the drivetrain is derived taking into account the kinetic energy, potential energy and the work from the input torque. The flexibility of the drivetrain includes the gear mesh and supporting bearing. The governing equation is solved numerically by the direct numerical integration. Kinematic analysis is carried out to show the angular velocity, velocity and acceleration graphically. The contact forces between gears are presented. The numerical analysis is carried out to investigate the effect of gear contact ratio and mesh phasing on the dynamic response of the drivetrain.

Figure 1. Dynamic modeling of wind turbine drivetrain.

References

[1] J. Lin, and R.G. Parker, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 249(1) ( 2002), 26-35.[2] J. Peeters, D. Vandepitte, and P. Sas, Wind Energy, 9 (2006), 141-161.[3] R.R. Craig Jr., and A.J. Kurdila, John Wiley & Sons, (2006).[4] K.J. Bathe, Prentice Hall, (1996).

O-WE-015


135

CFD PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A 10kW PASSIVE STALL CONTROL WIND TURBINE BLADE

Nak Joong LEE1, Jae wook KO2, Bum suk KIM3 and Young Ho LEE4*

1Graduate School, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Pusan, Korea2Hwashin Co., Pohang, Korea

3Green & Industrial Technology Center, Korea Register of Shipping, Daejeon, Korea.4Division of Mechanical and Energy System Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Pusan, Korea.


Wind turbines uses the kinetic energy of the wind and rotor blade is important part in determining of efficiency as it utilizes torque to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy. Small wind turbines have less noise occurring during operation, and its improvement in performance is attracting attention. In addition, power control of the wind turbine is required to reduce the loads on the wind turbine when the wind speed exceeds the safe limit. Passive stall controlled turbines use the stall to control power and decrease loads. The rotor airfoil profile is aerodynamically designed such that when the wind speed exceeds a safe limit, the flow stops and is replaced by turbulence on the top side of the airfoil. This stall prevents the lifting force of the rotor blade from acting on the rotor. This ensures that the blade stalls gradually rather than abruptly as the wind speed reaches its critical stall value. The advantage of stall control in wind turbines is that it avoids the introduction of moving parts into the rotor. In this study, we investigated the performance and efficiency of 10kW Passive Stall Control Wind Turbine by using a commercial CFD code of ANSYS-CFX.

Figure 1. 3-D Rotor blade configuration.

References

[1] Kim YT, Kim BS, Kim JH, Nam CD and Lee YH. A Study of Performance Estimate and Flow Analysis of the 500 kW Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine by CFD. J Fluid Mach. 2002, 5(4), 32-39.

O-WE-016


136

AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS ON WIND FARM IN NON-NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS

Eunkuk Son1*, Seungmin Lee1, Minu Jeon1 and Soogab Lee2

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

2Center for Environmental Noise and Vibration Research, Engineering Research Institute,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University,

Seoul, Republic of Korea


Analysis of aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine in wakes has been conducted to find out optimal turbine spacing. The estimation about Ainslie’s model in a stable and an unstable atmospheric condition was carried out by Bernhard Lange et al (2003). However, since results of the power output in wakes are using power curve with average wind speed, the model could not follow the measurements in multiple interactions of the wakes. Therefore, in this paper, the performance at the downstream turbine was analyzed by vortex lattice method (VLM). The wake profiles in non-neutral conditions were predicted by the extended eddy viscosity model which is able to calculate the velocity distribution on the rotor plane. In addition, the influence of the turbine spacing was analyzed. The results were shown that the spacing between the first turbine and the second turbine was the most important to entire farm efficiency (Fig. 1). The better solution can be obtained when the spacing between the others is uniformly distributed.

Figure 1. Contribution of the turbine spacing to the object function.

Acknowledgement


O-WE-017


137

NUMERRICAL SIMULATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE WITH A SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE PLATFORM

Thanh Dam PHAM1, Byung Cheol KIM1, Kwang Jin JUNG1, Hyunkyoung SHIN1*

1School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea


The installation of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) in deep water has been encouraged because of the stronger and steadier winds, the lower visibility, and the economic potential. Some FOWT concepts were designed and analyzed by the DeepCwind Consortium and one of them is a semi-submersible FOWT. IEA Wind Task 30 Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continue (OC4) project [1] has involved modeling of the DeepCwind semisubmersible offshore wind turbine which supports the 3 bladed 5MW NREL upwind turbine. The platform is connected by three mooring lines to the sea bed and installed in 200 m water depth. For the numerical simulation of its behaviors in combined environmental conditions, FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) Code by NREL is employed to interface with hydrodynamic and mooring data of UOU in-house codes. This paper presents its characteristic responses in several sea state conditions including winds, waves and operation of wind turbine.

Figure 1. DeepCwind semisubmersible FOWT

Table 1. Platform primary parameters

Platform mass, including ballast 1.3473E+7 kgCM location below SWL 13.46 m 13.46 mPlatform roll inertia about CM 6.788E+9 kg-m2

Platform pitch inertia about CM 6.788E+9 kg-m2

Platform yaw inertia about CM 1.190E+10 kg-m2

References

[1] A. Robertson, J. Jonkman, M. Masciola, H. Song, A. Goupee, A. Coulling, and C. Luan, Definition of the Semisubmersible Floating System for Phase II of OC4, IEA Wind Task 30 (2012)

O-WE-018


138

TURBULENT WIND SEED SELECTION USING ROBUST STATICS FOR THE WIND BLADE DESIGN

Soo Hyun KIM1*, Hyung Ki SHIN1, Hyung Joon BANG1, Moon Seok JANG1, and Seung Un YANG2

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2DACC Aerospace Co., Ltd, Gunsan, Korea


While the rotor size of wind turbine is expected to increase continuously in future, blades with 60-70m length have been developed in worldwide wind industries. Due to the huge size and severe external loading conditions, the load calculation of wind turbine system should be effective as well as conservative. However an excessively conservative load in blade design would lead to an over-sized design and consequently result a higher cost on the entire systems. Therefore an appropriate method for design load calculation of wind turbine has to be selected carefully.

The IEC 61400-1 standard provides the stochastic turbulence wind models to be generated with the specified mean value (mean wind speed at hub height) and the standard deviation (turbulence intensity). Because of its statistical characteristics, the load simulations with the turbulent wind model shall be performed with a different initial value (“seed”) for producing the turbulent wind field. As the difference in seed values of turbulent wind model could be lead to a considerable variation of the load results in extreme analysis, seed selection for turbulent wind generation is an important part of design load cases (DLC) setup procedure.

In this paper, a turbulent wind seed selection method was studied using a robust statics which provides an alternative approach to standard statistical methods in order that not affected by outliers or other small departures from model assumptions. For the design load simulation of turbulent wind with various wind speeds, 15 wind fields with different random seeds were generated per each wind speed. Based on the robust z-score check with blade bending moment and tip deflection results, the three turbulent wind seed for the blade design load simulations were chosen and compared to the same with classical statics method.

Figure 1. Deviation in extreme load result at blade root w.r.t. the different turbulent wind seeds.

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139

DEVELOPMENT OF 1KW-CLASS HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE BLADE USED IN THE SOUTHWEST

ISLANDS OF KOREA

Patrick Mark Singh1, Jun-Yong Lee1, Sung-Woo Son1, Young-Do Choi2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate school, Mokpo National UniversityMokpo, 534-729, Korea

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mokpo National UniversityMokpo, 534-729, Korea, [email protected], [email protected]


There are a myriad of islands in the Southwest coast of Korea. Particularly, in Shinan-gun, more than 1,000 islands are distributed. 72 islands among them are inhabited by local people [1]. This study illustrates a 1kW-class horizontal axis wind turbine rotor blade which will be applicable to these relatively low wind speed islands region in Korea. Based on actual wind conditions of southwest islands region in Korea, shape design of 1kW-class small wind turbine rotor blade for hybrid power generation system is carried out by BEMT (blade element momentum theory). Aerodynamic performance prediction, including the lift and drag forces, is conducted with the variation of angle of attack using an open source code of X-Foil [2]. The power coefficient, pressure and velocity distributions are investigated according to TSR by CFD analysis. The results show that aerodynamic performance of newly designed 1kW-class wind turbine rotor blade by BEMT agrees with the CFD analysis. High aerodynamic performance is expected when the newly designed 1kW-class wind turbine rotor blade is operated with hybrid power generation system.

Key words: Horizontal axis wind turbine, Rotor blade, Hybrid Power Generation System, BEMT, CFD

(a) Rotor blade profile (b) Lift coefficient and lift to drag ratio

Figure 1. Selected rotor blade profile and aerodynamic characteristics of NACA 63(2)-415 [3]

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140

Table 1. Determination of wind speeds for blade design

Designed wind speed VD= 9m/sCut-in wind speed VCut_in = 3m/s

Cut-out wind speed VCut_out = 25m/s

Figure 2. Power coefficient curve

References

[1] Shinan-gun Office, http://www.shinan.go.kr[2] MIT Aero & Astro, http://web.mit.edu/drela/Public/web/xfoil/[3] Bum-suk, Kim, 2005, “A Study on the Optimum Blade Design and the Aerodynamic Performance

Analysis for the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines,” Ph.D. Thesis, Korea Maritime University.


141

THE EFFECT OF THE TOWER ON THE AERODYNAMICS OF THE MEXICO BLADE

Tae Hwan CHO1, and Cheolwan KIM2*

1Department of Aerodynamics, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Aerodynamics, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea


MEXICO(Measurements and Experiments In Controlled conditions) blade was simulated numerically and the performance of the blade was analyzed. Additional simulation was performed to investigate the effect of the tower on the blade performance. According to the numerical results, the tower reduced the production of the root vortex and improved the blade performance around the blade root. Figure 1 compares the effect of the tower.

Figure 1. Comparison of the velocity contours, left : blade only, right : blade+tower

In this paper, the mechanism of the tower effect on the blade performance was analyzed in detail. Furthermore, some fences were applied to improve the blade performance and the results were discussed.

References

[1] J. G. Schepers and H. Snel: ‘Model Experiments in Controlled Conditions, Final report’, ECN-E-07-042, Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, ECN, February 2007,

[2] D.Simms, S. Schreck, M. Hand, L.J. Finghers ‘NREL Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment in the NASA-Ames Wind Tunnel: A Comparison of Predictions to Measurements’, NREL-TP-500-29494, The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL, June 2001

O-WE-021


142

WIND TUNNEL TEST FOR THE NREL PHASE VI ROTOR WITH 2M DIAMETER

Tae Hwan CHO1*, Cheol Wan KIM1

1Aerodynamics & Structure Dept., Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea


The aerodynamic performance of the ‘NREL Phase VI’ rotor with a 2m diameter was tested in the open jet test section. The original rotor with 10.06m diameter was tested in the NASA Ames tunnel and the test result was used as a validation data for the computational model. The original model is too large to reproduce the wind tunnel test in other facilities which normally have a diameter less than 5m. The Reynolds number of the sectional airfoils in the original test is around 1E6, and the Reynolds number we can achieve in the conventional wind tunnel facilities is around 0.1E6 ~ 0.4E6. The rotor performance which is the resultant force of the airfoil load in the conventional wind tunnel test is different from the result in the Reynolds number 1.0E6 or higher. The wind tunnel test to study the rotor performance in the Reynolds number range from 0.1E6 to 0.4E6 was conducted in KARI low speed wind tunnel with 5m x 3.75 open jet test section. The torque and thrust generated by the blade was directly measured by using the sensor installed in the rotating axis. The variation of the Reynolds number was achieved by changing the rotational speed. The test results shows that the power coefficient, Cp is gradually increase as the Reynolds number increase. The tip speed ratio, Lambda with the maximum Cp is also increase as the Reynolds number increase.

Figure 1. The power coefficients of NREL Phase VI rotor wind various Reynolds number

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the New & Renewable Energy R&D program (20103010020011) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy.

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143

A LOW COST MICRO WIND TURBINE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Krishnil R RAM, Kaushik SHARMA, Isireli Veitokiyaki, Joshua Roqica and M Rafiuddin Ahmed*



With a huge reliance on fossil fuels, small island developing nations are the major victims of both fossil price increase and climate change. While wind energy is freely available, in the South Pacific, little development has come about in wind energy mainly due to inappropriate technology transfer from developed nations. While some wind farms have been created to cater for centralized populations, islands remain isolated and without electrification. This paper looks at the design and development of a 50W micro wind turbine for domestic use, mainly on small isolated islands. The study aims to present the design of a turbine that can be manufactured with minimum specialized machinery or skill in developing communities. Popular low Reynolds number airfoils are modified and their results (XFOIL, CFD and experimental) are presented in this study. Various modifications were made to the airfoils to achieve maximum lift and L/D values at low Reynolds numbers. Experimental investigation of the modified airfoils is done in a subsonic wind tunnel for Reynolds numbers of 150,000 and 300,000 and at different angles of attack ranging from 0 to 20 degrees. Following the airfoil development, an investigation of blade manufacturing capability was done and this was also taken as a factor in the choice of an airfoil for the 50W wind turbine. A three bladed rotor was designed and tested at various wind speeds. The turbine blades are constructed from PVC in an attempt to reduce the effort required to manufacture micro wind turbines in island communities. Characteristics of the wind turbine, including cut in speed and peak power are studied in this research. The actual power output of the turbine is compared to theoretical predictions. Results of aerodynamic improvements in airfoils for micro-wind turbines are presented in this paper along with the design of an efficient rotor that can be manufactured with ease in these small island countries.

Figure 1. The aerodynamic efficiency (L/D) of the modified airfoils are compared to the SG6043 airfoil at Re = 150,000.

O-WE-023


144

OPTIMIZATION OF A LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER AIRFOIL FOR SMALL WIND TURBINE APPLICATIONS IN PACIFIC

ISLAND COUNTRIES

Epeli B. G. Nabolaniwaqa, M. Rafiuddin Ahmed

Division of Mechanical Engineering, The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji


The current inflation of fuel prices globally have forced small Pacific Island countries (PICs) to look at alternative means of producing energy for their daily energy needs. Wind energy is one of the promising alternative energy resources in PICs with average wind speeds of 3-6 m/s. Wind is in abundant supply and if effective measures are taken to utilize this energy source, it can become one of the most reliable energy sources that can cater for the nations’ energy needs. Wind farms and hybrid systems have been employed in certain areas. However these wind turbines cannot perform to full potential due to the low wind speeds that are usually common around these small Islands. This paper looks at the optimization and testing of a low Reynolds number airfoil applicable for small wind turbines with respect to the available wind conditions. A low Reynolds number airfoil was selected, modified, and tested numerically using XFOIL and CFX computational fluid dynamics software. Modifications were made to the airfoil to obtain an optimum coefficient of lift (CL) at high angles of attack normally in the angle of attack range of 13 to 16 degrees and a high L/D value at low Reynolds numbers. Experimental studies of the modified airfoil are done in a low speed wind tunnel at Reynolds numbers of 128000, 205000 and 257000 at different angles of attack ranging from 0 to 25 degrees. The main objective of this investigation is to design an efficient airfoil for small wind turbine applications appropriate for the wind conditions available in the small Islands in the South Pacific. The alpha vs CL (Fig. 1) and the alpha vs L/D (Fig. 2) graphs at a Reynolds number of 257000 show that the modified airfoil performed well in terms of CL and L/D values compared to the standard low Reynolds number airfoils.

Key words: airfoils, small wind turbines, wind farms, low Reynolds number, coefficient of lift (CL), angle of attack

Figure 1. alpha vs CL at a Reynolds Number of 257000

Figure 2. alpha vs L/D at a Reynolds Number of 257000

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145

DERIVATION OF NONLINEAR WIND TURBINE MODEL USING EFFECTIVE WIND SPEED FOR SIMULATION OF

CONTROL ALGORITHM

Yun Ho SHIN1*, Seok Jun MOOM1, Young Chul HUH1, Tae Young CHUNG1, and Ji Yun RYU2

1System Dynamics Research Department, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, South Korea

2Wind Turbine Research Center, Unison co., Daejeon, South Korea


As concern on the limited energy is growing gradually and wind energy is regarded as one of the best solutions, researches on the wind energy and turbine have been accomplished vigorously. The commercial tools to simulate the non-linear dynamic characteristics of wind turbine system are various but, the tool take much time to simulate the control algorithm and require many input variables. In this paper, the procedures to simulate and examine the controller of 2-MW wind turbine at the initial design stage of the controller are proposed by 4-degree-of-freedom mathematical model of wind turbine and methodology to make the model of turbine is proposed by effective mass and stiffness defined in modal domain. Proposed method in this paper is simpler than the previous method while the precision of two models is similar with a whole wind turbine model. The simulations for three kinds of wind turbine model are accomplished to discuss the simulation results; 2-degree-of-freedom wind turbine model without considering tower and blade behavior, 4-degree-of-freedom model considering tower and blade behavior modeled by mode shape function and 4-degree-of-freedom model by suggested method.

O-WE-025


146

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE USING

VARIOUS CODES

Dong Hoon KIM1, Chae-Whan RIM1* and Jinseop SONG1



A Comparative analysis of dynamic responses of 5MW OC3-Hywind model with a spar buoy platform and three catenary mooring lines has been conducted. Three analysis tools used for this study were the SESAM software from DnV(Det Norske Veritas) ,the FAST code from NREL(National Renewable Energy Laboratory) and the WindHydro from KIMM(Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials). Motion analyses not only of regular wave loading condition but also of irregular wave loading condition were carried out. Analysis results from three tools showed good results showed good agreement in most of main performances. But it was found each results of RAO of platform response were partly different such as in surge and pitch. In spite of the different in results, three analysis codes have each characteristic and strength in their special fields, and they will be useful for motion response analysis of floating offshore wind turbine.

Figure 1. OC3 model by SESAM

References

[1] J. Jonkman, “Definition of the Floating System for Phase IV of OC3”, Technical Report, NREL/TP-500- 47535, May, 2010.

O-WE-026


147

A NON-ROTATING BLADE TEST FOR AN ACTIVE LOAD CONTROL BY THE FLAP-TYPE DEVICE

Hyungki Shin1*, Hyungjun Bang1, Jongwon Lee2 and Jaeheung Han2

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2KAIST, Daejeon, Pusan, Korea


Kier is researching the flap type device for the active load control of large wind turbine blade. To install the control device, the airfoil, blade structure and control mechanism/algorithm were designed. To verification of actuation equipment and control algorithm, Non-rotating blade section test was carried out. Wind tunnel test of a 2m blade section was carried out to verify some design results in the non-rotating condition. Basic control strategy is to use blade load as input control variable and PID control. The blade load of 2m section was measured by simple load cell and a spring tension equipment was considered to make the blade motion frequency. The test was carried out in the open jet condition. The active control device was considered to reduce the random blade load by turbulence and gust. In this research, the flap type equipment and a linear motor were adopted as control device and actuator because of their reliability and practical cost. As for control strategy, the blade root load was used as a control input variable so as that there is no other sensing device in the real wind turbine. Wind tunnel test was carried out in the non-rotating condition to verify the design and analyze the problems. A spring-tension installation was considered to set the frequency of the blade section model as real blade and load reduction was tested in the some wind speed condition. The basic load reduction was worked out successfully by load cell signal as control input variable. But a control algorithm have to be tested in the rotating condition and the minor problems of flap device have to be solved.

O-WE-027

Hydrogen &

Fuel Cell Energy

(Oral Session)


151

AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO OPTIMAL METALLIC BIPOLAR PLATE DESIGNS REFLECTING GAS DIFFUSION

LAYER COMPRESSION EFFECTS

Ah-Reum KIM1, Hye-Mi JUNG1, and Sukkee UM1*



Gas diffusion layer (GDL) intrudes into the gas feeding channels in bipolar plates due to the fuel cell stacking pressure. The intrusion results in performance degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Therefore, cross-sectional channel designs of metallic bipolar plates should be optimized to resolve this problem. In this study, the effects of the cross-sectional channel configuration of metallic bipolar plates on the performance of PEMFC were numerically investigated. Multi-physics numerical systems combining solid mechanics and fluid dynamics were applied to figure out the effect of the GDL intrusion on the fuel cell. First, a static structural analysis is performed to determine the elastic deformation of GDL by the compression of fuel cell stacks. For the numerical modeling purpose, five cross-sectional parameters were selected: channel to rib width ratio, draft angle, inner fillet radius, channel depth and clamping pressure. Subsequently, computational flow analysis in deformed fluid regions was conducted to visualize flow patterns and estimate corresponding pressure drops. The modeling results were verified against experimental data in the literature. It was found that draft angle and channel to rib width ratio have significant effects on both channel deformation and fluid dynamic performance variation.

Key words: Metallic bipolar plate, Gas diffusion layer compression, Parametric study, Proton exchange membrane fuel cells

References

[1] S.G. Kandilikar, Z.Lu, T.Y.Lin, D.Cooke, M.Daino, Journal of Power Sources 194 (2009) 328-337.[2] Jiabin Ge, Andrew Higier, Hongtan Liu, Journal of Power Sources 159 (2006) 922-927.

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152

THE EFFECTS OF COMPRESSION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PEM FUEL CELL

Adisorn Thomya1, Yottana Khunatorn2, and Nattawut Jaruwasupant2

1Faculty of Industrial Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Thailand 2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand

This research is study to Changes in the performance of a PEM fuel cell are presented as a function of the compression pressure resulting that clamp the fuel cell. Compression of the fuel cell 180 N/cm2 to 340 N/cm2, the single cell of fuel cell with 50 cm2. The optimum compress as observed from the performance of fuel cells. The optimum is related to the gasket thickness and the measured compression pressure on the diffusion layer. The performance changes may also be related to changes in the porosity, the electrical contact resistance, and the excluded water at the membrane. This research will investigate the relationship between compression pressure resulting that clamp the fuel cell, the compression pressure to high performance in the range 300 N/cm2 to 340 N/cm2.[1]

Figure 1. Fuel cell machine compression equipment.

References

[1] Woo-kum Lee, Chien-Hsien Ho and J.W. Van Zee, Jounal of Power Sources, 84 (1999) 45-51.

O-HF-002


153

THE RELATION BETWEEN INTERNAL STRESS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLEXIBLE

PEMFC BASED ON PDMS BY 1-D DEFLECTION ANALYSIS

Taehyun Park1, Ikwhang Chang2, Jinhwan Lee3, Seung Hwan Ko3, and Suk Won Cha1*

1School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea2Department of Intelligent Convergence System, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea


The flexible polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was fabricated by using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated with very long Ag nanowires percolation network (VAgNPN) as a current-collecting layer which is highly stretchable [1]. This cell was designed to have total electrochemical reactive area of 3 x 3 cm2 which is the largest area among flexible fuel cells ever reported [2,3]. It showed interesting operational behavior that the performance of the cell increased with increasing bending. The reason was that membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) should be compressed optimally and internal compressive stress perpendicular to MEA might compress it well which is deficient with no bending. In order to analyze the tendency of compressive stresses variation in accordance with bending of cell, 1-D model of bent fuel cell was developed. The calculated results of deflected fuel cell and corresponding stress distribution were shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b). Relative values of stress were investigated to increase but increment decreased with increasing bending. This tendency of stresses variation is similar to performances variation of the cell that maximum power distribution was investigated to converge with increasing deflection. Under severe bending moment, however, this tendency showed not to follow the tendency of calculated stresses because the change of cross-section area of flow channels and exceeded optimal compression of the MEA might lead to poor reactants transport.

Figure 1. (a) 1-D model of the flexible fuel cell under various bending and (b) stress distribution in accordance with bending shown in (a).

References

[1] P. Lee, J. Lee, H. Lee, J. Yeo, S. Hong, K. H. Nam, D. Lee, S. S. Lee, and S. H. Ko, Adv. Mater., 24 (2012) 3326.

[2] S. Tominaka, H. Nishizeko, J. Mizuno, and T. Osaka, Energy & Environm. Sci., 2 (2009) 1074.[3] J. Wheldon, W. J. Lee, D. H. Lim, A. B. Broste, M. Bollinger, and W. H. Smyrl, Electrochem. and

Sol. Stat. Let., 12 (2009) B86.

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154

DESIGN OF BENDANBLE FUEL CELLS USING SILVER NANOWIRE CURRENT COLLECTOR

Ikwhang CHANG1, Taehyun PARK2, Jinhwan LEE3, Seunghwan KO3 and Suk Won CHA1,2*

1Dept. of Intelligent Convergence Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea



We fabricated flexible fuel cell using the flow channel and endplate of soft materials and the current collector of Ag nanowire. Previous the studies of flexible fuel cells were very low power densities, and prototype models [1]. However, our flexible fuel cells have 9 cm2 active area which shows 0.63W.(70mW/cm2)It is significantly high performance in bendable conditions. Interestingly, as the cell is more bendable condition, the cell performance increases due to the increase of clamping force. In bendable conditions, each PDMS endplate has unbalanced internal stress in which one endplate is compressive stress, and the other is tensile stress. Because of different stress distribution in two endplates, high clamping force can be acquired.

Figure 1. The fabrication process of bendable fuel cells

References

[1] S. Tominaka, H. Nishizeko, J. Mizuno and T. OsakaEnergy Environ. Sci., 2 (2009) 1074.

O-HF-004


155

OPERATIONAL OPTIMIZATION FOR IMPROVING THE LIFETIME OF HIGH TEMPERATURE PEM FUEL CELLS

BASED ON DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

Jintae KIM1,2, Taegon KANG1,2, Minjin KIM1,2*, Young-Jun SOHN1,Taewon SONG3, and Kyoung Hwan CHOI3

1Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2Advanced Energy Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea

3Energy Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,Yongin, Korea


Recently residential power generator (RPG) systems using low temperature proton exchange membrane (LTPEM) fuel cells are successfully deployed on a commercial scale. Especially after Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, about 16 thousands of RPGs have been installed in Japan last year. As a result of their field operation, it is known that their low temperature recovered heat energy is hardly utilized according to changeable seasonal heat load in real fields. As the best substitute to solve the problem, phosphoric acid doped PBI based high temperature proton exchange membrane (HTPEM) fuel cell systems have been focused. However, the lifetime of HTPEM fuel cell systems is relatively much shorter than that of LTPEM since previous research works are not enough to be sure about the operations of HTPEM fuel cell systems. In case of HTPEM, performance and its degradation highly depend on operating conditions. In this study, we suggest the methodology that optimizes the operating variables based on models to predict performance and degradation rate of HTPEM fuel cells. For rapid developing practically acceptable prediction models, empirical approach of response surface method based on design of experiments is newly introduced instead of conventional fundamental models. A much amount of cost and time are needed to build new and reasonable models with fundamental methods. The target operating variables include operating temperature and H2/Air stoichiometries. The modeling results show that operating temperature significantly influences voltage and degradation rate of HTPEM, but H2/Air stoichiometries affect only degradation rate. As optimization results, figure 1 shows that the optimization considering degradation rate as well as voltage gives the most useful solutions to improve both performance and degradation rate of the HTPEM fuel cells. The proposed methodology, furthermore, can be expected to be used for the reference in order to optimally operate RPG systems using HTPEM fuel cells in real fields.

Table 1. Optimization results at different target lifetimes.

Target H2 O2T

( )Vini(V)

dV( V h-1)

Vmean(V)

2000 1.70 2.76 170.0 0.663 53.67 0.609

2000 1.86 2.71 150.0 0.608 1.83 0.606

1000 1.79 2.85 167.6 0.660 44.31 0.637

2000 1.94 2.81 157.9 0.640 17.71 0.622

4000 1.99 2.74 150.0 0.613 0.05 0.613Figure 1. Predicted performance of HTPEM with

respect to time at different objective functions. 6000 1.96 2.73 150.0 0.612 0.01 0.612

O-HF-005


156

OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE PEM FUEL CELL STACK BY ACCELERATED LIFETIME TEST

Ji-Rae KIM*, Tae-Won SONG and Jeongsik KO

Fuel Cell Group, Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 446-712, Yongin, Korea


High temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) has characteristics to be used for combined heat and power (CHP) applications. Moreover, HT-PEMFC is operating at above 150 oC without the need of external humidification. The phosphoric acid content in electrolyte and electrode was the most important factor for the performance in HT-PEMFC. In general, the lifetime of 50,000 hours is required for residential HT-PEMFC system. However it takes too long to evaluate stack durability over such long time period. Using the method of the accelerated lifetime test (ALT), it is possible to predict the degradation of MEA performance. In this study, we applied test method that can accelerate the stack degradation 10 times. The ALT procedure consists of two steps : step 1 is application of 0.2A/cm2 and step 2 is shutting down and cooling down of the stack. MEA degradation rate using this ALT method was 40uV/hr. In-situelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out to understand the degradation factors during the stack operation using the ALT. From this analysis, it was conducted that the main cause of performance degradation of the stack was due to the loss of electrolytes in the cathode, which lead to an increase in the ohmic resistance of membrane electrolyte.

O-HF-006


157

THE OPTIMIZATION METHOD OF GASKETS FOR HT-PEM FUEL CELLS

Jeongsik Ko*, Tae-won Song, and Jirae Kim

Energy Lab., Samsung Electronics, Yongin, Korea


PEM fuel cells require gaskets between each side of bipolar plate and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) to prevent leakage of gases and to determine the compression ratio of gas diffusion layer (GDL). These properties of gaskets have effects on the performance and long-term durability of fuel cell stack. In particular, contact resistance of GDL which affects the performance of fuel cells is intimately related to the physical properties of gaskets like thickness or compression ratio. Optimization of gaskets was performed in terms of material properties and clamping force. By using piezoresistive sensor which can observe distribution of pressure, the applied pressure on MEAs and the materials and the design of gaskets were investigated in this work. Correlations between physical properties of gaskets and overall performance of fuel cell stack were investigated. In addition, each factor of the electrochemical resistances on the contribution of fuel cell performance and long-term durability was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The methodology of obtaining optimum properties of the HT-PEM fuel cell gaskets will be presented.

O-HF-007


158

CONJUGATE HEAT & MASS TRANSFER MODELING OF AN INTEGRATED AUTOTHERMAL REFORMER FOR HYDROGEN

PRODUCTION FROM HEAVY HYDROCABONS

Jung-Hun NOH1, Hye-Mi JUNG1, and Sukkee UM1*



This paper focuses on a systemic modeling of an integrated auto-thermal reformer, designed for polymer electrolyte fuel cell systems. Auto-thermal reformers consist of a series of chemical reaction processes involving partial oxidation, steam reforming and water gas shift reactions. Thermo-catalytic energy imbalance in an auto-thermal reformer system with packed-bed reactors affects system performance and catalytic durability. For this reason, it is of great importance to optimize operating conditions based on heat and mass transfer analyses. In this study, three-dimensional numerical models elementary sections are first developed and verified against experimental data in the literature. Subsequently, these fundamental models are integrated to evaluate the hydrogen production rate of the auto-thermal reformer. Steam-to-carbon ratio and oxygen-to-carbon ratio are selected as key operating parameters that influence the reforming efficiency. The results of this study can be greatly utilized as reference data for advanced fuel processor designs.

References

[1] Rajesh D. Parmar, Arunabha Kundu, Christopher Thurgood, Brant A. Peppley and Kunal Karan, Fuel, 89 (2010) 1212-1220.

[2] Di-Jia Liu, Thomas D. Kaun, Hsiu-Kai Liao and Shabbir Ahmed, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 29 (2004) 1035-1046.

[3] Francisco Zaera, Applied Catalysis A: General, 229 (2002) 75-91.

O-HF-008


159

METHANE DRY REFORMING FOR PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS GAS USING ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE

MICROWAVE PLASMA: EXPERIMENT AND KINETIC MODELING

Manoj Yadav1, Sang Ju Lee1,2, Yong Cheol Hong1*, Chun Se Min1

1Plasma Technology Research Center, National Fusion Research Institute, 113 Gwahangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea

2School of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Heunghoe-Eup, Buk-Gu, Pohang, Hyeongbuk, 139-701, Korea


A methane dry reforming process for producing mainly syngas (H2 and CO) in atmospheric pressure microwave torch plasma operated at 2.45 GHz is investigated experimentally and numerically as function of CH4/CO2 ratio and MW power. The numerical simulations of the plasma reactor in gas phase are performed using known kinetic models for CH4 oxidation in plug flow reactor (PFR) model using a CHEMKIN-PRO software package. The computed H2, CO, CO2 and remaining CH4 mole fractions are in good agreement with experimental data. Partial oxidation combined with dry reforming of methane is also investigated numerically for various O2/CH4 inlet ratios. We obtained specific energy consumption (SEC) for dry reforming of methane as 5.31 eV/molecule of H2 for CH4/CO2 ratio equal to unity. The optimum inlet CH4:CO2:O2 ratio was found 1:1:0.58 for the combined partial oxidation and dry reforming of methane at which the maximum production of CO and H2 can be obtained.

Figure 1. Comparison between experimental results and simulation results using two kinetic mechanisms of methane oxidation

O-HF-009


160

Cu-Al CATALYZED WATER GAS SHIFT REACTION FOR H2PRODUCTION

Rasika B. Mane1, Chandrashekhar V. Rode1*, Dae-Woon Jeong2, and Hyun-Seog Roh2*

1Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, National Chemical Laboratory, India2Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea

* Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

An increased concern towards carbon neutral energy source has led to the development of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) which needs clean and efficient hydrogen production technology. Hydrogen generated from the reforming of hydrogen-rich fuels is associated with toxic CO causing environmental burden and poisoning of the platinum electrode of the fuel cell [1]. This orients the research focus towards the efficient catalyst development for the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) for CO clean up consequently, resulting into more hydrogen production from syn gas. WGSR is mildly exothermic, that means thermodynamically favored at lower temperature for which Cu based catalysts were found to be highly efficient. Although spinel phase of Cu-Al, Cu-Fe and Cu-Mn catalysts were found to be highly active for WGSR, there is still scope for new generation Cu catalyst development to achieve enhanced catalyst stability with sustained performance [2]. We report here a new non-chromium Cu-Al catalyst for WGSR that was prepared by a simultaneous co-precipitation and digestion technique with varying Cu-Al compositions. These catalysts were evaluated for WGSR in a fixed bed micro-tubular quartz reactor in a temperature range of 200-400 oC under atmospheric pressure conditions. Figure 1 shows the effect of Cu-Al composition on CO conversion as a function of temperature. All the catalysts showed a linear increase in CO conversion with an increase in temperature from 200 to 360 oC beyond which it remained at a constant value. For a temperature range of 360-400 oC, as the Cu loading increased from 10 to 70 %, CO conversion also increased substantially from 35 to 73%. Surprisingly, with a further increase in Cu loading to 80 %, CO conversion decreased from 73 to 61 %, possibly due to aggregation of active metal particles. Interestingly, complete selectivity to CO2 was achieved irrespective of Cu loading and the reaction temperature (Figure 2). From these results, Cu Al catalyst with a composition of 70:30 was found to be the most efficient catalyst for WGSR. This catalyst also showed time on stream activity of 6 h with consistent CO conversion of 73% at 360 oC. In order to interpret the observed activity results, detailed catalyst characterization viz. XRD, TPR, BET and TG-DTA is in progress.

Figure 1. CO conversion vs. temperature over Cu:Al catalysts (H2O/(CH4 + CO + CO2) = 2.0; GHSV= 36201 h-1)

Figure 2. Effect of temperature on CO2 and CH4

selectivity over Cu:Al catalysts

O-HF-010


161

References

[1] H. S. Roh, H. S. Potdar, D. W. Jeong, K. S. Kim, J. O. Shim, W. J. Jang, K. Y. Koo and W. L. Yoon,Catal. Today, 185 (2012) 113.

[2] S. Nishimura, T. Shishido, J. Ohyama, K. Teramura, A, Takagaki, T. Tanaka and K. Ebitani, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2 (2012) 1685.


162

DEVELOPMENT OF SOFCS VIA SINGLE-STEP CO-FIRING MONOLITHIC LAMINATES

Jae-ha Myung1,2, Hyun Jun KO1,2 and Sang-Hoon Hyun1*

1School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea 2Specialized Graduate School of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea


Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been focused as the next generation of energy systems because of their high efficiencies, low pollution and use of diverse fuel sources. However, SOFCs have been had troubles in commercialization yet due to their expensive manufacturing costs. To commercialize planar SOFCs, the cost-effective processes for manufacturing anode-supported unit cells of a larger size and higher performance have to be needed. Among the various techniques, the tape-casting/lamination/co-firing (TLC) process would be the most suitable for producing large-scaled planar-type SOFC because the process can be used in the mass production of tapes and reduced the number of heat-treatment steps.

In this Study, nano-composite anode/cathode powders were synthesized to improve the single step co-firing SOFCs. These nano-composite powders make the electrode porosities over 2 times higher with lower area specific resistance than commercial electrodes. Also, the sintering temperature of YSZ electrolyte was reduced from 1400 oC to 1325 oC to minimize the second phase formation between LSM and YSZ by the addition of sintering aid CuO. The unit cells that were fabricated with non-optimizing process with using of conventional materials, showed under 0.1 W/cm2 at 800 oC with humidified hydrogen(~3%H2O), Whereas the optimized unit cells showed over 0.8 W/cm2 power density.

O-HF-011


163

A STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF YTTRIUM-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA THIN FILMS FABRICATED BY DIFFERENT

DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES

Jun Yeol PAEK1, Ikwhang CHANG2, Joon Ho PARK1, Sanghoon JI2 and Suk Won CHA1*

1Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Intelligent Convergence Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


Among renewable energy, fuel cell is widely thought as the best energy because of high conversion efficiency and stable output.[1] Of all types of fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC) technologies have received much attention during a few decades as the next-generation power sources because it has higher efficiency and superior fuel flexibility. Conventional SOFCs have been operated at high temperatures(above 700 ). Therefore, SOFCs have disadvantages such as a poor material stability and durability.[2] In order to overcome these disadvantages, yttrium-stabilized zirconia(YSZ) has taken center stage as an electrolyte of SOFCs. YSZ is a very attractive material because of its high ionic conductivity and high chemical stability. Due mainly to these two advantages, YSZ is the most popular solid electrolyte material for SOFCs and high temperature electrochemical sensor.[3] YSZ thin films can be fabricated using many deposition techniques such as sputter, atomic layer deposition(ALD) and pulsed laser deposition(PLD). So, the primary purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of YSZ thin films deposited by sputter, ALD and PLD, respectively, in terms of structure, morphology, composition and conductivity. Through this study, the distinction of the most appropriate YSZ deposition technique among three techniques can be expected. As shown in figure 1, the structure of YSZ thin film deposited by ALD is denser than thin film deposited by PLD. This phenomenon indicates that ALD technique is suitable to fabricate electrolyte of SOFC.

Figure 1. Cross-sectional image of YSZ thin films deposited by (a) Pulsed Laser Deposition (b) Atomic Layer Deposition

References

[1] M. Yano, A. Timita, M. Sano and T. Hibino, Solid State Ionics, 177 (2007) 3351.[2] H. Noh, J. Park, J. Son, H. Lee, J. Lee and H. Lee, Journal of American Ceramic Society, 92 (2009) 3059.[3] A. Infortuna, A.S. Harvey and L.J. Gauckler, Advanced Functional Materials, 18 (2008) 127.

O-HF-012


164

FABRICATION OF SINGLE CHAMBER SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL VIA THIN FILM TECHNIQUES

Yoon Ho Lee1, Ikwhang Chang2, Sanghoon Ji2 and Suk Won Cha1*

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea

2Department of Intelligent Convergence Systems, Seoul National University, Gwanakro599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea


Solid oxide fuel cells are highlighted to next generation energy conversion devices for its high efficiency and clean emission. High temperature operation of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is however has problems of sealing, material selection and stability. For this reason, there are severe efforts to lower the operation temperature of SOFCs. Fabricating electrolyte into thin film is one of the methods to lower the operation temperature of SOFC, because the major polarization of SOFCs is ohmic loss which is dependent on electrolyte thickness.

Unlike conventional SOFCs, single chamber SOFC is regardless of interconnector so total volume of stack is dependent on electrode and electrolyte thickness. So fabrication of single chamber SOFC with thin film techniques will gradually decrease total volume of SOFC.

We used anodize alumina oxide(AAO) as a substrate and NiO-SDC, GDC and LSCF was used as a anode, electrolyte and cathode material respectively. Reactive sputter was used as a thin film fabrication method.

Figure 1. Fabrication procedure of thin film single chamber SOFC.

References

[1] T. Hibino, A. Hashimoto, T. Inoue, J. Tokuno, S. Yoshida and M. Sano, Science, 2000, 288, 2031 2033

O-HF-013

Wasted Energy &

Utilization

(Oral Session)


167

FAST PYROLYSIS OF WOODY BIOMASS BY USING A TILTED-SLIDE REACTOR AND CHARACTERISTICS OF

BIOCRUDE-OIL FRACTIONS

Jin Pil Bok1 and Yeon Seok Choi2*

1Department of Environmental and Energy Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea

2Environment and Energy System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea


Due to shortage of fossil fuel, lots of research groups in the world study renewable energies from biomass, for example biodiesel, bioalcohol, biocrude-oil, biogas, etc. Biocrude-oil derived from woody biomass is a promising liquid fuel and it can be applied to gas turbine, burner and diesel engine [1]. We devise a novel reactor, tilted-slide fast pyrolyzer for biocrude-oil production on a large scale. Woody biomass (Douglas fir) was fed to the reactor with different experimental conditions such as reaction temperature and biomass feeding rate to study biocrude-oil yield and its characteristics. 4 condensers were used to collect biocrude-oil. The highest biocrude-oil yield was 62.0 wt.% at 490 and a feeding rate of 12.6 kg/h and most biocrude-oil was collected in the first condenser. Physical and chemical properties analysis (higher heating value, viscosity, water content, density, pH, solid residue and ash) of biocrude-oils were scrutinized. From the results, it has been found that biocrude-oil yield was varied by each experimental condition. GC/MS analysis was also carried out to study on chemical components in biocrude-oil.

References

[1] S. Czernik, A.V. Bridgwater, Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil, Energy and Fuels, 18 (2004) 590-598.

O-WU-001


168

CHARACTERISATION OF BIO-OIL PRODUCT FROM PYROLYSIS OF JATROPHA CAKE

Saniporn Chanchaturaphan1, Siriporn Larpkiattaworn2, Wasana Khongwong2 and Orapin Chienthavorn1*

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand2Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Pathumthani, Thailand


Bio-oil is defined as pyrolysis oil from plant residue. In general bio-oil is made up of the following constitutes: 20-25% water, 25-30% water insoluble pyrolytic lignin, 5-12% organic acids, 5-10% non-polar hydrocarbons, 5-10% anhydrosugars and 10-25% other oxygenated compounds [1]. In our work bio-oil was obtained from the pyrolysis of jatropha residue with and without a catalyst and the pyrolysis temperature and time were 500°C and 30 min, respectively. The pyrolysed bio-oil separated into three phases, namely gas, black liquid and light liquid. The gas was generated within the first 10 min of the operation. The gas composed of a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, ethylene and ethane with different compositions. At the beginning to the end of pyrolysis carbon dioxide was highly produced, while ethylene, methane and ethane were generated after the first minute. Since most compounds in the liquid bio-oil are volatile with boiling point ranges between 50°C - 350°C [2] the characterisation was achieved by using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) coupled with a 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.5 μm Ultra Alloy-5 (MS/HT) column. The pyrolyser temperature and time of the system were 350°C for 0.5 min. The GC injection port was 280°C with a spilt ratio of 25:1. The temperature program was started at 40°C 2 min, raised at 5°C/min to 200°C, further increased at 10°C/min to 350°C, and held 2 min, and the m/z scanning range was between 50-600. The black liquid product was found to contain aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, esters, acids, aliphatic hydrocarbons, N-heterocycles and N-nonheterocycles, and the light liquid composed of water, aldehydes, acids and other water soluble components. In this work, the jatropha cake was also catalysed by palladium coated alumina (Pd/Al2O3) catalyst and the oil product was compared to one without the catalyst in terms of percentage of each compound group. To facilitate the pyrolysis silica powder was mixed with the sample, however, no difference in chromatographic measurement with/without the silica powder.

References

[1] K.W. Morris, International Sugar Journal, 103 (2001) 259.[2] D. A. Bulushev and J. R.H. Ross, Catalysis Today, 171 (2011) 1.

O-WU-002


169

HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLID FLOW IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTOR

FOR BIOMASS

Hun Chae Park1, Hang Seok Choi1*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea


The circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactor has been widely used for various gas-solid reactions such as the gasification or combustion of coal and biomass, thermal treatment of industrial solid wastes, and catalytic oxidative coupling, etc. For the optimal design of the CFB combustor, the solids circulation rate which influences the residence time of particles and the solid holdup in the riser are very important. On the other hand, pressure drop measurement is critical to predict the hydrodynamics characteristics of the riser. For example, changing the superficial gas velocity or solids circulation rate affects directly the hydrodynamic characteristics of the riser, which results in the variation of the pressure drop. Hence, to scrutinize the hydrodynamic characteristics, the solids mass flow rate and air flow rate were selected as operating parameters in the present study. The effects of these parameters on the solids circulation rate and final pressure drop are investigated. From the results, when the solids circulation rate is increased, the pressure drop in the riser is also increased. Especially, the pressure in the lower part of the riser is rapidly changed. In the present study, the gas-solid flow and consequent its hydrodynamic feature is fully investigated.

Figure 1. Variation of pressure with the mass flow rate of solid.

References

[1] Y. J. Kim, J.M. Lee and S. D. Kim, Fuel, 76 (1997) 1067.[2] L. Mukadi, C. Guy and R. Legros, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 77 (1999) 420.[3] L. Mleczko, and K. L. Marschall, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 75 (1997) 610.

O-WU-003


170

A MUSHROOM WASTE MANAGEMENT OF PONGYANGKOK DISTRTRICT, LAMPANG PROVINCE WORKING GROUP BY

CONVERSION PROCESS APPLICATION

Yongprayun RAWIPHA1, Kuphoonsap THANIN2, and Hunyala JAKKIT2*

1Energy Community Research and Development Center, Department of Industrial Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, Thailand

2Department of Industrial Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, Thailand


To change waste into benefits products be done with a biomass conversion technology such as combustion process, pyrolysis process and gasification process. Due to an optimization of waste management synthetic data mathematic model which is considering Energy Benefit Ratio and CO2 emission during life cycle in each technology.

The result of the mathematic model analysis for an optimization of mushrooms waste cultivation group residues in Pongyangkok District Lampang Province that create a highest positive value impact is Gasification Technology (ERDI 100) one of a thermochemical conversion technology. [1]

Billionaire Stove Pyrolysis Technology Gasification (ERDI 100)

Figure 1. The Focusing Type of a biomass conversion technology.

Table 1. A positive result of a biomass conversion technology management

Type of TechnologyPay Back

Period(PP)

Impact Result(R)

(PP +(EC x S xEN))

Economy(EC)

Society(S)

Environment(EN)

Combustion Technology: Billionaire Stove 9 7.67 8 10 622.6Up-draft Gasifier 7 7.67 8 10 620.6Down-draft Gasifier 6 8 10 10 806Diesel-Producer Gas Water Pumping 4 9 9 10 814Bio Diesel Producer Gas Electricity Production System 5 8.67 9 10 785.3

Pyrolysis Technology 10 9 9 9 739Gasification (ERDI 100) 8 9.33 10 10 941

References

[1] Y. RAWIPHA, K. THANIN and H. JAKKIT, Full Report of Research, Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy (2011).

O-WU-004


171

A STUDY ON COMPRESSION/ABSORPTION HIGH-TEMPERATURE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM FOR

INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT RECOVERY

Jiyoung KIM1, Minsung KIM1, Young-Jin BAIK1, Ki-Chang CHANG1, Ho-Sang RA1,Seong-Ryong PARK1* and Yongchan KIM2

1Energy Efficiency Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea


Recently, skyrocketing oil prices and the depletion of energy resources due to industrialization is the world’s most worrying issue. In order to solve these problems, such as the efficient use of various types of waste heat and renewable energy, should be promoted in order to reduce dependence on fossil fuels immediately. In addition to the development of new energy sources and increases in the efficiency of existing systems, research into a variety of technologies for harnessing unutilized energy is needed.

In the industrial process plants, there is a large amount of waste energy that will not be utilized because the water temperature is too low. Compression/absorption heat pump system technology is capable of upgrading post-processed waste heat into 90 of reheated water for industrial process. The purpose of this research is the development of a high-temperature compression/absorption heat pump system using industrial waste heat. The system was designed to produce process water over 90 from heat source temperature around 50 . In this study, operation of the compression/ absorption heat pump to identify the characteristics of the experimental study was carried out[1, 2].

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of NH3/H2O compression/ absorption heat pump cycle.

References

[1] Åhlby, L., Hodgett, D. and Berntsson, T., 1991, “Optimization Study of the Compression/absorption Cycle,” Int. J. Refrig., Vol.14, pp. 16-23.

[2] Nordtvedt, S. R., 2005, “Experimental and theoretical study of a compression/absorption heat pump with ammonia/water as working fluid,” Ph. D. dissertation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kjeller, Norway.

O-WU-005


172

THE EFFECT OF COAL TYPE, DIMENSIONS AND TOPOGRAPHY STOCKPILE TO THE

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Rusdianasari1, Susila Arita2, Eddy Ibrahim3, Ngudiantoro4

1Department of Chemical Engineering, State of Polytechnic Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia(Doctoral Student of Environmental Science, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia)

2Department of Chemical Engineering, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia3Department of Mining, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

4Department of Mathemathic, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia


Potential effects of coal stockpile is a potential impact arising from the activities of coal stockpile. Potential effects of coal stockpile varies in different types of coal, depending on the method of accumulation (stockpiling), the dimensions and topography of the stockpile. Some potential effects of coal stockpile that often happens is self heating, dust emissions, pollution of the water and soil. Self heating of coal is the thing that often happens. Coal will be oxidized when exposed at the surface during mining, and coal stockpiled at the time of this oxidation process continues. As a result of the oxidation reaction between oxygen in the gases of flammable substances flying component will generate heat. The impact of the dust emission and temperature changes in the coal stockpile, resulting in burning coal by itself (spontaneous combustion). Aside from air pollution due to dust and particulates, soil contamination at the site stockpile effect on porosity, permeability, and hydrology on the ground. Equally important, the design and dimensions of the stockpile can also affect the amount of pollution generated in the stockpile is because it is related to stockpile capacity and volume. Thus needs to be studied and examined how the relationship of design and dimensions of the stockpile in order to maintain the quality of the environment.

Key words: coal stockpile, dimenssions, self heating, environmental quality

O-WU-006

Solar Thermal Energy

(Oral Session)


175

DEVELOPING SITUATION AND ENERGY SAVING EFFECTS FOR SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING IN CHINA

Zheng Ruicheng

China Academy of Building Research

In recent years solar hot water systems, solar heating combisystems and solar air conditioning systems have been developed faster in China. Many demonstration projects were built and a technical supporting system including technical code, computer design software and design handbook has been formed. It is introduced that developing situation of technology for solar heating and cooling in China and energy saving effects of some demonstration projects in the paper.

For promoting energy saving and decreasing emission of CO2, China’s central and local governments issued some policies to support renewable energy application in China. The main policies are following:(1) SWH compulsory installation in many cities and provinces such as Beijing, Jiangsu, Shandong Provinces

etc: solar water heating systems shall be installed in new buildings which are lower than 12 storeys. (2) To give subsidy of 13 % cost of SWH to the peasant who has bought a solar water heater in all

countryside of China.(3) Demonstration projects, demonstration cities and counties for renewable energy application in buildings:

the projects, cities and counties which are approved for demonstration can get financial support from the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PRC.

(4) Demonstration counties and cities for application of new energy resources supported by the National Development and Reform Commission of PRC.

China has formed a technical support system for solar heating and cooling including:(1) National standards: GB 50364-2005 “Technical code for solar water heating system of civil buildings”,

GB 50495-2009 “Technical code for solar heating system”, GB / T 50604-2010 “Evaluation standard for solar water heating system of civil buildings” etc.

(2) Computer software: “Design Software for Solar Heating and Cooling System” developed by CABR and it was one of the tasks of China’s national research projects. The software can be used for design of solar water heating systems, solar heating combisystems and solar cooling systems.

(3) Design handbook: “Technical guidebook for solar water heating system of civil buildings”, “Technical handbook for solar heat supply & space heating”, “Technical handbook for solar heating” etc.

Energy saving effects of 4 demonstration projects is shown in table 1. Among them the effects of No.1 No.2 and No.4 are given by testing results, but the effect of No.3 is got by computation results. The result of No.2 is under the condition of average room temperature 12 .

Table 1. Energy saving effects of demonstration projects

Project Solar fraction Energy saving Decreasing emission of CO2

No.1 ( in one year ) 70 % 594 TCE 1466 TonNo.2 ( in one year ) 100 % 1112 TCE 2746 TonNo.3 ( in one year ) 40 % 2289 TCE 6093 Ton

No.4 ( in one summer ) 33 % 29 TCE 71 Ton

IN-ST-001


176

COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE BETWEEN R22 AND R744 SOLAR-GEOTHERMAL HYBRID HEAT PUMP SYSTEM

Byun Kang1 and Honghyun Cho2*



Recently, the awareness of effect human activities on the environment and the developing debate on climate change has heightened, and it increases interesting in non-fossil energy source. Since the limitation of energy usage and energy crisis became the problem in the world, the necessity of developing new energy resources has be a hot issue for whole world in related with an alternative energy. Among the renewable energy, solar energy has advantages likes cheap maintain cost, clean, and limitless. Besides, the geo-thermal energy is very useful because it keeps mild temperature for four seasons. Thus, the heat pump system uses solar heat and geothermal energy, it will decrease energy usage and increase efficiency, significantly.

In this study, the simulation study of the R22 and R744 solar and geothermal hybrid heat pump system was carried out by operating condition. The system was consisted of a solar system (concentric evacuated tube solar collector, heat storage tank) and geothermal heat pump system (double pipe heat exchanger, electric expansion valve and compressor). As a result, the COP of R22 heat pump system was higher about 3~10% than of R744 heat pump system for various operating conditions. Besides, when the outdoor temperature decreased, the performance of R744 heat pump system showed a more big degradation compared to that of R22 heat pump system. The heat pump system of R744 is needed over 20% improvement of performance to substitute that of R22.

References

[1] A. Hobbi and K.Siddiqui, Optimal design of a forced circulation solar water heating system for a residential unit in cold climate using trnsys, solar energy, 83(2009)700-714.

[2] X.Guoying, Z.Xiaosong and D.Shimnig, A simulation study on the operating performance of a solar-air Source heat pump water heater, Applied thermal engineering, 26(2006) 1257-1265.

[3] N.C. Beak, J.K.Lee, B.H. Song, Performance of Dual source Heat Pump System with Solar-Assisted Evaporator, Proceeding of SAREK summer annual conference, (2009) 1334-1338.

[4] Y.C.Park, J.Y.Kim,G.S. KO, A Study of Performance Characteristic on Hybird Heat Pump System with Solar Energy as Heat Source, Journal of Korean Solar Energy Society, 27(2007)47-54.

O-ST-001


177

MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SOLAR FLUX

Hyun Jin LEE1*, Kwan Kyo CHAI1, Jong Kyu KIM1, Sang Nam LEE1, Hwan Ki YOON1,Chang Kyun YU1, and Yong Heack KANG1



In concentrated solar power (CSP) technology, the high concentration of solar flux is crucial for obtaining a high-temperature heat source to derive turbines for electricity or to produce hydrogen via thermochemical cycles. The so-called flux mapping method is a well-known approach to the measurement of concentrated solar flux, in which a CCD camera captures a bright image of the scattered solar radiation from a diffuse target plate and the image is numerically converted to the solar flux distribution according to a heat-flux gage reading or the total power to be delivered [1]. We developed a flux mapping system suitable for the solar furnace in the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) [2]. We characterized basic optical performances concerning the solar flux distribution, the concentration ratio, the total thermal power capacity, and the concentration accuracy as shown in Fig. 1, while paying attention to the assessment of the accuracy and the repeatability of flux measurements. Furthermore we provided a better understanding of the measurement method such as the reference heat-flux measurement for the calibration, scattering measurement from the target surface, the reflectivity measurement with a portable reflectometer, shadowing area calculation for effective irradiation, and flux changes at different shutter opening angles. The established measurement procedure with help of the ray tracing method allows the comparison between flux measurements at different conditions and the flux estimation during operation based on measurement results.

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 1500

1

2

3

4(a)

along x axis

Nor

mal

ized

sola

r flu

x (M

W/m

2 )

x or z (mm)

line: w/ radiometerdash: w/o radiometer

along z axis

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400

10

20

30

40

3.3 mrad

dot: modeling

2.7 mrad(b)

Nor

mal

ized

pow

er (k

W)

Aperture size (mm)

Figure 1. Flux measurement results at the focal plane; (a) normalized solar flux distributions and (b) normalized power.

References

[1] S. Ulmer, W. Reinalter, P. Heller, E. Lüpfert and D. Martínez, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 124 (2002) 182.

[2] K. K. Chai, H. J. Lee, J. K. Kim, W. K. Yoon, S. N. Lee, Y. H. Kang and T. B. Seo, Proc. of the KSES Annual Spring Conference (2011) 74.

O-ST-002


178

STUDY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF NANOFLUID-BASED FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR

Seung-Hyun Lee, Seoung Youn Lee, Sang Hoon Kim and Seok Pil Jang*

1School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 412-791


Nanofluids are engineered by stably dispersing nanosized materials in conventional heat transfer fluids (HTF) such as water and ethylene glycol [1] have attracted great attentions as an absorbing medium of solar collector [2] In this paper, to assess the efficiency of nanofluids in a flat-plate collector systematically, water-based MWCNT(Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes) nanofluids are prepared by two-step method and the extinction coefficient of MWCNT nanofluids is measured by means of the in-house developed apparatus at a fixed wave length (632.8nm). In addition, using the simplified theoretical model as well as extinction coefficient measured, the dimensionless temperature distributions in a nanofluids-based flat-plate solar collector are presented. (Fig. 1) Based on the experimental and theoretical results, we show the effect of important parameters on the dimensionless temperature distributions in solar collector and also evaluate the efficiency of nanofluid-based flat-plate solar collector.

(a) Nu=1 (b) Nu=10

Figure 1. Dimensionless temperature distributions of flat-plate solar collector (a) Heat loss Nu=1 (b) Heat loss Nu=10

References

[1] J.-H. Lee, S.-H. Lee, C. J. Choi, S. P. Jang and S. U. S. Choi, A Review of Thermal Conductivity Data, Mechanisms and Models for Nanofluids, International Journal of Micro-Nano Scale Transport, 1 (2010) 269-322.

[2] T. P. Otanica, P. E. Phelan, R. S. Prasher, G. Rosengarten, and R. A. Taylor, Nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collector, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2 (2010) 033102.

O-ST-003


179

A DOUBLE BLIND LIGHT PIPE(DBLP) DAYLIGHTING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION STUDY

Eun Chul KANG1, Seong Yeon YOO2, Euy Joon LEE1*

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2Mechanical Design, Chungnam National University, Deajeon, Korea


This paper is to design and analyze a DBLP(Double blind light pipe) daylighting system in KIER. A daylighting system includes three parts; 1)light collection, 2)light transmission and 3)light distribution. The DBLP daylighting system consists of a double blind light collector, a mirror duct type light transformer and a prism light pipe distributor as showed in Fig.1. The blinds are used to track the sun’s altitude and azimuth movements to collect the sunlight throughout the day. Behind both sets of blinds are connected to the light transformer, which is based on a rectangular cone shaped light duct to pass the light effectively to the light pipe. The light transformer is designed to efficiently deliver the light into the light pipe within a 27.6 degree radial spread for the efficient light into the distributor. As a result during the test days, the DBLP system average output lumens evaluated 7,769 lm which is equivalent to the lighting power about three fluorescent lights by evaluating DBLP system average efficiency as 11.67% as in table 1.

Figure 1. Double blind light pipe system concept.

Table 1. Double blind light pipe system average efficiency during the test days

Time Input lumens [lm] Output lumens [lm] Efficiency [%]

Average 66,548 7,769 11.67

References

[1] Kang. E. C. et al., 2012, Tracepro Simulation Design and Evaluation for the Double Blind Light Pipe Daylighting System, Journal of SAREK, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 515-520.

[2] Choi, Y. J., Kang, E. C. and Lee, E. J., 2011, Performance Comparison Study on LFLP and DBLP Daylighting System, Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers-B, Vol. 35, No. 8, pp. 799-804.

O-ST-004


180

SPREADSHEET AND TRNSYS MODEL VERIFICATION STUDY FOR FUEL CELL - GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEM

ANNUAL ENERGY PERFORMANCE

SATRIO ANINDITO1, Eun Chul KANG2, and Euy Joon LEE2*



This study aims to verify spreadsheet modeling and TRNSYS modeling of Fuel Cell Geothermal Heat Pump (FC-GHP) system. FC-GHP system in this study has purpose to supply the thermal and electrical energy to the one residential and one office buildings. Fuel cell, geothermal heat pump and the building load are each modeled by using spreadsheet software which is Microsoft Excel as shown in Figure 1. Moreover, geothermal heat pump and fuel cell are the well-known renewable energy devices. Therefore, FC-GHP is the hybrid of renewable energy device system which should be logically more efficient than conventional system. In addition, the conventional system which uses boiler and chiller to comply the demand of one residential and one office buildings is also designed. The final results in this paper are the annual energy consumption (kWh/m2.yr) comparison between the spreadsheet’s results and TRNSYS’s results as well as the energy saving achieved (%) compared to the conventional system as presented in Table 1..

Figure 1. The spreadsheet modeling of FC-GHP system and its building load

Table 1. Energy consumption comparison

System Spreadsheet Modeling (kWh/m2.yr)

TRNSYSModeling(kWh/m2.yr)

Differences (%)

Conventional 114.22 178 35.8

FC-GHP 109.04 132 17.4

References

[1] Entchev, Evgueniy ; Yang, Libing, Ghorab Mohamed. Fuel-Cell Ground Source Heat Pump Simulation Study. First Year Progress Report.CanmetENERGY Research Centre, Ottawa. Ontario, K1A1M1, Canada. March 2012.

O-ST-005


181

A SOLAR PVT-GHP SYSTEM ANNUAL ENERGY PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AND VERIFICATION STUDY

WITH SPREADSHEET AND TRNSYS MODELING

SATRIO ANINDITO1, Eun Chul KANG2, and Euy Joon LEE2*



A solar PVT(Phtovoltaic Thermal) plus Geothermal system integrated with buildings has been modeled and simulated with the popular excel spreadsheet and TRNSYS modeling. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the annual energy consumption in terms of kwh per m2 yr for the system as presented in Table 1.. The benefits from the integration of PVT and GHP could be evaluated due to the synergetic integration of PVT and GHP to improve the heating COP from PVT and to use mainly the electriciy not to use the fossile fuel such as natural gas and oil. The methods of spreadsheet model and TRNSYS model have been introduced as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The spreadsheet modeling of PVT-GHP system and its building load

Table 1. Energy consumption comparison

System Spreadsheet Modeling (kWh/m2.yr) TRNSYS (kWh/m2.yr)Conventional 114.22 178

PVT-GHP 35.77 77

References

[1] Entchev, Evgueniy ; Yang, Libing, Ghorab Mohamed. Photovoltaic Thermal Ground Source Heat Pump Simulation Study. First Year Progress Report.CanmetENERGY Research Centre, Ottawa. Ontario, K1A1M1, Canada. July 2012.

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182

EES MODELING SIMULATION FOR AIR TO AIR HEAT PUMP

Euy Joon LEE1*, Eun Chul KANG1, and Sunik NA2

1Energy Efficiency Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea


The COP of AAHP(Air-to-Air Heat Pump) could be evaluated based on operating environment such as indoor and outdoor air conditions. The purpose of this study is to develop the EES computer simulation model for AAHP COP prediction. The modeling process is divided two parts(Fig. 1 (b)). At first, the heat pump is modeled with selected parameters from manufacture data. And then, estimate the performance on other sets of the conditions. The result indicated this methodology could reproduce its software simulator from the hardware simulator located in KIER ground coupled heat pump system within the error range of maximum 4.68%.

Figure 1. (a) KIER Air to Air Heat Pump hardware simulator (b) The simulation programming process diagram

Table 1. Comparison of experiment and simulation results

TEA ( ) TSA ( ) Work (kW) COPC

Experiment 45.51 13.54 0.797 2.35

Simulation 44.31 14.53 0.810 2.46

Difference (%) 2.64 7.3 1.63 4.68

References

[1] Baik, Y. J., Chang Y. S. and Kim, Y. I., 2002, In-situ performance test and prediction of a 10RT air source heat pump, Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 221-231.

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183

ANNUAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION STUDY OF THE BUILDING INTEGRATED HEAT PUMP

SYSTEM USING TRNSYS

Euy Joon LEE1*, Eun Chul KANG1, and Jin Woo Park2

1Energy Efficiency Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Architecture Department, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea


Heat Pump unit performance has been evaluated based on the one-point heating and cooling design condition as described in KS 9306, the Korea standard. However, Annual Performance Factor (APF) of a Building Integrated Heat Pump system should be considered for a better design and operational practice by considering the site, building and heat pump all system as well as the seasonal multi-data points of temperatures. The purpose of this paper is to propose the method and evaluate the COP of heat pump system and the APF with TRNSYS after modeling the site of Deajeon weather data, the residential building of 200 and air-to-air heat pump unit. The TRNSYS simulation results indicated that cooling and heating COP of heat pump system, 2.83 and 2.79 respectively. Moreover it indicated cooling seasonal performance factor of 2.81 and heating seasonal performance factor of 2.57 while the APF for the simulations was 2.62. APF verification study is undergoing with the collaborated researches from CSTB of France and IEA HPP Annex 39 APF study.

Figure 1. Heat Pump Unit Performance Evaluation

Table 1. Simulation Result

Type Capacity [kW] Power [kW] COPCOPc 5.35 1.89 2.83COPh 5.17 1.85 2.79Type Capacity [kWh] Power [kWh] APFCSPF 3,963 1,409 2.81HSPF 14,907 5,797 2.57APF 18,870 7,207 2.62

References

[1] Kang, E. C., et all., 2011, New Approach to Evaluate the Seasonal Performance of Building Integrated Geothermal Heat Pump System, 1st Asia-Pacific Forum on Renewable Energy.

[2] TRNSYS 16 Documentation. http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys

O-ST-008

Policy, Strategy &

New Business

(Oral Session)


187

THE CHALLENGES OF THE GUATEMALAN ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN INCREASING THE NATION’S INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY

RESOURCES

Sergio David Aldana Morataya1*

1Technology Management, Economics, and Policy Program College of Engineering at Seoul National University, Republic of Korea


Renewable energy resources can be fundamental in stabilizing electricity prices, in creating jobs and in protecting the environment. However, projects based on renewable energy sources technology could face some challenges for its development due to economical, social, political, and environmental barriers. This paper focused on identifying the challenges affecting the Guatemalan electricity sector for the implementation of renewable energy projects to produce electricity. This study proposes the technologies, resources, and business model as well as internal processes that must be adopted in order to increase the country’s installed power capacity. Our objective was to develop an innovative project development proposal capable to employ the country and institutional available resources that can offset the challenges mentioned.

The utilized methodology in this study is a descriptive-empirical approach, which is divided into two areas. The first part consists mostly of the descriptive analysis and it examines the country’s potential for renewable energy resource projects. It considers the current status of the Guatemalan electricity industry and its regulatory framework. It analyzes the challenges for implementing renewable energy resource projects. The second part through the method of the Net Present Value (NPV) assessed the adoption of the required technologies and energy resources. Data was collected from governmental agencies as well as from the last Open Tender PEG 01-2010, which was concluded during March 2012 in the Republic of Guatemala. The objective was to support our research with the most reliable information to optimize modeling results.

The obtained results show that the government through its institutional network is the key factor to solve the barriers for the adoption of technologies based on renewable energy resources and the implementation of projects that support country’s power expansion. This type of projects compared with traditional hydropower plants as well as coal fired power plants will not alter negatively the quality of life of the population due to promote jobs creation. Inhabitants could be involved on supplying energetic resources and it can mitigate poor conditions existing in native communities.

Key words: Renewable energy resources potential, Project development, Renewable energy technologies, Business model.

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188

CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF THE BIOFUELS FRAMEWORK IN PERU

Carlo Franchini, Pedro Isusi and María Ortiz

International Energy Program - Technology, Management, Economics and Policy Program College of Engineering at Seoul National University, Republic of Korea

During the last decade the Peruvian economy has shown continuous growth, becoming one of the top performers in Latin America & the Caribbean. As a result, the economic upturn has led to an increase in the demand of both primary and secondary energy. In terms of fuels consumption as a form of secondary energy, demand has been historically based on Petroleum products, mainly determined by the use of Gasoline and Diesel.

As part of the legislation on renewable energy, and in order to diversify the fuel market among other objectives, the Peruvian government has enacted a set of legal instruments since 2003, instituting the current framework for the use of biofuels. The main characteristic is the existence of differentiated blending mandate schedules for Biodiesel and for Gasohol, starting from 2009 and 2010 respectively.

This paper addresses the current status of biofuels in Peru, as well as compares the consumption of Diesel and Gasoline and as its impact on the demand of biofuels, highlighting its main challenges. As a way to provide a better understanding of the Peruvian within the Latin American biofuels context, blending mandates and policies from selected Latin American countries are shown in a cross country comparison.

The final result of the analysis will provide more insight for policy implications for the improvement of the Peruvian framework on biofuels.

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189

THE PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY IN TURKMENISTAN

Shohrat Baymuradovich Niyazmuradov

International Energy Policy Program, TEMEP, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea


Independent and permanently neutral Turkmenistan is one of the former Soviet Republics situated in Central Asia on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. The country has gained its independence in 1991 and after this date major transformations in the economy has started. Being the owner of the abundant hydrocarbon resources, oil and gas industry is the main sector of the economy of Turkmenistan.

Presently, Turkmenistan having enough reserves of natural gas fully covers domestic consumption and exports considerable volumes abroad. Natural gas constitutes large share in the electricity generation fuel mix. Furthermore, in accordance with government’s social policy electricity for residential consumers is delivered free of charge.

Naturally, Turkmenistan has a huge potential in solar energy. It’s worth mentioning that from 250 up to 300 days are sunny annually.

Historically, there was little interest in the development and deployment of renewable energies in Turkmenistan due to the fact of abundance of natural gas and expensive nature of the solar energy production technologies.

Nevertheless, currently the government started to realize the fact that huge potential of the solar energy along with hydrocarbon resources can contribute to additional cash flow as the geography of electricity exports rises.

Furthermore, the development of renewable energies is one of the hottest topics in international agenda. As the fossil fuel fields become more and more exhausted in the industrially developed countries, their governments try to lessen the dependency for instance on the imported oil and natural gas. Climate change mitigation and green economy slogans and promotions are already having spread all over the world.

The second reason for the feasibility of the solar energy in Turkmenistan is the fact that by deploying solar PV’s for instance in rural and distant areas would enable us to decrease internal consumption of natural gas and conserved volumes redirect for export or add value to make new products for export that will increase the cash flow into the economy.

O-PSN-003


190

ESTIMATION OF UNIT COST OF ELECTRICITY FROM SOLAR PV AND WIND POWER SYSTEMS IN KOREA

Yungpil YOO1, Si-Doek OH1, and Ho-Young KWAK1,2*

1Blue Economy Strategy Institute Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea


Thermoeconomics, which combines the exergy concept in thermodynamics and economic principles is a powerful tool to estimate the unit cost of products such as electricity and steam and quantifies monetary loss due to the entropy generation in thermal systems. In this study, the unit cost of electricity from solar PV and wind power system was estimated using the thermoeconomics or exergy costing method. If a power system produces one product, for instance, electricity, the unit cost of electricity Cw can be obtained by the following cost-balance equation [1].

CHE Wo x w xkC E Z C E+ = (1)

where kZ is the capital cost rate of unit k, CHExE and W

xE fuel exergy flow rate and electricity generation rate, respectively, and Co is the unit cost of fuel. For solar PV or wind power system, which does not need any fuel, the above cost valance equation reduce to by assuming that solar PV or wind power system is an integrated system.

couW

w xZ C Eβ= (2)

where couβ is the capacity factor. All costs incurred by owning and operating the solar PV system or wind power system depends on the type of financing, required capital, expected life of a component, etc. The annualized cost of the solar PV system or wind power system was obtained using the levelized cost method of Moran [1] in this study. For the solar PV or wind power system, the capacity factor couβ may be defined as

cou

Anually generated amount of electricity from energy systemAnnual capacity of energy system

β = (3)

The capacity factor for solar PV in various cities in Korea for 1~3 kW power modules was obtained using the clearance index data. The average value of the capacity factor is roughly 0.138 for all power modules. In this study, a conservative value of the capacity factor regarding solar PV, 0.12 was taken to estimate the unit cost of electricity from the solar PV system. The capacity factor for the wind power system was obtained from the wind profile data measured at a site for a year. In this calculation, appropriate scale factor, shape factor and the most probable wind speed for Weibull distribution were obtained from the wind data for each month, and the capacity factor for the wind power system for each month was obtained using the Weibull distribution. The average value of the capacity factor for the wind power system was calculated to be 0.253.

O-PSN-004


191

The annual interest rate was taken to be 5.0% in this study. The salvage value at the end of the nth year was taken to be 0% the solar PV system and 5% of the installation cost for the wind power system. The expected life for both the solar PV and wind power system was taken as 20 years. The maintenance factors, which were taken as 1.02 for the solar PV and 1.05 for wind power system to the annualized cost. The unit cost of electricity from solar PV system turned out to be slightly less than that from wind power system even though the installation cost of the solar PV system is much cheaper than that of wind power system because of its lower capacity factor.

Table 1. Estimated unit cost of electricity produced from solar PV and wind power system installed in Korea

Solar PV system Wind power system

Installation cost 3,913,000Won/kW 9,520,000Won/kW

Capacity factor( couβ ) 0.12 0.25

Unit cost of electricity(Cw) 305Won/kWh (337Won/kWh*) 359Won/kWh (311Won/kWh*)*Electricity cost generation in Japan (N. Ayoub and N. Yuji, Energy Policy, Vol. 43,pp. 191-201, 2012)

References

[1] J.Moran, Availability Analysis: A guide to Efficient Energy Use, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs 1982.


192

POLICY ANALYSIS FOR POWER SECTOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

Danilo Visitacion Vivar

International Energy Policy Program, Technology Management Economics and Policy Program, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

The national policy and planning became a necessity for a certain economy to be able to come up with desired development in supporting strong economy and vibrant society. The government sector formulates national policy and planning that should be in parallel with the goals and concerns of the stakeholders of the different sectors of economy. On the other hand, the global issues on environmental degradation turn the trend of economic development efforts in a sustainable manner, which became a central to the economic, social and environmental development goal as part of core principle underpinning national policy and planning. One of the most important sectors of economy is the energy which plays a vital role in economic growth while, on the other hand, it is also the biggest culprit for GHG emission, particularly, the power sector which is the biggest emitter of CO2 to the environment. Thus, it is very important to analyze existing policy on power sector and see to it the power sector sustainability that would greatly influence all aspects of development.

The study will focus on the policy analysis of long-term power development plan (PDP) in the Philippines. As part of the Philippine Energy Plan (PEP), the PDP is formulated to ensure the stability and reliability of power supply, which according to its latest update remained the major challenge of the sector. With the restructuring of the power sector in 2001, majority of power assets were already transferred to the private sector administration. It can be observed that the more private participation the lesser the government control and the more the requirements for the government to monitor the sector’s development towards sustainability. Although promotion of renewable energy (RE) is priority, lesser additional capacities from RE sources is expected in the near future and without full government support the RE program may not be achievable. On the other hand, the committed additional power capacities are more of fossil fuels sources, which are the biggest sources of CO2 emission. At this point, the policy analysis is necessary to monitor the power sector development in the area of economic, social and environmental dimensions for sustainable development.

The study used energy modelling tool to establish different long-term scenarios such as the most likely to happen scenario for power generation mix as indicated in the latest PDP; other long-term scenarios related to sustainable development efforts of the country such as high RE and low carbon scenarios which are indicated in the existing RE Policy Framework; and diversification of power sources scenario that will assess the feasibility of not yet existing power technologies as input to the power system. The comparative analysis has been established among different scenarios to be able to come up with policy implications of the current policy framework.

As the major concern of the study is to provide bases in the formulation of policy for sustainable development in the power sector, its output established related indicators for assessing sustainability in the power development that could support policy and decision makers and other energy stakeholders with important information for their own undertakings like policy studies and other energy related decision makings. To realize this concern, the study adopted Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development (EISD)1

to assess the sustainable path of the energy policy setup of the country.

1 Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies, IAEA/UNDESA/IEA/ EUROSTAT/EEA, 2005

O-PSN-005


193

PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT IN ETHIOPIA

Ephrem Hassen

International Energy Policy Program (IEPP), Technology Management, Economics & Policy Program(TEMEP), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


Renewable energy is getting more recognition globally due to worsening climate change and periodic rise in the price of fossil fuel. In a number of Scholarly literatures and reports it is strongly argued that fossil fuel will continue to be important energy sources up to 4 to 5 decades in the future (IEA, 2011). Also research in this field might contribute for their further deployment since the exhaustion of the fossil fuel resources potential is partly attached to the cost effectiveness of their extraction and release of significant proportion of GHGs.

However, this global level argument about fossil fuels does not necessarily suppress the role of renewables in the energy development prospect of regions and countries. East African countries could be examples of such cases where both resources are important in the energy mix to the extent some countries being more dependent on renewables. Ethiopia is one of those countries with much higher energy potential being renewable. Approximately, renewables contribute for about 90% (MW&E, 2010) total energy potential for power generation.

Hence the purpose of this study is to show the significance of RETs in the Ethiopian Energy composition, highlight the major Limiting factors, and suggest some policy implications. Based on some preliminary studies, lack of quality standards, limited technical knowhow, shortage of finance, and high tariff are among the limiting factors of wide scale deployment of these energy sources except large hydropower. Possible remedies for such drawbacks could be further incentivizing the deployment of some of the RETs encouraging their use in productive purposes, adopting standards for production & use of sources like bio-energy, and widening bilateral relations with countries having good track record in technology, knowhow and financial resources/investment by way of mutual advantage.

Key words: Renewable energy, quality standards, Productive use of RET, and Bilateral/investment relations.

References

[1] MW&E. (2010). Annual Report. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Water & Energy.[2] IEA. (2011). “world Energy Outlook.” International Energy Agency.

O-PSN-006


194

ENERGY POLICY FOR INCREASED ACCESS TO ELECTRIFICATION IN TANZANIA: THE ROLE OF THE

GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTORS

Erick Gerald Kalugira Rugabera1

1Department of Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

* Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected]

Tanzania is endowed with abundant energy resources potentials which include hydro about 4.7GW, biomass 44 million hectares, coal 1,200 million metric tons, natural gas 45 million cubic meters, solar 187W/m2, wind speed in the range of 0.9-4.8m/s2 and geothermal with limited studies it indicates potentials of more than 650MW. The major primary source for energy supply is biomass which accounts for 90%, petroleum and electricity accounts for about 8% and 1.2% respectively, solar, wind, and coal account for less than 1%.

The electricity access up to December, 2011 was fourteen percent (14%). The low rate of electricity access is significantly hindering the country’s social-economic development. The grid installed capacity as of March, 2012 was 1275MW. The prolonged draught has been affecting the hydropower generation which has been leading to the power rationing. The studies which have been conducted showed that the loss to the economy due to power shedding is 1.1$cents/kWh. The long term international best practices have shown that the adaption of the appropriate policies to promote the private sectors investments has increased electricity access in several countries which ultimately contributed to the country’s social economic development.

The study will identify the appropriate policies which will facilitate the Tanzania government to increase electricity access. The importance for each policy instruments will be analyzed in terms of its success, accomplishment and challenges. In addition, the international comparison for the appropriate policies to promote the increased access to electrification will be carried out. Thereafter, the findings of the study will be the basis to advise the Tanzanian Government whether to adopt all the appropriate policy instruments which promote the increased access to electrification at the same time or to adapt one policy instrument at a time.

References

[1] Harald Winkler, Andre´ Felipe Simo~ Es, Emilio Le`Bre La Rovere, Mozaharul Alam, Atiq Rahman and Stanford Mwakasonda: Access and Affordability of Electricity in Developing Countries

[2] I.H. Rehman, Abhishek Kar, Manjushree Banerjee, Preeth Kumar, Martand Shardul, Jeevan Mohanty, Ijaz Hossain: Understanding the political economy and key drivers of energy access in addressing national energy access priorities and policies

[3] Smail Khennas: Understanding the political economy and key drivers of energy access in addressing national energy access priorities and policies: African Perspective

[4] Leena Srivastavan, Anandajit Goswami, Gaurang Meher Diljun, Saswata Chaudhury Energy access: Revelations from energy consumption patterns in rural India

[5] Wei Liu, Hong Li: Improving energy consumption structure: A comprehensive assessment of fossil energy subsidies reform in China

[6] www.mem.go.tz[7] www.tanesco.co.tz[8] www.ewura.com

O-PSN-007


195

Table 1. Summary of the experiments

City Residence type Type of householdNumber of houses for

measurementOutdoor condition

(average)

SeoulFamily apartment

Residents of senior age(more than 60 years old) 8 27.1 °C

67.1 %

Residents of middle age(40~50 years old) 6 26.9 °C

67.0 %Residents with preschool children 10

Studio Apartment Single household(University students) 7 26.9 °C

27.0 %

RESEARCH ON ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS OF COOLING BY HOUSEHOLD IN APARTMENT

Chihye BAE1*, Chungyoon CHUN2

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejoen, Korea 2Department of Housing & Interior Design, Yonsei University, Daejeon, Korea


Household energy consumption in Korea has been slowly grown. However, because of increasing single household and nuclear family, energy consumption per capita has been rapidly increased. Especially, in household section, annual growth of cooing energy consumption has surged more than any other energy consumption part. The reason is that the market of air conditioner in Korea has been increased due to period of cooling became longer by climate change and the desire to comfort of people is expanded. This research focused on the residents’ control behavior of air conditioning system that affects actual status of electricity consumption patterns for cooling in household. The measurement on the time to use air conditioning system for cooling and room temperature was conducted in summer according to 4 groups of residents based on household members single household in studio apartment, residents with children, residents of middle age, and residents of senior in apartment. Based on these measured actual data and residents’ air conditioning system control behavior, electricity consumption propensity for cooling were analyzed according to structure of household.

O-PSN-008


196

FEED-IN-TARIFF DESIGN FOR INCREASE UTILIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN NIGERIA’S ELECTRICITY

GENERATION FUEL MIX

Habib NUHU

International Energy Policy, Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742


The clamor for increased utilization of renewable energy systems in fuelling the global economy have recently gained renewed momentum among nations due to the depletion of fossil energy resources and associated negative environmental externalities threatens the security of sustainable energy system. However, the relative high cost of renewable energies has stalled mass deployment and market penetration. Feed-in tariff has in this regards, has been one of the most widely adopted policy tools that advanced renewable energies production and stimulated mass deployment in developed and developing nations. Even though there exists strategic policy for renewable energy development in Nigeria but is yet to have proportion in the country’s electricity generation fuel mix. This is mainly due to lack of commitments from government to the provision of enabling environment and fiscal incentives to encourage public-private participation in renewable energy sector. Current government efforts at increasing access to electricity through generation capacity additions are leveraging on Nigeria’s vast natural gas resources. However, there exist vast quantities of renewable sources that can supplement the conventional energy sources and facilitate track energy access especially to rural areas. This paper proposed feed-in tariff as a policy tool that can facilitate the adoption and utilization of renewable energies in Nigeria’s fuel mix based on benchmarking of selected successful countries in its adoption. It also provided implications that give useful insights to policy makers and market players.

Key words: feed in tariff, electricity, energy access, policy, market, government,

O-PSN-009


197

POTENTIALS OF SMALL SCALE HYDRO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND

AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES IN NIGERIA

Ali Garba Ali

International Energy Program - Technology, Management, Economics and Policy Program College of Engineering at Seoul National University, Republic of Korea


Energy has a major impact on every aspect of our socio-economic life. It plays a vital role in the economic, social and political development of a nation. Inadequate supply of energy restricts socio-economic activities, limits economic growth and adversely affects the quality of life. Improvements in standards of living are manifested in increased food production, increased industrial output, the provision of efficient transportation, adequate shelter, healthcare and other human services. These will require increased energy consumption. Thus, our future energy requirements will continue to grow with increase in living standards, industrialization and a host of other socio-economic factors.

Nigeria’s Renewable Energy sector is of great potential and highly lucrative in terms of investment opportunities, being a natural resource that is tapped freely which can be converted to other forms of energy sources for different proficiencies, for power generation, domestic utilization, small scale industrial uses and most especially agricultural purposes; Nigeria has long ago abandon her agricultural sector since the discovery of oil in the 1970’s; Agriculture is still one of the major backbone of Nigeria’s economic improvement.

O-PSN-010


198

THE “BEST PRACTISES” IN PROMOTING AND REGULATING RENEWABLE ENERGY IN TANZANIA

John F. Kitonga

International Energy Policy Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea


The major achievement on promotion of renewable energy is through energy formulation policies which favour renewable energy like price setting and quantity forcing policies and cost reduction policies by providing feed in tariff, subsidies, grants and loans. Production of energy from renewable energy requires high capital investment and technologies as compared to fossil fuels. Promoting and regulating renewable energy source offers a sustainable path towards energy security and economic development for nation and world as large. Due to Green House Gas (GHG) and Climate change which is the major concern and threatening future economic growth and energy security for every country in the world, most of countries like Tanzania are moving to clean energy sources. United Republic of Tanzania formulated their policies and regulated the energy markets for promotion of renewable energy which seems to be the best solution for green house gas emission and climate change mitigation. In 2005 the government of Tanzania enacted Rural Energy Act, 2005 and 2007 the government formed Rural Energy Agency (REA) to spearhead development and promotion of renewable energy in the country. At this initial stage for development of renewable energy, the government through REA in 2008 introduced feed in tariff and subsidies for renewable energy project developers. However, the government should take more effort to make sure that, feed in tariff must be high enough to cover the cost of investment and encourage more development of renewable energy technologies realization in the country.

Key words: Policy, Subsidy, Feed in tariff

References

[1] Ministry of Energy and Minerals of Tanzania (www.mem.go.tz)[2] Rural Energy Agency of Tanzania (www.rea.go.tz)[3] Ministry of Energy and Minerals. (2011). Medium Term Strategic Plan for 2012/13-2015/16[4] Ministry of Energy and Minerals. (2011). Joint Energy Sector Review for 2011/2012[5] U.S. Energy Informational Administration. (2001). Renewable Energy Annual. Washington, DC.[6] International Energy Agency. (2003). Renewable Energy Policies and Measures in IEA Countries. Paris,

France.[7] Reiche, Danyel, ed. (2002). Handbook of Renewable Energy in the European Union: Case Studies of

All Member States. Bern: Verlag Peter Lang.[8] Cutler, J., Fred Beck, ed. (2004). Renewable Energy Policies and Barriers in Academic Press/Elsevier

Science.

O-PSN-011


199

PROMOTING RENEWABLE ENERGY OPPORTUNITIES IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

Jerold Bongu BARABUTU

Department of TEMEP, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


The Democratic Republic of Congo is among the world well endowed country with exceptional natural resources. With the approximate exploitable potential of 100,000 MW of electrical energy, half of the electrical production is concentrated on the sole site of the INGA hydropower plants (INGA I and INGA II).

But despite this potentiality, the country is facing important issues in the energy sector, because the country’s size associated with the presence of large rivers and forests make the condition very harsh to supply electricity to the population who are living in the rural areas.

As consequence, the recent survey lead by of the Ministry of Energy has showed that only 11% of the country population has access to electricity. Thus, an alternative solution can be possible by adopting renewable energy sources in the DR Congo energy sector and also deploying them in each area of the country in order to improve the rate of electrification.

Prior to this solution, it is very important for the country to think about elaborating and implementing some strategies to promote and foster renewable energy.

This paper aims to elaborate a basic renewable energy policy for promoting renewable energy opportunities in the Democratic Republic of Congo in order to bring the electrification into the desperately remote place of the country.

Figure 1. The Democratic Republic of Congo

Table 1. Electrification level in the DR Congo from 1990 to 2007

1990 2001 2007 DifferenceElectrification (%) 517 618 6 1

References

[1] Renewable Energy in the DR Congo, 4th Trimester, 2003[2] Hammon et al., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2000[3] Monzambe Mapunzu, The Problematic of biomethanization in the DR Congo, 2002 (French Version)[4] The Importance of the Legal and Regulatory Framework for the Development of Renewable Energy, 2009[5] The Energy issues in the DR Congo, the Ministry of Energy of the DR Congo, 2011 (French Version)

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200

Technology PushLow High

Market Pull

Low China, India, Mexico, Russia, TurkeyBrazil, Czech Rep., Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland,

Slovakia

HighAustralia, Canada, Finland, France, Japan,

Norway, S. Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, U.K., U.S.A

Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain

ENERGY POLICIES TO PROMOTE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

Amin Shokri

IEPP, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


The limitation of conventional energy sources in one side and environmental issues in the other side have led to countries attempt to promote renewable energy technologies. Energy policy tools have a crucial rule in deploying innovation and cost reduction in renewable energy production. Different countries have implemented various policies to promote renewable energy technologies such as: capital subsidies, feed in tariffs, tradable certificates, and renewable portfolio standards. Some of them have focused on Technology Push policies and the others developed Market Pull mechanisms or both simultaneously. However effectiveness of some policies is more than others and making balance between Technology Pull and demand Pull policies has a crucial role in renewable energy deployment. Learning from advanced countries experiences and combination with indigenous factors will help other countries to develop renewable energy technologies in energy supply structure.

References

[1] Empirical works related to policy effectiveness[2] literature related to technology push and demand pull concept

O-PSN-013


201

THE ACHIEVABILITY OF KOREA’S RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGET IN 2030

Kyung Nam KIM1, Ki-Yual BANG1, and Donghwan KIM2*



Korean government has driven the renewable energy target to achieve 11% of the total energy demand from renewable energy in 2030 under the national vision of “Low Carbon Green Growth”. We study the achievability of the target by the regression analysis of the statistical data of total energy and renewable energy sources. Total energy use the consumption data of primary energy and final energy, and the sources of renewable energies are from photovoltaic, solar-thermal, wind power, biomass, waste, Small hydropower, and Geo-thermal. First, we estimate the renewable energy ratio in 2030, based on the simple linear forecasting method of BAU, which shows 7.3% with the original renewable energy sources, and 7.9% with inclusion of ocean energy estimation. Second, we compose several scenarios based on incentives and/or obligations policy, and analyze whether its target, 11%, can be achievable on the scenarios in terms of back-casting approach. We conclude that the target can be reachable, if Korean government drives strong policy via combination of obligation schemes such as RPS (power), RFS (transportation), and RHO (heat) by 2020, and then establishes more market oriented energy structure by 2030. Finally, we summarize the current obstacles against the target achievement, and suggest a couple of policy alternatives to achieve the target from the point of views in industrial promotion, expansion of its deployments, and regulation considerations. We prepare this paper based on a research, “Study on the achievability of renewable energy target in R&D, Usage, and Dissemination”, which was completed on December 2011 with support of Presidential Committee on Green Growth in Korea.

O-PSN-014


202

THE HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION STRUCTURE THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY HRD PROGRAMS

Youah Lee1*

1Department of Energy Resource Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


This paper examines the explanations for market failure in renewable energy training market and explores the rationale for renewable energy human resource development (HRD) policies. Insufficient human resources are treated as one of the barrier for renewable energy industry growth in Korea. Also, many other countries set up the human resource training plan and tried to supply appropriate human resources (Clean Energy Council, 2009: Alan Hardcastle & Stacey Waterman-Hoey, 2009).

After government emphasizes the growth of renewable energy industry, some studies conducted an analysis on human resource development in renewable energy industry (Lee et al. 2009, Heo et al. 2008). Most of them focus on the job creation effect or strategy of HRD and education system which rely on survey and discussion. The reason theoretical approaches have been used in most of these studies is that it is difficult to quantify human capital accumulation. Human capital refers to individuals’ repository of knowledge and technological skill, and human capital accumulation is the means by which skills are improved for carrying out any type of productivity activity (Blackburn, Hung and Pozzolo, 2000). High human capital not only improves production capacity but also enables the assimilation of new technology (Barro and Lee, 1993). So it is important to quality the human capital accumulation and understanding the structure through renewable energy HRD program.

This study explains the labor market failure situation in renewable energy industry and describes the working mechanism of government policies. Also we test hypothesis that are have to satisfy for the government policy can be effective. For the hypothesis test, earning function are estimated using panel data.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Human Resources Development program (No. 20104010100490) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy

References

[1] Alan Hardcastle & Stacey Waterman-Hoey (2009) Renewable Energy Industry Trends and Workforce Development in Washduston State. WSUEEP 09-018.

[2] Barro, R.J. and Lee, J.W. (1993) ‘International comparisons of educational attainment’, Journal of monetary economics, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 363-394.

[3] Blackburn, K., Hung, V.T.Y. and Pozzolo, A.F. (2000) ‘Research, development and human capital accumulation*’, Journal of Macroeconomics, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 189-206.

[4] Clean Energy Council (2009) Renewable Energy Jobs in 2009 and Forecasts to 2020, Australia.[5] Heo, E. Lee, Y., and Kim, J.(2008) Evaluation of the Human Resource Development Effect on Hydrate

R&D Project in Korea Using Human Capital Accumulation Model, Journal of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Vol. 45, No. 5, 516-525

O-PSN-015


203

COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR CUSTOMER ENTERING THE SMART GRID CALLED I-RENE

Mamoru Tani1, Shiro Yano2, and Tadahiro Taniguchi3*

1Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan2Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan

3Department of Human & Computer Intelligence College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan


For the purpose of effective use of renewable energy, we perform a Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis on customer’s profit in smart grid. Recent years, smart grid with solar power has been proposed for the reason of carbon emission. It is important for the customers whether new system can increase the utility more than the current electrical power system. Currently in Japan, government enables customers to sell the electricity which is generated with PV panels at a higher price with a subsidy. However, it will be reduced in the near future. Hence, it is important to clarify the conditions to produce the incentive for continual installation of the PV panels without the subsidy. In this presentation, we use the actual load and consumption profiles of housing which has sufficient details to estimate the conditions. For performing the CVP Analysis, we defined monetary utility of the smart grid system which we proposed; it is called i-Rene [1]. In this system, a customer have PV panels and storage. This system determines the electricity price by the market mechanism; it means consumer can trade the power with each others. For the estimation,

we define system utility function U i and current regular utility function U i as follows:

U i =t

ptG et (1)

U i =t

pt mti (c i

b Si ) (2)

U i i U i (3)

where ptG is current electricity price, et is a customer’s load. pt

¿is the system electricity price, mt

i

is a quantity of a trade, c is a PV panel cost, cb is a storage cost, i is the quantity of PV panels,

and S i is the quantity of storages. Index i represents the index number of the customer, and index trepresents a time slot. We use real load profiles andgeneration profiles which was monitored in Higashi-Ohmi City, Japan. In the presentation, we show the results of CVP analysis which is to derive the break-even point for the condition of installing PV panels and storage (i.e. price of devices).

References

[1] Tadahiro Taniguchi, Shiro Yano, Decentralized Trading and Demand Side Response in Inter-Intelligent Renewable Energy Network, The 6th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (2012) submitted.

O-PSN-016


204

AN ANALYSIS ON ENERGY SYSTEMS WITH A LARGE SHARE OF FLUCTUATING RENEWABLES

Sang Hoon LEE1, Nyun-Bae PARK1, and Eui Chan JEON1*

1Climate Change Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea


Rio+20 emphasized green economy as one of the important tools available for achieving sustainable development. Ahead of the Rio+20, Korean government declared ‘low carbon, green growth’ as a national vision in 2008 and has implemented national green growth strategy.

However, Korean government faces the challenge and pressure to reduce the role of nuclear and raise a RE share after Fukushima nuclear accident. Independent research institutes and NGOs suggest different alternative scenarios against electricity demand and supply plan based on nuclear energy. Presidential candidates also announce green energy plan based on RE instead of pro- nuclear policy.

By the way, alternative energy scenarios, which meet the balance of electricity demand and supply on an annual basis in a certain year, have a limit to simulate energy systems with a large share of fluctuating RE. Furthermore Korea can be more vulnerable to large-scale of fluctuating RE such as PV, wind and wave because it has a closed grid system without import/export of electricity.

This study analyzes energy systems with a high share of fluctuating RE on an hourly basis for South Korea by using EnergyPLAN model. This analysis covers whole national energy systems but, it focuses on an electricity system where RE accounts for more than 50% of electricity supply. The results illustrate the role of energy storage in a RE energy system. This study can help Korean society develop the realistic sustainable energy plan.

O-PSN-017


205

THE COMPARISON OF OFFSHORE WIND INDUSTRY SUPPORT POLICIES AND SUGGESTIONS OF POLICY

IMPLICATIONS

Jong Hoon Lee1, Bong Gyou Lee2

1Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning2Professor, Graduate School of Information, Yonsei University ([email protected])


By the end of 2010, global installation capacity is estimated to be total 199.5GW including 44.7GW of China, 20.2GW of the U.S.A., 13.7GW of Germany, 10.2GW of Spain and 6.5GW of India, respectively. In particular, growth rate for the recent past 6 years reaches 27.8% based on new installation capacity and 27.4% based on accumulated installation capacity. Though this growth rate has been decreased to some degree due to recent global financial crisis but it is expected that this growth trend would sustain again from 2013 onwards[1].

The purpose of the study is to derive policy implications through the Comparison of the major wind-related policy support for the wind industry. First, we investigate the wind energy support policies of major countries.

The policies are categorized by direct and indirect support mechanisms. To find industry implications, the analysis was based on the S-C-P model. According to S-C-P model, the industry structure determines the market behavior and affect the company’s revenue. [2]

Performance(P)Structure(S) Conduct(C)

Support Policy

Figure 1. S-C-P model controlled Support Policy

The direct support policy tools related with wind industry are local content requirements, financial and tax incentives, favorable customs duties, export credit assistance, quality certification, research and development as the direct support site. And feed-in tariffs, Mandatory Renewable Energy Targets, government tendering, financial and tax incentives are used as indirect support policies are [3].

Research results are first, we find pre-requisites of for success by comparison of major countries support mechanism, Second by comparing the policies using S-C-P model, we derive the policy implications of market structure and conduct. Based on this study, we suggest policy maker to design mid & long term market creation strategy and develop more various policy for fostering wind industry.

References

[1] BTM Consult, World Market Update 2010 Forecast 2011-2015, March (2011)[2] G. Byun, T. Kim, and B. G. Lee, Analysis of the RPS System in Korea based on SCP Framework,

Communications in Computer and Information Science, Future Information Technology 2011, 185, 5 (2011)[3] Joanna Lewis and Ryan Wiser, Fostering a Renewable Energy Technology Industry, Berkeley Lab,

LBNL-59116

O-PSN-018

Bioenergy

(Oral Session)


209

MICROALGAE AS SUSTAINABLE BIORESOURCES FOR BIOFUELS PRODUCTION AND BIOREFINERIES -

OPPORTUNITIES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Jo-Shu Chang

Department of Chemical EngineeringResearch Center for Energy Technology and Strategy

Center for Bioscience and BiotechnologyNational Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

Tel: +886-6-2757575 ext. 62651, Fax: +886-6-2357146,


Microalgae serve as an ideal platform as carbon sink and CO2 reutilization. CO2 fixation with microalgae gives a much faster rate than that of terrestrial plants. The fixed CO2 is converted to microalgal biomass with potential applications in producing biofuels, animal feed, health food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other high-value products. Therefore, CO2 fixation is a promising strategy for the preparation of microalgal feedstock for producing biofuels and any other fermentative or natural products. The microalgae biotechnology and engineering (MBE) team at NCKU has identified various indigenous microalgae strains able to grow on flue gas CO2 from a steel-making factory with excellent CO2 fixation ability and additional benefits of SOx/NOx removal. The components of resulting microalgae biomass (lipid, carbohydrates, proteins, pigments, etc.) can be adjusted by using different cultivation strategies to meet the needs of downstream applications. To make the microalgae industry a reality, new technologies and engineering approaches are developed by NCKU’s MBE team, including high throughput strain screening, outdoor large-scale cultivation, biomass harvesting, product conversion technology, and so on. Key technologies required for realizing commercialization of microalgae-based CO2 mitigation and biofuels/bio-based chemicals production will be introduced.

Key words: Microalgae, CO2 emissions mitigation, lipid, carbohydrate, biofuels, biorefinery

IN-BE-001


210

RHIZOMUCOR MIEHEI LIPASE: GENE CLONING, EXPRESSION IN PICHIA PASTORIS AND PROPERTIES

LUO Wen, MIAO Changlin, LU Pengmei*, LIU Shuna, and Yuan zhenhong

Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate,Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion,CAS, Guangzhou 510640,Guangdong,China


We have cloned the lipase gene from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) and expressed active lipase in Pichiapastoris. The cDNA sequence of lipase gene is amplified by RT-PCR. The recombinant plasmid pPIC9K-RML containing lipase gene is constructed and transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115 strain through electroporation. The recombinant strains are screened out by minimal dextrose medium(MD plate), YPD-G418 and minimal medium (MM plate). The maximum expression of recombinant strain is achieved after 120 h of induction at 0.5% methanol. Lipase activity of the obtained protein is up to 84U/mL and it increases about 7-fold compared to that from wild strains. SDS-PAGE analysis shows that the relative molecular weight of RML is about 39 KD(Fig 1). Properties of the recombinant lipase are characterized and the results are showed in Fig 2. The optimum pH and temperature are 8 and 40 C, respectively. The effects of metal ions and chain length specificity are also determined. The lipase activity increases obviously by addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+, while inhibited by Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+, and it shows highest activity toward substrates with long chains fatty acid (C12-C16), especially p-nitrophenyl laurate(C12).

Figure 1. SDS-PAGE analysis of the culture supernatants of GS115/pPIC9K-RML. M: molecular mass marker;1-2: samples after concentration;3: Supernatant of GS115/pPIC9K as negative control.

pH

Rel

ativ

e ac

tivity

,%

Temperature, oC

Rel

ativ

e ac

tivity

,%

Chainlength of substrate

Rel

ativ

e ac

tivity

,%

metal ion

Rel

ativ

e ac

tivity

,%

Figure 2. The optimum temperature and pH, and effect of metal ions and substrate

References

[1] Quyen DT,Schmidt-Dannert C,Schmid RD,et al. High-level expression of a lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus BTL2 in Pichia pastoris and some properties of the recombinant lipase[J].Protein Expression and Purification,2003,28(1):102-110.

[2] Teng HF,Wang DJ, Xu Qing, et al. Optimization Study of Olive oil Emulsifi cation Method Determining Lipase Activity [J]. Food Industry,2011,(6):80-83.

[3] Xiao Yan Wu, Sanna JÄÄskelÄinen and Wu-Yen Linko.Purification and partial characterization of Rhizomucor miehei lipase for ester synthesis[J].Appl Biochem Biotech.1996,59:145-158.

IN-BE-002


211

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER UTILIZATION FOR BIOMASS AND BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY SCENEDESMUS

OBLIQUUS HM103382 AND MICRACTINIUM REISSERI JN169781

Reda A.I. ABOU-SHANAB1,2, Min-Kyu JI, Hyun-Chul KIM1, and Byong-Hun JEON1*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 220-710,Korea2Department of Environmental Biotechnology, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications,

New Borg El Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt


Municipal wastewater is a major problem as a result of its extremely high concentration of nutrients, which is the main reason for the eutrophication of the surrounding water resulted in serious health effect and disturbed ecosystem. Microalgae can utilize the nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater as a potential source of cost effective and sustainable means of algal biomass for biodiesel production. Therefore, the microalgae, Scenedesmus obliquus HM103382 and Micractinium reisseri JN169781, were cultivated in domestic wastewater (influent and effluent) that were pretreated and supplemented with 15% CO2 so as to accomplish simultaneous nutrient removal and lipid production from wastewater. Both biomass yield and lipid production were relatively higher for either autoclaved or filter-sterilized wastewater compared to when using either UV-irradiated or unsterilized wastewater (control). M. resseri and S. obliquus grown in autoclaved influent showed high biomass yield (0.41±0.01 and 0.26±0.03 g dwt/L) and lipid content (22 and 19%), respectively. The highest removal of nitrogen (97%), phosphorus (98%), and inorganic carbon (77%) was achieved by M. resseri cultivated in autoclaved effluent. The saturated fatty acids fractions accounted for 66 and 60% of the total fatty acids accumulated in M. resseri grown in filter-sterilized influent and autoclaved effluent, respectively, which is desirable for good quality biodiesel.

O-BE-001


212

DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST TRANSPARENT-FILM PHOTOBIOREACTOR SYSTEM FOR THE CULTIVATION OF

OLEAGINOUS MICROALGAE

You-Kwan OH1*, Eunji CHOI1, Bo Hwa KIM1, Jong Hyun HA1, Ju Soo HYUN1, Sunghoon Park2



Microalgae have shown a considerable promise as a feedstock for biodiesel to displace petroleum diesel. For the production of biodiesel from microalgae, the development of various unit processes is required: microalgae selection, cell culture, harvesting, dewatering, oil extraction, oil conversion, etc. In this study, we developed a low-cost transparent-film photobioreactor system for mass-cultivation of oleaginous microalgae. Various photobioreactor design parameters such as film kind, heat-sealing structure/ratio and tube sparger type were tested for high-density microalgae cultivation. Also several operating factors including gas flow rate, nitrate concentration and semi-continuous operation were studied to increase microalgal oil productivity under out-door cultivation conditions using 10% carbon dioxide/air mixture and carbon dioxide-rich flue gas from 2.1 MW demonstration coal-power plant. The photobioreactor could be operated over 60 days without the considerable decrease of cell productivities and also without the serious bacterial contaminations. The oil content of microalgae was ~50% (w/w) and the maximum areal oil productivity was estimated to be over 4.0 L oil/m2/year. This study showed that this low-cost photobioreactor system could be used for the mass-cultivation of oleaginous microalgae using coal-fired carbon dioxide gas.

O-BE-002


213

OPTIMIZATION OF BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION USING ALGINATE BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

Hong Duc PHAM, Min Kyung SONG, Seong Chan LEE, and Hee Chul WOO*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea


Brown algae (or called seaweeds) are regarded as one of the critical materials to production of bioenergy. Part of its composition, alginic acid is the most abundant, approximately 34.52 ± 1.00% (dry weight) [1], and simultaneous as the major component highly yielded hydrogen. However, on account of chemical structure, its low solubility and degradation are the main drawbacks for biohydrogen production in anaerobic fermentation [2]. Therefore, the aim of this examination is to evaluate the optimum solubility conditions of alginate with the respect to the simultaneous effects of alginate concentration and pH, which can predominantly govern the alginate solubility to maximize hydrogen production. The statistical optimization is based on central composite design (CCD) and performed by response surface methodology (RSM) on Minitab software (version 15.1.1.0., Minitab Incorporation, USA).

In this study, a series of experiments is conducted on two independent variables demonstrated in Table 1 where x1 and x2 stand for alginate concentration (g/L) and pH, respectively. At the 14th trail, the validation point is performed to indicate the optimum peak of the result. The batch reactors are carried out in 1.0L bottle with anaerobic sludge at 35 C to produce biohydrogen. The gas samples are collected in gas bags and then analyzed in a gas chromatography (HP 5890) with thermal conductivity detector. In addition, volatile fatty acids and alcohols in liquid phase are measured by a gas chromatography (HP 5890) with flame ionization detector. Maximization of biohydrogen production will be predicted to reach the optimum alginate concentration along with pH and discussed about the effect of them on desired product.

Table 1. The central composite design for response surface analysis

TrialsCoded variables

TrialsCoded variables

x1 x2 x1 x2

01 -1 -1 08 0 1.41402 1 -1 09 0 003 -1 1 10 0 004 1 1 11 0 005 -1.414 0 12 0 006 1.414 0 13 0 007 0 -1.414 14 (x1)* (x2)*

References

[1] E. D. Obluchinskaya., Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 44 (2008) 305.[2] S.N. Pawar, K.J. Edgar, Biomaterials, 33 (2012) 3279.

O-BE-003


214

Fuel Gross heat of combustion (Btu/lb) Flash point (oC) Total acid number

(mgKOH/g)Total base number

(mgKOH/g)

Diesel 19,626 >52.0 2.5 - 3 10 - 15

Pyrolysis Oil 19,967 <25.0 0.06 Not tested

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DEISEL ENGINE USING PYROLYSIS

OIL-DIESEL FUEL BLENDS

Warakhom WONGCHAI1*, Rawipa YONGPRAYOON1, and Adisorn THOMYA1

1Energy Community Research and Development, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, Thailand


The aim of this study is to investigate the suitability of pyrolysis oil-diesel fuel blends as an alternative fuel for the diesel engine. The experiments determined their effect on the engine performance and exhaust emission, nearly break power, break specific fuel consumption (BSFC), break thermal efficiency (BTE) and emissions of CO, CO2 and NOX. For this purpose, four different pyrolysis oil-diesel fuel blends containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% (by volume) pyrolysis oil and tested in a naturally aspirated four stoke diesel engine (Fig. 1) at full load conditions at the speeds between 1,200 2,000 rpm. The results obtained with the blends were compared to those with the diesel fuel as baseline. The results indicate that the gross heat of combustion, flash point, total acid number and total base number shown in Table. 1. The result of break specific fuel consumption (BSFC), break thermal efficiency (BTE) and emissions of CO, CO2 and NOX

is on processing.

Figure 1. The diesel engine performance and emission tested.

Table 1. Fuel properties [1]

References

[1] Quality Control Division, Terminal Operation, Oil Business. (2010). PTT Public Company Limited.

O-BE-004


215

CATALYTIC UPGRADING PYROLYSIS VAPORS OF JATROPHA WASTE USING METAL PROMOTED ZSM-5

CATALYSTS: AN ANALYTICAL PY-GC/MS

Supawan VICHAPHUND1, Duangdao AHT-ONG1,2, Viboon SRICHAROENCHAIKUL3,and Duangduen ATONG4*

1Department of Material Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 2Research Unit of Advanced Ceramics and Polymeric Materials, National Center of Petroleum,

Petrochemicals, and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand3Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand4National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand


Jatropha curcus L. is one of the most attractive biomass sources for using as a feedstock to produce biodiesel fuel because it is considered as non-edible vegetable oils and gives high oil yields. Moreover, it is a drought-resistant tree which can be easy to be planted in all places and conditions1. After extraction process, the jatropha wastes are the by-products which caused the disposal and environmental problems. The utilization of this waste seems to be the challenge way to solve these problems and moreover, valuable this waste. In this work, Jatropha wastes were applied as biomass feedstock in catalytic upgrading fast pyrolysis with Metal/ZSM-5 catalysts in order to investigate pyrolysis vapor products using analytical pyrolysis-GC/ MS (Py-GC/MS) technique. HZSM-5 catalyst was firstly synthesized by hydrothermal reaction and then calcined at 540°C for 5h. Phase analysis of ZSM-5 determined by XRD technique confirmed the characteristic peaks at 2 of 7-9° and 23-25°. Then, the synthesized ZSM-5 was modified by loading the transition metals including Ga, Ag, Ni, Pd, Co, and Mo by ion exchange method. The pyrolysis temperature was set at 500°C and hold for 30 s with the Jatropha wastes to catalyst ratio of 1:5. The non catalytic pyrolytic products from Jatropha waste consisted of CO2 (22%) and water (9%) together with the major organic compounds including acid (10%), aldehyde (25%) and N-compounds (11%). The other oxygenated compounds presented in 1-3% were alcohol, ester, ether, ketone, and phenol. The pyrolytic products contained small amounts of aromatic hydrocarbon (2.65%) and aliphatic HC (2.81%). The results showed that HZSM-5 promoted the formation of aromatic compounds through effective deoxygenation of acid fractions. With increasing the amount of catalyst the yields of aromatic hydrocarbon increased drastically from 3% to 72.83% while the yields of all oxygenated- and N-compounds decreased noticeably. As transition metals were loaded into the HZSM-5 framework, the activity of the catalyst in term of eliminating oxygenated compounds and increasing hydrocarbon and aromatic hydrocarbon yields were improved as well as the coke formation during pyrolysis was minimized. The effect of different transition metals over ZSM-5 on the pyrolytic products and selectivity was discussed in details.

References

[1] M. Y. Koh and T. I. M. Ghazi, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15 (2011) 2240.

O-BE-005


216

EMISSION FACTORS OF BIODIESEL COMBUSTION IN INDUSTRIAL BOILER ; A COMPARISON TO FOSSIL FUEL

Leily Nurul KOMARIAH1, Susila ARITA2, Novia SUMARDI2,Soni Solistia WIRAWAN3, Muhammad YAZID4*

1Department of Chemical Engineering Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya, 30163, Indonesia Doctoral Candidate of Environmental Science Post Graduate Programe of Sriwijaya University,

Palembang, 30139, Indonesia2Department of Chemical Engineering Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya, 30163 , Indonesia

3Energy Technology Center (B2TE-BPPT), Serpong, 15314, Indonesia4Department of Agrobusiness Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya, 30163, Indonesia


Biodiesel is recognized as a promising renewable fuel which has more favorable benefits in emission reduction. Boiler is one of industrial facilities which energy intensive in producing steam or hot water, through fuel combustion. The large use of industrial boilers contribute to the large emission resulted. Emission factor is one of selected and simple method in quantifying the emission from boilers. It is defined as the amount of a concerned pollutant emitted per unit mass of fuel combusted or heat input. This study was carried out in a small industrial fire tube boiler using palm biodiesel with various blends of B10, B20 and B30. The engineering calculation based on fuel analysis is used to develop the emission factor. A non test data was also gathered from some literatures to confirm the trend in emission reduction of CO, CO2,unburnt hydrocarbon, SO2 and NOx compared to petroleum diesel oil.

Key words: biodiesel, combustion, emission factor,emission reduction, fuel analysis

O-BE-006


217

EFFECT OF REACTION CONDITIONS ON BIO-OIL PRODUCTION VIA PYROLYSIS OF WASTE

CONSTRUCTION BIOMASS

Jeong Wook KIM1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3, In Gu LEE4, Changkook RYU5,Dong Jin SUH6, and Young-Kwon PARK1,7*

1Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea

2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 330-717, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea

4Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 303-343, Korea5School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea

6Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea7School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea


The pyrolysis characteristics of construction waste wood were investigated. The kinetics of the pyrolysis of construction waste wood was examined by estimating the activation energy from thermogravimetric analysis. Two different types of reactors, a batch reactor and fluidized-bed reactor, were used and the products characteristics were compared. The activation energy increased gradually with temperature, from 149.41 kJ/mol to 590.22 kJ/mol, when the decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose was complete and only lignin remained to be decomposed slowly. The pyrolysis experiments carried out between 400 and550 revealed the maximum oil yield at 500 . The fluidized-bed reactor gave higher and less temperature-dependent oil yields than the batch reactor, and was found to be better suited for bio-oil production through pyrolysis. This reactor could also reduce the moisture content of the oil and improve the oil quality by minimizing the catalytic cracking by char. The fluidized-bed reactor resulted in smaller acids content and larger phenolics content than the batch reactor, indicating it to be more effective for the decomposition of lignin.

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by ‘National Agenda Program (NAP)’ through the Korea Research Council of Fundamental Science and Technology (KRCF)/Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST). Also, this research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012003394).

O-BE-007


218

AQUEOUS PHASE REFORMING OF GLYCEROL FOR H2PRODUCTION AND ITS IN-SITU UTILIZATION

Rasika B. Mane and Chandrashekhar V. Rode*

Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune


Although it is now established that hydrogen is the clean source of energy, its production by cheapest way in terms of energy and resources is today’s challenge. Hence, the low temperature aqueous phase reforming (APR) of biomass-derived molecules possessing a C:O ratio of 1:1 serves one of the best renewable energy resource. We report here the cheaper, selective and stable Cu-Al catalyst system for efficient glycerol APR producing not only H2 but also its in-situ utilization for making 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO). This approach obviates the use of external high pressure fossil derived hydrogen, thus contributing to the development of biorefinery concept. APR of glycerol was confirmed by the gas phase analysis in which Cu-Al under various reaction conditions, gave only H2 (80%) and CO2 devoid of any CO and alkanes unlike supported noble metal (3% Pt/C) catalyst (Table 1). This was also evidenced by the mole balance based on reducing equivalent of all the liquid products (acetol, 1,2-PDO and EG) formed which showed that 0.1219 moles of glycerol were consumed in excess. This excess glycerol via APR produced H2 utilized for auto-hydrogenolysis to give 1,2-PDO. As can be seen from Table 1, absence of formation of any CO and CH4 in case of our Cu-Al catalyst was due to the presence of highly efficient CuAl2O4 phase active towards WGS at low temperature (220oC). This catalyst also showed time on stream (TOS) activity of 400 h for autogeneous hydrogenolysis of refined glycerol with an average conversion of 90% and a selectivity (C based) of 22-25 % to 1, 2-PDO with remaining to acetol (55 %) and others (2.5 %) (Figure 1). Under inert atmosphere, consistent formation of 1,2-PDO confirms the glycerol APR efficiently producing H2. A detailed characterization by XRD, XPS, HR-TEM, TPR, etc. showed the formation of spinel CuAl2O4 even at low calcination temperature (400oC) due to Cu-Al formulation prepared by simultaneous co-precipitation and digestion technique. The coexistence of Cu0, Cu1+ and Cu2+ species in the activated Cu-Al catalyst was responsible for its stability and multifunctional role in selectively catalyzing C-C cleavage and WGS to produce H2, and also its utilization to produce 1,2-PDO while completely suppressing the undesired methanation reaction.

Table 1. Glycerol APR as a function of temperature

Catalysts Temp. (oC)Gas phase composition (%)

H2 CO2 CH4

Cu:Al (1:1)a 220 80 20 0.0

Cu:Al (1:1)b 220 76 24 0.0

Cu:Al (1:1)b 230 80 20 0.0

3%Pt/C a 220 86 8 6Reaction conditions: a batch operation, reaction time, 3h, 20 wt% aq. glycerol. b continuous operation at GHSV= 513 h-1,LHSV = 1.53 h-1 Figure 1. Time on stream activity of Cu-Al for

autogeneous hydrogenolysis of aqueous glycerol

References

[1] R. B. Mane and C. V. Rode, Green Chem.,(2012), DOI: 10.1039/c2gc35661a

O-BE-008


219

KINETICS OF CELLULOSE ACID HYDROLYSIS WITH DIFFERENT RAW MATERIALS

Soo-Jeong Shin1, Sim-Hee Han2, and Jaehoon Sim1*

1Department of wood and Paper Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea 2Department of Forest Resources Devlopment, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Korea


For lignocellulosic biomass to liquid fuels, one process is saccharification of polysaccharides to monosaccharides followed by alcohol fermentation. Polysaccharides can be converted to monosaccharides by acid hydrolysis or enzymatic saccharification. In acid hydrolysis process, two factors are criteria; one is polymer to monomer conversion, the other is stopping the further reaction of monomer to acidic degradation products.

For a monosaccharides production based on acid hydrolysis process, different degree of purity of cellulose (cellulose, holocellulose and lignocellulosic) was applied to concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Main reactions in this process are cellulose to glucose hydrolysis with further reaction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, formic acid and levulinic acid forming pathway.

In pure and holocellulose, formic acid was formed by further reaction of glucose in acidic reaction medium to formic acid and levulinic acid. However, lignocellulosic biomass was quite less form the formic and levulinic acid at the same reaction condition. Humin may formed by the condensation of lignin and furans from monosaccharides in acidic reaction condition

Pure cellulose and holocellulose was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Lignocellulosic biomass was used with willow (hardwood). Cellulose raw materials was hydrolyzed with 24.0N sulfuric acid at 30 , 1h followed by diluted with deuterium hydroxide at different reaction temp and time for 2nd hydrolysis.

Conversion of cellulose to glucose was measured by 1H-NMR spectroscopy with anomeric hydrogen peak integration. Conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and formic acid was analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy.

In pure cellulose and holocellulose (cellulose and xylan), most of polysaccharides was converted to monosacharides and part of monosaccharides was further reacted to via hydromethylfurfural to formic acid and levulinic acid. However, in lignocellulosic biomas, disappeared monosaccharide was not reacted to hydroxylmethylfufural pathway (in Fig 1).

Secondary Hydrolysis (min)

Form

atio

n of

form

ic a

cid

(%, m

ol)

Figure 1. Formation of formic acid during acid hydrolysis of different sources of cellulose

References

[1] Girisuta B, Janssen LPBM, Heeres HJ, Ind Eng Chem Res 2007; 46:1696-1708[2] Shin S-J, Cho N-S, Cellulose 2008; 15: 255-60. [3] Patil SKP, Lund CRF, Energy Fuels 2011; 25:1423-1429.

O-BE-009


220

INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT KOH CATALYST TOWARD THE REACTION TIME AND THE QUALITY OF BIODIESEL WITH

USED COOKING OIL AS FEEDSTOCK

Susila Arita, Rice Tanjung, Arie Primawan

Depart. of Chemical Engineering, Sriwijaya University-Palembang-IndonesiaJl. Raya Prabumulih km 32-Indralaya-Palembang-Indonesia


Waste cooking oil (WCO) is the feedstock to make biodiesel in addition to crude palm oil that have more expensive prices. Free fatty acids contained in the WCO at the range between 2.5 to 3.5% depending on the duration of usage, so that the reaction used in this study is the transesterification reaction using KOH catalyst. The research objective is to determine the fastest reaction time by comparing the weight of the catalyst to the weight of the raw material that reacted in order to achieve best quality of products and the highest conversion based on the physical properties of biodiesel, such as viscosity, density and the acid number. The result showed that the fastest reaction time is 10 minutes with a quality product characteristics as follows: density 0.88 gr/cm3, 3.2 cst viscosity and acid number 0.002%, 95.35% conversion.

Key words: waste cooking oil, KOH, reaction time, quality of biodiesel

O-BE-010


221

LIFE CYCLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BIO-CNG UTILIZATION FROM CASSAVA STARCH

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Seksan PAPONG1, Paritta ROTWIROON2, Thawach CHATCHUPONG2,and Pomthong MALAKUL1,3*

1National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand 2PTT Research and Technology Institute, PTT Public Company Limited, Ayutthaya, Thailand

3The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand


Global warming, energy security, and the rising costs of oil have added a greater driving force to the development of feasible alternatives to petroleum-based transportation fuels. In parallel, wastes and wastewater generated from various industries have to be avoided or converted to energy much more in the future in order to reduce environmental problems and provide additional source of energy. In this aspect, biogas plant is an effective option where gas is produced biologically by fermentation of animal dungs, sewage or agricultural residues. To utilize biogas as a transportation fuel, raw biogas has to undergo two major processes: cleaning and upgrading, to achieve natural gas quality. The upgraded biogas (so called bio-methane or bio-CNG) is considered green fuel with respect to environment, climate and human health. However, the resulting bio-CNG from the processes must be evaluated in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and energy aspects. This paper presents the integrated life cycle energy and greenhouse gases assessment of compressed bio-methane gas (CBG or bio-CNG) generated from cassava starch wastewater treatment plant in Thailand. The functional unit was set to be one MJ of bio-CNG. The system boundary covered six main steps: digestion, purification & upgrading, compression, distribution, refueling, and combustion. The energy analysis result showed that the net energy ratio was higher than one, indicating a net energy gain. For the greenhouse aspect, the results showed that the biogas production and biogas upgrading step had highest impact due to methane loss and high energy consumption (Figure 1). Comparing with other fuels, it was found that the global warming potential of bio-CNG was lower than those of fossil-based CNG and gasoline [1 2].

Figure 1. The greenhouse gases emissions of CBG system from well-to-wheel.

References

[1] Pertl, A., Mostbauer, P. and Obersteiner, G., Climate balance of biogas upgrading systems, Waste Management, 30 (2010): 92-99.

[2] MTEC, A Study for Eco-efficiency Comparison of Transportation Fuels by using Life Cycle Assessment, Final Report (unpublished): (2010).

O-BE-011

Low Carbon Technology

Energy(Oral Session)


225

THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF BIOMASS INTERMEDIATES TO FUELS/CHEMICALS

Yong Wang

Voiland Distinguished ProfessorVoiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering

Washington State University&

FellowAssociate Director of Institute for Integrated Catalysis

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354 (509) 371-6273


With the increased concern over global warming and depleting fossil feedstocks, more research effort has been devoted to the conversion and utilization of renewable energy sources such as biomass. Biomass can be converted to fuels/chemicals either via biological or thermochemical approaches. Although biological approach is very selective, it has the disadvantages of producing limited types of alcohols and being less efficient in utilizing non-grain feedstocks. Thermochemical conversion approach, on the other hand, is less specific to the types of feedstocks and provides a high space-time-yield to products. Thermochemical approach involves direct and indirect processes. Indirect process via gasification followed by syngas conversion is commercially practiced, and the main challenge is to realize larger scale economics at smaller capacities especially for biomass conversion. Direct process such as pyrolysis is simpler in process configuration, but the upgrading of the intermediates such as pyrolysis oil presents major challenges to catalysis. In this talk, recent breakthroughs in the thermochemical conversion of biomass intermediates such as ethanol, syngas, sugars, and pyrolysis oils will be presented.

IN-LCT-001


226

SUBMICRON PARTICLE COLLECTION AT HIGH GAS VELOCITY OF 12 M/S BY METTALLIC FOAM FILTER WITH

ELECTROSTATIC CHAGEER AND ELECTROSTATIC FORCE ENHANCER

Hak Joon Kim, Bangwoo Han, and Yong Jin Kim*



Currently metallic foam filters have economical problem due to the cost of generating foam and coating of expensive catalysts such as Pts on the foam surface, compared to ceramic filters which are already commercialized all over the world. In order to reduce size of foam filter, we developed a novel foam filtration device combined with an electrostatic charger and electrostatic force enhancer, using a lower volume of foam filter than a standard foam filter which was made of 20 layers of foam sheets. In order to increase removal efficiency of a metallic foam filter with only 6 layers of foam sheets for ultrafine particles less than 0.1 m up to that of the standard foam filter with 20 layers, an edge to tube type charger with a rod type electrostatic force enhancer was applied to the 6 layer foam filter. Potassium chloride (KCl) particles with a peak size of 0.08 m were generated using atomizer, and flowed through the filtration device. The flow rate of the test air was kept at 3 m3/min equal to velocity through the filter as 12 m/s, using an orifice type flow controller. Particle number concentrations of 80 nm particles upstream and downstream of the filtration device were measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer (TSI 3081, US) (Figure 1 a).

The test results showed that the collection efficiency of the standard foam filter with the 20 layers of foam sheets (4 layers of 800 m pore foam sheets, 6 layers of 580 m pore foam, and 10 layers of 450

m pore foam) was 43.4 %, while pressure drop of the filter was 600 Pa. On the other hand, the efficiency of the novel filtration device made with 6 layers of 1200 m foam sheets was 15.9%, and this was enhanced up to 40% due to the electrostatic charger and enhancer with applied voltage of 16 kV. Also, the efficiency of the filtration device with 6 layers of 580 m foam sheets was 27%, and this was significantly increased up to over 50% with the same applied voltage. In particular, the pressure drop of the novel filtration devices was only half of that of the standard foam filter of 600 Pa. From the these results, it is concluded that the economical and technical drawbacks of a foam filter for high speed gas velocity such as number of layers, pressure drop, and collection efficiency could be avoided using a simple electrostatic charger and enhancer, and this could broaden the application of the foam filter to other industries.

Figure 1. Experimental set-up (a) and collection performance of foam filtration devices (b).

O-LCT-001


227

HYDROPHOBIC AMINO ACIDS AS HYDRATE INHIBITORS FOR CO2 SEQUESTRAION

Jeong-Hoon Sa1 and Kun-Hong Lee1*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea


Gas hydrate are crystalline compounds consist of gas as guest and water as host molecules linked by hydrogen bond and they usually form under low temperature and high pressure conditions. Since 1934 [1], they have been considered as hazardous materials due to the pipeline plugging risks under gas transportation process. Among various gas hydrates, especially, CO2 hydrates have been regarded as hazardous materials in that they can be easily formed under relatively high temperature and low pressure during CO2

sequestration via transportation, injection, and storage. Therefore, development of inhibitor injection technology to prevent CO2 hydrate formation and investigation of their fundamental mechanism should be performed. In this work, we have measured both thermodynamic and kinetic inhibition characteristics of 5 hydrophobic amino acids (glycine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine) on CO2 hydrate formation. Hydrophobic amino acids are considered to be promising natural inhibitors because they have amphiphilic properties and environmentally friendly natures. As thermodynamic inhibitors, phase equilibrium conditions for CO2 hydrate with hydrophobic amino acids of 0.1-3.0 mol% injection were measured in the range of 273.05-281.45 K and 14.1-35.2 bar. As kinetic inhibitors, nucleation and growth kinetics in fresh and memory water for CO2 hydrate formation with hydrophobic amino acids of 0.1-1.0 mol% injection were carried out. Also, high-resolution powder diffraction technique was used to identify the crystal structure and lattice parameters of CO2 hydrate + hydrophobic amino acids system. With the comparison of their inhibition effect, it was concluded that hydrogen bond and hydrophobic effect are important physical phenomena to determine their inhibiting characteristics. These results will give us fundamental insights on inhibition mechanism of gas hydrates and knowledge to design better inhibitors for gas hydrate formation.

Hydrogen bonds

glycine

L-alanine

L-valine

CO2

H2O

Figure 1. Interaction between amino acids and water molecules in CO2 hydrate

References

[1] E. G. Hammerschmidt Ind. Eng. Chem. 1934, 26, 85.

O-LCT-002


228

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN GAS-TO-LIQUIDS TECHNOLOGIES

Jung-Il Yang1*, Ji Chan Park, Nam-Sun Nho, Sung Jun Hong and Heon Jung

1Clean Fuel Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea


The term GTL is most often used to describe the use of Fischer-Tropschsynthesis (FTS) technology for the conversion of natural gas into synthetic liquid oil products like ultra-clean, high-performance gasoil and naphtha. Several gas-to-liquids (GTL) technologies have proven their ability to be used in large scale operations, and also new small-scale technologies are on their way to fruition. At this point in time, the existing GTL projects are Bintulu, Mossel Bay, Oryx GTL, and Pearl GTL. Furthermore, the new projects of Escravos are currently in progress.In this study,the FTS reaction was carried out using a novel system consisting of a cobalt metallic foam catalyst and heat-exchanger type reactor. Finally, the goal of this study was to concretize the ideal reactor concept and to develop a novel reactor system without the heat and mass transfer limitations which are the major obstacles to the commercialization of reactors for the FTS reaction.

O-LCT-003


229

GAS CLEANING PERFORMANCE OF A WET ELECTORSTATIC PRECIPITATOR WITH A CONTINUOUS

THIN WTER FILM ON COLLECTION PLATES USING 1.5 L/MIN/M2




Near zero emission control system becomes inevitable for state of the art combustion technology such as oxy-fuel and biomass combustion, and for stringent regulation on pollutants from industries. In this study, we developed a novel electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with a thin water film on collection plates consuming an extremely low water of 1.5 L/min/m2. A wet electrostatic precipitator (400 m3/hr) was tested with flue gas from a 0.7 MW oxy-fuel boiler. The whole flue gas cleaning system for the pilot of oxy-fuel combustion was composed of a dry ESP, a flue gas condenser, and a wet ESP in sequence. We measured particle removal efficiency of the wet ESP changing inlet particle concentration and applied voltage, using our own optical particle counter with a dilution system, and also evaluated SOx removal efficiency based on the EPA method 8. The performance results show that the electrical performance of the wet type ESP was the same as that of the dry type ESP because the thin water film on the collection plates of the wet ESP did not disturb corona discharge. Also, the collection efficiency of the wet ESP increased linearly as the power consumption for the ESP increased, and in particular the efficiency with high particle concentration when a dry ESP did not operated was higher than low concentration because high voltage over 65 kV/ 30 cm was applied to the wet ESP even with high particle loading due to the continuous cleaning of collection plates with water film. In addition, the wet ESP removed SO2 and SO3 by 64.5±19.4% and 23.1±6.9% only with thin water film on the collection plates. This could be explained that the ESP might remove mists which contained SO2 and SO3 which was generated by heterogeneous nucleation and condensation of water vapor in the wet ESP.

It is concluded that the novel wet ESP with a thin water film on the collection plates which cleans the collection plates continuously could be a possible solution for new combustion technology which needs extremely high removal performance of pollutants.

Figure 1. Photograph of the wet ESP and particle collection performance of the wet ESP in this study.

O-LCT-004

Small Hydro Power Energy

(Oral Session)


233

PROSPECTS OF NEW BUSINESS IN HYDROPOWER MARKET WITH INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR REDUCING

SEDIMENT EROSION IN TURBINES

Biraj Singh Thapa1*, Bhola Thapa1, Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug2

1Turbine Testing Laboratory, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal2Waterpower Laboratory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway


The theoretical potential of worldwide hydropower is 2800 GW, which is about four times greater than the amount that has been tapped so far. Much of this potential is found in areas that are exposed to monsoon periods such as the Himalaya and Andes. It is therefore expected that many power plants will be built in these areas in the future. However, rivers in these regions contain high amounts of sediments, which cause rapid erosion of turbine components. Most of the bigger turbines manufactures have developed their turbine designs for the projects with lesser problems of sediments. Consequently proper solution to this age long problem in these parts of world has not been found so far. Growing energy demands in Asia and Latin America has brought up necessity of better designs of hydro turbines, which in particular are capable to handle heavy sediments effectively. Future of sustainable hydropower business in these regions would be largely influenced by the effective solution for the existing problem of turbine erosion.

Kathmandu University (KU) is one of the leading educational institutes in Nepal with a significant experience of R&D of hydro turbines for minimizing problems of sediment erosion. Ongoing research results have shown a very convincing possibility to cut down erosion in Francis turbines by optimizing the standard design methods. The ultimate aim of the current project is to commercialize the new designs of erosion resistant Francis turbines. In order to support this goal, KU has recently completed construction of its Hi-tech Turbine Testing Lab for performance analysis of new designs of turbines. It is apparent that such an ambitious plan can only be successful by collaborative effort of Universities and Industries at international level; hence formation of a proper project consortium with strong motivation is very essential. KU is playing a major role to create background for facilitating future investments on the new turbine manufacturer in Nepal by technology transfer and innovation.

This paper will discuss on opportunities of hydropower developments in Asia and specific challenges due to problems of sediment erosions. Need and possibilities of creating a new turbine manufacturer in Nepal, by the combined effort of academic institutions and manufacturing industries, will also be analyzed. Beside these, the progress in R&D of design optimization of Francis runner at KU for reduction of sediment erosion will also be discussed.

Key words: Francis Turbine, Sediment erosion, CFD, Turbine Testing Lab

IN-SH-001


234

A HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM COMBINING PSP AND CAES

Jun lian Yin1, De zhong Wang1, Yu-Taek Kim2, Young Ho Lee2*

1School of mechanical engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China2Division of Mechanical and Energy Systems Engineering,

Korea Maritime University Busan, 606-791, Korea


In this paper, a micro hybrid energy storage system shown in Fig.1 for small power grid , which combines the concepts of the pump storage plant (PSP) and the compressed air energy storage (CAES) together, is proposed. The hybrid system includes a micro pump turbine (MPT) and two tanks with one open to the air and the other subjected to compressed air. The basic principle is that the MPT utilizes the excessive power from the grid to pump the water which in turn compresses the air, and in this way, the energy is changed into the internal energy of air. And the energy in the air will be released to drive the water passing MPT for power generation when the supply of power grid is insufficient. To validate the above proposal, such a micro system was designed including the geometrical and operational conditions. Due to the large head variation for MPT, the variable speed machine [1] was designed by means of inverse design method. After geometrical modeling and mesh generation of the whole configuration of MPT which consists spiral casing, tandem, runner and draft tube, CFD simulations of typical operating points during pump mode and turbine mode were implemented. Special treatment of boundary conditions induced by the air compressing or expansion was applied in the simulation. The results indicate that the performance of the MPT is very compatible with the system, which shows a promising potential for the application of the concerned energy storage style.

Figure 1. Schematic map of the hybrid energy storage system.

Table 1. Design specifications of Micro Pump Turbine at n=2900rpm

H(m) Q (m3/h) n(rpm) NPSHr. (m)MPT 115 692.5 2900 32

References

[1] Miyagawa K, Fukuda N, Tsuji K, et al. Development of a Deriaz type pump-turbine with high head, large capacity and variable speed[J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX IAHR SYMPOSIUM ON HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND CAVITATION, VOLS 1 AND 2, 1998: 394-403.

O-SH-001


235

TRANSIENT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A FRANCIS TURBINE

Anup KC1, Young-Ho LEE2*




Pressure fluctuation due to rotor-stator interaction and occurrence of vortex rope at draft tube are obvious phenomena in Francis Turbine. These hydrodynamic effects are important issues and should be considered during the design of hydraulic machines. A 3-dimensional transient state turbulent flow simulation in the entire flow passage of a 70 kW- Francis Turbine having specific speed of 203.1 is conducted to investigate the rotor-stator interaction by adopting the realizable SST turbulence model. The commercial 3D Navier-Stokes CFD-solver Ansys-CFX is utilized to study the flow through this vertical shaft Francis turbine in its stationary and transient passages, at i) 100% optimum load and ii) 72% of part load. The investigated turbine consists of a spiral case with 16 guide vanes, 8 stay vanes, a runner with 13 blades and a draft tube. With a time step of 2° of rotational period of the runner considered for 10 full rotations, the time-dependent Pressure and Torque are monitored at the selected components during the unsteady calculation. A periodical behavior is observed for the pressure distribution in guide vanes, runner blades and torque in the runner blades. The pressure distribution curve in runner blades reveals the two dominating frequencies- the lower peaks due to runner speed and the upper peaks corresponding to the number of guide vanes interacting with the flow. The flow acceleration towards inside of the runner is depicted by the expanding wakes behind the stay vanes. Vortex rope was observed in draft tube inlet at part load operation.

Key words: Francis, transient-state, rotor-stator, vortex rope, CFD

Figure 1. Pressure distribution in runner and guide vanes,and vortex rope in draft tube

Figure 2. Time domain of Pressure in runner blades

O-SH-002


236

DESIGN OF PROPELLER TURBINE FOR MICRO HYDRO

Byung Kon KIM*

Dsk Engineering Co.,Ltd., Seoul, Korea


This paper aims to develop optimal micro propeller turbine which can be allowed to sustain high values of efficiency in a broad range of hydrological conditions. A 10kw model propeller turbine has been developed to simulate 100kw prototype turbine(head:4m, discharge:0.345 m3/s, speed:750rpm). The main elements in the design of propeller turbine are the runner blades. The primary design is obtained on the basis of Euler equation for turbomachinery. After the primary design the blade shape is fixed and computational fluid dynamics has been used to obtain overall performance data for the turbine. The evaluation criteria for the blade optimization were the pressure distribution on the blades, cavitation behavior and flow angles. The result of simulation has efficiency of 88.2% and produced the power 8.7kW at rotational speed 750 rpm at the best efficiency point(head:4m, discharge:0.3 m3/s)

O-SH-003


237

CFD ANALYSIS OF A MICRO PROPELLER-TYPE HYDRO TURBINE BY VARYING THE NUMBER OF RUNNER AND

GUIDE VANES

Ji Hoon PARK1, You Taek KIM2*, Byeong Gon KIM3 and Young Ho LEE4

1Graduate school of Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Busan, Korea 2Division of Marine System Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Busan, Korea

3DSK Engineering Co., Seoul, Korea4Division of Mechanical and Information Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Busan, Korea


Small hydro power produces electrical energy by converting the potential energy of water using a turbine, which is connected to a generator. In the case of small hydro power systems, there are problems with degraded operation efficiency of turbine due to changes in flow rates. In order to overcome this, variable speed control can be a possible method to respond to the changes in flow rate. In this study, a commercial ANSYSY-CFD code was used to analyze the performance of a low head micro propeller-type hydro turbine. Characteristics such as the output power, head, and efficiency were investigated at varying number of runner vanes, guide vanes and flow rates. Pressure and velocity variations are also studied. Figure 1 shows the 3D model and the grid used in this analysis.

(a) (b)

Figure 1. 3D modeling(a) and grid generation(b) of micro propeller-type hydro turbine

References

[1] C.H. Lee, W.S. Park, E.I. Kim, K.H. Kim, W.Y. Lee, Development of Kaplan Type Hydro Turbine, Ministry Commerce, Industry & Energy (1999)

[2] J.H. Park, Y.K. Kim, B.G. Kim, Y.H. Lee, Variable flow rate characteristics of a low micro propellertype hydro turbine by CFD, Proceedings of Korea Society for New and Renewable Energy (2012)

O-SH-004


238

N (min-1) Q (m3/s) H(m) P(kW)

Designed point 900 1 60.73 230

SUPPRESSION OF CAVITATION IN THE DRAFT TUBE OF A FRANCIS TURBINE WITH J-GROOVES

Qingsheng Wei1 and Young-Do Choi2*

1Graduate school, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Korea


The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of J-Grooves in controlling and suppressing the cavitation in a draft tube of a Francis turbine. In order to get a wider control range, the abnormal phenomenon of cavitation, which occurs when the local pressure falls sufficiently far below the saturated vapor pressure at the runner outlet, and may result in draft surge in case that operating condition departs from design point, should be suppressed. In this study, a kind of Francis turbine model has been designed. A group of J-Grooves are mounted parallel to the pressure gradient on the diffuser wall. The experimental study and CFD analysis has been performed using the draft tube of Francis turbine model. Two phase flow analysis with shear stress transport turbulence model has been carried out. The measured and calculated results of iso-surface of water vapour show that a considerable reduction is attained by using J-Grooves. Besides, the best efficiency maintains as it is even when the J-Grooves are mounted.

Figure 1. Schematic view of Francis turbine with J-Grooves installed.

Figure 2. Iso-surface of water vapour with volume fraction: 0.9.

Table 1. Design parameters of the Francis turbine

O-SH-005


239

Head H = 1.465mFlow rate Q = 0.21 m3/s

Rotational speed N = 132 min-1

Output power P = 2.2kW

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A VERY LOW HEAD CROSS-FLOW HYDRO TURBINE

Qingsheng Wei1 and Young-Do Choi2*

1Graduate school, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Korea


The purpose of this study is to design and analyze the performance of a very low head cross-flow hydro turbine. As the cross-flow hydro turbine has been conventionally used in the wide range of flow rate and relatively middle head of hydropower resources, application to a very low head site is expected as well. Therefore, in this study, a new type of cross-flow hydro turbine model is designed, and CFD analysis for the turbine model is conducted. In order to examine the performance and internal flow of the turbine model, velocity vectors, velocity distribution, pressure contours and output torque analysis are investigated in detail. Moreover, modified configuration of the turbine model is designed for the improvement of the turbine performance.

Figure 1 shows the 3-D modeling view of the very low head cross-flow hydro turbine, and Table 1 shows the design parameters of the turbine model.

Figure 1. 3-D modeling view of a very low head cross-flow hydro turbine model.

Table 1. Design parameters of the cross-flow hydro turbine model

O-SH-006


240

SEDIMENT INDUCED OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CHALLENGES OF 12 MW PELTON RUNNER IN NEPAL

Amod PANTHEE1*, Bhola THAPA1, Biraj Singh THAPA2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engnieering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal

2Turbine Testing Lab, School of Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal


The operation of hydraulic turbines, which converts the huge amount of hydraulic forces into mechanical energy, has always been a challenge. The turbines are also exposed to start-stop cycles. These hydraulic forces and start-stop cycles induces cyclic stress in the runner. The operating condition is worse in situations when rivers are loaded with higher concentration of sediment particles which erodes the turbine material. The uneven wear of runner becomes critical when it causes an increase in stress concentration in runner structure and initiates the surface crack. When the cyclic stresses are beyond the material strength, it initiates crack propagation, and eventually failure occurs.

Khimti Hydropower in Nepal has potential of 60 MW produced from 5 units of Pelton turbine. The concentration of sediment particles in Khimti river was recorded as high as 8536 PPM and the quartz content was 70% by volume. Due to the higher concentration of quartz particles and higher erosion rate, the runner requires frequent inspection and maintenance. During the inspection of one of the runners, it was found that the runner had a root crack extending up to 120 mm deep.

Several researches have been carried out to avoid the failure of turbine with new design methods to withstand the stresses induced during operation. Despite of this, the hydraulic turbines fail due to combinations of manufacturing defects, loading conditions and improper maintenance. Several research papers on 13Cr4Ni stainless steels indicate that cause of failure of 12 MW Pelton runner of Khimti Hydropower could be due to in-appropriate maintenance.

This paper discusses additional challenges on operation and maintenance of hydro turbine run in sediment laden projects. General principle of cracks induced by fatigue load in high head Pelton turbine will also be introduced. The maintenance procedure and history of operation and maintenance of Pelton runner of Khimti Hydropower will be correlated with causes of cracks observed in its bucket roots. The R&D methods to investigate these technical issues to find the proper solution will also be explored.

O-SH-007

Marine Energy

(Oral Session)


243

MARINE CURRENT ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN OF A MARINE CURRENT TURBINE FOR FIJI

Jai N. Goundar, M. Rafiuddin Ahmed*

The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji


Pacific Island Countries (PIC’s) have a huge potential for renewable energy and can easily meet their energy needs. Marine current energy is a reliable, predictable and clean source of renewable energy. Many marine current streams are available in Fiji’s waters and large amount of marine current energy can be extracted using marine current energy converters. Horizontal Axis Marine current turbines (HAMCT) can be used to generate electricity at places where the peak marine current exceeds 2 m/s. A potential site for marine current was identified and resource assessment was done for 3 months. The coordinates of the location, called Gun-barrel passage, are 18°12'1.78"S and 177°38'58.21"E. The average depth of the passage is 18 m; it is 15-20 m wide and about 500 m from the shore. A multi-cell Aquadopp current profiler (ADCP) was deployed at the site to measure marine currents. This site has both tidal and non-tidal currents - the non-tidal current is due to rip currents. The maximum current velocity was found to exceed 2.5 m/s. The power density for the site is 525 W/m2. A marine current turbine can be deployed for power extraction at this site. A turbine with a diameter between 5-8 m would be suitable for this site. A 5 m diameter HAMCT was designed for this location. The HF10XX hydrofoils were used from blade root (r/R = 0.2) to tip (r/R = 1.0); the hydrofoils used at different blade locations are shown in table 1. The HF10XX series hydrofoil sections were designed to operate at changing turbine operating conditions, experimental and numerical analysis of the HF10XX sections were carried out and the hydrofoils showed good hydrodynamic characteristics [1]. The turbine is designed to operate at a rated marine current speed of 1.5 m/s, cut in speed of 0.5 m/s and cut off speed of 3 m/s, at a tip speed ratio (TSR) of 4. A power coefficient

Table 1. Hydrofoils at different locations of blade

Location r/R Hydrofoil Thickness0.2 HF 1020 20%0.4 HF 1019 19%0.6 HF 1018 18%0.8 HF 1017 17%1 HF 1016 16%

References

[1] Goundar J.N, Ahmed M.R., Numerical and Experimental Studies on Hydrofoils for Horizontal axis tidal Current Turbine blade, International conference WREC-Asia and SuDBE2011 (Paper No. DBW406), 28-31 October 2011, Chongqing, China.

IN-ME-001


244

(1) Sub-buoy (2) Timing Bell (3) Main-buoy (4) Ballast system (5) Steel bars (6) Massive fundament (7) Pulley (8) Fixed disp. bi-direct. pump (9) Check valves (10) Reservoir(11) Shuttle valve (12) Pressure relief valve(13) Fixed disp. one-direct. motor (14) Electric generator(15) Electric battery (16) Converter

DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL POINT ABSORVER IN HEAVE FOR WAVW ENERGY CONVERSION

Quang Truong DINH1, Kyoung Kwan AHN1*, and Jong Il YOON1

1School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea


This paper presents an advanced design methodology for electric power generation from the vast ocean wave energy. A novel single-buoy heaving device called wave energy converter (WEC) based on hydrostatic transmission (HST), named as HSTWEC, is proposed to enhance the wave energy harvesting task. Several design concepts of the HSTWEC have been carried out for an appropriate investigation. Modeling and simulations with both regular and irregular waves were then carried out to investigate working performances of these design concepts, consequently finding out the best solution. The results showed that more than 78% of wave energy can be absorbed by the best HSTWEC. In addition, an adaptive controller was designed to improve the performance of the selected HSTWEC. Effectiveness of the proposed HSTWEC control system was finally proved by simulations.

Figure 1. Configuration of a WEC device using the basic hydrostatic transmission circuit.

Figure 2. Simulated performances of the proposed WEC with different HST solutions.

References

[1] K. K. Ahn, D. Q. Truong, H. H. Tien, and J. I. Yoon, An Innovative Design of Wave Energy Converter, Renewable Energy, 42 (2012), pp. 186 194.

O-ME-001


245

DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY CONVERTERS: FROM RESEARCH TO DEPLOYMENT

Domenico P. Coiro1

1Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy


Main goal of the paper is to illustrate all the activities performed by ADAG applied research group operating at Department of Aerospace Engineering of University of Naples “Federico II” in Italy, during the last twenty years in the field of harnessing marine current energy through the development of different types of systems. It will be summarized the path which has been followed starting from single component design, such as airfoils and blades, followed by small scale models design and testing in both wind tunnel and towing tank to finally reach the full scale prototypes deployed in real sea conditions. Working principles of different tidal current devices (some of them are patented) based on both vertical and horizontal axis turbines will briefly be outlined and for each of them pros and cons will be highlighted. The importance of some aspects such as the deployment, mooring and maintenance, which all have an important impact on the final cost of energy and then on the economic feasibility of the project, will also be illustrated.

GEM: Ocean Kite

KOBOLD, vertical axis turbine

O-ME-002


246

WAVE AND TIDAL ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: THE ITALIAN PERSPECTIVE

Gianmaria Sannino

ENEA, Energy and Environment Modeling Unit / Climate and Impact Modeling Lab

We present a high resolution assessment of the wave energy resources in the Mediterranean. The energy resources are evaluated through of a numerical simulation performed on the entire Mediterranean basin for the period 2001-2010 using a third generation ocean wave model. The model results are extensively validated against most of the available wave buoy and satellite altimeter data. Starting from the model results a detailed analysis of wave energy availability in the Mediterranean Sea is carried out. The most productive areas along the Italian coast are found to be on the western Sardinia coast and in the Sicily channel. Simulation results show the presence of significant spatial variations of wave power availability even on relatively small spatial scales along these two coastlines. For a number of selected locations in these two areas we present an in-depth investigation of the distribution of wave energy among wave heights, periods and directions. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of wave energy potential are also analyzed and discussed.

A similar modeling approach and analysis could be applied to the Korean coasts to asses the wave potential.

O-ME-003


247

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A GYROSCOPE-BASED WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER

Giuliana Mattiazzo1, Andrea Gulisano2*

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, Italy

2Business Development, Wave for Energy Srl, C.so Francia 296, Turin, 10146, Italy


Worldwide available wave power is estimated to be 80,000 TWh, equivalent to more than 1,600 of the biggest nuclear power plant ever built by the man, the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa plant in the Niigata prefecture in Japan (8,212 MW installed power).

Wave for Energy is a spinoff from the Engineering School of Turin born to design, industrialize and commercialize Wave Energy Concersion systems based on a proprietary gyroscopic technology (ISWEC - Inertial Sea Wave Energy Converter). The device architecture is typical of the “Point Absorber” family. The main characteristics of ISWEC are versatility and fully-enclosed design. The system’s performances are currently optimized for medium-short waves.

Over the years, the Wave for Energy team, with the support of the research carried on at the Engineering School of Turin, has developed several prototypes (1:50, 1:45 and 1:8), then tested in wave tanks in Edinburgh, Naples and Rome. In June 17th 2012 the system has been launched and presented to the community in Pantelleria, a island south of Sicily (Italy), where the first 1 MW farm will be deployed starting 2nd quarter of 2013.

O-ME-004


248

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE PTO SYSTEM OF A NOVEL FLOATING WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER

Mohammed FAIZAL1, Byung-Ha KIM1, Chang-Goo KIM1, Nak-Joong LEE1,M. Rafiuddin Ahmed2, and Young-Ho LEE1*

1Division of Mechanical and Energy System Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime University (KMU), 1 Dongsam-dong Youngdo-ku, Busan, Korea

2Division of Mechanical Engineering, The University of the South Pacific


Numerical and experimental studies were carried out on the power-take off (PTO) system of a novel floating wave energy converter with a built-in cross-flow turbine. The pitching motion of the device causes a column of water to rise and fall periodically in the caisson which creates a bi-directional flow. The cross flow turbine uses this bi-directional flow to rotate in one direction only. The PTO system was experimented using a 6 DOF ocean simulator at a model to prototype scale of 1:3, for no-load conditions and loaded conditions. The experiments were conducted for varying pitch angles, moment of inertia on shaft, wave periods, and rotational speeds. It was found that for all pitching angles, the device had optimum response at a wave period of 2 seconds. A moment of inertia of 0.053 kgm2 was found to be appropriate for all test cases. Peak hydraulic efficiencies between 35% - 45% were obtained for the range of 40 50 rpm for most test cases. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) tests were conducted to document the flow around the turbine and the inlet and exit nozzles. The commercial ANSYS CFX software was used to carry out the numerical calculations and to observe the internal flow. Figure one shows the experimental setup, the PTO system, CFD simulations, and experimental results.

Powder Brake

Flywheel

Cross flow turbine

Figure 1. The experimental setup, PTO system, experiment results, and CFD simulations.

O-ME-005O-ME-005


249

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL PITCHING TYPE FLOATING WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER

Mohammed Asid ZULLAH1, Byung-Ha KIM1, Mohammed FAIZAL1,M. Rafiuddin Ahmed2, and Young-Ho LEE1*

1Division of Mechanical and Energy System Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime University (KMU), 1 Dongsam-dong Youngdo-ku, Busan, Korea

2Division of Mechanical Engineering, The University of the South Pacific


The novel wave energy converter presented here is designed to utilize the surface energy of ocean waves to undergo pitching motion and to cause a column of water to rise and fall periodically in a caisson, creating a bidirectional flow. This bidirectional flow is used to drive a unidirectional cross flow turbine. Experimental studies are carried out on different shapes of the caisson of the device to study the effects of different shapes on pitching motion. The pitching motions of the device obtained from experiments are compared numerically in ANSYS AQWA. Experiments are conducted at varying wave frequencies in a 3D wave tank. The effect of draft on the pitching motion and on stability is also studied. The optimum shape obtained is then used to study the performance of the device by using the commercial ANSYS CFX software. The internal flow in the caisson and the turbine is studied for various cases. The power output and the efficiencies against different wave conditions are also presented. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the novel WEC and the boundary conditions used in ANSYS CFX.

Caisson

Tank inside caisson to hold water

Crossflow turbine

Figure 1. Schematic of the novel WEC and the boundary conditions used in ANSYS CFX.

O-ME-006


250

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF HAT TIDAL TURBINE FOR THE PERFORMANCE AND WAKE PROPAGATION

Chul Hee Jo1, Yu Ho Rho1, Do Youb Kim1, Kang Hee Lee1*

1Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea


Having very strong current on the west coast with up to 10m tidal range, there are many suitable site for the application of TCP(Tidal Current Power) in Korea. The turbine, which initially converts the tidal energy, is an important component because it affects the efficiency of the entire system. Its performance is determined by design variables such as the number of blades, the shape of the foil, and the size of the hub. To design a turbine that can extract the maximum power on the site, the depth and duration of current velocity with respect to direction should be considered. To extract a significant quantity of power, a tidal current farm with a multi-arrangement is necessary in the ocean. The interactions between devices contribute significantly to the total power capacity. Thus, interaction problems need to be investigated for generating maximum power in a specific field. The study of wake propagation is necessary to understand the evolution of the wake behind a turbine. This paper introduces configuration design of horizontal axis tidal current turbine based on the blade element theory, and evaluating its performance with CFD. To investigate the wakes behind the turbine, unsteady simulation was carried out, and streamwise velocities were analyzed.

Figure 1. Schematic view of turbine wake model

References

[1] Palm, M., Huijsmans, R. and Pourquie, M.(2011), “The applicability of semi-empirical wake models for tidal farms”, Proceedings of the 9th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference.

O-ME-007

Geothermal Energy

(Oral Session)


253

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEPLOYMENT POTENTIAL FOR ASIA-PACIFIC REGION

Christopher J. Bromley1* and Michael A. Mongillo2

1Chairman, IEA-GIA, GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, Taupo, New Zealand2Executive Secretary, IEA-GIA, GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, Taupo, New Zealand


Geothermal energy deployment is rapidly progressing in many countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Future deployment projections of this abundant energy resource have recently been published by the IEA [1]. In volcanic and plate-boundary settings around the Pacific Rim, high-temperature geothermal is often the least-expensive renewable-energy option, especially in terms of long-run marginal cost. It also has the added benefits of being a source of base-load power, as well as efficiently providing on-demand heating and cooling for buildings, or for industrial and agricultural direct process-heat applications. In order to assist decision makers with future policy development and investment decisions, the IEA-GIA (Geothermal Implementing Agreement), which includes ten members from this region, has assisted in generating deployment projections and technology ‘road-maps’ through multiparty collaboration. This includes participation in the geothermal chapter of the IPCC special report on renewable energy [2]. The outcome of the deployment projections is location specific, but by 2050, geothermal could potentially contribute 2-4% of electricity and heat demand for non-volcanic countries in this region through the development of Enhanced Geothermal System technologies (such as in Australia and Korea), and 10-30% of demand in volcanic countries (such as Japan and New Zealand). In some countries, rapid geothermal deployment over the past five years is already displacing coal-fired power generation. With a concerted collaboration effort, this region can lead the way internationally, in particular, by helping out neighbors that are relatively inexperienced in geothermal development, especially in South America (Chile, Peru, etc.) and the South Pacific (e.g. Papua New Guinea), and by assisting other South-East Asian nations (such as Indonesia, China and the Philippines) to reach their huge geothermal energy development potential. The combined effect of this regional effort will be to displace significant global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel energy sources, particularly in the electricity and heating & cooling markets.

References

[1] IEA, 2011, Technology Roadmap, Geothermal Heat and Power. International Energy Agency (www.iea.org).[2] Goldstein, B., G. Hiriart, R. Bertani, C. Bromley, L. Gutiérrez Negrín, E. Huenges, H. Muraoka, A.

Ragnarsson, J. Tester, V. Zui, 2011: Geothermal Energy. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN), Cambridge University Press.

IN-GE-001


254

THE GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION PILOT PROJECT IN KOREA: CAPACITY ESTIMATION

Yoonho SONG1*, Tae Jong LEE1, and Woon Sang YOON2

1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Korea 2NexGeo Inc., Seoul, Korea


We have started the first geothermal power generation project which is a pilot plant project with enhanced geothermal system (EGS) technology. It is a five-year term, government funded and industry matching project from the end of 2010. Target area is Pohang field of higher heat flow in south-eastern part of Korean Peninsula. The project consists of two phases: I) site characterization, drilling down to a 3 km deep well and to confirm the temperature higher than 100 °C in two years, and II) extending the 3 km deep well down to 5 km to make it injection well, hydraulic stimulation and reservoir creation, drilling production well of 5 km and completing doublet system, and installing 1.5 MW binary power plant in another three years.

Critical factors in determining the generation capacity are temperature and flow rate when we follow general tendency of thermal efficiency of typical binary cycle power plant. While the latter can be increased by enhancing reservoir capacity which is the main technical issue in EGS, the former is mainly depth dependent assuming constant flow rate. A long-term monitoring at an exploration well BH-4 in Pohang showed temperature of 91 °C at the depth of 2 km, which enables us to expect at least 180 °C at planned depth of 5 km. Flow rate of 40 kg/sec can be achieved by hydraulic stimulation such as in Soultz case, and we can assume maximum temperature difference between reservoir and circulating fluid be 20 °C. As a result, geothermal fluid circulation with flow rate of 40 kg/sec and temperature of 160 °C makes us estimate the net capacity of a doublet system with typical binary cycle power plant be 1.5 MW as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Conceptual model of Korean EGS pilot plant project.

O-GE-001


255

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM PARAMETERS OF DOUBLET SYSTEM IN A HORIZONTALLY FRACTURED GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR

Thushan Ekneligoda1*, Ki-Bok Min2

1 Department of Energy systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2 Department of Energy systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


Sustainable and environmental friendly energy can be generated from the heat in the earth that is commonly known as geothermal energy. The form of energy is challenging to bring in to the economical feasible energy form if several aspects governing the geothermal energy extraction process are not addressed properly. The common form of geothermal energy extraction involves injecting cold water through an injection well and extracting heated water from a production well which is connected to the injection well either by natural or artitificial fracture system[1].

Economic feasibility of a geothermal reservoir depends on the history of production temperature, fluid loss during the circulation and circulation pumping energy requirements. A detailed description of the importance of proper reservoir path design, is presented by Zimmermann et .al[2].

A lot of research have been already carried out on geothermal extraction using both numerical and analytical models [3] [4] .

This paper describes a convective and conductive heat transfer numerical model in doublet system of enhanced geothermal system composed of injection and production wells. The fluid carrying fractures are simulated as isolated fractures with non isothermal fluid flow to study the temperature development and critical parameters associated with the long term production of geothermal energy. The optimum horizontal fracture length after 5 years of production temperature is determined to be around 500m. Our study shows that the minimum half spacing in the vertical plane is 20 m which is an important parameter to develop multiple fractures in a geothermal reservoir. Thermal drawdown calculation from this study can be utilized in determining the minimum shut down period to ensure the thermal recharge of the geothermal well. The outcomes of the our study are important as guidelines, both for the design of the layout of injection and production wells and during the production period to plan the efficient geothermal production schedule.

References

[1] T. Schulte, G. Zimmermann, F. Vuataz, S. Portier, T. Tischner, R. Junker, R. Jatho, and E. Huenges, Enhancing Geothermal Reservoirs, Geothermal energy systems, (2010), 173-243,(Edited by Huenges E.,)WILEY VCH verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA Winheim.

[2] G. Zimmermann, I. Moeck, and G. Blocher, Cyclic waterfac stimulation to develop an enhanced geothermal system(EGS)- conceptual design and experimental results, Geothermics, 39 (2010), 59-69.

[3] J. Rutqvist, S.Y. Wu, F.F.Tsang, and G. Bodvarsson, A modelling approach for analysis of coupled multiphase fluid flow, heat transfer and deformation in fractured porous rock, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 39 (2002), 429-442.

[4] T. Kohl, F.K. Evan, J.R. Hopkirk, and L. Rybach, Coupled hydraulic thermal and mechanical considerations for the simulations of hot dry rock reservoirs, Geothermics, 24(3) (1995) 345-359.

O-GE-002


256

ANISOTROPY IN PORE STRUCTURE OF BEREA SANDSTONE

Kwang Yeom Kim1*, Kyeong Min Kim2, Hwa Young Yang2

1Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Gyeonggi, Korea2University of Science & Technology, Gyeonggi, Korea


The interconnected pore channel in porous rocks provides major paths for hydraulic and thermal energy transfer whereas the quantification has been hampered due to the heterogeneous and random configuration despite its significance. This study presents the quantitative characterization of pore orientation of porous rocks using 3D X-ray CT images and a series of image processing techniques. The internal pore structures of Berea sandstone are obtained and the 3D medial axis is constructed by image thinning. The pore orientation is assessed by star length acquired from each pore pixel on medial axis, cut by solid phase, and the corresponding azimuth and elevation angle of projection line. The Euclidean distance transform applied to the pore pixels also enables evaluating the pore size distribution. The integrated analysis permits accurately mapping the pore orientation locally and its relevance to pore chamber and throat. The image based characterization proposed here simplifies the randomness of pore structure. We discuss the engineering implication of pore anisotropy and heterogeneity with respect to thermal and hydraulic anisotropy in the field of energy recovery.

Figure 1. 3D pore structures of Berea sandstone obtained from X-ray CT scan

References

[1] TH. Smith, E. Schneider, A. Odgaard, Star length distribution : a volume-based concept for the characterization of structural anisotropy, J. of Microscopy, 191 (1998) 249-257.

O-GE-003


257

POTENTIAL TO ENHANCE PERFORMANCE OF SEAWATER-SOURCE HEAT PUMP BY SERIES OPERATION

Young-Jin Baik, Minsung Kim, Ki-Chang Chang*, Young-Soo Lee and Ho-Sang Ra

High Efficiency and Clean Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 305-343, Korea


In this study, the performance enhancement potential by series operation in seawater-source heat pump system was investigated. A seawater-source heat pump system was assumed installed in Gangneung city near the East Sea in Korea. An annual heating load for an apartment was calculated by TRNSYS program. An ambient temperature at Gangneung city was calculated from the TMY2 weather data, while the seawater temperature was calculated from the regression equation based on the measurement. A heat pump performance at full-load was calculated from the regression equation, which involves refrigerant’s evaporating and condensing temperatures, based on a commercial screw compressor performance map. A part-load performance was also considered. Simulation results show that heating systems in Gangneung area operate with less than 60% of a heating load ratio for 5,700 hours (65.1%) in a year of period. The results also show that an annual heating performance of a seawater-source heat pump system can be improved by 5% or more by series operation under the simulation conditions considered in the present study.

Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by strategic R&D project of “Thermal Energy Network” supported by Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER-B2-2426-06).

O-GE-004


258

HEAT TRANSFER MEASUREMNT DURING DROPWISE CONDENSATION USING MICRO/NANO-SCALE

POROUS SURFACE

Sangsoo Lee1, Kuok Cheng1, Viljar Palmrel1, Kwang Kim1,2*, and Hyungkee Yoon3

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, U.S.A.2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A.



Unique Micro/nano-scale porous (MNSP) surfaces were fabricated on the surface of steam condensers to promote a dropwise condensation which can exhibit an order of magnitude higher heat transfer rate than that of filmwise condensation. Steam condensation tests were conducted to evaluate heat transfer performance of the MNSP surfaces. The MNSP surfaces were prepared by using a self-assembly technique or polymer based thin coatings, or surface etchings techniques, respectively. The resulting surface morphologies and the wetting characteristics were investigated by SEM and the liquid contact angle measurements to look for optimized parameters for enhancing the dropwise condensation. From visual observations, it was found that the MNSP surfaces can effectively initiate dropwise condensation by limiting the growth of ‘large’ condensate drops and, thus lead to improvement of surface renewal rates.

Figure 1. Representative MNSP condenser surfaces: fabricated by (a) a self-assembly technique, (b) polymer-based thin coating, and (c) surface etching, respectively

O-GE-005


259

PRELIMINARY DESIGN METHOD FOR CAST-IN-PLACE ENERGY PILE

Sangwoo Park1, Culho Lee1, Kyoung-Sik Jung2, Yongsun Joo3 and Hangseok Choi1*

1School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea2S-TECH Consulting Group, Seoul, Korea

3Civil Eng. Dept., SAMSUNG C&T Corporation, Seoul, Korea


Recently, interest on energy piles has grown as an economical alternative option to conventional ground source heat pump systems. However, a well-recognized means for designing energy pile systems is not available. In this paper, a preliminary design procedure for cast-in-place concrete energy piles has been introduced by adopting the PILESIM2 program and the results are presented as design charts (Fig. 1). The preliminary designing was conducted considering pile configuration (pile diameter, length, number and space) and soil property (thermal conductivity and ground water condition). Unfortunately, PILESIM2 is able to design exclusively the U-tube heat exchange pipe and double-tube heat exchange pipe, other pipe configurations could not be directly considered in this program. Therefore, an equivalent heat exchange efficiency factor calculated by CFD numerical analyses was adopted in the current preliminary design process for designing various pipe configurations of the energy pile. For obtaining the equivalent heat exchange efficiency factor, the cast-in-place concrete energy pile with three different shapes of heat exchange pipe (W-shape, multiple U-shape, and coil-shape) were modeled to apply intermittent cooling simulations for 7 days using the FLUNET program. The equivalent heat exchange efficiency factors were evaluated by comparing the total amount of heat exchange rate during simulating the intermittent cooling mode. In conclusion, the W-shape and the multiple U-shape energy pile are supposed to possess similar equivalent heat exchange efficiency factors, but the coil-shape energy pile shows slight smaller value (0.97) due to thermal interference between heat exchange pipes.

Figure 1. Preliminary design chart for cast-in-place concrete energy pile (using PILESIM2)

O-GE-006


260

REVIEW OF TWO-STAGE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT

Kojo Atta Aikins1 and Jong Min Choi2*



Heat pump systems offer economical alternatives for recovering heat from different sources for use in various industrial, commercial and residential applications [1]. As a renewable energy technology for sustainable environment, the heat pump’s high efficiency and low environmental impact have already drawn a fair amount of attention all over the world [2]. Very low evaporating temperatures and very high condensing temperatures are required for industrial and some domestic refrigeration and heating applications. These applications require that cooling and heating be done over high temperature and pressure ranges beyond the practical range for single-stage cycles. In this paper, recent works on two-stage heat pump systems in various applications are reviewed. Hot water for industrial processes, such as building heating, medical applications, oil and other industrial processes is often needed to be 70°C or above. In the wood drying and food sterilization industries, temperatures above 60°C are needed. In some special cases, temperature is needed to be as high as 200°C. Some domestic hot water is needed in the temperature range of 60 to 85°C. For these applications, heat pumps have higher pressure and temperature. These high temperature and pressure ranges result in high pressure ratio across the compressor in single-stage heat pumps which produce low COP values. High pressure ratio exposes the compressor to high discharge temperature, low volumetric efficiency and damage. This challenge can be easily overcome through two-stage heat pump systems. If the pressure ratio of a system that employs reciprocating compressor exceeds 9, it could be reduced through the use of cascade systems. Beyond compression ratio of 8, a single stage cycle is not efficient. Similarly, other two-stage cycle heat pumps can also be used to reduce pressure ratio across the compressor. For two-stage heat pump systems, the pressure ratio for each stage is 2 to 3 times smaller than that of a single-stage system. Two-stage cycles include cascade, two-stage cycle with intercooling, and two-stage cycle with refrigerant injection. There have been many researches on the performance and optimization of heat pump systems adopting two-stage cycle with intercooling and injection. However, study on the characteristics for cascade systems has rarely been executed.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Energy Efficiency & Resources of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Knowledge Economy (No. 2010T100200474).

References

[1] K.J. Chua, S.K. Chou and W.M. Yang, Applied Energy, 87 (2010) 3611.[2] N. Hohnstone, I. Hascis and D. Popp, NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, (2008),

13760.

O-GE-007


261

ANALYSIS OF REFRIGERANTS USED AND HOT WATER GENERATION WITH GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP UNITS

Kojo Atta Aikins1 and Jong Min Choi2*



It is important to minimize the emission of refrigerants to reduce their impact on the environment and to generate hot water for various application of heat pump [1]. In this paper, refrigerants that are used in geothermal heat pump units in Korea are investigated. In addition, hot water temperatures generated by the geothermal heat pump units are analyzed. The database is composed of 86 geothermal heat pump units certified in Korea according to governmental regulation. The heat pump units are divided into three types: water-to-water heat pump, water-to-air heat pump, and water-to-air multi-heat pump. Fig. 1 shows current refrigerants used in geothermal heat pump units. 53.8 % of the 78 water-tow-water heat pump units used the HCFC, R22, and other certified products used HFC. The HFC refrigerants used included R410A, R407C and R134a. All water-to-air and water-to-air multi-heat pump units adopted R410A refrigerant. Because the R22 is an HCFC and has high global warming potential and ozone-depletion potential, it is being replaced with HFCs or natural refrigerants. The average hot water temperature generated by the certified geothermal heat pump units is 43.8oC at Korea standard test condition for geothermal heat pump units (NR GT 101). Temperature difference 3.8oC between inlet and outlet of condenser is less than 5oC as presented by Europe Standard(NF EN standard). In order to replace the boiler and the conventional air conditioning unit with high efficient geothermal heat pump system, there is the need to increase the hot water production temperature.

Figure 1. Current status of refrigerant used in geothermal heat pump units..

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by a grant(code 11C05) from Construction Technology Innovation Program funded by Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korean government.

References

[1] M. Fukuta, T. Yanagisawa, M. Shimasaki and Y. Ogi, International Journal of Refrigeration, 29 (2006) 1058.

O-GE-008

Poster Session

Photovoltaics

(Poster Session)


267

TEN YEARS OUTDOOR OPERATION OF SILICON BASED PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES AT CENTRAL LATITUDE OF JAPAN

Aika Kamei1, Shota Yoshida1, Hideyuki Takakura1, and Takashi Minemoto1

1Department of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeican University, Kusatsu, Japan


The outdoor performance of various types of silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) modules (single crystalline Si (sc-Si), multi-crystalline Si (mc-Si), amorphous Si (a-Si), a-Si/micro-crystalline Si (μc-Si) Tandem, and a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe three-stack) which were installed as the same outdoor exposure condition in Shiga-Prefecture, Japan was evaluated by using Performance Ratio (PR) as an index for ten years from 2000 to 2009. Previous studies showed that PV modules degradation rate is roughly constant along all the module lifetime and their performance degrades linearly [1], and a similar trend was observed in this study. The process of aging degradation and the degradation rate of each module are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1, respectively. Here, the data which was obtained from evident defective modules such as disconnecting and delamination was omitted. In this test site and our specific modules, crystalline Si PV modules showed the similar degradation rate. In contrast, the degradation rate of the thin-film Si PV modules ranged from -3.5 to -0.4 %/year. It is still unclear that the difference in the degradation rate arises from intrinsic properties of the PV technologies. However, the accumulation of field test data in all over the world must be important to discuss the behavior of the PV modules statistically.

60

65

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90

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2001

2002

2003

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2005

2006

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2008

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Perf

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ance

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io (%

)

14

15

16

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18

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20

Am

bien

t Tem

pertu

re (o C

)

sc-Si mc-Si

a-Si

a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe Ambient Temperture

a-Si−/μc-Si

Figure 1. Transition of annual average performance ratio of each PV module and annual average ambient temperature

Table 1. Degradation rate of each PV module (The numbers in parenthesis are measurement period)Module sc-Si mc-Si a-Si a-Si/μc-Si a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe

Degradation Rate (%/year)

-1.42( 2000-2009)

-0.714(2000-2009)

-3.51(2000-2003)

-1.22(2004-2009)

-0.406(2004-2009)

References

[1] F. D. Lia, S. Castello and L. Abenante, 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (2003), Late News Paper 2105-2108.

P-PV-001


268

A HIGHLY EFFICIENT BACK CONTACT MODULE USING SCREEN PRINTING

Junyoung LEE1, Min gu KIM1, Yeon il KANG1, Donghun NO1, Dongseop KIM1*



We prepared advanced PV module with back contact (BC) silicon solar cell. For the process of string production, the contact layout of the BC cell is very important. Generally, the BC cells typically have their contacts located on two opposite cell edges. BC interconnectors only have to bridge a small distance (~5mm) in between cells. They need to provide mechanical stress relief in between cells against loads originating from temperature changes and module deflection.[1] Advanced concept of BC interconnectors using printed wiring board (PWB) sheet. It is strong that mechanical stress and temperature changes. And it is made by screen printing process with solder paste and adhesive paste. Result of 5 samples indicates that align between cell and PWB sheet matches well, and conversion efficiency of cell to module (CTM) show high performance.

Figure 1. The SEM image of Cell-PWB Sheet Cross-section

Table 1. Photovoltaic parameters of the solar Module

Parameter Isc(A) Voc(mV) FF(%) Vpm Ipm Pmax(W) CTM

Cell(average) 6.32 678 78.8 572.9 5.90 3.38

94.54%1x1 Module(average) 6.40 678 78.6 558.8 5.72 3.20

Difference 0.08 - -0.2 -14.1 -0.18 -0.18

References

[1] Harry Wirth & Ulrich Eitner, Photovoltaics International journal, published in November 2011.

P-PV-002


269

RESEARCH ON DECREASE OF CELL TO MODULE LOSS FOR CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE

JungYup YANG1, YoungKyoung AHN1, PilHo HUH1, Min PARK1, MinGu KIM1, JunYoung LEE1,DongHun NO1, YeonIl KANG1, and DongSeop KIM1*

1Photovoltaic Development Team, ES Business Division, Samsung SDI, Korea


The fabrication of crystalline Si (c-Si) solar module, the output power of c-Si module is decreased compared to total amount of c-Si cells’ power because of increasing series resistance and light absorption into glass/encapsulant. We called this power loss as cell to module (CTM) loss and the decreasing power rate as CTM conversion ratio (CR). The typical CTM CR in other groups has a value of about 94 %. The CTM CR is typically decreased with increasing the efficiency (especially current) of solar cell. In this experiment, we have focused on the increase of CTM CR through detail analysis to each module component. As a result, the CTM CR in Si photovoltaic modules can be significantly increased by appropriately optimizing module component. The maximum CTM CR in our experimental module present about 97.3% using 19% efficiency cells and it is 265W power in 6x10 string module.

Figure 1. I-V curve of 265 W c-Si photovoltaic module

Table 1. Photovoltaic parameters of the cell and 6x10 moduleCurrent (A) VOC (V) FF (%) Eff. (%) CTM CR (%)

Cell 8.954 0.6345 79.88 1997.3

6x10 Module 9.06 38 77.1 16.2

P-PV-003


270

IMPACT OF SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE DISTRIBUTION AND TEMPERATURE ON OUTDOOR PERFORMANCE OF

CONCENTRATOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

Naoki Shibata1*, Seiya Ueno2, Tsuyoshi Sueto1, Yasuyuki Ota1, Takashi Minemoto2, Kenji Araki3

and Kensuke Nishioka1

1faculty of engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan 2College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan

3Daido Steel Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan


Figure 1 shows 14 kW Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) System (Daido Steel Co., Ltd.) installed in University of Miyazaki. The output characteristics of tracking type CPV was analyzed in the data period of a year from November 2010 to October 2011. Characteristics of CPV are more sensitive to environmental factors as compared to flat-plate PV system. Especially, solar spectrum distribution has considerable influence on the output of CPV because CPV uses multi-junction solar cells. In this study, we analyzed the influence of environmental factors using Average Photon Energy (APE) and temperature of solar cell [1,2]. High value of APE means blue-rich spectrum of sun light. Low value of APE means red-rich spectrum.

Figure 2 shows contour graph of Performance Ratio (PR) for CPV system as a function of APE and temperature of solar cell (Tcell). Most frequent condition at outdoor was APE = 1.87±0.005eV and Tcell = 65±2.5oC. PR at the most frequent condition and Standard Test Condition (STC) were 83.9% and 132%, respectively. The actual output energy at outdoor is estimated to be low. These results indicated the importance of the understanding of the behavior of the outdoor performance and accurate data of environmental conditions where the PV systems are installed.

Figure 1. 14 kW CPV System installed in University of Miyazaki

Figure 2. Contour graph of PR for CPV system as a function of APE and Tcell

References

[1] S.R. Williams, T.R. Betts, T. Helf, R. Gottschalg, H.G. Beyer, D.G Infield, in: Proceedings of Third WCPEC, Osaka, Japan, 2003, pp. 1908 1911.

[2] Takashi Minemoto, Yasuhito Nakada, Hiroaki Takahashi, Hideyuki Takakura, Uniqueness verification of solar spectrum index of average photon energy for evaluating outdoor performance of photovoltaic modules, Sol. Energy 83(2009) 1294-1299

P-PV-004


271

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBON/PLATINUM HYBRID COUNTER ELECTRODES FOR

HIGHLY EFFICIENT DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

Soo Bong HONG, Hee Hyun GONG, Jeong Eun SHIN, Hee Jung CHOI, and Sung Chul HONG*

Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea


Carbon/platinum (Pt) hybrid counter electrodes (CEs) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are prepared and their characteristics, including photovoltaic and electrocatalytic properties, are investigated. Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and carbon black (CB) are employed as representative carbon materials for the hybrid CE. For MWCNT/Pt CE, a polymeric surface modifier is prepared through controlled/living radical polymerization for better dispersion of MWCNT [1]. Charge transfer resistance (RCT) of the MWCNT/Pt CE is about one-third of that of conventional Pt electrodes [2]. This results in improved fill factor and energy conversion efficiency of the DSSC. RGO/Pt CE prepared through spin coating processes exhibits high transparency along with high electrocatalytic activity, affording improved energy conversion efficiency than that of the DSSC with conventional Pt CE. In the DSSCs, the amounts of Pt incorporated in the hybrid CE are much lower than that in the conventional Pt CE. The high catalytic effects of the hybrid CEs probably originate from enhanced surface area of the CEs and synergistic combinations between carbon materials and Pt, resulting in low charge transfer resistances and improved redox capabilities [1].

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.00.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

-Z" (

Ohm

)

C4 C4/P0.5 C4/P1 C4/P3 C4/P4 Pt

Z' (Ohm)

(a) (b)

Figure 1. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of MWCNT/Pt hybrid CE (a) and their Nyquist plots of impedance spectra (b).

References

[1] S.C. Hong, J.E. Shin, H.J. Choi, H.H. Gong, K. Kim, N-G. Park, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 49 (2010) 11393.[2] H.J. Choi, J.E. Shin, G-W. Lee, N-G. Park, K. Kim, S.C. Hong, Curr. Appl. Phys, 10 (2010) S165.

P-PV-005


272

A MODIFIED METALLURGICAL REFINING PROCESS FOR MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON INGOT USING A SEED IN

ELECTRON BEAM MELTING SYSTEM

Jin Seok LEE1,*, Jun Kyu LEE1, Joon Soo KIM1, Young Soo AHN1 and Churl Hee CHO2

1Energy Materials and Convergence Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea

2Graduate School of Green Energy Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea


Novel purification techniques for low-quality silicon (Si) feedstock have recently been investigated all over the world, and are meant to open alternative routes towards a solar grade Si feedstock. Among the different routes that are being explored, metallurgical refining process with metallurgical grade Si (MG-Si) is considered as the most attractive approach due to its short production cycle, little pollution, low cost and simple process. It is well known that electron beam melting (EBM) process has an excellent metallurgical refining performance in producing high-purity materials due to ultra-high vacuum environment and extremely restricted contamination during operation [1-2]. Our EBM equipment consisted of melting part for the evaporation of volatile impurities and directional solidification part for the removal of segregated impurities and growth of multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) ingot, where both parts are connected for continuous process under vacuum. Especially in the growth step of mc-Si ingot, successful purification can be achieved by increasing grain size, namely reducing volume of grain boundaries, because segregated impurities tend to locate at the grain boundaries during the solidification. The purpose of this study is to increase the grain size in Si ingot by an employment of single crystalline Si seed. 8kW EB of the spiral shape was irradiated on Si feedstock at a pulling-down rate of 1.2mm/min for continuous ingot casting, where external diameter and non-irradiated inside diameter of EB were fixed at 36 and 85mm, respectively. Solidification behavior of Si ingot with the dimension of 100 × 500mm was analyzed by optical microscopy (OM). Quantitative analyses of metallic impurities were measured by glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS). The purity of the Si ingot supported by the seed was improved up to 99.99998% (almost 7N), which is anticipated to sufficiently apply to the photovoltaic industry.

References

[1] T. Liu, Z. Dong, Y. Zhao, J. Wang, T. Chen, H. Xie, J. Li, H. Ni and D. Huo, J. Crystal Growth, 351 (2012) 19.

[2] J. C. S. Pires, A. F. B. Braga and P. R. Mei, Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, 79 (2003) 347.

P-PV-006


273

A EXPERMANTALL STUDY ON POWER EFFICIENCY OF THE TRANSPARENT AMORPHOUS THIN-FILM BIPV SYSTEM

DEPENDING ON INSTALLED LOCATIONT OF THE WALL

Young Sub AN1, Bich Na KIM2, Sung Tae KIM3, Sung Jin LEE4, Jong Ho YOON5*

1,3,4R&BD Center, Kolon Global Corporation, Yongin, Korea 2,5Department of Architecture Engineering, Hanhat National University, Daejeon, Korea


We have analyzed the power efficiency of transparent amorphous thin-film BIPV system depending on installed location such as windows and spandrel in the full-scale building. The total capacity is 5.28kW and same capacity of 2.64kW was applied to the windows and spandrel respectively. The BIPV modules consist of 27mm thickness of double glazing with low-e coating and have the visible transparency of 10%. The max power of the unit module is the 44Wp and installed at a slope of 90 degree in south side.

The data of power output, insolation and surface temperature of the BIPV module were gathered through the monitoring system from September 2011 to July 2012 (exclusion February and March 2012). The power output of the BIPV module installed on the window was measured in average 149.9kWh/month and the BIPV module installed on the spandrel was indicated in average 137.7kWh/month. The insolation was measured in average 79.4kWh/ /month slope at a 90 degree in south side. In conclusion, The BIPV module that was installed on the windows exhibited a better performance of 8.1% than the BIPV module installed on the spandrel during the measured period.

Figure 1. The full-scale Building applied in BIPV system

Table 1. Electrical specification of the applied thin-film BIPV module

Item Pmax (W) Vmpp(V) Impp(A) VOC (V) Isc(A) Tvis(%)

a-si thin-film module 44 59.6 0.74 91.8 0.972 10.62

References

[1] Deo Prasad & Mark Snow, Designing with SOALR POWER, A source book for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), ISBN 184407 147-2

[2] German Solar Energy Society (DGS), Planning & Installing Photovoltaic Systems, A guide for installers, architects and engineers, ISBN 978-1-84407-442-6

P-PV-007


274

ASSESSMENT OF ROOFTOP PHOTOVOLTAIC POTENTIAL IN THE PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, KOREA

Jinyoung SONG1, Yosoon CHOI1*, and Hyeong-Dong PARK2

1Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


We present a case study to assess the potential of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems for establishing a green campus in the Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea. To analyze the effect of cast shadows among buildings, 3D campus building models were created using Google Sketchup software. Non-shaded rooftop areas on 11 buildings for installing the PV arrays were quantitatively evaluated by the shadow analysis. Grid-connected PV systems were designed that can maximize the electric power production between 9 AM and 4 PM throughout the year. Energy simulations using weather data and the NREL’s SAM software were performed to calculate the electric power productions from rooftop PV systems on the buildings (Fig. 1). As a result, annual solar power production was estimated as 652,708kWh. Economic analysis showed that the PV systems can provide economic benefits when the electricity price increases up to 222KRW/kW.

Table 1. Annual electricity productions estimated from PV systems on the 11 buildings.

No. Building name Rooftop area(m2)

Non-shaded rooftoparea(m2)

Annual electrical

demand(kWh)

Annualelectricity

production(kWh)

Solar fraction

1 Nuri Building 1,836 744 763,808 14,954 2%

2 Library academic information hall 5,499 1,420 2,079,175 78,730 4%

3 Gaon Building 580 638 401,810 14,177 4%

4 Chungmu Building 2,236 2,680 847,540 57,867 7%

5 Natural sciences 1 building 4,393 2,327 1,301,965 113,773 9%

6 Environment research center 1,291 1,207 1,134,515 58,259 5%

7 Business school building 1,410 986 298,610 71,655 24%

8 Hoyeon building 1,722 1,303 351,070 99,201 28%

9 Natural sciences 2 building 1,366 1,364 722,985 66,526 9%

10 Cooperative laboratory center 612 392 272,700 22,445 8%

11 Institute of oceanography 1,356 1,342 729,110 55,121 8%

22,301 14,403 8,903,358 652,708 7%

P-PV-008


275

EFFECT OF VARIOUS ENCAPSULANTS FOR CuInGaSe2(CIGSe) MODULE

PilHo Huh1, Youngkyoung Ahn1, Junyoung Lee1, MinGu Kim1, Jungyup Yang1, DongSeop Kim1*



CuInGaSe2 (CIGSe) modules were made on both film-encapsulated and liquid-encapsulated modules, applying conventional front-glass/EVA/substrate encapsulation. Alternative encapsulated glass-to-glass modules, such as replacing EVA with POE, silicone, and ionomer, were studied in various respects such as optics, adhesion, and electrical property. Liquid and solid film in use for encapsulation gave similar light transmission and reflectance in range of UV, Visible, and IR wavelength. CIGSe encapsulated with ionomer has superior values for adhesion strength (899 1156 psi) at which the interface failure occurs, as compared with those of CIGSe laminated with the rest of encapsulants. Changes of cell-to-module (CTM) in CIGSe modules dependent upon various encapsulants were also investigated using I-V test.

P-PV-009


276

ENHANCEMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS WITH TIO2 BASED ON

SILICA AEROGEL PHOTOELECTRODE

Hyung Jin Kim1, Kyung Hee Park2, and Chang Kook Hong3*

1Department of Advanced Chemicals & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea2The Research Institute for catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

3Department of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea


Silica aerogel added mesoporuous TiO2 photoanode was prepared for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) to enhance the efficiency of solar cells. In this work, influence of the insulating silica aerogel included SiO2 component on the photovoltaic characteristics is discussed based on comparative studies with and without silica aerogel and added amount of silica aerogel. Aerogel is porous material and so electrolyte was penetrated well into dye-TiO2 interfacial because of porosity [1,2]. Using the optical property and structure of silica aerogels, the photoelectrode in DSSCs were prepared with TiO2 and characterized by SEM, XRD and XPS. The photoelectrode was prepared bilayer (TiO2 added silica aerogel on coated TiO2 layer). The prepared photo-electrodes were evaluated based on the properties of light transmittance, electrochemical impedance spectra, and photovoltaic conversion efficiency. The results showed over 15% enhanced efficiency in the concentration 0.7wt% silica aerogel under AM 1.5condition.

Voltage (V)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

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/cm

2 )

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

100.3wt% SiO2-P250.5wt% SiO2-P250.7wt% SiO2-P251.0wt% SiO2-P25

Figure 1. Photocurrent voltage curves and SEM image of TiO2 electrode added silica aerogel.

AcknowledgementThis research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012010655) and also supported by the Priority Research Centers Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2011-0030747).

References[1] K.H. Park, H.B. Gu, E.M. Jin, M. Dhayal, Electrochemica Acta, 55 (2010) 5499-5505.[2] K.H. Park, E.M. Jin, H.B. Gu, S.D. Yoon, E.M. Han, J.J. Yun, Applied Physics Letters 97, (2010) 023302

P-PV-010


277

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SILICA REDUCTION BY SOLID CARBON AND GASES FOR UPGRADED

METALLURGICAL-GRADE SILICON

Eun Jin JUNG1, Seong Ho SEOK2, and Dong Joon MIN1*

1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea2Silicon Refining Research Team, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea


The strong demand for cheaper solar cells has led to increased attention on the use of upgraded metallurgical-grade Si (MG-Si). However, few studies have investigated the thermodynamics of the reduction reaction and its effects on the morphology of MG-Si. Here, we investigated SiO2 reduction by solid carbon and various gas species (CO, H2, and CH4) to identify the optimal conditions for MG-Si on the basis of Gibbs free-energy minimization (FEM). It was found that the reduction rate with carbon increased both with temperature and the C/SiO2 ratio in the SiO2 C system. Further, CH4, which decomposes into active carbon at 1773 K, was found to be the strongest reducing gas in Figure 1. The experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical predictions made using FEM.

Figure 1. Weight loss of SiO2 tablet as a function of time at 1773 K under CO-CH4 mixture gas.

References

[1] Ma X, Zhang J, Wang T, Li T. Rare Metals, 28 (2009) 221.

P-PV-011


278

APPLICATION OF SLAG REFINING MECHANISM OF BORON TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL SOG-SI

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Eun Jin JUNG1, Seong Ho SEOK2, Byung Moon MOON3, and Dong Joon MIN1*

1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea2Silicon Refining Research Team, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea3Production Technology R&D Divison, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, Korea


The refining behavior of boron in a molten slag was evaluated at 1773 K to establish the removal mechanism of silicon for optimal SoG-Si. From the experimental results, the removal mechanism of boron into the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag system was confirmed to proceed via BO3

3- and B62-. The mechanism of boron

removal had a linear relationship with oxygen partial pressure and slag basicity in the slag system.

)g(OBOB 226

2

61

316 +=+ −−

The boride capacity of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag can be expressed as a linear function of the activity of CaO and the optical basicity [1]. It is suggested that the proposed dissolution mechanism of boron could be appropriate to various slag systems, depending on oxygen partial pressure and basicity.

Figure 1. Relationship between boride capacity and the activity of basic oxide in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag system at 1773 K

References

[1] J. A. Duffy, M. D. Ingram, I. D. Sommerville. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I, 74 (1978) 1410.

P-PV-012


279

ADSORPTION CHRCTERISTICS OF GARDENIA BLUE ON TIO2 THIN FILM FOR DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

Tae Young KIM1, Byoung Jun MIN1, Kyung Hee Park2, Jae Wook Lee3, Jung Hun KIM3 and Sung Yong Cho1*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea 2The Research Institute for Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

3Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea


Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are consist of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glass, a dye-adsorbed nanocrystalline TiO2 layer, a platinum coated counter electrode and an electrolyte containing I-/I3

- redox couple. Thus, the performances of DSSCs strongly depend on a combination of factors of these components. A lot of work has focused on the enlargement of surface areas to enhance the amount of absorbed dyes by reduction of nanoparticle sizes or utilization of novel structures [1-3]. However, the dye adsorption techniques changed little with the assumption that the dye solution can fill the nanopores in the film completely during the dye adsorption process. The adsorption capacity of nonoporous TiO2 film was measured by completely desorbing the adsorbed dye molecules from TiO2 film using NaOH solution. However, those methods are complex, time-consuming, moreover, inaccuracy for amount of dye adsorbed on TiO2 thin film. We are necessary a new attempt for understand the adsorption mechanism of dye molecules on TiO2 thin film and also obtain the precise adsorption amount without desorption step, a novel adsorption appartus were made in our laboratory. In this study, gardenia blue was employed to measure the adsorption kinetic data. Fig. 1 shows adsorption isotherm of gardenia blue on TiO2 thin film which was represented the Langmuir, freundlich and Sips model. Experimental and theoretical qe values of the second-order model indicate better consistencies as compared to the first order model (Fig.2). That result imply that the adsorption system adheres to the pseudo second-order kinetics which further suggests that chemisorption is the rate-controlling step.

Ce (mol/m3)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

q (m

ol/k

g)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Langmuir eq.Freundlich eq.Sips eq.

Time (min)

0 20 40 60 80 100

t/qt(

min

g/m

g)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

288 K298 K 308 K

Figure 1. Adsorption isotherm. Figure 2. Plot of the second-order kinetic model.

References

[1] J.H.Yum. S. Nakade, D.Y. Kim, S. Yanagida, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006) 3215.[2] S.H. Kang, S.H.Choi, M.S. Kang, J.Y. Kim, H.S. Kim, T. Hyeon, Adv. Mater. 20 (2008) 54.[3] Y.J. Kim, M.H. Lee, H.J. Kim G. Lim, Y.S. Choi, N.G. Park, Adv. Mater. 21 (2009) 3668.

P-PV-013


280

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF BIPV SYSTEM FOR THE

REALIZATION OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

Jae Bum KIM1, Jae Wan Park2, Jong Ho Yoon3, Nam Choon Baek4, Dai Kon Kim5 and U Cheul Shin6*

6National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea1Department of Architecture, Graduate School, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea

3Department of Architecture, Hanbat University, Daejeon, Korea4Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

5National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea6Department of Architecture, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea


In this study, we analyze the performance characteristics of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system of Climate Change Research Building of National Environment Research Institution which was designed with the aim of zero carbon building. This building totaling 2,449 is consist of five laboratories, PR department, conference room and others, and the area of conditioned space is 1,668 . In addition, the remaining residual load was predicted to 99,200kWh when load reducing system was applied such as insulation, exterior shading device and lighting control.

BIPV system, which is consist of three modules; G to G(Glass to Glass), G to T(Glass to Tedlar/Crystal) and Amorphous, has 116.2kWp of total capacity, and is applied to wall, window, atrium and pagora on roof.

After the completion of building, the total amount of energy consumption and the gross generation of BIPV system were 104,602kWh and 105,266kWh respectively through a year from April 2011 to March 2012, and it is evaluated to achieve realization of zero energy.

P-PV-014


281

FABRICATION OF FLEXIBLE DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL USING LASER ASSISTED NANO PARTICLE DEPOSITION

SYSTEM

Jung Oh Choi1, Chung Soo Kim1, Gil Yong Lee1, Hyun Taek Lee1, Jae Il Park1, Caroline S. Lee2

and Sung Hoon Ahn1*

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Division of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea


We have prepared flexible dye sensitized solar cell using laser assisted nano particle deposition system (LaNPDS). A novel fabrication process called LaNPDS was developed by integrating in-situ laser irradiation process with the nano particle deposition system (NPDS). TiO2 raw particles deposited on ITO-PET substrate without solution fabrication process or high temperature sintering process. 355 nm UV laser helps local sintering of nano powders to form films free from thermal damage on the substrate. The working electrode and counter electrode are prepared by TiO2 direct writing method on the polymer substrate. The fabricated TiO2 layer was characterized in various methods such as surface morphologies, cross-sections, crystallographic changes and mechanical properties (hardness and elastic Modulus). The photovoltaic property of the prepared solar cell is measured under AM 1.5 G simulated light and the results are listed in Table 1. The results of DSSC fabricated by LaNPDS shows increased performances. The photocurrent density is 3.71 mA/cm2 and voltage is 0.66 V and fill factor is 68.14. As a result, the overall conversion efficiency reaches 1.86 %.

Table 1. Photovoltaic parameters of the solar cell

JSC (mA/cm2) VOC (V) FF Eff. (%)

NPDS 2.62 0.66 52.42 0.89

LaNPDS 3.71 0.73 68.14 1.86

References

[1] O’Regan, B., Grätzel, M., 1991, A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films, Nature, 353/6346:737-740.

[2] Kim M.S., Chun D.M., Choi J.O., Lee J.C., Kim K.S., Kim Y.H., Lee C.S., Ahn S.H., 2011, Room temperature deposition of TiO2 using nano particle deposition system (NPDS): application to dye-sensitized solar sell (DSSC), International journal of precision engineering and manufacturing, 12/4:1-4.

[3] Chun D.M., Choi J.O., Lee C.S., Ahn S.H., 2012, Effect of stand-off distance for cold gas spraying of fine ceramic particles (<5 m) under low vacuum and room temperature using nano-particle deposition system (NPDS), Surface & Coatings Technology, 206/8-9:2125-2132.

[4] Kim J.S., Kim J.H., Lee M.K., 2010, Laser welding of nanoparticulate TiO2 and transparent conducting oxide electrodes for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cell, Nanotechnology, 21/34:345203.

[5] Ahn, S. H., Choi, J. O., Kim, C. S., Lee, G. Y., Lee, H. T., Kyujin Cho, Chun, D. M., C. S. Lee, 2012, Laser-assisted nano prticle deposiion systemand its application for dye sensitized solar cell fabrication, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Elsevier (Netherland), 61/1: 575-578

P-PV-015


282

EFFECT OF WO3 NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS IN PEDOT:PSS LAYER ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIC

SOLAR CELLS

Eung-Kyu PARK1, Jun-Ho JEUN1, Ki-Tae LIM1, Dawoon HAN1, Rohit CHAND1, Kamrul ISLAM1,Ik-Soo SHIN2 and Yong-Sang KIM1,3,*

1Department of Nanoscience & Engineering, Myongji University, Gyeonggi, Korea 2Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea

3Department of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Gyeonggi, Korea


We report the use of WO3 (tungsten oxide) nanoparticles (NPs) mixed in PEDOT:PSS (Poly(3,4 ethylenedioxy-thiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate)) as a buffer layer. A lot of studies are going on, to increase the randomness of the active layer surface [1-3]. In this work, an additional artificial buffer layer is added to enhance the light scattering. Presence of WO3 NPs increases the roughness of surface which increases the light absorption in the solar cell. The electrical properties of the device were analyzed. The device structure and energy band diagram is shown in Figure 1. The OSCs with bare PEDOT:PSS buffer layer showed short circuit density (Jsc) of 9.45 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.63 V, fill-factor (FF) of 0.45 and power conversion efficiency of 2.63% under AM 1.5G (100 mW/cm2) as shown in figure 2. The power conversion efficiency of the solar cell with optimized WO3 NP concentration of 1.5 wt%, increased up to 3.5% with Jsc of 11.1 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.64 V, and FF of 0.5. During electrical characterization, we found that the power conversion efficiency of solar cell increases with concentration of WO3 up to 1.5 wt% due to the increase of current density. However, if the concentration is increased to 2 wt%, the OSC shows lower power conversion efficiency and lower current density than the device containing 1.5 wt% WO3 NPs. Therefore, an optimum value of WO3 NP concentration is essential. For the future works, the mechanism of WO3 NP effects on the performance of solar cells will be investigated in detail.

Figure 1. (a) structure and (b) energy band diagram of inverted solar cells

Figure 2. J-V characteristics of organic solar cells using PEDOT:PSS buffer layer with different concentrations of WO3 NPs

References

[1] Gang Li, Vishal Shrotriya, Yan Yao, and Yang Yang, J. Appl. Phys (2005) 043704[2] Kai Zhu, Nathan R. Neale, Alexander Miedaner, and Arthur J. Frank, Nano Letters (2007) vol.7, 69-74[3] Stephan Fahr, Carsten Rockstuhl, and Falk Lederer, Appl. Phys. Lett., (2008) 171114

P-PV-016


283

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE FILMS DEPOSITION BY ION BEAM ASSISTED MOLECULAR

BEAM EPITAXY

Sung Jin Kim and Se-Young Choi*

School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea

ZnO thin film on glass substrate is deposited by IBAD (Ion beam assisted deposition) in low temperature. To find out the optimal film condition for TCO material, we fabricate ZnO thin film by chaning ion beam energy from 10 to 600 eV at room temperature, so that ZnO thin film at IBAD 300eV, we obtained lowest resistivity and the large grain size, show the optical transmittance over 85% in visible light. According to the results, properly rasing the discharge voltage and current of ion beam irradiation can improve. The electrical conductivity and optical transparency of deposited ZnO thin films, but the excess discharge and voltage, ion beam energy will cause the grain refinement which may retard the carrier mobility and result in the lower conductivity of ZnO films.

P-PV-017


284

ENHANCEMENT OF PHOTOELECTRIC PERFORMANCE OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS USING METAL-DOPED

TITANIUN OXIDE NANOFIBER ELECTRODES

Jae-Wook LEE1*, Jung-Hun Kim1, Ju-Young PARK2, Do-Young CHOI3, Chel-Ho HWANG4

1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea2Southwestern Research Institute of Green Energy Technology, Mokpo-Si, Korea

3Department of Dental Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea4Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea


Electrospinning is one of the simple and versatile methods for generating TiO2 nanofibers when combined with the sol-gel methods. Since the first report in 2003 [1] for the fabrication of TiO2 nanofiber by eletrospinning, its method has been recognized as a versatile and effective method for the production of fibers with small diameter and high surface-to-volume ratio [2-3]. In a sense, we investigated the synthesis and characterization of a composite nanofibers made of metal-doped TiO2 nanofibers, which will improve the light harvesting with substantially sacrificing the dye attachment dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The increase in light harvesting has been found to be very effective due to light scattering resulting from the metal-doped TiO2 nanofibers. In this work, we prepared the TiO2 nanofibers with metals (Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+

and Zn2+) as a photoelectrode in DSSCs by combined sol-gel and electrospinning methods. The samples were characterized by FE-SEM, XRD and XPS analysis. Electrochemical properties for electron harvesting and electron transport were evaluated based on intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS). It was found that the electrospinning technique was very effective for the incorporation of metals onto the nanofibers to improve the photovoltaic efficiency in DSSCs.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by grant from the Human Resources Development of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Knowledge Economy (No. 201140100090)

References

[1] Li D, Xia Y, Nano Lett. 3(2003) 555.[2] J. Y. Park, K. J. Hwang, J. W. Lee, and I. H. Lee, Journal of material science. 46 (2011) 7420.[3] J. Y Park, J. J. Yun, C. H. Hwang, and I. H. Lee, Materials Letters. 64 (2011) 2692.

P-PV-018


285

APPLICATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYLIDENEFLUORIDE-CO-HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE)

NANOFIBERS FOR POLYMER ELECTROLYTE IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

Ju-Young PARK1*, Jae-Wook LEE2, Kyung Hee PARK3, Tae-Young KIM4, Soon-Ho YIM5, En Mei JIN6,Do-Young CHOI7

1Southwestern Research Institute of Green Energy Technology, Mokpo-Si, Korea 2Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea

3The Research Institute for Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea4Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korean

5Gist Technology Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea6Department of Electrical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

7Department of Dental Materials, Chousn University,Gwangju, Korea


We prepared electrospun poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) nanofibers with different diameters and used them as membrane of polymer electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Among many polymer electrolytes, the PVDF-HFP as polymer matrix material in DSSCs has been known to be quite useful because of its photoelectrochemical stability under potential application [1]. Poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) nanofibers were prepared by the electrospinning method. The electrospinning has been recognized as a versatile and effective method for the production of fibers with small diameters and high surface-to-volume ratios [2,3]. To investigate the influence of the nanofiber diameter on the DSSC performance, we investigated the electrolyte uptake and ionic conductivity of the nanofibers. The electrolyte uptake and ionic conductivity of electrospun PVDF-HFP nanofibers with different diameters changed significantly. The PVDF-HFP nanofibers prepared from a 15 wt% spinning solution showed high ionic conductivity (1.295 S/cm) and electrolyte uptake (947%). DSSCs based on the 15 wt% PVDF-HFP nanofiber electrolyte showed an electron transit time of 6.34×10-3 s, electronic recombination time of 5.88×10-2 s and conversion efficiency of 3.13%. Thus, we concluded that the electrospun PVDF-HFP nanofibers can be successfully used as polymer electrolytes in flexible DSSCs.

Acknowledgement


References

[1] P. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, J. E. Moser, M. K. Nazeeruddin, T Sekiguchi, and M Gratzel, Nature Mater. 2 (2003) 402.

[2] J. Y. Park, K. J. Hwang, J. W. Lee, and I. H. Lee, Journal of material science. 46 (2011) 7420.[3] J. Y Park, J. J. Yun, C. H. Hwang, and I. H. Lee, Materials Letters. 64 (2011) 2692.

P-PV-019


286

INFLUENCE OF TIO2 FILM THICKNESS ON MASS TRANSPORT OF DYE MOLECULE AND TRIIODIDE/IODIDE

REDOX COUPLE IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

Jung Hun KIM1, Kyung Hee PARK2, Tae Young KIM3 and Jae Wook LEE1*

1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea 2The Research Institute for Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

3Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea


In order to improve the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), it is very important to optimize their mesoporous TiO2 electrode. Accordingly, we prepared the photo-electrode using a commercial Dyesol paste deposited on F-doped SnO2 (FTO) glass substrates by screen printing method with different thickness (5, 9 and 14 μm). Mass transport of N719 dye and electrolytes on the prepared photo-electrode was systematically investigated employing adsorption kinetic and electrochemical analysis. Also, the prepared photo-electrodes were evaluated based on the properties of light transmittance, electrochemical impedance spectra, and photovoltaic conversion efficiency. The results showed that the conversion efficiency (geometrical area of 1 cm2) of DSSC with different TiO2 film thickness was highly dependent on the mass transport of a dye molecule and a triiodide/iodide redox couple.

Figure 1. Mass transport (Particuology 9 (2011) 222) Figure 2. Adsorption decay curves of N719

Acknowledgement


References

[1] K.J. Hwang, C. Kim, D.W. Cho, S.J. Yoo, J.W. Lee, W.G. Shim, RSC Advances, 2 (2012) 3034.[2] K.J. Hwang, D.W. Cho, J.W. Lee, C. Kim, New J. Chemistry, (in print, 2012).

P-PV-020


287

PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE OF GARDENIA YELLOW SEPARATED BY NONIONIC POLYMERIC SORBENT FOR

DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

Jung Hun KIM1, Kyung Hee PARK2, Tae Young KIM3 and Jae Wook LEE1*

1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea 2The Research Institute for Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

3Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea


Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are consists of photo-electrode, electrolytes, and counter-electrode. In this work, we prepared the photo-electrode using a commercial Dyesol paste deposited on F-doped SnO2 (FTO) glass substrates by screen printing method. In order to improve the purity, gardenia yellow was adsorbed on nonionic polymeric sorbent XAD-1600 and desorbed using different desorbates such as water only, 10% ethanol, and ethanol only. The component and concentration of desorbed samples (Fig. 1) were analyzed by gradient chromatography. The photo-electrode was immersed in the different desorption solutions of gardenia yellow for 12 h. Electrochemical properties of both electron harvesting and electron transport of the prepared photo-electrode were evaluated based on incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE), intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS). In addition, the photovoltaic performance of the photo-electrode was investigated by current-voltage measurement.

Figure 1. Desorption samples Figure 2. I-V curves

Acknowledgement


References

[1] K.J. Hwang, C. Kim, D.W. Cho, S.J. Yoo, J.W. Lee, W.G. Shim, RSC Advances, 2 (2012) 3034.[2] K.J. Hwang, D.W. Cho, J.W. Lee, C. Kim, New J. Chemistry, (in print, 2012).

P-PV-021


288

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LARGE-AREA GRAPHENE FILMS GROWN ON COPPER FOILS BY

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

Tursunkulov Oybek*, Bunyod Allabergenov, Amir Abidov, SangYup Kim, Jeong Ae Park, Li Li He, Jinxing and Sungjin Kim

1Department of Information and Nanomaterials Engineering, The School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 1Yangho-dong, Gumi, Korea, 730-701,

HP (8210)2299-6507, FAX (054)478-7769


Graphene has attracted much attention due to its excellent physical and electrical properties such as tunable band gap, high thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength. Besides graphene, a greatly promising new nanomaterial, may be able to substantially increase the efficiency of the next generation of solar cells. In addition, it is flexible, like the organic solar cells themselves, so it could be part of installations that require the panel to follow the contours of a structure, such as a patterned surface. It also has exceptional carrier transport properties which makes it a promising material for future nanoelectronics. To realize these potential applications, it is essential to synthesize high-quality and large-area graphene films. In this work we demonstrate the growth of large-area graphene layers by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on copper substrates. Graphene growth was achieved by the flow of methane and hydrogen gasses over a copper thin film acting as catalyst at ambient pressure. Optimal growth conditions were found by varying the following parameters: methane flow rate, copper film deposition angle and temperature. A transfer process was carried out through treatment with a nickel etchant solution to isolate the graphene for placement on an oxidized silicon substrate. Transfer methods are essential for effective optical contrast and SEM microscopy measurements. Characterization was performed with optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and other methods to determine the number and quality of layers. Improvement of the quality along with development of a clean transfer process enlarges the possibility to use of mono and multilayer graphene as the field-effect transistor, photovoltaic devices and transparent conductive electrodes.

Key words: multi-, single -layered grapheme, chemical vapor deposition, copper substrate, transferring Raman spectroscopy

P-PV-022


289

SILICON SOLAR CELL COUPLED WITH GRAPHENE ELECTRODES FOR CHARGE COLLECTION

Sang-Yeop Kim1, Eun-Young Lee1, Amir Abidov1, Taeyong Kim1, Lili He1, Heung Woo Jeon2,and Sungjin Kim1*

1The School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-Ro, Gumi, Korea, 730-701

2The School of Electronics, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-Ro, Gumi, Korea, 730-701


Graphene is two-dimensional materials consist of carbon atoms which has honeycomb structural bonding. Monolayer graphene is the very thin materials with unique mechanical and physical properties which are considered as advanced materials microelectronic industry. It is expected to use graphene in various fields, such as, sensors, batteries, hydrogen storage etc., due to its excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. It is well known that electrode in silicon solar cells manufactured with using Ag paste or Ag-Al paste coated by firing, and these electrodes formed by screen printing methods. In particular for the n-type silicon the Ag paste used as front electrodes and Ag (Al) paste used as back electrode between the series resistance of the solar cells. In spite of increasing of manufacturing cycle of silicon solar cells with using Ag, Ag / Al pastes as the front and back electrode the common conversion efficiency is decreased approximately 1.5 -2.0% due to surface shading.

In this study, the manufacturing technology of 97.5% transmittance monolayer of graphene by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as front electrode on silicon solar cells was developed. Using graphene as frontal electrode is also caused by high current densities and high carrier mobility where increasing conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells is expected. Besides obtained nanostructures have controlled properties and the obtained prototypes were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and solar simulator.

Key words: silicon solar cell, silver paste electrode, graphene electrode, chemical vapor deposition

P-PV-023


290

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS USING ZnO NANOSTRUCTURES

AND GRAPHENE FILMS

Eun Young Lee1, Soo Jeong Jo1, Sang Yeop Kim1, Tae Yong Kim1, Li Li He1, Moon Hyup Kim1,Heung Woo Jeon2, and Sung Jin Kim1*

1School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61DaeHak-Ro, Gumi, 730-701, Korea

2School of Electronic Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61DaeHak-Ro, Gumi, 730-701, Korea


We fabricated structurally inverted organic solar cells by modifying ZnO and graphene. ZnO is the - compound as a typical material with band gap energy of 3.37eV wide and 60mV at room temperature with the energy of the exciton has the advantage. Nanostructure of the ZnO has all the characteristics of the substance solar cells, Bio sensors and chemical sensors, optical devices such studies are underway in many areas, it is a wide range of applications.

Graphite monolayer was separated graphene excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and electrical properties on the basis of endless possibility of applying with new material as a highly elastic increasing the bent also the electrical properties do not lose benefits as a transparent electrode as the application is possible. We made graphene by chemical vapor deposition method and it was transferred on flexible substrate to use a graphene transparent electrodes. And ZnO nanostructures were fabricated on top of graphene layers, in order to improvement of the electron mobility for the organic solar cell with buffer layered. We got various ZnO structural growth with different temperature, time, gas concentration.

A large area of organic solar cells, light weight, flexibility, and low cost for the device has received great attention due to the possibility. However, little organic matter and low carrier mobility, diffusion length of excitons has a problem.

This is an organic solar cell structures on the basis of the bottom ITO electrode as the active layer, P3HT: PCBM blend and are using, ZnO active layer and bottom electrode and graphene layers are laminated in between. The efficiency improvement and characterization study to organic photovoltaic cells with graphene and ZnO layers.

P-PV-024


291

WEAR BEHAVIOR OF VARIOUS WAFERS ON ELECTROPLATING DIAMOND WIRE

Gil Jae Lee1,2, Dong Chul Baek3, Rak Joo Sung3 and Bum Sung Kim1*

1Rare Metal Research Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, Korea 2Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon University, Incheon, Korea

3Semiconductor Biz. Div., EHWA Diamond Industrial CO., LTD, Kyungki - Do, Korea


About 80%of the world’s solar cells in photovoltaic industry are currently fabricated using crystalline silicon. However, the high-cost of crystalline silicon material causes a barrier for the worldwide application of solar cells. One strategy is to reduce the thickness of silicon wafers, which is strongly dependent on the sawing technology. The wire sawing is now popularly used in the wafering process.

In this work, we have employed the diamond-wire sawing technology to wafer the silicon, sapphire and glass. The surface damage and mechanical properties of the wafers have been investigated as compared to various coolants. The wire surface was studied by scanning electron microscope and then wafer surface roughness was measured by 3D optical microscope. This result is the wear behavior of the sapphire wafer, low-hardness metal diamond wire had a high machining capabilities. Also, exclusive coolant (about 200,000μm3) showed the 3 times higher number of processed quantity than water (about 600,000μm3).

P-PV-025


292

LIFETIME MODELLIING OF PV MODULE BASED ON DAMP HEAT TEST AND CLIMATIC DATA

Wonwook Oh1, Byung Jun Kang1, Nochang Park2, Sung Ju Tark1, Donghwan Kim1*

1Department of materials science and engineering, Korea university, Seoul, Korea 2Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam, Korea


Many researchers have studied moisture induced degradation such as corrosion, delamination of EVA, back-sheet delamination. To predict lifetime in the PV module, we experimented damp heat test at 85 /85% relative humidity(RH) and 65 /85% RH for 2,000 hours, respectively. We used 30 mini-modules designed of 6inch one cell. Despite of 2,000 hours test, measured Pmax is not reached failure which is defined less than 80% compared to initial Pmax. Therefore, we calculate proper curve fitting over 2,000 hours. Data less than 80% Pmax is found and B10 lifetime is calculated by the number of failure specimens and weibull distribution. Using B10 lifetime that the point of failure rate 10% and Arrhenius model, the predictable equation of lifetime was derived under temperature and humidity condition. We convert outdoor temperature and humidity climatic data in Seoul to inside temperature and humidity using an empirical formula and WVTR. Finally, we predict lifetime of PV module by damage rule.

P-PV-026


293

INFLUENCE OF SURFACE FILM PROPERTIES ACCORDING TO VARYING RADIO FREQUENCY FOR CRYSTALLINE

SILICON SOLAR CELLS

Kyung Dong Lee1, Soohyun Bae1, Sungeun Park1, Sung Ju Tark1 and Donghwan kim1*

1Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea


The Hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiNx:H) using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is widely used in photovoltaic industry as an antireflection coating and passivation layer. For suitable passivation layer in crystalline silicon solar cells, by varying Radio Frequency (HF: 13.56 MHz, LF: 400 kHz, Dual: HF+LF) of PECVD, the hydrogenated silicon nitride films were analyzed for its antireflection and surface passivation properties. Also, the comparison of the three sets solar cell efficiency and results according different front side layers.

Key words: silicon solar cells, silicon nitride, passivation, frequency of PECVD

P-PV-027


294

JSC (mA/cm2) VOC (V) FF Eff. (%)

Without BR 12.29 0.84 63.73 6.58

With BR(125oC) 14.43 0.82 71.2 8.39

With BR(155oC) 12.53 0.84 58.17 6.12

LOW TEMPERATURE SPUTTER DEPOSITED AZO BACK REFLECTOR FOR AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL

Hyeongsik Park1, S. M. Ifitiquar1, Chonghoon Shin2, Jinjoo Park1, Minbum Kim2, Junhee Jung2, Sunbo Kim1,Youn-Jung Lee1 and Junsin Yi1,2*

1School of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea

2Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University,Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea


Aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were prepared for back reflector (BR) layer of thin film amorphous silicon solar cell. The films were sputter deposited at the substrate temperatures (Ts) of 104, 125, 155, 181oC and characterized. Few of the AZO films were used as a BR layer between n-layer and Ag back metal electrode of a p-i-n type solar cell. The AZO BR deposited at 125oC substrate temperature, showed an enhancement of short circuit current density (Jsc ) of the solar cell from 12.29 mA/cm2 to 14.43 mA/cm2.

Figure 1. The SEM image of cross section of AZO film deposited on flat glass surface (area 372nm × 372nm), at Ts = 125

Table 1. Photovoltaic parameters of the solar cell

P-PV-028


295

IMPROVEMENT OF HAZE RATIO OF DC-SPUTTERED ZNO:AL THIN FILMS THROUGH HF VAPOR TEXTURING

Youn-Jung Lee1, Hyeongsik Park1, Minkyu Ju1, Youngkuk Kim3, Jinjoo Park1, Dao vinh Ai1,S. Qamar Hussain2, Youngseok Lee2, Shihuyn Ahn1 and Junsin Yi1,2*

1School of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea

2Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea

3Solar R & D Group, Hanwha Chemical, 76 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-804, Korea


Recently, the Al-doped ZnO (ZnO:Al) films are intensively used in thin film a-Si solar cell applications due to their high transmittance and good conductivity. The textured ZnO:Al films are used to enhance the light trapping in thin film solar cells. The wet etch process is used to texture ZnO:Al films by dipping in diluted acidic solutions like HCl or HF. During that process the glass substrate could be damaged by the acidic solution and it may be difficult to apply it for the inline mass production process since it has to be done outside the chamber. In this paper we report a new technique to control the surface morphology of RF-sputtered ZnO:Al films. The ZnO:Al films are textured with vaporized HF formed by the mixture of HF and H2SiO3 solution. Even though the surface of textured ZnO:Al films by vapor etching process showed smaller and sharper surface structures compared to that of the films textured by wet etching, the haze value was dramatically improved. We achieved the high haze value of 78% at the wavelength of 540 nm by increasing etching time and HF concentration. The haze value of about 58% was achieved at the wavelength of 800 nm when vapor texturing was used. The ZnO:Al film texture by HCl had haze ratio of about 9.5 % at 800 nm and less than 40 % at 540 nm. In addition to low haze ratio, the texturing by HCl was very difficult to control etching and to keep reproducibility due to its very fast etching speed.

400 600 800 10000

20

40

60

80

100

Haz

e va

lue

(%)

Wavelength (nm)

HCl texture Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D Sample E

Figure 1. Haze value of ZnO:Al films under different HF vapor texturing conditions.

P-PV-029

Wind Energy

(Poster Session)


299

MICROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MULTIAXIAL KNITTED COMPOSITE FABRIC BASED ON HOMOGENIZATION

METHOD

SEUNG-PYO LEE1 and Ki Weon Kang2*

1R&D Center, LJIN GLOBAL, Seoul, Korea 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Korea


For thin-to-medium thickness structures, a new type of multiaxial knitted fabric is available for wind turbine composite blade [1]. These fabrics have generally tri-axial reinforcements similar to a ply lay-up of laminated structures and could be knitted together to reduce the layup labor. Also, due to elimination of fiber crimp and to the through-thickness reinforcing stitch loops, the mechanical properties of the multiaxial knitted composite fabrics may be superior to those of conventional woven laminated composites. However, many parameters of these composites could be changed, such as microstructure or geometrical and mechanical parameters of stands and resin, even more volume fraction. It is, therefore, to predict their mechanical properties for the best possible combination of weight, cost, stiffness and strength properties. The present study aims to develop the three-dimensional finite element method to analyze a triaxial knitted glass-fiber composite laminates (Fig. 1), based on homogenization method. For this, a repeated unit cell(RUC, Fig. 2) has defined from the structure of multiaxial knitted laminates, and the FE model of RUC has been. The resulting equivalent mechanical properties were verified by comparing both the results from rule of mixture according to fiber volume fraction and experimental results from tensile tests according to loading direction.

Figure 1. Architecture of triaxial knitted fabric Figure 2. Repeated unit cell (RUC)

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Human Resources Development of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy (No. 2012H100100095) and by Basic Science Research Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2011-0007012).

References

[1] D.S. Mikhaluk, T.C. Truong, A.I. Borovkov, S.V. Lomov, I. Verpoest, Experimental Observations and Finite Element Modelling of Damage Initiation and Evolution in Carbon/Epoxy Non-crimp Fabric Composites. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 75(2008): 2751

P-WE-001


300

RELIABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF THE LONG TERM WIND ENERGY ASSESSMENT USING THE COMPLEMENTARY

MCP(MEASURE-CORRELATE-PREDICT) TECHNIQUE

Ki-Yong Oh1*, Ji-Young Kim1, and Jun-Shin Lee1

1Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea


The analysis of the long-term wind potential more than 20 years at a candidate site is crucial to determine the economical viability of a wind energy project. To enhance the analysis result of wind resources, the long-term wind-data is generally predicted by the MCP technique with short-term site data and long-term reference data taken from neaby meteorological stations as well as data from the NCAR/NCEP (National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis dataset. However the reference datasets often provide some incorrect information that may come from the low resolution wind-data by the satellites or from the missing measured period at the nearby meteorological stations. In this paper, a complementary MCP technique is proposed to enhance the reliability for the prediction of the long term wind resources. It refers the wind-data from the neighbored stations with blank periods instead of the ones from NCAR/NCEP and reconstructs a complete and reliable wind-data set. Case study shows that the predicted results from the proposed technique improves the conventional MCP ones.

P-WE-002


301

DEVELOPMENT OF 20KW WIND TURBINE SIMULATOR WITH SIMILARITIES TO 3MW WIND TURBINES

Ki-Yong Oh1*, JaeKyung Lee1, Hyung-Joon Bang2, Joon-Young Park1 and Jun-Shin Lee1

1Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea 2Wind Energy Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea


As the use of wind power has steadily increased, the importance of a condition monitoring and fault diagnosis system is being emphasized to maximize the availability and reliability of wind turbines. To develop novel algorithms for fault detection and lifespan estimation, a wind turbine simulator is indispensible for verification of the proposed algorithms before introducing them into a health monitoring and integrity diagnosis system. In this paper, a new type of simulator is proposed to develop and verify advanced diagnosis algorithms. This simulator introduces a torque control method for a motor to realize the variable speed-variable pitch control strategy. Unlike conventional motor-generator sets, it includes all kinds of main wind turbine components with a variety of sensors. Specifically, it has similarity to a 3MW wind turbine, thereby being able to acquire the state of its operation that closely resembles that of the actual turbine when operated in various wind conditions. This paper presents the design method for the wind turbine simulator and its control logic. The comparison between the simulator and the wind turbine through experiments shows that the proposed control logic was performed successfully and dynamic behaviors of the simulator have similar trends as those of the wind turbine.

P-WE-003


302

DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR THE POWER PERFORMANCE AND LOAD MEASUREMENTS OF WIND

TURBINE GENERATOR SYSTEMS

Kyehwan GIL1*, Je-Sung Bang2, and Chinwha Chung1

1Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea2Department of System Reliability, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea


The load measurement performed based on IEC 61400-13 consists of the stage of collecting huge load data through a measurement campaign lasting for several months, the stage of processing the measured data including data validation and data classification, and the stage of analyzing the processed data such as time series analysis, load statistics analysis, frequency analysis, load spectrum analysis, and equivalent load analysis [1]. In this research, we pursued the development of analysis software in Matlab in order to aim at saving labor and to obtain exact and consistent performance evaluation data in processing and analyzing load measurement data. The completed analysis software also includes the functions of processing and analyzing power performance measurement data per IEC 61400-12. The analysis software was effectively used for the fulfillment of relevant data processing and analyses by being applied to power performance and load measurements data from a demonstration research for the 750 kW direct-drive wind turbine generator system (KBP-750D) which was performed at Daegwanryeong demonstration complex. This paper describes the details of the analysis software and its processing and analyzing stages for power performance and load measurements data and discusses the analysis results for the data from the demonstration research for the KBP-750D.

References

[1] IEC/TS 61400-13:2001(E), “Wind Turbine Generator Systems Part 13: Measurement of Mechanical Loads,” International Electrotechnical Commission, 2001.

P-WE-004


303

THE STUDY ON ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL LOADS FOR TYPE CERTIFICATION TESTS OF WIND TURBINE

GENERATOR SYSTEMS

Je-Sung Bang1*, Kyehwan Gil2, Geun-Ho Lee1 and Jong-Won Lee3

1Department of System Reliability, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea2Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea

3Department of Architectural Engineering, Namseoul University, Cheonan-si, Korea


This study is focused on the verification of procedures and relevant programs to analyze mechanical load data of wind turbine generator systems, which are measured in type certification tests. Following issues are processed according to the IEC 61400-13: data validation, time series analysis, summary load statistics, generation of fatigue load spectra and estimation of equivalent loads. The data validation and the data classification are performed according to MLCs (Measurement Load Cases) based on IEC 61400-13 with automatic processes of the program and user’s manual operation. Sensor sensitivities and zero point offsets are applied to each channel data and data correction for wind speed, air pressure and air density are also performed according to the IEC-61400-12-1. A capture matrix for normal power production is generated to decide if collected data sets are enough to carry out a fatigue analysis. Plots of time histories for each channel and of load statistics such as mean, minimum, maximum and standard deviation with respect to azimuth angles and wind speeds are generated to characterize wind turbine dynamic loading. Fatigue load spectra are obtained through the rainflow counting method using 50 load ranges and finally equivalent loads are calculated with different S-N curve slopes, m, according to relevant materials. Prior to actual certification tests, the developed load analysis programs have been tested for the case of NREL 5 MW simulation model with a monopile foundation after aero-elastic analyses with the wind speed range from cut-in to cut-out and different turbulence intensities were performed to generate virtual time histories.

(a) (b)

Figure 1. (a) Azimuthal variation of blade and shaft loads (b) Fatigue equivalent loads for blade root bending moments and shaft torque

P-WE-005


304

VALIDARTION OF KOREA OFFSHORE WIND MAP BY SAR SATELLITE IMAGERY

Hyun Goo KIM1, Hyo Jung Hwang1, and Moon Seok JANG1*



The use of offshore wind retrieval technology using SAR satellite images, which can analyze the wind speed distribution of wide offshore area, has started being actively applied in full-scale for the production of offshore wind map. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an active sensor that uses micro wave, which is not affected by the weather and enables measurements day and night; with its spatial resolution at 30m, it enables more accurate offshore wind analysis compared to the conventional scatterometry with a 12.5km spatial resolution. However, since the orbital period of satellites such as ENVISAT with on-board SAR sensor is 35 days, it is difficult to acquire sufficient number of images at a specific area that can be used in the production of offshore wind map. The Korea Institute of Energy Research has established an offshore wind map of the Korean peninsula by using the mesoscale numerical weather prediction model, gradually from a 5-year map with 9km resolution, 3-year map with 3km resolution, and 1-year map with 1km resolution. For a continual update of offshore wind map, it is needed to determine appropriate spatial resolution of wind map for wind resource assessment, comparative analyses with the SAR wind retrieval were conducted, and interpretations for the selection of appropriate CMOD algorithm for the production of offshore wind map in the Korean peninsula were performed. The SAR imagery taken under various weather conditions over many offshore areas including the southwest sea, south sea and southeast sea were used; the offshore wind map with 3km and 1km spatial resolutions were compared with the SAR wind retrieval. For this, by restructuring the interpretation zone with mesh points, the RMSE of wind speed differences were compared. For the 3km offshore wind map, due to the underestimation of the drag effect of the seashore topography, in particular, the predicted overestimation of the wind speeds in inland seas was confirmed; the 1km offshore wind map exhibited similar qualitative and quantitative predicted results as the SAR offshore wind map. The wind speed error for the CMOD algorithm that calculates the wind speed from the backscatter coefficients of the SAR images was evaluated. From this, it was confirmed that CMOD-IFR2 overestimated wind speeds in general, and that CMOD4 provided more stable offshore wind results than CMOD5. For the 2008-2011 offshore wind maps currently being upgraded, with 1km spatial resolution as the basis, numerical simulations with the patented topographical roughness technology are being conducted for complex seashore topography. This technology improves the interpretation accuracy by restoring the orographic forcing, which is reduced by grid discretization during atmospheric wind simulation.

P-WE-006


305

CORRELATION ANALYSIS ON WIND PROFILE EXPOENT AND LOCAL WIND SYSTEM OF JEJUDO

Hyun Goo KIM1*



In order to support the development of wind farms in Jejudo, a wind resource database for Jejudo has been established using a meteor-statistical analysis of KIER(Korea Institute of Energy Research) met-mast measurements and KMA(Korea Meteorological Administration) weather data. The analysis included wind statistics, tower shading, an exposure category classification using satellite images, the effect of atmospheric stability on the wind profile exponent, and a correlation matrix of wind speed to gain an understanding of the meteorological correlation between long-term weather observation stations and short-term met-mast measurements. The wind resource database for Jejudo, is to be provided as an add-on to Google Earth, which is expected to be utilized as a guideline for the selection of an appropriate reference site for long-term correction in the next wind farm development project.

P-WE-007


306

AN ALGORITHM TO MINIMIZE WIND TURBINE DYNAMIC LOAD WITH POWER REGULATION

Jae Kyung LEE*, Ki Yong OH, Joon Young PARK and Jun Shin LEE1

1Department of Chemistry, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea


While a wind farm is operating, power regulation is sometimes used to limit wind power plant output power due to grid situation. Several researches are carried out to overcome grid fault or to evaluate grid power quality using energy conversion model. Z. Chen and E. Spooner modeled multiple wind turbines and wind farm in various wind speed and proposed grid interface method[1]. T. Petru and T. Triringer suggested a modeling technique for power conversion system which represents aerodynamic torque changes on wind speed and flickering prevention method due to P, Q current[2]. Though various researches are performed to control apparent power and reactive power on a view of grid, the fact that power regulation/control could be used to extend wind turbine life time and minimize turbine thrust load is unrevealed. This paper proposes an algorithm which regulates wind farm output power with minimum wind turbine thrust force using genetic algorithm. The algorithm could be utilized to extend wind turbine life time and reduce maintenance cost.

Figure 1. Overall Algorithm to regulate wind farm output power with minimum thrust force

References

[1] Z. Chen, E. Spooner, “Grid Power Quality with Variable Speed Wind Turbines,” IEEE IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 16, NO. 2, JUNE 2001.

[2] T. Petru, T. Thiringer, “Modeling ofWind Turbines for Power System Studies,” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 17, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2002.

P-WE-008


307

POWER PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION OF WIND TURBINE IN EXTREME COMPLEX TERRAIN

Jiyune RYU1*, Sang-Dug KIM2, Jin-Seok KIM2, and Kyeongsup HAN1

1Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea 2UNISON Wind Energy R&D Center, Daejeon, Korea


Verification for power performance of wind turbine in extreme complex terrain is performed by evaluating the test measurement results.

(a) Height map (b) Slope map

Figure 1. Terrain condition of test site

Prior to the performance test, a site calibration campaign was carried out and the measurement sector was determined because test site condition does not meet “the IEC requirement” for no site calibration. The correction factor for each sector from site calibration was applied to a power curve measurement and an attempt to address the suitability for the use of guidelines has been made to verify the power performance in complex terrain. Despite the extension of the measurement sector it was not sufficient to represent a practical power curve of a wind turbine as showing its high deviations of wind speed and power. It is inferred that the high turbulence from flow distortion originated by terrain complexity results in large deviation of power curve and correction factor. Therefore, additional wind sensors were installed on top of nacelle. Performance characteristics with nacelle wind speed in terms of a power curve and energy production are discussed and compared to those with PM (Permanent Meteorological mast) wind speed.

Figure 2. Scatter plot of power curve

The results showed that it may be a better choice to use nacelle wind speed for power performance test instead of wind speed from permanent metrological mast according to IEC recommendation in case of extreme complex site condition.

P-WE-009


308

MODELING AND ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY CONTROL BASED ON A WIND-DIESEL HYBRID SYSTEM

Hae Joon AN1, Suk Whan KO1, Hyun Goo KIM1, Moon Seok JANG1*, and Gil Soo JANG2

1New and Renewable Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea


Maintaining an appropriate voltage is very important for stable operation of electric power systems. Wind power generators are particularly disadvantageous because their power outputs vary greatly with changes in wind speeds and cannot be predicted. This creates problems of voltage variations and electric power quality in these systems, so that system linkage and operation are difficult. The disadvantage of output variation due to wind speed can be resolved by configuring systems so that the irregular electric power production is complemented by subsidiary diesel generators linked to loads. These wind power-diesel hybrid generators are under active study in Korea as a means of controlling electric power supply and commercial implementation is increasing.

The aim of the present study was to explain measures for controlling voltage and electric power quality in Points-of-Common Coupling, using simulations of parallel operation of wind power generation and diesel power generation and load sharing in wind power based hybrid power generation systems. Fast power output variations beyond the handling range of diesel power generator control were managed by a BESS (Battery Energy Storage System) with high power input/output speeds. The BESS was additionally configured to implement simulations for different load patterns. The results are compared and analyzed to assess and verify the capability of the voltage stabilization and power quality control algorithms.

P-WE-010


309

MODELING AND ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY CONTROL BASED ON A HVDC SYSTEM

Hong Woo KIM1, Seong Wan KIM 1, Nam Ho KYONG 1*, and Sea Seung OH2

1New and Renewable Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2High Efficiency and Clean Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of

Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea


This paper presents modeling and electric power quality control for an emerging IGBT converter based high voltage direct current system. This paper adds to the representation of the IGBT-HVDC system in the dq-synchronous reference frame and its decoupled control scheme. In addition, since the IGBT-HVDC is able to provide active support for the grid, due to its capacity for independent control of active and reactive power production, a reactive power control scheme is presented. This control scheme can regulate and contribute to the voltage at a remote location by taking into account the operational state and limits. Its ability is assessed and discussed by means of simulations using a hybrid power system that consists of a type-4 based wind turbine, an IGBT-HVDC, and a local load.

P-WE-011


310

MODELING AND VOLTAGE CONTROL OF A PMSG-BASED VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE

Hong Woo KIM1, Seong Wan KIM 1, Nam Ho KYONG 1*, and Sea Seung OH2

1New and Renewable Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2High Efficiency and Clean Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of

Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea


This paper presents a control scheme for a variable-speed wind turbine with a permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) and a full-scale, back-to-back voltage source converter. A comprehensive dynamical model of the PMSG wind turbine and its control scheme is presented. The control scheme comprises both the wind-turbine control itself and the power-converter control. The PMSG wind turbine is able to provide active support to the grid, due to its capability for independent control of active and reactive power production to the imposed set-values, while taking into account its operating state and limits. This paper presents a supervisory reactive power control scheme that allows voltage regulation/contribution at a remote location. The capability of the control scheme is assessed and discussed by means of simulations, based on a candidate site of an offshore wind farm.

P-WE-012


311

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF SUPPORT STRUCTURE FOR OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE USING TOPOLOGY

OPTIMIZATION

Won Cheol KIM, Henry Panganiban, and Tae Jin CHUNG*

School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Korea


Offshore wind energy technology has gained worldwide attention due to its promising capabilities to meet the increasing demands for clean and renewable energy. The low impact to environment and the abundant supply of free wind are among the attractive features. Offshore location provides high speed winds for increased energy production. Optimum design of a reliable support structure for the offshore wind turbines is required to ensure structural performance over the harshest challenge of nature at sea. Topology optimization has been regarded as an efficient tool for providing conceptual designs of lightweight and high-strength structures. A multitude of applications such as in the aerospace and automotive industry are well-pronounced. In this study, conceptual design of support structure for offshore wind turbine using topology optimization technique is explored. The jacket type support structure is of particular interest. 2D and 3D design domains for topology optimization are studied. Static and dynamic load cases are considered to simulate the responses of the structures. Under the defined load cases and material usage constraint, an optimum truss-like structure is obtained which readily provides designers an insight of the stiffest structural layout. Post-processing can include the use of tubular components to promote manufacturability. A subsequent size optimization can be carried out to obtain the optimal steel tube dimensions.

P-WE-013


312

SENSITIVITY STUDY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION ON OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE JACKET SUBSTRUCTURE

Jonghoon HAN1, Wei SHI1, Daeyong LEE2 and Hyunchul PARK1*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang university of science and technology(POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea

2Steel Structure Research Division, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology(RIST), Incheon, South Korea


As a substructure of offshore wind turbine, jacket substructure is an attractive solution in the intermediate water depths from 30m to 80m.(Figure 1)[1] It is inevitable that environmental condition has inherent uncertainty, especially for offshore condition. So it needs to allow a designer to assess the impact that changed in a certain parameter will have on the offshore wind turbine substructure’s design conclusion. In this paper, the sensitivity of jacket substructure about environmental condition is studied. In other words, the influences of environmental condition on dynamic response of jacket substructure in offshore wind turbine are analyzed using aero-servo-hydro-elastic simulation. The results are presented in terms of base shear force and mud line overturning moment which are chosen to represent the response of offshore structure. We aimed to investigate the effect of dynamic response with different wind speed, wave height, wave period, current speed et al. It is shown that structural response is more sensitive to hydrodynamic load than aerodynamic load. Among all other environmental parameters, the wave height is found as the most influential parameter on dynamic response. This work can give a guidance in conceptual design of offshore wind turbine with jacket substructure and help designer to determine which environmental parameters are the key drivers of model design.

Figure 1. Substructure model for sensitivity study.

References

[1] Wybren de Vries, Tim Fischer, Andrew Cordle and Björn Schmidt “Design solution for the Upwind reference offshore support structure”, Deliverable D4.2.5 (WP4: Offshore Foundations and Support Structures), Rambøll, 2010.

P-WE-014


313

SEISMIC FRAGILITY ANALYSIS OF 5MW OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE

Sang Geun Lee1 and Dong Hyawn KIM2*

1Department of Ocean Industrial Engineering, Kunsan Nat’l University, Jeonbuk, Korea 2Department of Coastal Construction Engineering, Kunsan Nat’l University, Jeonbuk, Korea


Offshore wind turbines are exposed to extreme loads such as storm wind, storm wave, and earthquake. Among them, wind and wave loads are relatively well prepared in designing wind turbine blades and supporting structures. Earthquake load, however, is comparatively not much considered as a critical load. Seismic ground motion exerts inertial force to wind turbine. Therefore, it induces overall vibration from top to base of the structure. In addition, wind turbine is a kind of cantilever beam with significant mass lumped at tip of the beam. In such a beam, ground motion results in large displacement at beam tip. In this study, dynamic analysis of offshore wind turbine is done by considering soil effect at foundation of supporting structure. A simple finite element beam model with lumped mass is found and verified by comparing with dynamic responses of shell element based full model. Then, dynamic responses are obtained under ground motions with uncertainties. Finally, seismic fragility curves are found for different failure levels.

0 5 10 15 20 25-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

Time(sec)

Acc

eler

atio

n(m

/sec

2 )

(a) ground motion (b) fragility curves

Figure 1. Earthquake induced response and fragility curves

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Human Resources Development of the Korea Insitute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy. (No. 2012H100100095)

References

[1] J. Jonkman, S. Butterfield, W. Musial, and G. Scott(2009). Definitiona of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development. NREL/TP-500-38060, NREL.

[2] API RP 2A-WSD (2000). Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms, American Petroleum Institute.

P-WE-015


314

NUMERICAL STUDY ON AERODYNAMIC NOISE FROM A COUNTER-ROTATING WIND TURBINE

Seungmin LEE1*, Seunghoon LEE1, Byoungho HWANG1, and Soogab LEE2

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea2Engineering Research Institute, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National

University, Seoul, Korea


This paper investigates the noise radiated by a counter-rotating wind turbine having two rotors rotating in opposite directions on the same axis. According to the classical momentum theory by Newman [1], the ideal maximum power coefficient of a wind turbine increases by approximately 10% when two rotor disks are located in tandem. Based on this result, several studies on the counter-rotating wind turbine [2-3] have been carried out but have dealt only with performance improvement with an additional rotor. For the practical use of the counter-rotating wind turbine, however, the effects of the additional rotor on the noise generation should be considered. In this study, in order to assess the noise characteristics of a counter-rotating wind turbine, a numerical method for the aerodynamics and acoustics of the counter-rotating wind turbine is developed. The predicted results for a wide range of operating conditions are compared to those of a wind turbine having a single rotor. For the aerodynamic analysis, the free-wake vortex lattice method [3] is used to consider the aerodynamic interaction between the two rotors of the counter-rotating wind turbine, and it provides sectional inflow conditions and airloads on the rotor blades for the acoustic analysis. Airfoil self-noise known to be the dominant noise source from a wind turbine is predicted by applying a semi-empirical formula proposed by Brooks, Pope, and Marcolini [4]. The noise level of the counter-rotating wind turbine is predicted according to the design tip speed ratio, rotor solidity, and diameter ratio of the two rotors. Relative rotations of the two rotors make it possible to slow down each rotor tip speed while keeping the total rotational speed which is the same with the rotational speed in the case of a single rotor. The decrease of each rotor tip speed reduces the noise from the counter-rotating wind turbine despite having one more rotor.

Acknowledgements


References

[1] B. G. Newman, “Actuator-disc theory for vertical-axis wind turbines”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 15 (1983) 347-355.

[2] S. Lee, H. Kim, E. Son and S. Lee, “Effects of Design Parameters on Aerodynamic Performance of a Counter-Rotating Wind Turbine”, Renewable Energy, 42 (2012) 140-144.

[3] S. Lee, E. Son and S. Lee, “Velocity Interference in the Rear Rotor of a Counter-Rotating Wind Turbine”, Proceedings of AFORE 2011, Nov. 16-19 (2011) 109.

[4] Brooks, F. T., Pope, D. S., Marcolini, M. A., “Airfoil Self-noise and Prediction”, NASA Reference Publication 1218 (1989) 1-145.

P-WE-016


315

STUDY ON SSI(STRUCTURE-SOIL INTERACTION) OF AN OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE CONSIDERING SCOUR EFFECT

Seung Min Lee1, Chinwha Chung1, Harkjin Eum2, Wei Shi3, Hyun Chul Park1*

1Graduate School of Wind Energy, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea 2New and Renewable Energy, Korean Register, Daejeon, Korea

3Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea


In this study, we analyzed the dynamic characteristics considering SSI(Structure-Soil Interaction) taking into account scour effect, and adopted NREL 5MW OWT(Offshore Wind Turbine) which is monopile type. Especially the substructure installed on a flexible sea bed has showed a variety of dynamic responses depending on the changes in marine and soil conditions. For OWT, the dynamic response is very complex due to the coupled environment conditions, and which include aerodynamic load from turbulent wind, hydrodynamic load from stochastic wave, current, tide and other marine condition. In the load analysis of OWT, the flexibility due to the SSI plays an important role. Besides, the dynamic behaviors of an OWT are affected by scour effect which is soil erosion on seabed due to fluid flow by currents. The coupled analysis is used to study the SSI and scour effect for monopile type. The dynamic response of the analysis is compared with the rigid foundation model, which is used in wind energy field for simplification.

P-WE-017


316

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL H-TYPE TURBINE BLADE USING NEWLY DEVELOPED ASYMMETRIC

WING SHAPE

Young-Jin Woo1, Young-Woo Son2, and Ki-Weon Kang3, Jang-Ho Lee3*

1Dept. of Mechanical Engineering ,Graduate school of Kunsan National University, GunSan, Korea 2Center for Urban Wind Energy Systems, Kunsan National University, GunSan, Korea

3School of Mechanical &Automotive Engineering, Kunsan National University, GunSan, Korea


The new asymmetric wing shape of KA2 with maximum thickness ratio of 14% has been developed to apply wind turbine blade. The characteristics of the new wing as like lift and drag is shown in the full range of attack angle which is obtained with numerical analysis in this study. And they are compared with other several conventional wing shapes. The wing of KA2 has maximum lift coefficient of about 1.4, and drag coefficient of about 3.0. It is applied to develop vertical turbine blade in this study. In the vertical turbine blade, angle of attack of air flow to the blade cord is changed according to the azimuthal angle around rotational direction. When rotational speed is zero, the variation of attack angle is from -180 to +180 degree with the change of azimuthal angle from 0 to 360 degree. This attack angle changing becomes several times smaller as tip speed ratio increase. Asymmetric wing has non-zero lift coefficient in the zero attack. This offset lift makes opposite torque to rotational direction for time being when attack angle is switch from plus to minus. Therefore it is needed to design adequate pitch angle, when asymmetric wing is applied to vertical wind turbine blade, based on the torque analysis in the condition of starting and normal rotational speed. These logical processes will be verified with showing of many valid data and graphs in this paper. And it also will be shown that proposed approach in this study can be the proper way to develop vertical wind turbine blade with original asymmetric wing shape.

Postscript: This work was supported by the New & Renewable Energy (No. 20123021020010) and the Human Resources Development program (No. 2012H100100095) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy

References

[1] Deok Hun Kang, “A Study on the Development for the Airfoil of Wind Turbine Blade using Digital Wind Tunnel”, The Korean Society for New and Renewable Energy, 2011

[2] Tai Fengzhu, “Study on the analysis method for the vertical axis wind turbines having darrieus blades”, Asia-Pacific Forum on Renewable Energy, 2011

[3] A. Rossetti, “Comparison of different numerical approaches to the study of the H-Darrieus turbines start-up”, Renewable Energy, 2011

[4] Mazharul Islam, “Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008

[5] Marco Raciti Castelli, “The Darrieus wind turbine : proposal for a new performance prediction model based on CFD”, Energy 36, 2011

P-WE-018


317

DEVELOPMENT OF EDDY CURRENT HEAT GENERATOR FOR THE BLADE COUPLED DIRECT HEAT CONVERSION OF

WIND ENERGY

Teak-Han YUN1, Young-Woo SON2, and Jang-Ho LEE3*

1Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate school of Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea2Dept. of Center for Urban Wind Energy System of Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea

3School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea


Wind energy cannot be converted only to electricity but also to heat. Rotational energy converted by turbine blade from wind energy can be transformed to heat with several ways: friction, cavitations, and eddy current etc. Eddy current can be converted to heat without any direct contact and more convenient to control the whole system including turbine blade. The eddy current and heat is created and generated in the aluminum body when aluminum solid is rotated in the magnetic field. In this study, such an eddy current-heat generation system is developed with heat exchange and recovery system, and test rig is made to measure torque, rotational speed, and amount of heat generation with temperatures and water flow rate. Several different arrays of permanent magnets are tested to check the generating torque and heat. It is shown that most of input energy over 90% can be converted to heat in the wide range of rotational speed using the developed heat generator, and also shown that torques of the blade and rotational heat generator can be matched each other with rearrange of magnetic array of heat generator so as to be possible of blade coupled heat generator. It will be accelerated when the blade torque is greater than heat generator torque, whereas decelerated when it is smaller. The blade torque is proportional to square of wind speed, but the heat generator torque increases as rotational speed. Therefore the rotational speed of blade can be limited or controlled by the naturally increased torque of heat generator when there is excessive torque and acceleration in the condition of over design wind speed. The possibility of the blade coupled heat generator system will be newly proposed and validated in this study.

Postscript: This work was supported by the New & Renewable Energy (No. 20123021020010) and the Human Resources Development program (No. 2012H100100095) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy

References

[1] T.F.Chan, 2007, “An Axial-Flux Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator for a Direct-Coupled Wind-Turbine System”, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion. Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 86-94

[2] Rong-Jie Wang, Maarten J. Kamper, Kobus Van der Westhuizen, and Jacek F. Gieras, 2005, “Optimal Design of a Coreless Stator Axial Flux Permanent-Magnet Generator”, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 55-64

[3] Yun Dong-won, Park Hee-chang, Hong Yong-ju, Lee Sung-hee, Kim Byung-in and Ham sang-yong, 2009, “Development of Heater Using Eddy Current”, KSME, KSME-B. Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 565-572

[4] S.M. Jang, H.W. Cho, S.H. Lee, Y.H Jeong, 2002, “Eddy Current Loss Analysis of the Permanent Magnet Brushless AC Motor”, KIEE, KIEE-B, pp. 700-702

P-WE-019


318

ESTIMATION OF THE DETALIED DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR THE OC3-HYWIND FLOATING SYSTEM

Jinseop SONG1*, Chae-Whan Rim1, Tae-Young Chung1, and Seokjoon Moon1



OC3-Hywind is a floating wind turbine platform model which is the standard model for Phase IV of OC3. Although the final dynamic properties for OC3-Hywind are published in the NREL report[1], the detailed design specifications are not disclosed in public. In this research, the detailed design specifications of OC3-Hywind are estimated based on the known design and some assumptions. Based on the results of this research, it might be possible to suggest a new floating wind turbine platform model for better dynamic performance under the equivalent environmental and economical condition to OC-Hywind.

Figure 1. Estimation of the detailed design of OC3-Hywind

References

[1] J. Jonkman, “Definition of the Floating System for Phase IV of OC3”, Technical Report, NREL/TP-500-47535, May, 2010..

P-WE-020


319

RESEPONSE ANALYSIS ON MONOPILE FOUNDATIONS FOR OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES CONSIDERING NON-LINEAR

BEHAVIORS OF SOIL

Jeseong YOON1*, Sanghyu LEE1, Dong-Joon KIM1, and Jaehyung CHOI1

1Research & Development Division, Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co., Korea


Response analysis on offshore wind turbines under the complex external forces requires not only consideration of aero-, hydro-, and structural-dynamics but also that of soil-dynamics. Behaviors of sub-components of offshore wind turbines including blade, nacelle, tower and foundation can be analyzed utilizing aero-elastic codes, e.g. GH-Bladed. For complex behavior analysis of offshore wind turbines, however, external forces, environmental conditions and soil parameters should be initially determined to ensure reliable results. Principally, for more realistic behavior analysis of soil-foundation reaction, determination method for soil input parameters such as stiffness should be thoroughly studied. This paper presents a study for the sensitivity analysis of the frequency responses on offshore wind turbines using the soil parameters determined by site-specific p-y curve [1,2]. Using p-y curves determined for the location of Wi Island in West Sea of Korea, non-linear behaviors of soil are favorably realized in the finite element model to predict dynamic response of a 5MW offshore wind turbine having monopile foundation, modeled as shown in Fig.1.

Figure 1. Configuration of Analysis Model Figure 2. Typical example of p-y curve [3]

References

[1] Matlock, H. (1970), “Correlation for Design of Laterally Loaded Piles in Soft Clay”, The Second Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, April 22-24, OTC 1204, pp. 577-607.

[2] O’Neil, M. W., Murchinson, J. M. (1983), “An Evaluation of p-y Relationships in Sands”, A report to the American Petroleum Institute, May 1983.

[3] Choi, C., Jang, Y. and Lee, J. (2011). “A study for estimating lateral stiffness of offshore wind-turbine foundation,” Proceedings of Korea Wind Energy Association (KWEA) Conference (In Korean).

P-WE-021


320

A WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ICING ON WIND TURBINE BLADE AIRFOIL

Yan LI1*, Kotaro TAGAWA2, Fang FENG3, Qingbin HE1 and Qiang LI1

1Engineering College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China 2Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan

3College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Haerbin, China


Icing on blade surface of the wind turbine set in cold regions is a serious problem, which affects the performance of wind turbine greatly. To invest the characteristics of surface icing of wind turbine blade, wind tunnel tests were carried out on the wind turbine blades with NACA7715 airfoil and NACA0018 airfoil. The blade airfoil chord was 0.3 meter, and the length of span was 0.3 meter. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental system. There is a water spray nozzle set in the outlet of wind tunnel to supply the icing condition.. The flow discharge can be controlled by flow controller. Wind tunnel tests were carried out in the winter for the cold air outside can be induced into the wind tunnel. The icing distributions were obtained by camera under different wind speeds and attack angles of blade against wind shown in Fig. 2 and Fig.3. Furthermore, the icing rate, icing area and icing thickness at the leading-edge of blade were calculated and analyzed. The icing rate was defined as the ratio of the mass of ice accretion against the mass of water sprayed from nozzle. The main test results show that for NACA7715 airfoil the maximum icing rate is 6.6%, the ratio of maximum icing thickness at leading-edge against airfoil chord length is 3.2% and the maximum icing area ratio of icing area against airfoil area is 32% at the attack angle of 30 deg; For NACA0018 airfoil the maximum icing rate is 21.3%. The ratio of maximum icing thickness at leading-edge against airfoil chord length is 2.3% and the maximum icing area ratio of icing area against airfoil area is 29.8% at the attack angle of 20 deg.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of wind tunneltest system

Figure 2. Icing on blade with NACA0018airfoil

Figure 3. Icing on blade with NACA7715airfoil

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No.10702015). Authors would like to express thanks to the support.

P-WE-022


321

ADVANCED CONTROL STRATEGY STUDIES ON IMBALANCED LOAD REDUCTION OF LARGE

OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE

Hailong Qin1, Hyunchui Park2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea


Due to the increased size and capacity of multi-MW horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) structure, the dynamic loads caused by the mass imbalance and aerodynamic load imbalance on the blade become more significant, and it will further cause increase in the maintenance cost and reduction of the HAWT lifetime. The role of control strategy for the large offshore wind turbine has been greatly improved in recent years, which not only limited the managing and maximizing the power output but also had potential in reducing the extreme load and fatigue load of the structure. In this paper, a basic collective pitch control (CPC) method is discussed by combining FAST and Matlab Simulink to illustrate the control procedure of large offshore wind turbine. Further, a commonly used individual pitch control (IPC) algorithm based on load sensor is also modeled in the Simulink to mitigate the mass imbalanced load and aerodynamic load imbalance on each blade. At last, a novel approach to achieve IPC, implemented only through rotor azimuth angle, is presented, and the performance of load reduction in the extreme wind scenarios with different feedforward controller is emphasized.

Figure 1. The Basic control system for offshore wind turbine.

P-WE-023


322

A STUDY ON ANNOYANCE IN SHORT TERM EXPOSURE TO WIND TURBINE NOISE

Yeolwan SUNG1*, Seunghoon LEE1, Doo Young GWAK1, Yoonho CHO1 and Soogab LEE2

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2Center for Environmental Noise and Vibration Research, Engineering Research Institute, Department

of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


In the energy industry, renewable energy has been encouraged to substitute fossil fuels. Accordingly, wind market keeps growing, but noise from wind turbines cause annoyance to residents living in the vicinity of wind turbines and lead to environmental noise problems. In Europe, several studies on the adverse effects including annoyance from wind turbine noise have been conducted and the results have been compared to the annoyance from transportation noise. Furthermore, European countries established the environmental noise regulations of wind turbine noise. The Wind turbine noise has amplitude modulation which causes the swishing sound in audible frequency bands so that it is easy to perceive the noise. In addition, the amplitude modulation is varied with the azimuth angle around wind turbine, so annoyance from wind turbine noise may differ according as listener’s locations. Therefore, in the present study, all stimuli are generated using numerical schemes along with azimuth angle and distance, and added the ambient noise to simulate real environment. Then, the subjects assessed noise-induced annoyance to randomly played sounds based on 7 point numerical scale. The result showed the azimuth angle in which noise are very annoyed and annoyance tendency with distance. Moreover, a dose-response relationship between annoyance and sound metrics was examined, so the inclination of annoyance is confirmed as indices on the basis of analysis on sound quality and frequency characteristics.

References

[1] G.P van den berg, Effects of the wind profile at night on wind turbine sound, Journal of Sound and Vibration,277 (2004) 955-970

[2] S. Oerlemans, J.G.Schepers, Prediction of wind turbine noise and validation against experiment, NLR-TP-2009-402, National Aerospace Laboratory, (2009)

[3] S.Lee, S.Lee, S.Lee, Time domain modeling of aerodynamic noise from wind turbines, Proceedings Wind Turbine noise 2011, Rome,(2011)

[4] Pedersen E and Persson Waye, K. Perceptions and annoyance due to wind turbinenoise A dose response relationship. J AcoustSoc Am 116(6), December 2004.

[5] Hessler Jr., Geroge F., Proposed cirteria in residential communities for low-frequency noise emissions from industrial sources, Noise Control Engineering Journal, 52(4), pg.180 in “2.Purpose of Proposed Criteria,”(July-Aug 2004)

[6] ISO 389-1, Acoustics-Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment Part 1:Reference equivalent sound pressure levels for pure tones and supra-aural earphones, 1998

[7] Pedersen,E., Van den berg, Bakker.R., Bouma J., Response to noise from modern wind farms in The Netherlands, J Acoust Soc Am 126(2),August 2009.

P-WE-024


323

POWER MANAGEMENT USING DEMAND RESPONSE FOR VARIABLE GENERATION IN SMART GRID

Dong-woo Lee and Seung-Ill Moon

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

This paper proposes an operation scheme for reducing fluctuation of renewable generation by load control. The loads are controlled by scheduling and real time control. For scheduling, loads are categorized four types. For real time load control (demand response), demand vs price curves are used. And these controllable loads, energy storage system and wind power system compose a virtual power plant (VPP) and are operated by multi agent system. Therefore, every load agent generates load scheduling data and demand vs price curve. The evaluation results prove that the presented method in this paper can reduce power fluctuation in smart grid.

- This work was supported by the Human Resources Development program (No. 20104010100490) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy.

P-WE-025


324

LIFT CORRECTION MODEL FOR LOCAL SHEAR FLOW EFFECTON WIND TURBINE AIRFOILS

Kyung Seh LEE1,2*, Je Hyun BAEK2

1Pohang Institute of Metal Industry Advancement, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea


Wind turbines operate in various wind conditions in which turbulence virtually always exists. Therefore, unsteady wind turbine simulation method to estimate the wind loading in turbulent inflow conditions is very important for developing optimally designed wind turbines. Several methods have been developed for this purpose and are usually based on the blade element momentum theory(BEMT) which is used for calculation of the wind loading on turbine blades. However local shear flow effect induced by turbulence is not explicitly considered in popular BEMT based simulations. In this study, the effects of idealized local shear flows around a 2-dimensional airfoil, S809, on its aerodynamic characteristics were analyzed by CFD simulations (Fig. 1). Various parameters including reference inflow velocity, shear rate, angle of attack, and cord length of the airfoil were examined. From the simulation results, several important characteristics were found. Shear rate in a flow makes some changes in the lift coefficient depending on its sign and magnitude but angle of attack does not have a distinguishable influence. Cord length and reference inflow also cause proportional and inversely proportional changes in lift coefficient, respectively. We adopted an analytic expression for the lift coefficient from the thin airfoil theory[1] and proposed a lift correction model applicable to the traditional load analysis procedure based on the blade element momentum theory(Eq.1).

Figure 1. Airfoil in a simple shear flow configuation

(1)

References

[1] T. Nishiyama and K. Hirano, “Aerofoil section characteristics in shear flows,” Archive of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 39, No. 3(1970), 137-148.

P-WE-026


325

AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS UNDER WAKE SHADOW EFFECT IN OFFSHORE WIND FARM

Jong Hwan Park1, Beom Chan Park1, Hyun Chul Park1, Chin Wha Chung2*

1Graduate School of Wind Energy, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 790-784, Korea2Pohang Wind Energy Research Center, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 790-784, Korea


In order to improve the performance of wind turbine and to reduce engineering cost, wake considering various marine environments should be concerned in wind turbine and wind farm design. BET (Blade Element Theory) shows high reliability about analysis of aerodynamic performance and load calculation. However, wake could not be simulated. The CFD simulation has a high accuracy. Although simulation of wake has a high accuracy, it is known that much resources and time are needed to analyze. Therefore, in this study, in order to overcome these disadvantages, we use VBM (Virtual Blade Model) to analyze the impact of wake shadow effect within wind farm. First, the validation of VBM was carried out for CASE 1(Fig. 1). These results show that wake shadow effect has much influence on the aerodynamic performance and load(Fig. 2). Also, the wake shadow effect should always be considered in initial design for wind farm.

Figure 1. Wake deficit contour

Figure 2. Wake stream line contours [(a): Case 1, (b): Case 2]

References

[1] Sten Frandsen, “Summary Report: The Shadow Effect of Large Wind Farms: Measurements, Data Analysis and Modeling”, Riso-R-1615(EN).

P-WE-027

Hydrogen &

Fuel Cell Energy

(Poster Session)


329

FUEL CELL POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEM WITH ZERO-VOLTAGE AND ZERO-CURRENT-SWITCHING

SERIES-RESONANT FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER

Jung Min KWON1*

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanbat Nat. University, Daejeon, Korea


A fuel cell (FC) power conditioning system (PCS) is proposed. The proposed FC PCS is composed of a series-resonant full-bridge (SRFB) converter and a full-bridge inverter. The SRFB converter is composed of a full-bridge converter and voltage doubler rectifier. The SRFB converter is driven by the phase-shift control with a constant frequency. By employing the phase-shift control, zero-voltage-switching of leading-leg switches and zero-current-switching of lagging-leg switches are achieved without an auxiliary circuit. The voltage doubler rectifier provides a much higher voltage conversion ratio without using a high turns ratio in the transformer and increase the overall efficiency. The inverter is controlled by using unipolar PWM, which gives more reduced ripple and switching than the bipolar PWM. The analysis and design considerations of the FC PCS are presented. A prototype was implemented for the 5kW FC PCS with a DC 250~350V input voltage and AC 220V output voltage. Experimental results obtained from a prototype verify the analysis. The prototype’s efficiency at full load is over 93%.

P-HF-001


330

OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY FOR 1KW RESIDENTIAL POWER GENERATOR USING

HYBRID MODELS

Minjin KIM1,2,*, Taegon KANG1,2, Donghun SEOK3, Jintae KIM1,2, and Young-Jun SOHN1

1Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2Advanced Energy Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea

3Fuel Cell Technology Group, POSCO energy, Pohang, Korea


Operating elements such as stoichiometry, temperature and pressure are more dominant than material or design ones for field test in Residential Power Generator (RPG) [1]. In this paper, the property of operating element has been evaluated for improvement of electrical efficiency in 1kW RPG system using proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The increased stoichiometry steadily improves output power from a fuel cell stack. On the other hand, power consumption of balance of plant (BOP) is exponentially increased when the stoichiometry increases (Fig 1 - (a)). Thus, optimization for gases stoichiometry is required for maximizing system efficiency of a RPG. In this study, operational optimization has been performed based on the hybrid model combined with theoretical and empirical models. We determined decision variables, objective function and constraints for a total RPG system including stack, reformer and BOPs. The optimizing points of gases stoichiometry were found using commercially available program solver. The results show that gases stoichiometry ratio to maximize electrical efficiency was 1.173, 1.77 at anode and cathode side respectively. As a result of the operational optimization, the electrical efficiency of a RPG was enhanced about 2% as shown Fig. 1- (b). The proposed optimization technology is expected to be helpful to efficiently operate real RPG systems.

Figure 1. (a) Power generated from stack and power consumed by BOPs with respect to cathodic stoichiometry at anodic stoichiometry of 1.16 (b) Electrical Efficiency from fuel and air stoichiometry respectively.

Reference

[1] Schneider, J. et al, “ An Automotive perspective on durability protocol challenges from single cells to fuel cell vehicle systems”, Durability & Performance, Florida, 2007

(a) (b)

P-HF-002


331

COMBINED STEAM AND CARBON DIOXIDE REFORMING OF METHANE OVER NI-M/MGO-AL2O3 CATALYSTS (M:CE,LA)

FOR SYNGAS PRODUCTION

Kee Young KOO1, Un Ho JUNG1 and Wang Lai YOON1*

1Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER),Daejeon, Korea


Synthesis gas (syngas) composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is required for the production of synthetic fuels such as methanol, syncrude and dimethyl ether (DME). In particular, the combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CSCRM) is an economical and suitable process to produce the syngas with various H2/CO ratios by adjusting the feed ratio of H2O and CO2 without an additional unit [1]. In general reforming process, Ni supported catalysts are more economical than noble metal catalysts. However, Ni supported catalysts are mainly deactivated by the coke formation and Ni sintering which are attributed to the low S/C-ratio to adjust the H2/CO ratio and to the high reaction temperature in strong endothermic reforming reaction of CSCRM [2]. Hence, it is inevitalbe to develop a new Ni-based catalyst with high coke resistance and non-sintering for CSCRM. In this study, we have investigated the effects of Ce and La addition on the catalytic performance, coke resistance and non-sintering and determined the optimal amount of Ce and La in Ni-M/MgAl2O4 catalysts in CSCRM for syngas production. The Ni-M/MgAl2O4 catalysts poromted with Ce and La were prepared by co-impregnation method. The characteristics of prepared catalysts were examined by XRD, BET, TPR and H2-chemisorption. The CSCRM was performed at 600~900oC with the feed ratio of H2O:CO2:CH4:N2 = 0.8: 0.4:1:1 at space velocity of 530,000ml/h-gcat to produce the syngas with H2/CO ratio=2 required for F-T synthesis. The used catalysts were collected to investigate the coke formation and surface morphology through TGA and SEM analysis. The Ce addition to Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst has significant effects on the NiO crystallite size, metal dispersion and reduction degree. The Ni-Ce/MgAl2O4 catalysts exhibit higher catalytic activity and coke resistance than the Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst without ceria addition. This is mainly due to the improvement of metal dispersion and effective surface oxygen transfer [3,4]. The catalyst with 2.5wt% Ce, which is optimum to achieve highly dispersed Ni particles, shows the highest activity as well as coke resistance in CSCRM. In the case of Ni-La/MgAl2O4 catalyst, the small addition of 1.2wt% La is effective to suppress the Ni sintering at high reaction temperature of 900oC due to the strong metal to support interaction (SMSI) [5]. Furthermore, we have obtained the recipe of commercial size catalyst for mass manufacturing for the scale-up of CSCRM.

References

[1] X. Song, Z. Guo, Energ. Convers. Manag., 47 (2006) 560.[2] J. Sehested, Catal. Today, 111 (2006) 103.[3] H.S. Potdar, H.-S. Roh, K.-W. Jun, M. Ji, Z.-W. Liu, Catal. Lett., 84 (2002) 95.[4] K.Y. Koo, H.-S. Roh, U. H. Jung, W.L. Yoon, Catal. Lett., 130 (2009) 217.[5] A. Carlos S.C. Teixeira, R. Giudici, Chem. Eng. Sci., 54 (1999) 3609.

P-HF-003


332

LOW-TEMPERATURE WATER-GAS SHIFT REACTION OVER SUPPORTED CU CATALYSTS

Dae-Woon Jeong1, Won-Jun Jang1, Jae-Oh Shim1, Won-Bi Han1, Hyun-Seog Roh1*, Un Ho Jung2,Wang Lai Yoon2*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea2Hydrogen Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

* Corresponding author: H.-S. Roh: [email protected], W.L. Yoon: [email protected]

Conventional low-temperature water-gas shift (WGS) catalysts cannot be used in small to medium scale fuel cell systems for power generation, mainly due to restrictions in volume, weight and cost, and also due to problems related to their pyrophoricity and requirement for lengthy precondition steps [1,2]. Oxide supported Cu catalysts show significant activity for the low-temperature WGS reaction but their performance is not fully understood and is strongly dependent on the preparation conditions and the nature of the oxide support [3].

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of oxide support and preparation method to derive an optimal supported Cu catalyst for the low-temperature WGS reaction, and to study in detail nature of oxide support-activity relationships. The low-temperature WGS reaction has been carried out at a very high gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 36,201 h 1 over supported Cu catalysts prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method. CeO2, ZrO2, MgO, MgO-Al2O3 and Al2O3 were employed as supports for the target reaction in this study. In addition, the preparation method was optimized to get a highly active CeO2 supported Cu catalyst for the low-temperature WGS reaction.

200 250 300 350 4000

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100

Equilibrium20% Cu-CeO2 (co-precipitated)2

20% Cu/CeO2 (Impregnated)

CO

con

vers

ion

(%)

Temperature (oC)

Figure 1. CO conversion profiles over CeO2 supported Cu catalysts as a function of preparation method (H2O/(CH4

+ CO + CO2) = 2.0; GHSV = 36,201 h-1).

References

[1] D.L. Trimm and Z.I. Önsan, Catalysis Reviews, 43 (2001) 30. [2] H.-S. Roh, D.-W. Jeong, K.-S. Kim, I.-H. Eum, K.Y. Koo and W.L. Yoon, Catalysis Letters, 141 (2011) 95. [3] J.A. Rodriguez, P. Liu, X. Wang, W. Wen, J. Hanson, J. Hrbek, M. Pérez and J. Evans, Catalysis Today,

143 (2009) 143.

P-HF-004


333

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SUPPORTED PT CATALYSTS FOR A SINGLE STAGE WATER GAS SHIFT REACTION

Dae-Woon Jeong, Hari S. Potdar, Jae-Oh Shim, Won-Jun Jang, Hyun-Seog Roh*

Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea

* Corresponding author: H.-S.Roh: [email protected]

Recently, supported Pt catalysts have attracted a lot of researchers due to high activity and stability for water-gas shift (WGS) reaction at low temperatures. Support plays an important role in stabilizing metal dispersion and reversibly exchanging oxygen ions during oxidation/reduction. As a consequence, Pt supported on reduced ceria and mixed oxides of ceria-zirconia, have been particularly studied because these are about two orders of magnitude faster than Pt supported on non-reducible supports for WGS. However, the industrial use of Pt/CeO2 for WGS is hampered by significant catalyst deactivation. Researchers have been interested in Ce(1 x)Zr(x)O2 catalytic systems [1]. It has been reported that the addition of ZrO2 to CeO2 improves in oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of CeO2, redox property, thermal stability, and promotion of metal dispersion due to the partial substitution of Ce4+ with Zr4+ in the lattice of CeO2 resulting in solid solution formation. As a results, the Ce(1 x)Zr(x)O2 system has been considered as a promising support material in supported Pt catalysts. In the present study, Pt/CeO2, Pt/ZrO2, and Pt/ Ce(1 x)Zr(x)O2 catalysts have been applied to a single stage WGS at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 45,515 h 1. The CeO2/ZrO2 ratio was systematically varied to optimize Pt/Ce(1 x)Zr(x)O2 catalysts. Pt/CeO2 exhibited the highest CO conversion as well as 100% CO2 selectivity. In addition, Pt/CeO2 showed the highest turnover frequency and the lowest activation energy among the catalysts tested in this study. This is mainly due to easier reducibility of Pt/CeO2

and high OSC of CeO2. Pt/CeO2 catalyst also showed relatively stable activity with time on stream.

200 250 300 3500

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1% Pt/CeO2

1% Pt/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2

1% Pt/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2

1% Pt/Ce0.4Zr0.6O2

1% Pt/Ce0.2Zr0.8O2

1% Pt/ZrO2

CO

con

vers

ion

(%)

Temperature (oC)

Figure 1. CO conversion profiles over Pt/CeO2, Pt/ZrO2, and Pt/Ce(1 x)Zr(x)O2 catalysts (H2O/(CH4+CO+CO2) = 2.0; GHSV = 45515 h 1).

References

[1] A. Trovarelli, C. de Leitenburg, G. Dolcetti, Chemtech, 27 (1997) 32.

P-HF-005


334

ULTRA-THIN NI DENSE MEMBRANE PREPARED BY POLISHING TREATMENT OF POROUS NICKEL SUPPORT

FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE H2 SEPARATION

Shin-Kun Ryi*, Jong-Soo Park

Energy Materials and Convergence Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, South Korea


In this study, ultra-thin nickel dense membranes were developed. Polishing treatment was used to form an ultra-thin (~0.5 ) nickel dense layer on porous nickel supports (PNS). The series of polishing treatment involved the use of 400 grit sand paper, 1000 grit, and 1500 grit, which was able to remove the surface pores due to the ductility of the PNS. The hydrogen permeation test showed that a 4.53X10-2 mol m-2 s-1

of hydrogen permeation flux through the membrane could be achieved at a temperature of 973K and a pressure difference of 136 kPa. The nitrogen leakage tests, which were performed under the same conditions, confirmed that there were no pinholes on the surface of the ultra-thin nickel dense membrane. These novel durable and cost effective membranes hold great promise for eventual use by hydrogen separation industries, which require separation at high temperatures.

Figure 1. Surface SEM images (a) and cross-sectional SEM image (b) of the ultra-thin nickel dense membrane.

P-HF-006


335

EXPERIMENTS OF ASSOCIATED GAS PRE-REFORMING BY USING PRESSURIZED REACTOR

Seung hyeon CHOI1, Joong Myeon BAE1, Sangho LEE1



There are two types of natural gas sources which are distinguished based on the reservoir. One is “associated gas”, also known as flare gas, which is found in oil fields. Associated gas contains significant amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane; these heavier feedstock. For using associated gas as natural gas, we need to convert heavier hydrocarbons to methane. [1] In this work, our objective is maximizing the methane selectivity with higher hydrocarbon conversion. For more methane yield, the catalytic conversion reaction should occur in high pressure conditions. We pressurized the reactor around 8 bars by using relief valve. We have prepared two catalysts, one is commercial pre-reforming catalyst C11-PR and the other is Ni-Ru/CGO. We changed two reaction conditions, temperature and steam-to-carbon-ratio (SCR). Higher temperature converts more high hydrocarbons simultaneously, loses methane yield. However, under specific temperature, high hydrocarbon conversion doesn’t occur and coke formation occurs. On the other hand, lower SCR increase methane selectivity, however under specific SCR, coke formation occurs.

AcknowledgementThis work was supported by the New & Renewable Energy of the Korea Insitute of Energy Technology

Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy. And also this work was supported by the Global Frontier R&D Program on Center for Multiscale Energy System funded by the National Research Foundation under the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Korea.

Figure 1. Pressureized experimental setup of associated gas pre-reforming

Table 1. Gas composition of tested associated gas [2]N2 CO H2S CH4 C2H6 C3H8 n-C4H10 n-C5H12

Mol % 1.64 0.54 0 79 11.3 5.11 1.58 0.83

References[1] H. Bian, W. Xu, X. Li, Y.Qu, Chinese J. Chem. Eng. (2011) 452[2] Provided by Saudi Aramco

P-HF-007


336

FACILE SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN-DOPED MICROPOROUS CARBON FOR CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE

Seul-Yi LEE and Soo-Jin PARK



Recently, the growing environmental concerns for global warming and climate change have motivated significant research activities, such as separation, capture and storage of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, which will be increasingly important in the future world economy [1,2].

Nitrogen-doped microporous carbon materials with highly specific surface area were synthesized through a simple polymerization reaction between ethylenediamine (EDA) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) by an activation free method for carbon dioxide capture. The composition analysis of carbon surfaces was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the microstructure analysis. The textural properties were investigated using N2/77 K adsorption/desorption isotherms. The BET, D-R, and BJH equations were used to determine the specific surface area, the micro- and mesopore structures, respectively. The carbon dioxide capture performance was evaluated by volumetric adsorption apparatus at 298 K and 1 bar. From the results, the increase in carbon dioxide adsorption capacity was closely related to rises in the micropore volume. In addition, it was found that the nitrogen-function groups on the carbon surfaces had contributed to enhance the carbon dioxide adsorption capacity.

Figure 1. TEM image of nitrogen-doped microporous carbon.

References

[1] The millennium development goals report, United Nations (2010). [2] Z.H. Lee, K.T. Lee, S. Bhatia, A.R. Mohamed, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 16 (2012) 2599.

P-HF-008


337

HYDROGEN STORAGE BEHAVIORS OF MICROPOROUS CARBON DERIVED FROM POLY(VINYLIDENE

CHLORIDE-CO-ACRYLONITRILE)

Seul-Yi LEE and Soo-Jin PARK



Hydrogen storage by physisorption on certain microporous materials is close to meeting the updated DOE system targets (for 2015 of 5.5 wt% and 45 kg/m3) for on-board transportation applications [1]. On the other hand, the adsorptive storage of hydrogen is mainly considered to be suitable at cryogenic temperatures due to the low adsorption energy hydrogen on typical microporous materials, normally approximately 4~8 kJ/mol, which is too weak to meet the hydrogen uptake target [1,2].

We have prepared the microporous carbon synthesized by the pyrolysis of poly (vinylidene chloride-co-acrylonitrile) as a function of the carbonization temperature, and evaluated the hydrogen storage capacity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the specific elements of samples. The microstructural properties were characterized X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope measurements (SEM). The textural properties were analyzed using a 77 K/N2 adsorption isotherm. And the hydrogen storage capacity was investigated by BEL-HP at 77 K and 1 bar. From the results, it was found that hydrogen storage capacity was enhanced with increasing of specific surface area, resulting from the creation of micropores on the samples.

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nsity

(cps

)

2 theta (deg.)

(a) C-500 (b) C-900

(a)

Figure 1. XRD patterns of samples.

References

[1] Y. Yuda, T. Alpay, and V.T. Nejat, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34 (2009) 3784.[2] S.Y. Lee and S.J. Park, J. Colloid Interface Sci., (2012) in press.

P-HF-009


338

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PEM ELECTROLYZER STACK

Hong Gun KIM1, Hee Jae SHIN2, Sun Ho KO2, Hyun Woo KIM2, Yun Ju CHA2, Lee Ku KWAC3*

1Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonbuk, Korea2Graduate school of Mechanical Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonbuk, Korea

3Department of Carbon and Nano Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonbuk, Korea


Recently, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers consist of the layered structure of membrane and electrode assembly (MEA), titanium flow-field plate, gasket, end plate, and others. Among these components, MEA and titanium flow-field plate take account for most of the device cost. The cost and time for manufacturing device can be reduced with the gasket-integrated 3-D mesh-applied PEM electrolyzer (Fig. 1), while maintaining the same performance as that of the existing titanium flow-field plate devices [1,2]. It is found that the 3-D mesh performing the roles of the existing flow plate ensures smooth fluid flow and uniform power supply. The current density shows 0.5A/cm2 at 19.3V. It is a little lower than 19.6V that is 10 times of 1.96V which is average cell voltage at the same current density. In addition, it is verified that hydrogen production and stability for performance is equal to or higher than that of the device for titanium flow-field plate [3-5].

(a) Integrated 3-D Mesh with gaskets (b) Stack

Figure 1. Photograph of part component and stack for PEM electrolysis using Integrated 3-D Mesh with gaskets

References

[1] S.A. Grigoriev, V.I. Porembsky and V.N. Fateev, Pure hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis for hydrogen energy, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31 (2006) 171.

[2] P. Millet and M. Pineri, New solid polymer electrolyte composites for water electrolysis, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 19 (1989) 162.

[3] H.G. Kim, L.K Kwac and W. Han, The Performance and Stability of a PEM Electrolyzer Using 3-D Mesh, lecture notes in information technology, 13 (2012) 373.

[4] Y.V. Morozov et al., Electrolyzers with solid polymer electrolyte for water decomposition, Econ Prod, .6 (2003) 54.

[5] O.H. Kim et al., Electrochemical characteristics of Pt/PEM/Pt-Ru MEA for water electrolysis, Trans. of the Korean Hydrogen and New Energy Society, 19 (2008) 18.

P-HF-010


339

HYROGEN PRODUCTION BY CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF PROPANE-CONTAINING METHANE OVER N330 CARBON

BLACK CATAKALYST IN A FLUIDIZED BED

Seung chul Lee1, Gui young Han1*

1School of Chemical Engineering, Sung kyun kwan University, Suwon, Korea


CO2-free production of hydrogen by catalytic decomposition of methane and other hydrocarbons over carbon black has been proposed as a viable alternative to the conventional steam reforming. In this work, propane was added as reactant for obtaining the increase of methane conversion. The effect of propane ratio in reactant was investigated and compared them with methane conversion that using only methane. The catalytic activity of the carbon black was measured at various reaction conditions. Because the produced carbon from methane deposited, initial activity decreased. However, produced carbon works new active site do that the activity of carbon blacks reached quasi-steady state and remained constant for more than 8 hrs regardless of reaction temperature [1]. The typical results for reaction temperature and gas velocity were similar to the results in the previous works [2]. Fig. 1 showed that the effect of C3H8/CH4 ratio on methane conversion over carbon black at the gas velocity of 1Umf. As shown in fig. 1, the increase of C3H8/CH4

ratio resulted in a higher methane conversion due to deposited carbon from propane. A good correlation was founded between Wc and properties of used carbon black (specific surface area,

aggregates size), although these data were scattered. TEM images showed that the active sited existed scattered on the surface and that protrusions were formed and grew at the active sites as the carbon deposited. Due to a cohesive force, which was formed by deposited carbon increased, the size of aggregates increased.

Temperature [oC]

850 875 900

CH

4 Con

vers

ion

[%]

0

10

20

30

40

50C3H8 10 %C3H8 20 %C3H8 30 %

Figure 1. Methane conversion vs. reaction temperature with different C3H8/CH4 ratio

References

[1] B. H. Ryu, S. Y. Lee, D. H. Lee, G. Y. Han, T. J. Lee, K. J. Yoon, Catal Today, 123 (2007) 303[2] J. U. Jung, W. S. Nam, K. J. Yoon, G. Y. Han, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 24 (2007) 674

P-HF-011


340

REACTIVITY OF IRON OXIDE WITH CO+H2+CO2 GAS MIXURE FOR CHEMICAL LOOPING PROCESS FOR H2

PRODUCTION

Won Chul CHO1, Kyoung Soo KANG1, Ki Kwang BAE1, Change Hee KIM1, Seong Uk JEONG1,Chu Sik PARK1, and Sang Done Kim2*

1Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea

2Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea


The chemical looping process adopting steam oxidizer produces hydrogen with intrinsic CO2 separation with redox reaction of iron oxide. It is composed of three reactors: a fuel reactor, a steam reactor, and an air reactor. The gaseous fuel is fed to the fuel reactor, where it reacts with the metal oxide. When the reactant gas is fully converted, pure CO2 can be obtained after the steam is condensed. The reduced metal oxide is then transferred to the steam reactor. Hydrogen can be obtained from the outlet stream of the steam reactor while the unconverted H2O is condensed. The oxidized metal oxide is then introduced into the air reactor, where it returns to its original form. Iron oxide has been regarded as the best metal oxide to produce hydrogen from thermodynamic analysis as well as the experimental data.

As an oxygen carrier, the oxide of Fe supported on SiO2, ZrO2, or MgAl2O4 has been tested for chemical looping process. Few researches on comparison of characteristics of iron ores as an oxygen carrier for chemical looping process were conducted. And As a reducing gas, the off gas from the chemical plants was simulated.

In the present study, the reactivity of several iron ores was determined in a batch reactor by exposing it to reducing (8% CO, 4% H2, and 50% CO2) and oxidizing (10% H2O) conditions to simulate the chemical looping process. The cyclic test was performed to verify the stability of the particles. The reactivity and stability of iron ores were compared

It was found that the iron ores were successfully reduced with simulated off-gas and produced hydrogen from steam. The iron ores with low stability would be used as an iron oxide with frequent make-up.

P-HF-012


341

MULTI-COMPONENT NANO-COMPOSITE ELECTORDE FOR SOFC VIA THIN FILM TECHNIQUE

Gu Young Cho1, Yoon Ho Lee1, and Suk Won Cha1*

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea


Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are most promising power conversion systems because of zero emission, silence, high efficiency, and fuel flexibility. Low cost metals like Nickel (Ni) instead of precious Platinum (Pt) can be used for catalysts of SOFC’s electrodes due to its high operation temperature [1]. However, this high operation temperature causes many mechanical, material, and chemical problems. Therefore, many investigations are carried out to reduce the operation temperature of SOFCs.

Most of researches are focused on the electrolyte. In typical SOFCs, resistance due to electrolyte is the main bottleneck factors due to low conductivity of ceramic electrolyte at low temperature. Thus, the reduction of the thickness of electrolyte is the most promising method to lower the operation temperature of SOFCs and many investigations are performed.

Typical thin film SOFCs are use a porous Pt electrode due to its low operation temperature. Pt shows superior catalytic performance than any other metal catalysts in low temperature for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) at anode or oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at cathode. But, Pt electrode is agglomerated during operation of thin film SOFCs, and then performance degradation is occurred. In addition, triple phase boundaries (TPBs) are limited only at interface between Pt and electrolyte surface.

Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting (MIEC) electrodes like Ni-YSZ or Ni-GDC have 3 dimensional TPBs in electrodes, and thermal stability is much higher than pure metal electrodes due to its ceramic backbones. MIEC electrodes are fabricated by lots of methods. Among many methods, most well known method is screen printing and sintering. It is very easy and simple, but, it needs high sintering temperature and paste or powder which has fixed composition ratio.

In this study, we fabricate the Ni-YSZ MIEC anode electrode for SOFCs by co-sputtering methods. We investigate the composition ration of Ni and YSZ with different deposition conditions, i.e., pressure, power, substrate temperature, and etc.. To study the characterization of nano-composite MIEC electrodes, We prepare a button cell with co-sputtered MIEC Ni-YSZ anode, YSZ electrolyte, and Pt cathode. Then, we evaluate the performance of the cell and analysis of the characterization of the cell.

Figure 1. SEM image of Ni-YSZ co-sputtered MIEC electrode on Si wafer

References

[1] R. O’Hayere, S. W. Cha, W. Colella, and F. B. Prinz, “Fuel Cell Fundamentals.”

P-HF-013


342

A HIGHLY DURABLE CROSS-LINKED HYDROXIDE ION CONDUCTING PORE-FILLING MEMBRANE FOR SOLID

ALKALINE FUEL CELLS AND ITS CELL PERFORMANCE

Chang-Soo KIM, Mi-Soon LEE and Young-Woo CHOI*

Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea


A highly durable cross-linked hydroxide ion conducting pore-filling membrane was prepared for solid alkaline fuel cells(SAFCs). This anion conducting polymer electrolyte consisting of the whole hydrocarbon materials was synthesized directly using a functional monomer and a crosslinking agent. The highly quarternary-aminated electrolyte was introduced into porous hydrocarbon substrates and crosslink-polymerized by UV irradiation. Finally, film-like polymer electrolyte membranes were prepared (see scheme 1). The physico-chemical properties of the prepared membranes such as swelling behavior, ion exchange capacity, carbonate crossover, and ionic conductivity were investigated in correlation with the electrolyte composition. The chemical stabilities of the resulting membranes were also tested by immersing samples in an aqueous, 5 M solution of NaOH at 50 oC for 1500 h. The SAFC performance was carried out using optimized one of resulting membranes.

Scheme 1. Chemical structure of the prepared hydroxide ion conducting pore-filling membrane (before hydroxide ion exchange)

References

[1] D. S. Kim, A. Labouriau, M. D. Guiver and Y. S. Kim, Chem. Mater., 2011, 23, 3795.

P-HF-014


343

HYDROGEN SENSING PROPERTIES FROM PALLADIUM COATED ON THE SPUN CARBON NANOTUBES

Hoon-Sik Jang, Seok Chel Lee, Nam Hee Lee and Seung Hoon Nahm*

Center for Materials Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Korea


The growth technique of CNTs have been developed for suitable their application. In particular, Jiang et al. grew multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) forests that were well-aligned arrays and pulled a yarn from them [1]. Zhang et al. produced transparent conductive MWCNT sheets simply by spinning MWCNTs [2]. Spin-capable MWCNTs was grown on the silicon wafer by chemical vapor deposition. The growth of spin-capable MWCNTs was described in Ref. 3. The MWCNT sheets were produced by being continuously pulled out from the grown MWCNTs. The MWCNT sheet films were produced by directly coating MWCNT sheets on a glass wafer. Alcohol was sprayed over the whole surface of MWCNT sheets. The palladium (Pd) was coated on the MWCNT sheets by electron beam evaporator. The film thickness of Pd was 10 nm. We measured the hydrogen sensing properties from the Pd coated on MWCNT sheet films. Fig. 1a) shows the Pd coated on MWCNT sheet films. Hydrogen gas was detected by measuring the electrical resistance of MWCNT sheets. As shown in Fig. 1b), the resistance of the sheet film was linearly increased while hydrogen was introduced in the chamber. On the other hand, when air was introduced in the chamber, the resistance of the sheet film was linearly decreased.

b)

Figure 1. a) Pd coated on the MWCNT sheet films and b) Hydrogen sensing property from the Pd coated on the MWCNT sheets.

References

[1] K.Jiang, Q. Li, S. Fan, Nature, 419 (2002) 801.[2] M. Zhang, S. Fang, A.A. Zahkidov, S.B. Lee, A.E. Aliey, C.D. Wiliams, K.R. Atkinson, R.H. Baughman,

Science, 309 (2005) 1219.[3] J.-H. Kim, H.-S. Jang, K.H. Lee, L.J.Overzet and G.S. Lee, Carbon, 48 (2010) 538.

P-HF-015


344

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE ANODE OFFGAS CATALYTIC COMBUSTOR FOR 25KW MCFC SYSTEMS

Sang Min LEE1*, Hyun Tak WOO2, and Kook Young AHN3

1Department of Eco-Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea

3Department of Eco-Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea


Anode offgas of MCFC systems contains a significant amount of combustible components such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane of which the ratio whose ratio varies depending on fuel utilization ratio of the fuel cell stack. It is important to fully burn anode off-gas and utilize the generated heat in order to increase system efficiency and to reduce emissions as well. In the present study, a 25 kW catalytic combustor has been developed for the application to a 300kW MCFC system. Mixing and combustion characteristics have been experimentally investigated with the catalytic combustor. Velocity profile has become more uniform using a novel flow uniformity device with minimal pressure drop. Since the performance of catalytic combustor directly depends on the combustion catalyst, this study has been focused on the experimental investigation on the combustion characteristics of multiple catalysts having different structures and compositions. Results show that the exhaust emissions are highly dependent on the catalyst loading and the ratio of catalytic components.

(a) (b)

Figure 1. Experimental setup for 25kW anode offgas catalytic combustor: (a) combustion catalyst, (b) test facility

P-HF-016


345

PREPARATION OF CARBON PAPER GAS DIFFUSION LAYER FOR POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS

Ji-Han LEE and Soo-Jin PARK*



In this work, we prepared the carbon paper with chopped carbon fibers and carbon blacks for gas diffusion matrix (CB/CF/GDM) in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) by wet processing. A suitable carbon paper electrode is developed the characteristics of high porosity, permeability and strength along with low electrical resistivity [1]. Among those characteristics, we carried out two kinds of experiments to improve the electrical performances of carbon paper GDM. First, we have investigated the optimal surfactants for CF preform. And then, we added the carbon blacks impregnated with phenol resin to CF preform. The degree of dispersion of CB/CF/GDM was confirmed by scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM). The electric resistivity was measured using two probe techniques. From the results, the electric resistivity of CB/CF/GDM decreased with increasing the CB contents to 20 wt.%, and then increased. Consequently, we found that the degree of dispersion of CB played an important role in the electric resistivity of CB/CF/GDM.

Figure 1. SEM images of CB/CF/GDM with various carbon blacks contents.

References

[1] R. B. Mathur, P. H. Mageshwari, T. L. Dhami, R. K. Sharma, and C. P. Sharma, J. Power Sources, 161 (2006) 790.

P-HF-017


346

DESIGN OF GRAPHENE-COATED BIPOLAR PLATE IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS

Ikwhang CHANG1, Junbeom SHIM2, Taehyun Park3, Yongseong Kim4, SeongHyun Chun4, Ju-Hyung Lee2

and Suk Won CHA1,3*

1Dept. of Intelligent Convergence Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2XFC. Inc. 314-306, Seoul National University, Gwanakro 1, Gwanakgu, Seoul, Republic

of Korea, 1517443Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanakro 1,

Gwanakgu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 1517444Dept. of Physics, Sejong Universit, Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747


The volume, conductivity and durability issues of bipolar plate and current collector are critical in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. We designed the grapheme-coated metal bipolar plate to prevent the corrosion and to enhance the electrical conductivity. We deposit the H2-rich synthesis of high-quality monolayer graphene on the copper bipolar plate, which provides the advantage of the controllable synthesis of high-quality grapheme. Compare with pure copper bipolar plate, the graphene coated plate shows significantly high electrical conductivity, and thus the fuel cell stack using the graphene coated plate is higher power density.

Figure 1. The comparison of cell performance using graphene-coated, pure copper, corrosive bipolar plate.

P-HF-018


347

DYNAMIC MODELING OF HYDROGEN SUPPLY CAPACITY FROM A METAL HYDRIDE TANK

Ju-Hyeong CHO1,*, Sang-Seok YU2, Sang-Gyu KANG1, Young-Duk LEE1, Kook-Young AHN1

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea2Chung Nam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea


The current study presents a modeling of a metal hydride-based hydrogen storage tank to simulate and control the dynamic processes of hydrogen discharge from a metal hydride tank in various operating conditions. The metal hydride takes a partial volume in the tank and, therefore, hydrogen discharge through the exit of the tank was driven by two factors; one factor is compressibility of pressurized gaseous hydrogen in the tank, i.e., the pressure difference between the interior of the tank and the atmosphere makes hydrogen released. The other factor is desorption of hydrogen from the metal hydride, which is subsequently released through the tank exit. The duration for a supposed full load supply is evaluated, which depends on the initial tank pressure, the circulation water temperature, and the metal hydride volume fraction in the tank. In the high pressure regime, the duration at full load supply is increased with increasing circulation water temperature while, in the low pressure regime where the initial amount of hydrogen absorbed in the metal hydride varies sensitively with the metal hydride temperature, the duration at full load supply is increased and then decreased with increasing circulation water temperature. Future work will implement PID control logic in the hydrogen supply system to simulate a representative scenario of hydrogen consumption demand for a fuel cell system.

Figure 1. Schematic of a metal hydride tank Figure 2. P-C-T curve of LaNi5 during the desorption process

Figure 3. The effect of the metal hydride volume fraction on the hydrogen discharge characteristics

Figure 4. Dependence of time duration at full load supply upon the circulation water temperature

P-HF-019


348

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY BIOETHANOL OVER MESOPOROUS SILICA NANO-SUPPORTED CATALYST

Tzong-Horng Liou1*, Bin-Joen Tsay1, and Bo-Chen Lai1

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei, Taiwan


Mesopore-supported catalysts for hydrogen production have become a very active area for potential applications such as fuel cells, electronic devices and the other renewable energy sources, etc. The purpose of the study is to prepare mesopore-supported nano-metal for hydrogen production by bioethanol from mesostructured silica materials. The preparation of silica-support metal composite uses impregnation method. This investigation characterized catalyst composites using a surface area analyzer, XRD, FE-SEM, TGA, FTIR, ICP-MS, and EA. Experimental results showed that reactant conversion and product selectivity are highly dependent on type of support, type of catalyst, and catalyst loading. Fig. 1 shows the N2

adsorption-desorption isothetrms of silica catalyst supports. The maximum pore distribution ranges from 2.5 to 3.7 nm, showing typical mesoporous structure [1]. Copper-impregnated catalysts show the high reactant conversion and product selectivity (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). The results thus obtained may be provided as some of the basic design information needed for the hydrogen production based on biomass energy [2-5].

0.0 0.5 1.0P/Po

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200

400

600

III III

I pH = 1II pH = 3III pH = 5

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5 10 15 20 25Dp (nm)

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2.0

4.0

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dDp,

x10

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IIIII


(b)

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200

400

600

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0.0

10.0

20.0

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(d)

0 3 6 9 12 15Cu loading (wt%)

0

20

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0 3 6 9 12 15Cu loading (wt%)

0

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40

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80

100

Sele

ctiv

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ol%

)

H2CO2CH4CO

Figure 1. Nitrogen adsorption-desorptionisotherm and differential pore size distribution of mesoporoussilica catalyst supports synthesizedat various pH values.

Figure 2. Catalytic results on reactantsconversion using Cu catalystsupported on the surface of mesoporous silica.

Figure 3. Catalytic results on productsselectivity using Cu catalystsupported on the surface of mesoporous silica.

References

[1] T. H. Liou, J. Nanopart. Res., 14 (2012).[2] L. Zhang, J. Liu, W. Li, C. Guo, J. Zhang, J. Nat. Gas Chem., 1 (2009) 55.[3] A.J. Vizcaíno, A. Carrero, J.A. Calles, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 32 (2007) 1450.[4] A. Carrero, J. A. Calles and A. J. Vizcaino, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 327 (2007) 82.[5] P. D. Vaidya and A. E. Rodrigues, Chem. Eng. J., 117 (2006) 39.

P-HF-020


349

TECHNO-ECONOMIC COMPARISON ON SOFC HYBRID SYSTEMS

Sung Ho PARK1, Young Duk LEE2*, Kang Hun LEE3, Kook Young AHN2

1Graduate School, University of Science &Technology, Deajeon, Republic of Korea 2Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials , Daejeon, Republic of Korea

3Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea


Techno-economic analysis on SOFC-based power generation systems has been performed and a comparison has been made from the viewpoint of efficiency and economics. Reference system, SOFC stand-alone system, consists of SOFC stack, reformer, catalytic combustor, heat exchangers, blowers, and pumps. As ways of improving efficiency of the SOFC system, two kinds of hybrid system have been proposed: a SOFC-gas turbine hybrid system and a SOFC-HCCI engine hybrid system.

To calculate the efficiency of each case, overall system was simulated under ASPEN PLUS environment. To improve the accuracy of simulation results, rigorous model of core components were developed and embedded into the ASPEN PLUS using FORTRAN subroutines. For an economic analysis, LCOE (levelized cost of electricity) of each case were calculated using TRR (total revenue requirement) method and compared to each other.

Figure 1. System diagram of SOFC-GT hybrid system (Case 2)

Figure 2. System diagram of SOFC-HCCI engine hybrid system (Case 3)

As a result, Case 3, a SOFC-HCCI engine hybrid system, shows the highest efficiency of 59.5%, which is 8.5% greater than the reference case and 1.0% greater than the SOFC-GT hybrid case. In terms of LCOE, Case 3 also shows the best results, 7%~12.7% of LCOE reduction compared with SOFC stand-alone system and SOFC-GT hybrid system.

Figure 3. Efficiency comparison results (grey: electrical efficiency, green: thermal efficiency)

Figure 4. LCOE comparison results

P-HF-021


350

MODELING GAS DISTRIBUTION IN CHANNELS OF MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS

Joonho PARK1, Jongwoo CHOI1, and Suk Won CHA1*



A channel design which is closely related with the mass transport overpotential is one of the most important procedures to optimize the whole fuel cell performance. In this study, numerical results of a three dimensional model for gas distribution in channels of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) unit cell for a 1kW class stack was presented. The relationship between the fuel and air distribution in the anode and cathode channels of the unit cell and the electric performance was observed. A commercial CFD solver, ANSYS FLUENT, was employed to capture the fluid flow, heat transfer, and the mass transfer in the flow channels and in the porous electrodes, and to model the transport of the current and the potential field in the electrodes and in the solid conducting regions. The electrochemical reactions that take place at the electrolyte/electrode/gaseous species interface were modeled by user-defined functions of FLUENT. It is revealed that the current density and temperature distribution as well as gas distribution are strongly affected by the channel configuration.

Figure 1. The polarization curve.

a) b)

Figure 2. The current density distribution (a) and the temperature distribution (b) at the electrolyte-cathode interface.

References

[1] N. Subramanian, B. S. Haran, R. E. White, and B. N. Popov, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150 (2003) A1360[2] J. Soler, T. Gonzalez, M. J. Escudero, T. Rodrigo, and L. Daza, J. Power Sources, 4650 (2002) 1

P-HF-022


351

FABRICATION AND INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPOSITES ON THE BASE OF STAINLESS STEEL AND TITANIUM

CARBONITRIDE SYNTHESIZED BY SPARK PLASMA SINTERING

Bunyod Allabergenov, Oybek Tursunkulov, Sang-Yeop Kim, Eun-Young Lee, Seung Jin Yun, Jeong-Ae Park, Soon-Wook Jeong and Sungjin Kim*

School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 1 Yangho-dong, Gumi, Korea, 730-701


Titanium and titanium carbonitride based composites attract significant interest since they find a wide field of applications for high-temperature complex materials because of their excellent mechanical properties, time degradation, hardness, corrosion resistance, abrasive wear-resistance and strong chemical stability at high-temperatures. Among them and titanium composites with stainless steel also are attractive materials for bipolar plate of fuel cell stack, solar cell module frame and for coating applications, such as light bipolar for fuel cell, light frame for solar cell module air or water filter scaffold for reusable filter system. Therefore it is interesting of fabricate of stainless steel and titanium composite with sufficient light weight, excellent corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and satisfactory mechanical properties. Due to their strong mechanical behaviors it is interesting to develop complex structure made from stainless steel (STS) and titanium carbonitride TiCN. In this work STS 430-TiCN composite material with micro and nano-sized TiCN powders with optimal ratio were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. After sintering all samples were annealed to at different temperatures (800 0C-1100 0C) for investigation morphological and mechanical properties. All properties before and after annealing were compared. The morphology of the sintered samples was studied by optical microscope, FESEM and X-ray diffraction. The effect of the thermal annealing of the sintered STS 430-TiCN structures on the mechanical properties of these samples, such as surface micro-hardness, density test, biaxial strength and corrosion resistivity, was studied through various measurement approaches. It is shown that after diffusion TiCN particles into STS 430 mechanical strength and micro-hardness increased. Especially this phenomenon observed after thermal annealing process. Finally, morphologic and mechanical properties of the development composites are discussed and showed a strong dependence of the key parameters on annealing temperature and structure composition.

Key words: Titanium carbonitride, stainless steel, spark plasma sintering, composite, heat treatment, fuel cells.

P-HF-023


352

DYNAMIC MODEL OF THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF 1KW PEMFC SYSTEM FOR UNMANNED

AERIAL VEHICLE

Sanggyu Kang1*, Hanseok Kim1, and Sangmin Lee1


The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has been regarded as promising alternative power sources for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) [1]. The temperature of PEMFC stack should be maintained an optimal range around 60~70 . The membrane of the PEMFC can be damaged when the PEMFC is maintained with high temperature. On the other hand, when the PEMFC was cooled down to low temperature, the efficiency of the PEMFC can be creased and flooding can be occurred due to low water saturation pressure. Therefore, thermal management is crucial to maximize and stabilize the performance of the PEMFC. The thermal management system (TMS) of PEMFC consists of PEMFC, heat exchanger (HEX), fan, and pump. The objective of this work is to develop the dynamic model of thermal management system of 1kW PEMFC system for the UAV. In order to validate the model, the simulation data of PEMFC, heat exchanger and pump was compared with the experiment result. The effect of the thermal management on the performance of the PEMFC was investigated at various operating conditions of coolant and air temperature. And the dynamic correlation between the TMS and the PEMFC was investigated during transients. With the system dynamic result, the optimal control strategy of the thermal management of the 1kW PEMFC system for the UAV was obtained.

References

[1] S. Pandiyan., K. Jayakumar., N. Rajalakshmi., K.S. Dhathathreyan., Thermal and electrical energy management in a PEMFC stack - An anlaytical approach, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 51 (2008) 469-473

P-HF-024


353

DYNAMIC MODEL OF 1KW PEMFC HYBRID SYSTEM FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE

Sanggyu Kang1*, Hanseok Kim1, Suyong Chae2, Yujin Song2

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea2Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a promising alternative power source for the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) [1]. Since the UAV is flying on the air, it is crucial to develop the optimal control logic for the operation of PEMFC system. In this study, 1 kW PEMFC hybrid system is used for the power source of UAV. The 1 kW PEMFC system is composed of PEMFC stack, thermal management system (TMS), battery, and controller. Since the PEMFC is operated with pure oxygen and dry condition, the blower and humidifier is excluded in this system, which can decrease the weight of the UAV. The objectives of this study is to develop the dynamic system model of 1 kW PEMFC hybrid system with Matlab/Simulink®

and develop the optimal control logic for the operation of PEMFC system. The system model consists of one dimensional dynamic PEMFC model, lumped dynamic pump-motor model, dynamic battery model, dynamic TMS model, and controller. The dynamic performance of PEMFC hybrid system was investigated during transients. The optimal control logic of power distribution between PEMFC and battery and thermal management of PEMFC is developed. This work can provide the optimal operating strategy and control logic of PEMFC hybrid system for UAV during transients of take-off, landing, and acceleration.

References

[1] S. Pandiyan., K. Jayakumar., N. Rajalakshmi., K.S. Dhathathreyan., Thermal and electrical energy management in a PEMFC stack - An anlaytical approach, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 51 (2008) 469-473

P-HF-025


354

GEOMETRIC PERFORMANCE OF STEAM REFORMER COUPLED WITH CATALYTIC BURNER

Kang hoon Lee1, Sang Gyu Kang2, Kook Young Ahn2 and Sangseok Yu1*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea 2Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea


Efficiency of high temperature stationary fuel cell should be optimized for commercial market. In particular, the unused thermal energy from fuel cell should be recovered. Catalytic converter is applied to burn out the lean fuel mixture from high temperature fuel cell so that the thermal energy can be utilized. In our previous reporter, we have investigated the feasibility of thermal energy utilization for 1 kWe annulus steam reformer over various parameters. The results shows the key parameter of reforming performance is enhancement of heat transfer from catalytic burner to steam reformer. Even though annulus type reformer is possibly generated maximum performance, it is still necessary to analyze the basic heat transfer capability with planar structure. By using planar structure, reference condition can be determined.

In this study, the performance of annulus steam reformer with catalytic burner is compared with planar heat exchanger steam reformer. Two reformers were designed to convert methane to hydrogen mixture by utilizing thermal energy of anode off lean fuel mixture. And the capacity of two reformers was 1kW that is laboratory scale facility. Even though the operating conditions of those reformers were equalized for comparison, the performance of annulus reformer is much better than planar reformer.

Key words: High temperature stationary fuel cell, catalytic burner, steam reformer, heat transfer, annulus type

P-HF-026


355

SCALE UP PERFORMANCE OF ANNULUS STEAM REFORMER THERMALLY COUPLED WITH

CATALYTIC BURNER

Sang Gyu Kang1, Kook Young Ahn1, Kang hoon Lee2 and Sangseok Yu2*

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea


High temperature stationary fuel cell utilizes 60 to 70% of induced fuel inside the fuel cell stack. Since residual lean fuel mixture is exhausted from anode of the stack, it has to be burnt out with external burner. A catalytic burner is typically used for utilization of exhaust thermal energy from anode of fuel cell stack due to exhaust gas purity and wide operating ranges. In this study, the thermal energy recovered by catalytic burner is used for external steam reformer so that the system efficiency can be improved. 1 kW reactor is first designed for investigation of reforming performance over various parameters. The reactor structure was designed to be annulus which the combustion gas flows inner core and reforming gas flows through the outer layer. In this study, the inlet gas condition of catalytic burner was the same as composition of anode off gas so that feasibility of system improvement is directly connected to the performance of steam reformer.

Result of 1 kW laboratory scale reformer provides reference data to design 5 kW reformer. Especially, the combustion chamber geometry of 1kW reformer is used for 5 kW reformer so that the similar performance can be predicted. On the other hand, the heat transfer characteristics of column arrangement was numerically investigated to determine the structure of maximum thermal flow. Parameters of experiment were air excess ratio and inlet gas temperature to catalytic burner, S/C ratio of reformer, and fuel utilization of fuel cell stack. Results shows that performance of scale up reformer severely depends on the fuel utilization factor and air excess ratio.

P-HF-027

Wasted Energy &

Utilization

(Poster Session)


359

REDUCTION IN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS BY MILD COMBUSTION OF DRIED SLUDGE

Sung Hoon SHIM1, Sang Hyun JEONG1, and Sang-Sup LEE2*



Moderate and Intense Low oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion is proposed to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions [1]. MILD combustion was applied in this study for the reduction in NOx emissions from combustion of dry sludge. A MILD combustion furnace has a cylindrical shape with dimensions of 600 mm in height and 316 mm in diameter. A fuel nozzle is located at the center of the bottom of the furnace and surrounded by 8 air nozzles. Another nozzle is located at the top of the furnace for the purpose of preheating the furnace using a premixed natural gas flame. Wall temperatures were measured using 6 thermocouples (R type) placed along the height of the furnace. When the furnace wall temperature exceeded 850 °C, the top nozzle stopped injecting natural gas. Dry sludge and natural gas were then carried from the central fuel nozzle into the furnace. Air, CO2, N2 or a mixture of CO2 and N2 was used as a carrier gas depending on the simulated conditions. Concentrations of O2, CO2, CO and NOx in the exhaust stream were measured by a gas analyzer (Vario Plus, MRU, Germany). Fig. 1 shows variations in the gas concentrations when the combustion of natural gas is switched to MILD mode. As shown in the figure, significant reduction in NOx emission was obtained from the switch to MILD combustion. Similar result was also found from MILD combustion of dry sludge.

Figure 1. Variations in flue gas concentrations with the switch to MILD mode.

References

[1] R. Weber, J. P. Smart and W. Kamp, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 30 (2005) 2623.

P-WU-001


360

MERCURY EMISSION BEHAVIOR IN COMBUSTION FLUE GASES

Sung Hoon SHIM1, Sang Hyun JEONG1, Kwang-Yul Kim2, and Sang-Sup LEE2*



Fuel properties and combustion characteristics influence mercury speciation in flue gas [1]. A bench-scale drop tube furnace was designed to investigate mercury behavior in combustion flue gases. Four kinds of coal samples were obtained, and each sample was combusted in the drop tube furnace. An impinger train was located in the outlet of the furnace to capture elemental and oxidized mercury and to analyze for their concentrations, respectively. A gas analyzer was also used to record the outlet concentrations of O2, CO and CO2 and to monitor the extent of combustion. These concentrations during the combustion of coal samples were found to be consistent with time, and more than 80% combustion efficiency was obtained for all tested coal samples. Fig. 1 shows mercury speciation results obtained from the tests with the coal samples. The elemental and oxidized mercury concentrations were corrected to 4% oxygen. The results show different levels of mercury emissions and oxidation among the coal samples. The level of mercury emission was found to be dependent on mercury content in coal. However, the proportion of mercury species was influenced by various factors such as chlorine and sulfur contents in coal, the percentage of mercury retention, and the extent of combustion.

Figure 1. Mercury speciation results for coal samples.

Reference

[1] A. Kolker, C. L. Senior and J. C. Quick, Applied Geochemistry, 21 (2006) 1821.

P-WU-002


361

condenser inlet condenser outlet evaporator inlet evaporator outlet26.8~33.5 39.1~44.1 23.4~12.9 15.1~6.6

COOLING PERFORMANCE OF A WATER-TO-WATER HEAT PUMP SYSTEM USING POLYETHYLENE PIPE

AS A HEAT EXCHANGER

Young Sun Ryou*, Yeon Ku Kang, Jae Kyung Jang, Jong Goo Kim and Geum Chun Kang

Department of Energy & Environment Engineering, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea


We have designed a water-to-water heat pump system using the heated effluent of thermal power generation plant as a heat source. The heated effluent is just the heated sea water and sea water includes some highly corrosive substances. Therefore a roll type polyethylene pipe was used as the heat exchanger to recover heat from the heated effluent of thermal power generation plant. We have analyzed COP(coefficient of performance) of heat pump system in cooling mode. And the cooling capacity of heat pump system was 105 kW and the temperature range of the heated effluent was 26.8~33.5 . The entering water temperature into evaporator was 23.4~12.9 as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Temperature variation of heat transfer fluid(water) during experimental process of cooling mode

Figure 1. Configuration of heat pump system with PE pipe heat exchanger.

COP of heat pump system in cooling mode was in the range of 3.27~2.29 in condition of Table 1.

References[1] Y.S.Ryou, Y.K.Kang and J.K.Jang, Development of Greenhouse Cooling & Heating System Using Waste

Heat of Thermal Power Generation Plant, NAAS Research Report, (2011)[2] Y.K.Kang, Y.S.Ryou and J.K.Jang, Development of Heating System for Agricultural Facilities Using

Underground Air, NAAS Research Report, (2011)[3] Omer Ozyurt and Dundar Arif Ekinci, Experimental Study of Vertical Ground-Source Heat Pump

Performance Evaluation for Cold Climate in Turkey, Applied Energy, (2011)

P-WU-003


362

Figure 1. SEM of the fresh catalysts for (a) Ce/ -Al2O3

(b) dolomite (c) Fe/ -Al2O3 (d) NiLa2O3MgO/Al2O3

Figure 2. Carbon and hydrogen conversion with different catalysts

CASSAVA RHIZOME CONVERSION OVER MONO AND TRI-METALLIC CATALYSTS

Panchaluck SORNKADE1, Duangduen ATONG1, Viboon SRICHAROENCHAIKUL2*

1National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Thailand 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand


Generally, the catalysts improve efficiency of the system and gas quality. For example, the internal combustion system recommended a tar content less than 50-100 mg/m3 and less than 5 mg/m3 for the direct-fired industrial gas turbine[1-2]. This paper proposes the air-gasification of a cassava rhizome in a fixed-bed reactor using four different catalysts: calcined dolomite, 12Fe/ -Al2O3, 12CeO2/ -Al2O3 and 12Ni.5La.5Mg/ -Al2O3 aiming to improve quality of gas product through tar minimization. The impregnation method has been adopted for the preparation of these catalysts. The characterization of catalysts was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The conversion process is carried out at 800°C under the equivalent ratio (ER) of 0.4. Hot gas cleaning was carried out with 20wt%catalyst mixed with crushed cassava rhizome fed semi-continuously at a rate of 3.0 g/min for 30 min. The yield of gas products, char and tar for non-catalytic case were 76, 9, 15 wt%, respectively. The catalytic gasification improved the gas yield to 80% while reduced tar and char formation. Hydrogen conversions significantly increased up to 30-40% whereas carbon conversions slightly decrease to 7-15% in case of 12Fe/ -Al2O3, 12Ce/ -Al2O3 and dolomite as depicted in fig. 2. These catalysts also improved the lower heating value (LHV) and the cold gas efficiency ( CGE)of producer gas to 5.20-8.30 MJ/Nm3 and 65 - 99% compared to the non-catalytic case (LHV of 4.12 MJ/Nm3 and CGE 54%). The results indicated that these four catalysts can drastically enhance gas formation when compared with the non-catalytic case. Catalyst with the superior performance in terms of gas yield, LHV and CGE were 12Fe/ -Al2O3 > 12Ce/ -Al2O3 > dolomite > 12Ni.5La.5Mg/ -Al2O3.

References

[1] P. Hasler and T. Nussbaumer, Biomass and Bioenergy, 16 (1999) 385.[2] J. Han and H. Kim. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12 (2008) 397.

P-WU-004


363

GASIFICATION OF PEANUT SHELLS AND JATROPHA WASTE USING A MODULAR FIX-BED GASIFIER

Jurarat NISAMANEENATE1, Duangduen ATONG2, and Viboon SRICHAROENCHAIKUL1*

1Department of Environment Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 2National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand


A downdraft gasifier is used to carry out the biomass gasification because the production gas leaves the gasifier have high temperature with low tar content and can be cleaned to high purity, suitable for engine and other applications. In this report, peanut shell and jatropha wastes are gasified in a system shown in Fig. 1. Jatropha waste was received from a bio-oil extraction process in biodiesel production facility. The peanut shells are obtained from a peanut processing plant. During the testing, the temperature zones of reactor were recorded with data logger every 60 sec. The gas production rate was measured via a pressure drop across an orifice constriction. The effects of gasification on gas flow rate and material were discussed. The performance of the biomass gasification was evaluated in term of producer gas composition, zone temperature and gasification efficiency. Generally, peanut shells and jatropha waste were good raw materials for syngas production with downdraft gasification. The produced gas increased with high temperature at oxidation zone, where the reactions are exothermic and heat is often transferred to the gasification agent added from the top of the bed. The calorific value of producer gas and gasification efficiency increased with greater gas flow rates. Tar formation was small that it cannot be measured and posed no problems of blockage and fouling in gas transfer line during any experiments.

Figure 1. Schematic of downdraft fixed-bed gasifier system used in the experiment

P-WU-005


364

FINE PARTICLES AND OIL MISTS COLLECTION IN A ELECTRIC ACTIVATED CATALYST SCRUBBER FOR FOOD

WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES

Bangwoo HAN1*, Hak-Joon KIM1 and Yong-Jin KIM1



Wet scrubbers have been widely used to remove toxic or odorous gases in food waste treatment facilities. Recently, spraying water has been activated via electric oxidation catalysts to improve the performance of the wet scrubbers (Chung et al., 2009). However, fine particles and fine oil mists generated from food wastes treatment processes can be main sources to pollute the scrubber system. Therefore, it needs to remove fine particles and oil mists generated from the food treatment facilities. In this study, a two stage electrostatic precipitator (ESP) using a carbon fiber charger and one or two parallel plate-plate collectors has been investigated to charge and collect fine particles and oil mists at the upstream of the electric oxidation catalyst scrubber. Carbon fiber charger was composed of 16 carbon fiber ionizers and a plate-plate collector was made of parallel aluminum plates with a width of 5 mm and 200 mm length. One (collector A) and two collectors (collectors A and B) were compared whether all charged particles could be collected at one collector. The collector was further modified to reinforce the electric insulation by adding rubber caps at the edge of the aluminum plates (collector A*). Figures 1(a) and 1(b) show the collection efficiency of fine particles and oil mists at one and two collectors and at one modified collector, respectively. The collection efficiency of oil mists according to particle size was almost the same as that of fine KCl particles and the efficiency was further improved at two collectors A and B. However, increase of applied voltage at the modified collector A* from 3 kV to 6 kV was much effective to improve the collection efficiency of fine particles and oil mists.

Figure 1. Collection efficiencies of fine particles and oil mists at (a) one and two collectors and (b) one collector reinforcing electric insulation

References

[1] S. J. Chung, C. Pillai, I. S. Moon, Separation and Purification Technol. 65 (2009) 156

P-WU-006


365

DECOMPOSITION OF SO2 AND NO BY A NANO-PULSE DISCHARGE FROM AIR AND COMBUSTION GAS EXHAUSTS

FOR A COAL AND WASTES CO-COMBUSTION

Bangwoo HAN1, Hak-Joon KIM1, Yong-Jin KIM1*, Dong-Keun SONG1, Won-Seok HONG1 and Wan-Ho SHIN1



Pulse discharger has been one of alternatives for removal sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the co-combustion process of coal and wastes. We investigated the performance of nano-pulse discharge to decompose SO2 and NO in air and combustion gas exhausts. Pulse power with a voltage of 50 kV, a rising time of about 100 ns, a full width at half maximum of about 500 ns and a frequency of 1 kHz was applied to a wire-cylinder reactor. Ammonia and propylene gases as additives to convert sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxide into sulfate and nitrate were introduced into the reactor via a static mixer. Ammonia addition for SO2 decomposition was highly effective at room temperature and it decreased at high temperatures and however it was little effective for NO decomposition regardless of temperature. Propylene was effective for both SO2 and NO gas decomposition at high temperature due to a mixing effect of C3H6 with O2. At the same temperature, SO2 and NO decomposition in combustion gas was about 10-15% and 15-25% lower than those in air, respectively. Even in combustion gas, both additions of NH3 and C3H6 led to SO2

decomposition of more than 99%, similarly to those in air. However, NO decomposition was decreased at both pulse corona and pulse with C3H6 addition and it reached to about 80% at 0.1 Wh/(Nm3ppm) of specific energy density in combustion gas, which is about 15% lower than that in air. Combustion gas led to lower SO2 and NO decomposition compared to air gas, and thus, higher energy was necessary to achieve similar SO2/NO removal performances. Therefore, it needs to determine pulse power intensity and mixing ratio of additives according to exact exhaust gas composition in a pulse corona discharger.

Figure 1. Comparison of SO2 and NO decomposition between air and combustion gases.

References

[1] R. H. Amirov, J. O. Chae, Y. N. Desiaterik, E. A. Filimonova, and M. B. Zhelezniak, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1998) 3521

P-WU-007


366

PREPERATION OF HIGHLY STABLE WATER-OIL EMULSIONS AND THEIR DEMULSIFICATION USING A

PARALLEL PLATE ELECTROSTATIC REACTOR

Bangwoo HAN1*, Hak-Joon KIM1, Yong-Jin KIM1, Dong-Keun SONG1, Won-Seok HONG1,Wan-Ho SHIN1 and Han-Seok KIM1



It is highly desirable to remove a dispersed water phase from a continuous oil phase in many processes such as wastes oil reproduction industry. One of the techniques for enhancing the separation of water-in-oil emulsion is electrostatic demulsification by applying external electric fields in a dielectric fluid and thus separating the interface to a thin film of oil [1]. The main purpose of an applied electric field is to promote contact between the droplets via dipole-dipole coalescence which enhance the collisions of oppositely charged droplets moving in opposite directions and collisions of different sized droplets moving in the same direction. In this study, stable water-oil emulsions have been prepared with different mixing ratios and a parallel plate-plate electrostatic reactor has been investigated to effectively enlarge water droplets in emulsion for water-oil separation. Nine rectangular aluminum plates with the size of 40 mm x 120 mm were parallel placed with a width of 45 mm and DC high voltages of 0-3 kV and ground were applied to the plates by turns. Water-in-oil emulsions were prepared by using 10, 30 and 50 weight% of water with 90, 70 and 50 weight% of insulation oil, respectively and mixed using a homogenizer (T25 Ultra-Turrax with a S25N-25F dispersing element) with a 23,000 rpm for 2 minutes. Emulsifier, Span 80 of 0.01 weight % was added to the water-oil solution. Figure 1 shows the size distribution of the emulsion of water/oil=0.1/0.9 and its image measured by a particle sizer (QICPIC QP0158). It was maintained as a stable emulsion state for more than 1 month. The emulsion solutions were passed through the reactor with residence times of 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 minutes. Droplet size could be increased as the electric field or residence time of the reactor increased and thus the emulsions could be easily separated to water and oil with a centrifugal separator with 2,400 rpm for shorter time.

0

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Figure 1. (a) Size distribution and (b) the image of water droplets in oil (w/o=1:9)

References

[1] J. S. Eow, M. Ghadiri, A. O. Sharif and T. J. Williams, Chem. Eng. J. 84 (2001) 173

P-WU-008


367

STUDY OF SYNGAS PRODUCTION FROM CH4-REFORMING IN CO2 MICROWAVE TORCH PLASMA

Yong C. HONG1,*, Se M. CHUN1, Sang J. LEE1,2, Dong H. SHIN1,2

1Convergence Plasma Research Center, National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea 2School of Advanced Green Energy and Environments, Handong Global University, Pohang, Korea


Syangas (mainly, CO and H2) is an important intermediate for various synthesizing chemical and environmentally clean fuels, such as ammonia, methanol, acetic acid, methyl formate, dimethyl ether (DME), synthetic gasoline, and diesel. In general, it is required for various H2/CO ratios of syngas to synthesize different products. For instance, H2/CO ratio of 1/2 is needed to synthesize methanol, and 1/1 to synthesize acetic acid, methyl formate, and DME [1].

There are several technologies available for synthesis gas production depending on natural gas, such as steam reforming of CH4 (CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2O, H = 206 kJ/mol), CO2 reforming of CH4 (CH4

+ CO2 2CO + 2H2, H = 247 kJ/mol), and a combination of them, which result in different H2/COratio. Here, we report an atmospheric-pressure CO2 microwave torch plasma operated at 2.45 GHz. The plasma generated from CO2 gas composed of three atoms exhibited two distinctive regions: the bright, whitish region and the pale blue region. The bright, whitish region is based on the plasma species produced from CO2 dissociation. The pale blue region mainly stems from the carbon monoxide burning in oxygen produced from the CO2 plasma. From the measurements of plasma emission lines, it was observed that the plasma species related to C2, C, CO2, CO+, C+, C2

+, etc. at 400 - 600 nm were dominant with atomic oxygen at 777 and 844 nm. Also, we investigate the production of syngas in the CO2 plasma. As expected, we could produce CO and H2, showing the conversion rate of CO2 near 75%. Also, we investigated the composition rate of syngas at different plasma powers and at the different injection rates of starting materials. Finally, we expect that the characteristics presented in this work make the CO2 microwave plasma torch attractive for an on-site method of producing CO and H2.

Reference

[1] X. Tao, M. Bai, X. Li, H. Long, S. Shang, Y. Yin, and X. Dai, Progress Energy Combust. Sci. 37,113 (2011).

P-WU-009


368

INTERACTION OF MERCURY WITH CEMENT KILN DUST

Sung Hoon SHIM1, Sang Hyun JEONG1, Jun-Min Jeon2, and Sang-Sup LEE3*

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Suncheon First College, Suncheon, Korea

3Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea


Mercury is released during fuel combustion and interacts with fly ash in the flue gas [1]. A fly ash sample was obtained from a cement manufacturing process. The sample was tested for its interaction with mercury using a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor system. 100 mg sample was premixed with 6 g silica and placed in the fixed-bed reactor in the temperature-controlled convection oven at a temperature of 140 °C. An elemental mercury (Hg0)-laden air or a simulated flue gas containing 12% CO2, 5% O2, 100 ppm SO2, 20 ppm HCl, 200 ppm NO, 7% H2O, 70 g/Nm3 Hg was injected into the reactor with a flow rate of 1 L/min. A KCl impinger solution was located in the outlet of the reactor to speciate mercury. A mercury analyzer was then located to record the effluent elemental mercury concentration. Figure 1 shows the effluent elemental mercury concentrations obtained from the test of the cement kiln dust with a simulated flue gas for 90 minutes. As shown in the figure, the elemental mercury concentration was decreased by the cement kiln dust in the fixed-bed reactor. This indicates that cement kiln dust has a capacity to capture mercury.

Figure 1. A breakthrough curve for cement kiln dust.

Reference

[1] M. A. Lopez-Anton, Y. Yuan, R. Perry and M. M. Maroto-Valer, Fuel, 89 (2010) 629.

P-WU-010


369

WATER GAS SHIFT REACTION FOR OXY GASIFICATION SYNGAS

Seon Ah ROH*, Jung Bae LEE, and Sang In KEEl

Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea


Water gas shift reaction is the intermediate step used for CO2 removal and hydrogen enrichment of syngas from gasification. For the application to the syngas from oxy gasification-melting reactor, water gas shift reaction has been performed. Water gas shift reaction with the catalyst has been performed in lab scale tube reactor and two stage reactors, a high temperature shift (HTS: 300-380oC) reactor and a low temperature shift reactor (LTS:200-220oC) in series. Effects of the reaction temperature, steam/carbon ratio and residence time on CO conversion have been investigated. The operation temperature was 200-400oC and steam/carbon ratios were between 2.0 and 5.0. The Al/Cr/Cu catalyst (Aluminum oxide:87.2%, Chromium oxide: 2.01%, Chromium Troxide: 6.71%, Copper oxide: 1.9%) was used in the high temperature shift reactor and Cu/Zn catalyst (Copper oxide: 43.1%, Zinc oxide: 47.2%, Aluminum oxide: 9.7%) was used in the low temperature shift reactor. The composition of reactant was CO : 40 vol%, H2 : 25 vol%, CO2 :25 vol%.

Figure 1. Lab scale tube reactor and two stage reactors

P-WU-011


370

ASPEN PLUS SIMULATION OF UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION FOLLOWING OXYGEN & AIR CONDITIONS

AS OXIDIZERS

Dong-Ha JANG1, Sang-Phil YOON1, Du-Re HAN1, Jin-Wook LEE2, and Hyung-Taek KIM1*

1Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea2Institute for Advanced Engineering, Suwon, South Korea


Today, energy demand is continuously increasing. In addition, a lot of researches for energy resources are also increasing. The underground coal which is buried in the ground will have a lot of attention to overcome energy crisis as energy resources standpoint. One of the technologies for use these coals as energy resource is IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) which can produce power from produced gas of gasifier. A lot of research associated with coal gasification is proceeding. Furthermore many studies of underground coal gasification have been also conducted because the advantage which does not require mining. In this study, the simulation of underground coal gasification process was carried out with Aspen Plus. This study was executed by Rocky Mountain 1 Underground Coal Gasification project in the United States in the late 1980s as a reference. The underground coal gasification model has been implemented that is divided into drying, pyrolysis, char gasification and the simulation results was confirmed by the production gas flow, synthesis gas yield and amount of gasified carbon from results of the actual experimental data. In this study, yield of synthesis gas were predicted following oxidizers which is divided into air and oxygen since the model validation was conducted according to the actual experimental data.

P-WU-012


371

DEVELOPMENT OF PELLETIZING TECHNOLOGY OF AUTOMOBILE SHREDDER RESIDUE FOR UTILIZING AS

ENERGY RESOURCES

Woo Hyun KIM1*, Tai Jin MIN1, Jin Han YUN1, Sung Jin CHO2, Yong Chil SEO2

1Environmental Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea


Generation of end of life vehicles (ELVs) in Korea has been reaching to around 670,000 in 2009. Even Though “Regulation on resource recycling of electrical and electronic products and automobiles” is also targeting the recycling rate to 85% by 2014(energy recovery within 5%), and the recycling rate to 95% after 2015(energy recovery within 10%), it supposes to be hard to recover heat and metals such as iron, aluminum and copper containing in automobile shredder residue (ASR) since there are not existing any recycling facilities of ASR. In this research, in order to enhance the utilization of ASRs, the pelletization experiments were carried out to increase homogenity and to be easy for handling, storage and transporting them. Once ASR is pelletized as a pre-treatment step, it can be used as various resources like fuels. A pelletizer with a capacity of 100 kg/hr to have durability and to handle bulky amount of ASRs was designed, installed and experimented. Pelletizing experiments were made to investigate the effects of mixing ratios, rotation of screw feeder, length of nozzle, and temperature to capability of pelletization. The results showed that light fluff and heavy fluff could be pelletized without any additives. Higher temperature seemed to make the pelletizing time shorter. Time of pelletizing and mixing ratio of light and heavy fluffs did not correlate to the capability of pelletization.

Figure 1. Photographs of pelletizer and pelleted samples.

Acknowledgement

This research is financially supported by the R&D center of Valuable Recycling “Global-Top Environmental Technology Development Program (Project No.: 11A03-MB).

P-WU-013


372

PERFORMANCE ANALYSYS ON OXYFUEL COMBUSTION BASED WASTE HEAT RECOVERY POWER GENERATION

SYSTEMS

Young Duk LEE1*, Sung Ho PARK2, Sanggyu KANG, Kook Young AHN1

1Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials , Daejeon, Republic of Korea 2Graduate School, University of Science and Technology, Deajeon, Republic of Korea


Due to the accelerated global warming, increasing energy price, and the tightening international energy situation, much attention has been received on the ways of improving efficiency of existing system, methods capturing and storing CO2 under the ground, and an environmentally friendly energy conversion systems.

Among many methods, waste heat recovering power generation technologies could be a better solution of reducing CO2 efficiently, since it requires no significant change of existing facilities.

In this paper, several kinds of waste heat recovering power generation systems are proposed and the performance analysis results will be presented in the viewpoint of energy efficiency and exergetic efficiency. As an application target, an incinerator, located in Kangwon Province, Korea, are selected and thereof waste heat condition is used as a comparison basis.

For the candidates of waste heat recovery power generation system, organic Rankine cycle (ORC), steam cycle, oxyfuel combustion integrated steam cycle are considered and performance calculation result are compared to each other.

P-WU-014


373

THE EXPERIMENTAL OF SELECTIVE ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION BEHAVOR OF FOR REMOVAL OF CO2 IN LANDFILL GAS WITH PRESSURE SWING METHOD AND

TEMPERATURE SWING METHOD

Sang-Phil Yoon1, Dong-Ha Jang1, and Hyung-Taek KIM1*

1Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea


In general, a landfill produces 40% of CO2 and 60% of CH4. As separating these gases, we can capture and storage CO2 causing global warming and utilize CH4 (higher heating value) as another energy source. In this study, it uses PSA(pressure swing adsorption) method - refers to desorption procedure by lowering the pressure of adsorption-desorption reactors, using a self-developed absorbent, AjouEpl-13X for selectively capturing CO2 from a landfill. Using two adsorption-desorption reactors (diameter: 60mm, height:1,000mm), make the absorption and desorption step react consecutively which led to adsorption-desorption seperation process at the same time. As a result, we end up with the optimal condition of adsorption-desorption procedure for capturing CO2 through PSA method and confirm the adsorption-desorption recycling capacity of the self-developed absorbent, AjouEpl-13X. we use a real-time gas analyzer and examine the structural change of the absorbent using XRD, XRF method.

Figure 1. AjouEpl-13X.

Table 1. Physical properties

Sample(wt.%) SiO2 Al2O3 TiO2 Fe2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O MnO P2O5 LOI Total

13X(powder) 38.10 23.28 0.03 - 0.03 0.10 12.23 0.03 0.02 0.02 25.11 100

References

[1] Rinaladi. R,(ed. D. Olson and A. Bision), Proc. 6th int. Zeolite Conf,. Butterworths, 1983

P-WU-015


374

MASS BALANCE ANALYSIS OF 0.5 T/D SCALE OF FIXED BED GASIFIER

Tai Jin MIN1*, Jin Han YUN1, and Woo Hyun KIM1

1Environmental Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea


Oxygen blown gasification process for fuel gas production from waste materials has been operated and parametric study of mass balance analysis as well as carbon conversion analysis has been conducted. Fixed bed type of gasifier was operated high temperature over than 1573 K without auxiliary fuel consumption for ash slag melting. Above 0.9 kg/kg-sample of O2 flow rate was needed in order to maintain gasifier temperature without melting slag clogging troubles. O2 feed rate into the gasifier was set as 0.9, 1.1 and 1.3. Combustible gases and soot concentration was measured at the exit of gasifier at each O2 flow rate condition. Based on measured data mass balance and carbon conversion ratio was calculated. As O2 flow rate was suppressed syngas portion in the mass balance and soot formation were increased. On the other hand carbon conversion ratio was decreased as O2 flow rate increase.

Figure 1. Picture of 0.5 t/d of pilot scale of oxygen blown fixed-bed type gasifier.

Table 1. Mass balance analysis and carbon conversion calculation at each experimental condition.

O2 input (kg/kgsample)%

Syngas Soot Water

0.9Mass balance 67.80 3.15 25.01

Carbon conversion 90.73 9.27 -

1.1Mass balance 58.39 2.15 36.22


1.3Mass balance 51.60 1.37 44.08


P-WU-016


375

KINETICS OF BIO MASS CHAR GASIFICATION ON HIGH TEMPERATURE

Jin Han YUN1*, Sang In KEEL1, Seon Ah ROH1, Chung Kyu LEE1



Biomass gasification process involves a pyrolysis part followed by gasification of char. Pyrolysis process occurs fast at the beginning of the gasification process. Char gasification is much slower than pyrolysis and is the rate limiting step in the overall gasification process. Main reactions involved in char gasification are water gas reaction(C+H2O CO+H2), water gas shift reaction(CO+H2O H2+CO2) and boudouard reaction(C+CO2 2CO). Kinetics of biomass char gasification has been investigated using steam and CO2

as the gasifying agent.We carried out experiment about biomass char gasification which can be used to model the overall

gasification process. Compare the behavior of biomass char during gasification using steam and CO2 as the gasifying agents. The comparison will be conducted in terms of time duration of gasification, average reaction rate and carbon conversion-time relationship, X, was then determined using the total carbon yield and the carbon molar flow rate- time relationship

Table 1. analysis result of samples

Ultimante analysis (wt.%) Proximate analysis (wt.%)

Volatile matter 52.2 C 29.3

Fixed carbon 7.2 H 4.3

Ash 40.6 N 4.9

HHV(kcal/kg) 3,029 S 1.72

References

[1] I. I. Ahmed and A. K. Gupta, “Kinetics of Woodchips Char Gasification with Steam and Carbon Dioxide”, ICAE (2010)

P-WU-017


376

OPTIMAL POLLUTANTS CONTROL IN OXY-PC COMBUSTION SYSTEM

Sang In KEEL1*, Jin Han YUN1, Tai Jin MIN1, Woo Hyun KIM1



Oxy-PC power generation is noticed as one of realizable CCS methods. For the verification of techniques, several pilot scale plants were constructed in Germany, Australia and China. And also many other countries such as Japan, England, Sweden and other european countries were involved in each programs. The composition of these systems are different. Vattenfall pilot plant of Germany is focused in boiler and system integration and Australia Callide plant is retrofit model. In Korea, until 2007, for the target of 100MW demonstration, system design and verification of applied techniques were tested in boiler, environmental equipments, CPU, ASU and control parts.

This paper introduce results of pilot plant test for optimal environmental configuration. Different with previous oxy-pc pilot plants, in-furnace deSOx and deNOx, wet EP and multi control flue gas condensation techniques were applied in our pilot plant. These environmental system is optimized to reduce CPU load such aa dust, acid material and heavy metals. FGR in oxy combustion is the reason of pollutants condensing and corrosion by sulfur compounds. So environmental system can be important factor in the durability of Oxy-PC power plant.

Key words: deSOx, FGR(flue gas recirculation), Oxy-PC power plant, CPU

Figure 1. Environmental system of oxy-pc pilot plant Figure 2. Temperature distribution in pilot plant

References

[1] Lars Stromberg, “Recent experience and feedback from oxyfuel R&D”, 2nd oxy fuel conference(2’nd OCC), Australia, 2011

P-WU-018


377

PULVERIZING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW CALORIFIC HIGH VOLATILE SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL

Sang In KEEL1*, Jin Han YUN1, Seon Ah ROH1, Chung Kyu LEE1



An experimental investigation on the combustion possibility from pulverized coals was carried out in the DTF (drop tube furnace) at the low temperature environments (below 725 K). The chemical reactions in the DTF are classified into the following three regimes: an endothermic reaction (I), an exothermic reaction (II), a combustion reaction. The results show that the combustion possibility at a fuel-lean condition is more profitable than at a fuel-rich condition considering the fires. The air/coal mass ratio at which maximum temperature (1143 K) in the centerline was appeared ranged from 1.5 to 4. The secondary air temperature does not affect reaction temperatures but furnace temperatures and flow velocities are very important variables in the fire protection. Fig. 1 is variations of centerline gas temperature with the air-coal mass ratios. Fig. 2 is variations of concentration of the volatile gases with the secondary air flow rates.

Key words: Crusher, DTF, Fire protection, Pulverized coal

Figure 1. Figure 2.

References

[1] A. Bosoaga, N. Panoiu, L, Mihaescu, R. I. Backreedy, L. Ma, M. Pourkashanian, A. Williams, “The combustion of pulverized low grade lignite”, Fuel, vol. 85 pp.1591-1598, 2006

P-WU-019


378

WATER GAS SHIFT REACTION WITHOUT CATALYST IN A LAB SCALE TUBE REACTOR

Seon Ah ROH* and Sang In KEEl



Water gas shift reaction is the intermediate step used for hydrogen enrichment of syngas from gasification [1]. With this reaction, hydrogen and carbon monoxide concentration of syngas can be controlled according to the next utilization process. For the application to syngas from oxy gasification-melting reactor, water gas shift reaction has been performed without the catalyst in a lab scale tube reactor. Effects of the reaction temperature, steam/carbon ratio, residence time and CO concentration have been performed. H2 concentration in the produced gas and CO conversion increase with increasing CO concentration.

Figure 1. Lab scale tube reactor for water gas shift reaction.

Figure 2. Effect of the CO concentration.

References

[1] B. Smith, M. Loganathany and M. Shanthaz, International Journal of chemical Reactor Engineering, 8(2010) R4.

P-WU-020

Solar Thermal Energy

(Poster Session)


381

STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBON NANOFLUID FOR HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT

Sung Seek Park and Nam Jin Kim*

Department of Nuclear & Energy Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea


The carbon particles with metal lattice or graphite structures generally exhibit thermal conductivities that are hundreds of times greater than pure fluids. Especially due to their outstanding electric and thermal conductivities, carbon nanotubes have become an important entity in the scientific field [1]. Nevertheless, the peculiar characteristics of a nanofluid cannot be achieved by simply mixing the pure fluid and nanoparticles. Although the smallness of nanoparticles affords superior stability in particle dispersion, the Van der Waals force acts actively to attract particles, which works against the prominent characteristics of nanofluids. Accordingly, the fabrication of a uniform compound nanofluid by an appropriate method has become an important task in its applications. To promote the dispersion stability, in this work, the production of nanofluids is considered by the chemical reformation process where hydroxyl radicals are combined with MWCNTs after oxidation treatment. Experiments are carried out to elicit the most proper mixture ratio of nanoparticles by measuring thermal conductivity via transient hot-wire method and viscosity using a rotary-type digital viscometer in distilled water. According to the figures, the thermal conductivity increased along with the oxidized MWCNTs’ volumetric ratio and is higher at high temperature. Also, the viscosity slowly increased until its concentration reaches 0.01 % and then steeply increased and is lower at high temperature.

Figure 1. Comparison of the thermal conductivity Figure 2. Comparison of the viscosity

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MEST) (No. 2012029406)

References

[1] Choi S.U.S., Zhang Z.G., Yu W., Lockwood F.E., Grulke E.A., Appl. Phys. Lett., 79(14) (2001) 2252-2254.

P-ST-001


382

DERIVATION AND SHORT-TERM PERFORMANCE OF A SIMPLE MODIFIED EQUATION FOR SOLAR

COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY

Kyoung-Ho LEE1*, Hee-Youl KWAK1, and Soon-Myung LEE1



Solar collector efficiency is expressed as simple linear or quadratic equations in terms of collector inlet fluid temperature or mean temperature of inlet and outlet fluid, ambient air temperature, and solar irradiance [1]. With known solar collector efficiency, collected thermal output from solar collectors can be determined with information of the input variables. However, the inlet fluid temperature or mean temperature of inlet and outlet fluid can be obtained from detailed simulation on solar heating systems. The approach using detailed simulation is not convenient in terms of quick evaluation of the system. Given information for quick evaluation of solar heating system, in general, would be thermal loads and weather conditions such as daily or monthly mean ambient temperatures and horizontal solar radiation. In this study, a modified equation for solar collector efficiency is derived in order to change the form of the original efficiency equation. Actual measured data for a solar heating system with various thermal load conditions [2] are used for the parameter estimation of the equation, termed training of the equation model. Using 11 test day data, the root-squared differences between measured and calculated efficiencies shows quite good performance of 0.038 as shown in Figure 1. Short-term performance of the efficiency prediction using the equation is evaluated using different data sets for training and testing of the equation model.

Figure 1. Comparison of daily measured and calculated solar collector efficiencies

References

[1] J.Duffie and W.Beckman, Solar engineering of thermal processes, Third edition, August 2006.[2] K.Lee et al, 2012, An experimental study on daily efficiency of solar collector with heating loads of

solar water heating system, J. Korean Solar Energy Society, Vol.32, No.2.

P-ST-002


383

STUDY ON THE HYBRID SYSTEM OF SOLAR THERMAL AND GROUND COUPLED HEAT PUMP FOR

LOW ENERGY HOUSE

Nam Choon Baek1*, Seon Yeong Jeong1, Eung Sang Yoon1, Jin Kook Lee1 and Moon Chang Joo1



In this study, the compact type hybrid system of solar thermal and ground coupled heat pump for space heating and cooling and hot water heating supply for low Energy house has been developed. This hybrid system was designed in order to address the existing disadvantages of solar thermal/ground coupled heat pump system. For our design, all parts except solar collector and heat pump were integrated into a single product in a factory. The compact type unit includes two buffer tanks, expansion tank, pumps, valves, controller, etc. This system has an advantage of easy installation with simple plumbing work even when placed in narrow space.

This hybrid system was installed in KIER Zero Energy Solar House (KIER ZESH) for the demonstration. An analysis of thermal performance and operational characteristics of this hybrid system was carried out experimentally. The thermal charging and discharging time of buffer tank and its characteristics by ground coupled heat pump and heat pump cop according to geo-source and buffer storage temperature have been studied. As a result, this system was found to conform well to the heat load without any other auxiliary. To be specific, the operating hours of the ground coupled heat pump as a backup device of solar thermal can be reduced significantly by solar heat. The minimum heating water supply setting temperature and maximum cooling water supply setting temperature are influenced on the heat pump COP. The former, the lower is better and the later, the higher is better. In this respect, the hybrid system’s performance can be improved in ZESH than conventional house. Finally, the demonstration of this system results were very satisfactory.

Figure 1. The hybrid system of solar thermal and ground coupled heat pump

P-ST-003


384

THE EXPERIMENTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR THERMAL AND GROUND COUPLED HEAT PUMP

HYBRID SYSTEM

Nam Choon Baek1*, Seon Yeong Jeong1, Jun Woo Park1, Eung Sang Yoon1, and Moon Chang Joo1



In this study, the developments and performance analysis was carried out the compact type solar thermal and ground coupled heat pump hybrid system for heating, cooling and hot water of low energy house. Performance and demonstration tests were conducted on a prototype designed package type. Especially, feasibility studies and operational performance were analyzed on the developments of the existing certified geothermal heat pump. Prototype of a separate performance tests were carried out by heating and heat pump performance. This hybrid system was designed in order to address the existing disadvantages of solar thermal/ground coupled heat pump system. For our design, all parts except solar collector and heat pump were integrated into a single product in a factory. The compact type unit includes two buffer tanks, expansion tank, pumps, valves, controller, etc. This system has an advantage of easy installation with simple plumbing work even when placed in narrow space.

As a result, this system was found to conform well to the heat load without any other auxiliary. To be specific, the operating hours of the ground coupled heat pump as a backup device of solar thermal can be reduced significantly by solar heat. It can be used efficiently available for heating, cooling and hot water. Finally, the demonstration results were very satisfactory.

Figure 1. The experiments of solar thermal and ground coupled heat pump hybrid system

P-ST-004


385

AN ESTIMATION OF AN ANNUAL HEATING LOAD FOR AN APARTMENT HOUSE USING TRNSYS

Seung Ho Lee, Young-Jin Baik*, Young-Soo Lee

High Efficiency and Clean Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 305-343, Korea


In this study, the relation between a heating load and an outdoor temperature was investigated by calculating an annual heating load for a typical Korean-style apartment house which has an effective area of about 85 . The house was modeled using TRNSYS and was assumed located in Seoul, Korea. The window-to-wall area ratio of the front and the back side were assumed 80% and 35%, respectively [1]. The insulation thickness of walls was based on the revised Building Energy Conservation Design Standardby the Ministry of Construction and Transportation of Korea (Notice No. 2003-314). Since the natural ventilation is the one of significant factors having an effect on a heating load, according to the previous studies, 0.85 of ACH was assumed [2]. Although the Building Energy Conservation Design Standard recommended 20 for an indoor design temperature for heating from the viewpoint of energy saving, 25.5was assumed based on the experimental results [3]. The results showed that the relation between a heating load and an outdoor temperature of the model showed a trend similar to that of the experimental results. In the future, the model will be used for an evaluation of an annual heating performance of various types of air conditioning systems.

References

[1] H.S. Yoo, J.H. Chung, J.H. Moon and J.H. Lee, 2007, Proposal of Unit Building Method for Calculating Unit Heating Load of Apartment Houses, Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering, 19(1), 68-76.

[2] Korea District Heating Corporation, 2004, A study on the reevaluation of unit heating load for apartment buildings in accordance to technical advancement in design and construction, 99-102.

[3] S.M. Kim, K.S. Chung, Y.C. Park, Y.H. Kim and S.H. Kim, 2007, A study of the actual analysis of using hot water heating in apartment housing with district heating system, Proceedings of the SAREK 2007 Summer Annual Conference, 892-898.

P-ST-005


386

COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENT COOLING PERFORMANCE BETWEEN R744 AND R22 SOLAR HAET PUMP SYSTEM

Byun Kang1 and Honghyun Cho2*



Recently, hydrocarbon shortage and global energy crisis aroused great interest in alternative energy supplies. This is especially true for South Korea that badly depends on imported energy resources. However, most alternative energy technologies are faced with difficulties when it comes to application for community facilities because of the regional restrictions and operating cost. Therefore, researches on energy saving and optimal operation of residential heat pump systems are urgently required. To this end, using solar energy for refrigeration becomes increasingly important and draws considerable attention.

In this study, comparison of experiment cooling performance between R744 and R22 solar heat pump system was carried out by operating condition and the experimental study from August in 2012. As a result, the COP of R22 cooling capacity was higher about 4~6% than of R744 cooling capacity. Besides, when the outdoor temperature decreased, the performance of R744 heat pump system showed a more big degradation compared to that of R22 heat pump system. Because the R22 solar heat pump system is more stable than R744 solar heat pump system. So, R22 heat pump system is higher cooling capacity than R744 cooling capacity. So the R744 heat pump system needs some other device.

References

[1] A. Hobbi and K.Siddiqui, Optimal design of a forced circulation solar water heating system for a residential unit in cold climate using trnsys, solar energy, 83(2009)700-714.

[2] X.Guoying, Z.Xiaosong and D.Shimnig, A simulation study on the operating performance of a solar-air Source heat pump water heater, Applied thermal engineering, 26(2006) 1257-1265.

[3] N.C. Beak, J.K.Lee, B.H. Song, Performance of Dual source Heat Pump System with Solar-Assisted Evaporator, Proceeding of SAREK summer annual conference, (2009) 1334-1338.

[4] Y.C.Park, J.Y.Kim,G.S. KO, A Study of Performance Characteristic on Hybird Heat Pump System with Solar Energy as Heat Source, Journal of Korean Solar Energy Society, 27(2007)47-54.

P-ST-006


387

THE EVALUATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METAL DOPED TITANIA PHOTOCATALYST BY

DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC DYES

Amir Abidov*, Bunyod Allebergenov, Oybek Tursunkulov, Jeonghwan Lee, EunYoung Lee, LiLi He, SooJeong Jo, Sungjin Kim

Department of Advanced Materials and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology Gumi, Korea


Transition metal ion-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) powders were prepared by mechanochemical milling. Photocatalytic properties of the prepared semiconductor were evaluated using photodegradation of methylene blue, methyl orange etc. under UV and visible light. Dye bleaching was observed using spectrophotometer. The effect of various operating variables like concentration of dye, amount of photocatalyst, particle size, pH, and stirring rate was observed on the efficiency of reaction. The maximum photocatalytic decomposition of organic dye solution was achieved with 20nm sized TiO2, which was ascribed to the enlarged surface area. All obtained results were compared and discussed.

P-ST-007

Policy, Strategy &

New Business

(Poster Session)


391

ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY COMPETITIVENESS USING A PATENT ANALYSIS

Ki Kwan KOO1, Geum Hi BACK2, Deok Ki LEE3, Jong Chul HONG4, Dong Seok Kim5,and Soo Uk PARK6*

1R&D Strategy Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2PSMB, Seoul, Korea

3Planning and Management Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea4Energy R&D Strategy and Policy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research,

Daejeon, Korea5R&D Strategy Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea6R&D Strategy Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea


Energy Technologies has a profound impact on national competitiveness, therefore the development of new technologies as a prerequisite for improving the competitiveness of the country is presented. In this study, We compare the regional level through the competitiveness of energy technology using patent analysis and VAR(Vector Auto Regression). Patent analysis index shows such as CPP, PFS, TS. The CPP means cites per patent. The PFS means patent family size. And the TS means technology strength. These are key index in patent analysis. We applied this methodology to energy technology sectors such as solar cell, fuel cell and CCS. As a result, recently South Korea’s technology development activities are active, but stillhave lower technology competitiveness. On the other Hand, the United States have a high competitiveness in many energy sectors. In particular we confirmed that South Korea’s technology impact is very low. These results mean that Korea has not secured core technologies in the field of energy technologies due to focus on application technologies in the past. So South Korea’s energy R&D policy should focus on security of core technologies.

Figure 1. The competitiveness of crystalline solar cell sector.

References

[1] Dietmar Harhoff, Francis narin, F. M. Scherer, and Katrin Vopel, The review of economics and statistics, Vol. 81, No. 3 (1999) .

P-PSN-001


392

DRIVING FACTORS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN KOREAN CITIES

Min Jin LEE1, Hyun Sik CHUNG1, and Tae Kyu AHN1*

1Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea


Energy efficiency improvement has been paid great attention as the most powerful and essential solution to deal with climate change mitigation and energy security issues. Although many researches covered energy efficiency issues at the national level or micro end-use device level, only few researches investigated it at the sub-national level. However due to critical heterogeneities of energy use patterns between each region in a nation, a better understanding of energy consumption patterns in sub-national level is necessary to address appropriate and effective energy efficiency policy. Therefore, this research addresses three key questions regarding energy use patterns at the cities level: What factors induce a change in city energy use? Why energy use patterns differ between individual cities? And how did the driving forces change its impact to energy use by typology of cities. Six Korean major cities are analyzed as an empirical analysis.

P-PSN-002


393

SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR GENERATING A STRATEGIC ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PLAN: IN CASE OF LOW OIL PRICES AND ADDITIONAL NUCLEAR PLANT CONSTRUCTION

WITH SCENARIO PLANNING AND MCDM APPROACHES

Seongkon LEE1,2,*, Gento MOGI2, Baeghol BAGHERI2, K.S. HUI3, K.N. HUI4, Sangkon LEE5, Jongwook KIM1

1Energy Policy Research Division, KIER, Daejeon, Republic of Korea 2Department of Technology Management for Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering,

The University of Tokyo, Japan3Green Transformation Technology Center, KITECH, Daegu, Korea

3Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

4School of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea

5Green Transformation Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Daegu Convergence R&D Center, 711 Hosan-dong, Dalsee-gu, Daegu 704-230, Republic of Korea


Energy environment has been rapidly changing due to external and internal effect including oil price change, natural resource nationalism, UNFCCC, nuclear plant construction, energy technology level, energy demand change, energy guzzling society, and so on. In case of Korea, Korea as poor natural resource county is easily affected by the change of oil. Green energy technology development is a key issue and green race has been getting competitive to get a initiative in green energy market. Advanced economies including U.S.A, Japan, EU, and China implemented strategic energy technology development plan for sustainable development. As we generate a strategic energy technology development plan as a national level, there is no systematic procedure considering the various energy environment changes effectively and efficiently.

In this study, we suggest the two stage systematic procedure to generate a strategic energy technology development plan accounting for scenario planning and MCDM approaches as a national level [1]. We build the systematic procedure and show one case study, which is low oil price and additional nuclear plant construction scenario. In the first phase, we draw key uncertainty variables considering uncertainty and impact on energy security. In the second phase, we build a hierarchy accounting for two tier level and employ AHP, fuzzy AHP, TOPSIS approaches in case of low oil prices and additional nuclear power construction [2]. We assess the relative weights of criteria and 15 energy technologies by three MCDM approaches. The results of this study provide the decision makers and policy makers with a scientific systematic procedure for generating a strategic energy technology development plan as national level. The relative weights and ranks for 15 energy technologies also can be the fundamental data for generating a strategic energy technology development plan.

AcknowledgementWe appreciate the support of this research by the HECR and the experts for involving the experts peer-reviews.

References[1] S. LEE, G. MOGI, B. BAGHERI, S. LEE, J. KIM, Prioritization of energy technologies in case of

high oil prices and additional nuclear plant construction by the scenario planning and MCDM approaches, Proceeding for KiChE Fall conference 2012.

[2] S. LEE, G. MOGI, S. LEE, J. KIM, Prioritizing the weights of hydrogen energy technologies in the sector of the hydrogen economy by using a fuzzy AHP approach, Int'l J. of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36(2), pp. 1897-1902, 2011.

P-PSN-003


394

R&D INVESTMENT AND STRATEGY ON RENEWABLE ENERGY IN KOREA

Noeon Park*, Sang Hyon Lee, Jung Suk Hong, Kyoung-mi Lee

Office of National R&D Coordination, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Evaluation and Planning (KISTEP), Seoul, Korea


Renewable energy generated from natural resources has been interesting to policy maker with respect to green growth in Korea. In this study, we have performed with analysis of R&D (research and development) investment and strategy about all projects funded by government from 2001 to 2011 in Korea. We have firstly investigated R&D investment portfolio in terms of energy sources such as photovoltaic, fuel cell, wind power, etc. We have secondly evaluated the performance produced by R&D investment with respect to papers, patents and profits in the field of renewable energy in Korea. Lastly, we suggested some ideas to strength R&D investment strategy by considering global issue (for example, shale gas) and domestic environment. We found that the half of R&D funds has been invested into photovoltaic and fuel cell in Korea. The beginning of the 21st century, R&D investment on fuel cell was the highest, but gradually decreasing. Meanwhile, photovoltaic was most invested on 2011. Expenditures for R&D programs in terms of PV are mainly funded by crystalline silicon solar cells. Lots of the R&D funds in the context of renewable energy have been invested by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE). The R&D performance on renewable energy in terms of papers and patents was generally in good, compared with R&D input. However, the output for commercialization was relatively lower compared to the R&D input. With these results, we did comparative analysis with energy policy, and then suggest various solutions to improve the R&D efficiency for renewable energy in Korea.

References

[1] E. Endo and Y. Tamur, Renewable energy, 15 (1998) 523-526 [2] http://www.ntis.go.kr/ThMain.do

P-PSN-004


395

A SUGGESTION ON THE R&D STRATEGY FOR ENERGY R&D FIELD

-FOCUSED ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL ENERGY AND SOLAR CELL FIELD-

Jung Kyu PARK, Yu Jeong KIM, Dae Hyung KIM

R&D Strategy Department, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Korea


This study focuses on the fact that R&D project has been planned without regard to R&D conducting strategies such as the composition of R&D team, collaboration and knowledge flow. Various parameters were investigated which could indicate the R&D conducting utilizing patent bibliographic information [4~6]. This study analyzed determinants for excellent R&D performance between conventional energy technology and solar cell technology field from the perspective of R&D conducting strategy (Table1) [1][3] and suggested the differences of R&D conducting strategies between two technology fields. On the other hand, this study introduced the concept of technology lifecycle [2] and showed that R&D strategy should be differentiated by technology lifecycle.

Table 1 Estimation results, by technology field and technology lifecycle period

VariableConventional energy technology Solar cell technology

Pre-technologymaturity period

Post-technologymaturity period

Pre-technologymaturity period

Post-technologymaturity period

No. of assignees 0.379***(0.029) 0.564***(0.076) -0.436***(0.167) 0.485* (0.257)Domestic collaboration 1.798***(0.070) 2.845***(0.095) 0.614***(0.194) -1.006** (0.471)International collaboration 0.381 (0.300) 2.268***(0.245) 0.721***(0.218) 0.871* (0.457)No. of inventors 0.027***(0.009) -0.000 (0.013) 0.018***(0.006) 0.048 (0.031)Two or more nationalities of inventors -0.343***(0.111) -1.646***(0.408) -0.165** (0.077) -0.077 (0.267)No. of backward citations 0.002 (0.004) 0.008***(0.002) -0.196***(0.022) -0.077** (0.035)No. of self citations 0.830***(0.199) 0.207 (0.166) 0.011** (0.005) -0.052***(0.019)No. of citations of US-invented patent -0.024***(0.006) 0.005 (0.004) 0.202***(0.022) 0.067* (0.038)No. of citations of JP-invented patent -0.028***(0.008) 0.055***(0.007) 0.170***(0.023) 0.077** (0.036)No. of citations of EU-invented patent 0.039***(0.006) -0.114***(0.011) 0.211***(0.023) 0.074** (0.037)No. of non patent citations 0.078***(0.013) 0.041** (0.021) 0.013***(0.002) 0.009** (0.004)No. of claims 0.006***(0.001) 0.013***(0.002) 0.006***(0.000) 0.021***(0.002)No. of family patents 0.010***(0.002) 0.002 (0.004) 0.008***(0.001) 0.034***(0.004)No. of IPCs -0.071***(0.017) -0.252***(0.028) 0.122***(0.010) 0.175***(0.052)_cons 0.370***(0.094) -1.213***(0.158) 2.231***(0.170) -1.498***(0.291)

Notes: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1, Standard errors are in parentheses

References

[1] A.C. Cameron and P.K. Trivedi, Journal of applied Econometrics, 1(1986), 29-53[2] D. Ford and C. Ryan, Harvard Business Review, 59(1981), 117-126[3] J. Hausman, B.H. Hall and Z. Griliches, Econometrica, 52(1984), 909-938[4] M. Carpenter, F. Narin and P. Woolf, World Patent Information, 3(1981), 160-163[5] R. Haupt, M. Kloyer and M. Lange, Research Policy, 36(2007), 387-398[6] Y. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Song and S. Lee, Scientometrics, 70(2007), 27-39

P-PSN-005


396

ENERGY INDUSTRY RELATING TO WATER RISKS

Yeonji Kim1, Ki Yual Bang1, Donghwan Kim2



2012 KPMG identified 10 “global sustainability megaforces” which can impact on businesses plans over the next two decades. Among 10 mega trends, Water scarcity is one of the important issues relating with other issues. As the forecast that the global demand for freshwater will exceed supply by 40 per cent by 2030, businesses may be vulnerable to water shortages, lower-quality water, price volatility and resulting reputational challenges. And On the CDP Water Disclosure, 190 respondent corporate reported that they are affected by water risk over the past five years. Especially utility(80%) industry including electricity and energy(72%) got direct impact on supply chain and operating system. Identifying water risk and implying for energy policy and business plan are getting to be important issue.

There are large differences among the water footprints for specific types of primary energy carriers. As a whole, the water footprint of energy from biomass is 70 to 400 times larger than the water footprint of the other primary energy carriers (excluding hydropower). Global average water footprint (m3/GJ) of primary energy carriers are from 0.00 to 70 depending on type of energy.

Growing awareness of water footprint, this research introduces the global trend of water scarcity and reviews about water consumption of type of energy from Non-renewable to renewable energy. Furthermore it suggests energy policy strategy in terms of water scarcity geographically using Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas.

References

[1] Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer, Th.H. (2008) ‘Water footprint of bio-energy and other primary energy carriers’

[2] Water Risk Atlas http://insights.wri.org

P-PSN-006

Bioenergy

(Poster Session)


399

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF BIO DIESEL TECHNOLOGY IN SOUTH KOREA

Mi Ri KIM, Beom Soo KIM, Sang Won PARK and Jin Won PARK*

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea


We studied about the economic efficiency of four Bio Diesel(BD) production technologies, tranesterification(1st generation technology), hydro treating(2nd generation technology), fast pyrolysis and BtL(3rd generation technology) in case of South Korea. Except transesterification, basic technology using vegetable oil, all technologies are not yet commercialized in Korea. The 2nd generation technology, hydro treating, uses almost same feed as trasesterification but with better feed flexibility. The last two technologies, 3rd generation BD, are kind of most promising technology.

In this study, 3 economic indicators, B/C ratio, NPV and IRR coefficient, to evaluate the commercial value for each technologies until 2030 and results were described. As a result, although trasesterification and hydro treating using waste cooking oil and vegetable oil will be more efficient in the short term, the efficiency of 3rd generation technologies will overtake in 2025 because of rapid increase in grain feed cost and improvement of 3rd generation technologies.

Also, it is clear that large scale of feed supply would be the biggest obstacle on commercialization of 3rd BD since there are not much surplus biomass in Korea. It should be resolved through import of cheap vegetable biomass or by the development of high efficient pretreatment technology of cellulosic biomass.

Figure 1. B/C rate of BD technologies until 2030

P-BE-001


400

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL CATALYZED BY SOLID SUPERACID SO4

2-/TiO2/La3+

UNDER LOW PRESSURE

Kui WANG*, Jian Chun JIANG, Zhan SI

Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF; National Engineering Lab For Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key of Open Lab. on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Key Lab of Biomass

Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China


A solid superacid catalyst SO42-/TiO2/La3+ was prepared by the impregnation of TiO2 in sulfuric acid

solution of La2O3 and activation in muffle furnace. This catalyst was employed to simultaneously catalyze esterification and transesterification to synthesis biodiesel when waste cooking oil with high content of free fatty acids (FFA) was used as feedstock. The optimization of reaction conditions was performed, showing that maximum yield of above 90% could be obtained under the conditions that catalyst amount was 5 wt%, temperature was 110 and esterification of 0.5h. The catalyst was recycled five times with little loss in activity. The final products purified by molecular distillation were detected by GC-MS. The content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was 96.48%.

Table 1. Composition of FAMEsNO. Retention time(min) Compositions Formula Content(%)

1 24.096 Dodecanoic acid methyl ester C13H26O2 1.16

2 28.309 Pentadec acid methyl ester C15H30O2 1.43

3 32.818 Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester C17H34O2 10.06

4 36.057 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester C19H34O2 26.90

5 36.307 8-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester C19H36O2 31.52

6 36.511 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester C19H36O2 9.31

7 36.776 Octadecanoic acid methyl ester C19H38O2 6.51

8 37.852 9,11-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester C19H34O2 3.26

9 43.284 13-Docosenoic acid methyl ester C23H44O2 2.56

10 43.678 Docosanoic acid methyl ester C23H46O2 2.06

11 46.794 Tetracosanoic acid methyl ester C25H50O2 1.31

12 51.512 Cholest-5-en-3-ol-3-acetate C29H48O2 1.21

13 52.164 Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol-3-acetate C31H50O2 1.25

14 53.429 Stigmastan-3,5-diene C29H48 1.38

P-BE-002


401

DIESEL-LIKE FUEL PRODUCTION FROM CATALYTIC CRACKING AND ESTERIFICATION OF WASTE OIL

Jie CHEN*, Jian Chun JIANG, Xiao An NIE, Jun Ming XU, Xia CHANG, Ke LI

Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, China


Processes of producing diesel-like fuel from cracking and esterification waste oil have been studied (Fig. 1). The optimum reaction conditions of cracking and esterification were investigated. The results of FIIR and GC-MS measurements indicated that the fraction distribution of final derivative of waste oil was modied by esterification process (Fig. 2). The esterification product showed good cold flow properties compared with pyrolysis oil and diesel used in China. The physical and chemical properties of final product were also detected close to those specified for petroleum based fuels (Table 3).

Figure 1. Reaction system for producing diesel-like fuel from waste oil

Figure 2. GC-MS spectra for the diesel and reaction products

Table 1. Properties of reaction products and dieselsProperties Pyrolysis oil Esterification product Bio-diesel Dieselb

Density(kg/m3) a 825 850 885 820~860Dynamic viscosity(mm2/s)a 4.07 3.05 4.5 3.0~8.0Freezing point( ) -12 -9 -5 -19Cold filter plugging point( ) 4 -4 -5~-10 0Acid value (mg KOH/g) 40 1.6 1~2 -

P-BE-003


402

ADVANTAGE OF TANDEMRING-MILL PULVERIZATION FOR ENZYMATIC SCCHARIFICATION OF VARIOUS BIOMASS

Takehiko TAKAHASHI1*, Kazushi ITO1, Arata ITO1, Yukio Enda2, MOTOHIRO GOCHI3, Hideaki MORI1,and Junichi KOBAYASHI4

1Faculty of Systems, Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan2Akita Industrial Technology Center, Akita, Japan

3Chuo Kakouki Shoji Co.Ltd, Tokyo, Japan4Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan


In our previous research, a vibration mill using cog-ring mediums called “tandem-ring mill”, which replaces the ball medium with a cog-ring medium in conventional vibration mill, was developed to achieve high-impact pulverizing of lignocellulosic biomass for producing the bio-ethanol. A cader powder pulverized in dry condition using tandem-ring mill was turned into average diameter of 20 m and the crystallinity index of 13%. Then saccaharification efficiency in enzymatic saccharifecation of cader powder was reached over 70% on the basis of holocellulose. It seemed that tandem-ring mill was suitable for pretreatment in bioethanol production. This study investigated pulverization characters of various biomasses as cader, eucalyptus, rice straw, rice husk and reed by batch-type tandem ring mill in 100min pulverization. The pulverized biomasses were characterized by mean particle size, crystallinity index and enzymatic saccharification. The enzymatic saccharification for hydrolysis of holocellulose was carried out using 0.04g pulverized powder, 2mL acetic acid buffer (5.5pH and 0.1M) and 0.002g cellulaes. An incubation temperature, agitation speed and reaction time in enzymatic saccharification were 50 degree Celsius, 150rpm and 48hours, respectively. Figure 1 showed a variation of mean particle size during pulverization. The mean particle size of biomasses was widely decreased in first 20min. Then mean particle size of biomasses reached around 40 m. And the crystallinity index of biomasses was also decreased by pulverization. Especially woody biomasses of cader and eucalyptus were widely decreased around 10%, nearly non-crystalline state. Figure 2 showed saccharification efficiency of holocellulose. Woody biomasses, cader and eucalyptus showed high saccharification efficiency. In a similar way grass biomasses, rice straw and rice husk showed a relatively high saccharification exclusive of reed. Therefore pretreatment of various biomass using tandem-ring mill was suitable for enzymatic saccharification.

Figure 1. Mean particle size during pulverization. Figure 2. Saccharification efficiency of holocellulose.

P-BE-004P-BE-005


403

EFFECT OF AGITATION SPEED ON ENZYMATIC SACCHARIFICATION OF DRY-PULVERIZED

LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS

Yoshiki SATO1, Takehiko TAKAHASHI2*, Kazushi ITO2, and Hideaki MORI2

1Graduate School of Systems, Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan2Faculty of Systems, Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan


A cader powder pulverized in dry condition using tandem-ring mill, which replaces the ball medium with a cog-ring medium in conventional vibration mill, was turned into average diameter of 20 m and the crystallinity index of 13%. Then saccaharification efficiency in enzymatic saccharifecation was reached over 70% on the basis of holocellulose. It seemed suitable material for bioethanol production. This study investigated an effect of agitation speed on enzymatic saccharification. The cader powder was prepared by tandem ring mill. The compositions, median diameter and moisture content were listed in table 1. The enzymatic saccharificatoin was carried out at 10% solid concentration with agitation speeds of 0, 10, 30, 50, 100rpm using two scales reactors, 1L and 3L separable flasks, during 48h. The Hi-F mixer, which was suitable for agitation of high-viscosity liquid, was used for agitation system. The enzyme of Meicelase (Meij Co., Ltd.) was dosed 1, 3, 5 % based on the weight of pulverized cader powder. The saccharification efficiency of holocellulose was estimated using spectrophotometer by shales reagent method. As a result, the saccharification efficiencies were shown in Fig. 1. The saccharification efficiency was increased with decreasing agitation speed until 30rpm. The best yield of 80% was obtained at 1L flask and 30rpm agitation. However, a 3L flask showed a bit of lowering of saccharification efficiency compare to 1L flask. Although same agitation speed, a rotor velocity of Hi-F mixer was increased with rotor diameter. Therefore agitation speed and saccharfication volume were closely affected saccharification efficiency.

Table 1. Compositions, median daimaeter and moisture content of pulverized cader powder

Compositions (%) Median diameter(μm)

Moisture content(ms%)Lignin Cellulose Hemicellulose Ash

32.0 39.6 28.4 Ref. 39.6 10.4

Figure 1. The saccharification efficiencies during saccharfication with 5% enzymes at 1L and 3L flasks.

P-BE-005


404

THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS AND DECOMPOSITION KINETICS OF -CELLULOSE IN A MICRO TUBING REACTOR

Seung-Soo Kim1*, Hoang Vu Ly2, and Jinsoo Kim2*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samckeok, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea


Woody biomass consists of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin in which cellulose is main component of it [1]. Biomass has been recognized as a potential renewable energy source in terms of alternative fuel to fast depleting fossil fuel and oil reserves [2,3]. In this study, the pyrolysis characteristics of -cellulosewere investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer, with most of the materials decomposing between 247

and 382 at heating rates of 5~20 /min. The apparent activation energy ranged from 263.02 kJ mol-1 to 306.21 kJ mol-1 with increasing pyrolysis conversion. The kinetics of -cellulose pyrolysis were experimentally and mathematically evaluated. The kinetic parameters were determined using nonlinear least-squares regression of the experimental data assuming first order kinetics. It was found from the kinetic rate constants that the predominant reaction pathway was A( -cellulose) to B(bio-oil) rather than A(-cellulose) to C(gas; C1-C4) and/or to B(bio-oil) to C(gas; C1-C4) at temperatures of 340-360 .

Figure 1. TG and DTG curves illustrating the effect of the pyrolysis rate of -cellulose at different heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 /min.

Figure 2. Effect of reaction time on the product distribution for -cellulose at 350 .

References

[1] A.V. Bridgwater, D. Meier, D. Radlein, Organic Geochemistry, 30 (1999) 1479.[2] M. Jefferson, Renewable Energy, 31 (2006) 571.[3] P.S. Nigam, A. Singh, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37, (2011) 52.

P-BE-006


405

PYROLYSIS CHARACTERISTICS AND KINETICS OF THE ALGA SACCHARINA JAPONICA RESIDUE FROM ETHANOL

EXRACTION

Seung-Soo KIM1*, Gyeong-Ho CHOI1, Jinsoo KIM2*, Jae-Hyung CHOI, and Hee Chul WOO3

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea

3Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea


Macroalgae are a potential source of renewable energy, as well as of polysaccharides such as laminarans, alginic acids, and fucoidans. Marine biomass such as macroalgae, which are primarily composed of polysaccharides, can be converted to fuel such as bio-alcohol [1] or bio-oil [2] by fermentation and pyrolysis, respectively. In this study, the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of Saccharina japonica residue after extraction with ethanol were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer and micro tubing reactor. Most of the materials decomposed between 200 and 350 at heating rates of 5-20 /min. The apparent activation energy increased from 90.73 kJ mol-1 to 471.74 kJ mol-1 with increasing pyrolysis conversion. The kinetic parameters of S. japonica residue pyrolysis were determined using nonlinear least-squares regression of the experimental data assuming first-order kinetics. The kinetic rate constants indicated that the predominant reaction pathway was A (S. japonica residue) to B (Bio-oil) and C (Gas; C1-C4), rather than B (Bio-oil) to C (Gas; C1-C4).

Figure 1. TG and DTG curves illustrating the effect of the pyrolysis rate of Saccharina japonica residue at different heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 /min.

Figure 2. Effect of reaction time on the product distribution for S. japonica residue at 360 .

References

[1] M.G. Borines, R.L. Leon, M.P. McHenry, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (2011), 4432.[2] A.B. Ross, K. Anastasakis, M. Kubacki, J.M. Jones, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 85

(2009) 3.

P-BE-007


406

CHARACTERISTIC OF PALM BARK PYROYSIS EXPERIMENT ORIENTED BY CENTRAL COMPOSITE ROTATABLE DESIGN

Thanh-An NGO1, Jinsoo KIM2*, and Seung-Soo KIM3*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea3Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samckeok, Korea

* Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Palm oil is now produced with the highest capacity all over the world. Just Malaysia and Indonesia, the world’s two largest producer and exporter of palm oil, produced about 32 million tons in 2006 [1]. The palm industry resulted in many environmental troubles owing to its waste biomass. Averagely, every ton of palm oil produced generates tons of palm waste biomass, namely empty fruit bunch, fiber, and shell [2]. The rotatable design was applied for directing pyrolysis experiment of palm bark with the variation of retention time and reaction temperature. Based on the regression equations, the optimal operating condition were extrapolated at 13.2min, 459 and 15.7min, 475 . The gas products comprised mainly C1 C4

hydrocarbons with the content up to 58.2 wt% while the liquid product were a complex mixture composed of mostly oxygenated compounds. Owing to using the high pressure condition as in tubing reactor, the reaction characteristics were different from those at normal pressure, thus possibly resulting in the high selectivity for liquid product. The analysis result of the solid residue after reaction showed that there was a noticeable decrease of oxygen content in biomass due to the pyrolysis reaction.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1. The product yield in the variation of experiment: (a) liquid yield, (b) gas yield, (c) solid yield

References

[1] http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2007/12/Indonesia_palmoil/.[2] H. Yang, R. Yan, T. Chin, D.T. Liang, H. Chen, C. Zheng, Fuel, 18 (2004) 1814.[3] A.V. Bridgwater, Chemical Engineering Journal, 91 (2003) 87.

P-BE-008


407

SELECTION OF OLEAGINOUS MICROALGAE FOR COAL-FIRED FLUE GAS APPLICATION

You-Kwan OH1*, Bo Hwa KIM1, Ju Soo HYUN1, Sunghoon Park2



Microalgae have shown a considerable promise as a feedstock for biodiesel to displace petroleum diesel. For the production of biodiesel from microalgae, the development of various unit processes is required: microalgae selection, cell culture, harvesting, dewatering, oil extraction, oil conversion, etc. In this study, we screened microalgae for production of bio-oil from coal-fired flue gas. Microalgae species from microalgae culture collection were tested with air, 10% CO2/air mixture and coal-fired flue gas (~15% CO2)under flask- and bubble-column culture conditions. Several species showed higher biomass productivities (> 0.2 g cell/L/day) and their lipid productivities were over 2-fold higher than that of recent publication. Major fatty acids of selected microalgae were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3). This study reports several microalgae strains having high potentials for the production of lipid as a feedstock of biodiesel using coal-fired flue gas.

P-BE-009


408

EFFECTS OF SODIUM SUBSTITYED ZRO2 CATALYST ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF PHENETHYL PHENYL ETHER (PPE) IN

NEAR CRITICAL WATER CONDITION

Hee-Jun Eom1, Yoon-Ki Hong1 Sang-Ho Chung, and Kwan-Young Lee1,2,*

1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea2Green School, Korea University, Seoul, Korea


Lignin is uneatable biomass and large amounts of lignin are produced by the lignocellulosics biomass-to-ethanol process and by pulp & paper refineries process as waste. Most of it is burned as low-grade fuel [1]. However, the complex chemical structure of aromatic groups in lignin suggests that it may be a good source of valuable aromatic chemicals if it could be broken into smaller molecular units [2, 3]. Phenethyl phenyl ether (PPE), model substance of the -O-4 linkage prevalent in lignin, was hydrolyzed in near-critical water. The influence of Na-ZrO2 base catalyst on these reactions was tested at 200~400°C for 0.5~2 h. The prepared Na-ZrO2 catalysts were characterized by several methods (BET, XRD, ICP, TEM and CO2-TPD) to investigate the relationship between its physicochemical structure and the activity in PPE hydrogenolysis. The valuable chemicals such as phenol, styrene and ethyl benzene were largely produced by the hydrolysis reaction of PPE. The Na-ZrO2 catalyst showed the higher basicity than pure ZrO2 (from CO2-TPD results, abbreviated) and the PPE conversion and the yields of the valuable products increased sharply. As the reaction time increased, the conversion of PPE and the product yields increased but above 2 h reaction, the yields of phenol and ethyl benzene decreased sharply while the conversion of PPE was 95%. This result was due to the consecutive reaction to form the repolymerization product (char) was occurred between reactive intermediate like phenolic radicals.

0102030405060708090

100 Ethyl benzene Styrene Phenol

Aro

mat

ic p

rodu

ct y

ield

(mol

%)

Con

vers

ion

(%)

Reaction time (h)0.5 1 1.5 2

0102030405060708090100

Figure 1. PPE conversion and product yields at different reaction times (4 mL of aqueous solvent; 0.1g of PPE; 0.1 g of Na-ZrO2; reaction temperature: 400°C; initial pressure: 20 bar H2; reaction time: 0.5~2 h).

References

[1] A. Green, B. Red and C. Blue, Nature, 7 (2009) 1234. References.[2] E. Dorrestijn, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 54 (2000) 153[3] J. Zakzeski, Chem. Rev., 110 (2010) 3552[4] V. Roberts, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 95 (2010) 71

P-BE-010


409

HYDRODEOXYGENATION OF OLEIC ACID OVER CE(1-X)ZR(X)O2 CATALYSTS

Jae-Oh Shim1, Dae-Woon Jeong1, Won-Jun Jang1, Kyung-Won Jeon1, Hyun-Seog Roh1*, Jeong-Geol Na2,Chang Hyun Ko3*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea 2Greenhouse Gas Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

3School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

* Corresponding author: H.-S. Roh: [email protected], C.H. Ko: [email protected]

The oxygenated compounds in fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) result in thermal instability, corrosiveness and low heating value [1]. Therefore, the elimination of the oxygenated compounds in FAME improves its stability and enhances its utilization potential. As a consequence, hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process has been developed to remove the oxygenated compounds in lipids [2]. Ce(1-x)Zr(x)O2 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method for HDO of oleic acid. The CeO2/ZrO2 ratio was systematically varied to optimize Ce(1-x)Zr(x)O2 catalysts. Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 exhibited the highest oleic acid conversion as well as high selectivity to C17 compounds at the reaction temperature of 300 oC. The high activity/selectivity of Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 catalyst was correlated to its easier reducibility.

0

20

40

60

80

100

X O.A

.[%]

20% H2/N2 Condition

Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 Ce0.4Zr0.6O2 Ce0.2Zr0.8O2Blank Ce0.8Zr0.2O2

Figure 1. Reaction results of hydrodeoxygenation of oleic acid over Ce(1-x)Zr(x)O2 catalysts (Rxn. Temp. = 300 ).

References

[1] J.P. Diebold, A review of the chemical and physical mechanisms of the storage stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oils, in: A.V. Bridgwater (Ed.), Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: A Handbook, vol. 2, Cpl Press, UK, 2002, p. 243.

[2] H.-S. Roh, I.-C. Eum, D.-W. Jeong, B.E. Yi, J.-G. Na and C.H. Ko, Catal. Today, 164 (2011) 457.

P-BE-011


410

PRETREATMENT OF EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH USING CONTINUOUS TWIN SCREW-DRIVEN REACTOR (CTSR) FOR

CELLULOSIC ETHANOL PRODUCTION

Jin Young HONG, Hyun Jin RYU, and Kyeong Keun OH*

Department of Applied Chemical Engineering,Dankook University, Cheonan,Chungnam, Korea


The use of acid hydrolysis for the conversion of cellulose to glucose is a process that has been studied for the last 100 years. Acid pretreatment can effectively remove and recover most of the hemicellulose as dissolved sugars, and lignin is disrupted and partially dissolved, increasing cellulose susceptibility to enzymes[1].

Continuous twin screw-driven reactor (CTSR) appears to be one of the more viable continuous biomass pretreatment methods because several studies have shown significant improvements in sugar recovery from agriculture residue[2]. Also CTSR pretreatment of biomass is an attractive option due to its flexibility to carry out chemical reactions[3].

In the present work, a combination of a continuous twin screw-driven reactor (CTSR) pretreatment and an acid-catalyzed extraction process performed at a bench-scale was used to prepare high monomeric xylose hydrolysate. In addition, the effect of CTSR pretreatment parameters such as concentration of sulfuric acid (0.5-5.0%), over a range of barrel temperature and screwspeed (150-200 °C and 5-50 rpm) was determined in this work. The enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated empty fruit bunch under operational conditions is also discussed.

Figure 1. Continuous twin screw-driven reactor (CTSR) for bioconversion of EFB.

References

[1] B. Zhang, L. Wang, A. Shahbazi, O. Diallo and A. Whitmore, Dilute-sulfuric acidpretreatment of cattails for cellulose conversion. Bioresource Technology, 102 (2011) 9308-9312.

[2] C. H. Choi and K. K. Oh, Application of a continuous twin screw-driven process for dilute acid pretreatment of rape straw. Bioresource Technology, 110 (2012) 349 354.

[3] S. Senturk-Ozer, H. Gevgilili and D. M. Kalyon, Biomass pretreatment strategies via control of rheological behavior of biomass suspensions and reactive twin screw extrusion processing. Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 9068-9075.

P-BE-012


411

CONTINUOUS TWIN SCREW-DRIVEN REACTOR (CTSR) PRETREATMENT FOR ENHANCED GLUCAN CONTENT OF

SACCHARINA JAPONICA AND SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION

Ji Ye LEE, Hyun Jin RYU, and Kyeong Keun OH*

Department of Applied Chemical engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan,Chungnam , Korea


It is known that some of the marine macro algae (seaweeds) are rich in carbohydrates, devoid of lignin. In addition, they have the advantages of superior growth rate, larger cultivation area, and lower requirements for expensive resources, such as water, land, and fertilizers [1].

The continuous twin screw-driven reactor (CTSR) is an attractive option for pretreatment because it offers excellent temperature control, allows good mixing with chemical solutions and has a high throughput. Thus, the CTSR is considered an appealing equipment for a continuous biomass pretreatment process [2]. Several researchers have reported chemical pretreatments of varying biomasses, such as switchgrass, prairie cord grass, corn stover, and big bluestem, using the extruder [3]. Most of the research has focused on the pretreatment of starch or lignocellulosic biomass by an extruder; and few investigations have studied the CTSR pretreatment effects on the macro algae.

The present study, our objectives were (1) to define the optimal conditions of the continuous twin screw-driven reactor (CTSR) pretreatment process (figure 1) for Saccharina japonica, widely cultivated macro algae in Korea, including the screw speed (15-60 rpm), barrel temperature (150-200oC), acid concentration (0.1-3.0%) for maximum glucan content, and (2) to estimate SSF experiments of pretreated Saccharina japonica through the cascade fermentation (figure 2) in order to improve the ethanol concentration.

Figure 1. Continuous twin screw-driven reactor (CTSR). Figure 2. Multi-purpose fermenter system.

References

[1] Y. Khambhaty, K. Mody, M. R. Gandhi, S. Thampy, P. Maiti, H. Brahmbhatt, K. Eswaran and P. K. Ghosh, Kappaphycus alvarezii as a source of bioethanol. Bioresource Technology, 103 (2012) 180-185.

[2] C. H. Choi and K. K. Oh, Application of a continuous twin screw-driven process for dilute acid pretreatment of rape straw. Bioresource Technology, 110 (2012) 349 354.

[3] C. Karunanithy and K. Muthukumarappan, Influence of extruder and feedstock variables on torque requirement during pretreatment of different types of biomass - A response surface analysis. Biosystems Engineering, 109 (2011) 37-51.

P-BE-013


412

ETHANOL AND FURFURAL PRODUCTION FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS WITH ZINC CHLORIDE

Tae Hoon KIM1, Kyeong Keun OH1, Hyun Jin RYU1, and Tae Hyun KIM2*

1Department of Applied Chemical engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan Chungnam, Korea


In order for the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment is an essential step for the effective bioconversion. To date various chemicals such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, hydrochloric acid etc., have been suggested to be used for pretreatment. Zinc chloride was known to be an effective and strong swelling agent for cellulose [1]. Zinc chloride also can dissolve native cellulose and reduce the crystallinity of cotton [2]. Zinc ions can interact with cellulose to form zinc-cellulose complex, which is more susceptible to hydrolysis than amorphous cellulose [2]. Moreover, zinc chloride is not only stable with low toxicity but also can be easily recycled [2]. The experiments were carried out in bomb reactor with 10.0% (w/v) zinc chloride, temperature (130 - 190°C), residence time (10 - 60min), solid/liquid ratio 6.67. Pretreatment step was performed to separate hemicellulose with zinc chloride, after cake (cellulose-lignin) was used for ethanol product from simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). And C5 sugar liquid of pretreatment step was used to furfural produce by thermal conversion.

Figure 1. Bioethanol and furfural production process with zinc chloride from lignocellulosic biomass.

References

[1] Patil, N. B., Dweltz, N. E., Radhakrishman, T. (1965), Textile Res. J. 35, 517[2] N. J. CAO, Q. X., C. S. Chen, C. S. Gong, L. F. Chen, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Vol.

45/46, (1994) 521-530.

P-BE-014


413

UPGARDING OF BIO-OIL FROM FAST PYROLYSIS OF JATROPHA RESIDUE WITH ALUMINA AND ZIRCONIA

SUPPORTED Pd, Ru, and Ni CATALYSTS

Prangtip KAEWPENGKROW1, Duangduen ATONG2, and Viboon SRICHAROENCHAIKUL1*

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand2National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand


Catalytic fast pyrolysis of Jatropha residue for upgrading of the pyrolytic vapors was performed using analytical pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) at 400 600 . The Py-GC/MS analyses for pyrolysis vapors show a range of aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon compounds, phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids and esters, furan and N-containing compounds (Table 1). The result showed that high temperature (600 ) had positive influence on the yields of pyrolytic products. Catalytic testing incorporated Al2O3 and ZrO2 based catalysts and their modified ones with impregnation of Pd, Ru, and Ni. The Al2O3 and ZrO2 were first impregnated with CeO2 to promote the metal dispersion. From the experiment, these catalysts showed some potential to convert the highly oxygenated compounds to aromatic and hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon yields increased with increasing catalyst to Jatropha ratio in all catalystss. Pd-Ce/Al2O3 was the most effective followed by Ni-Ce/Al2O3 as they increased aromatic and hydrocarbons compound, decreased oxygenated compounds, and generated less N-compounds. Though Al2O3

increased aromatic and hydrocarbons compound with completely eliminated acid but it promoted N-containing compounds. Activities of Ru-Ce/Al2O3 were quite comparable to Ce/Al2O3 except for the selectivity towards acid compounds. Comparing to ZrO2 catalysts, all Al2O3 based catalysts displayed relatively higher activity towards deoxygentation reactions which resulted in low quantity of carboxylic acids and other oxygenated compounds while enhanced yields of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Al2O3 had surface area of 103.38 m2/ g while surface area of ZrO2 were 12 m2/g indicating that catalyst with high surface area had better catalytic activity. However, Al2O3 catalysts seemed to promote N-compounds suggesting that further denitrogenation is required while pyrolytic ZrO2 had disadvantage on high yield of acid which could caused the corrosion problem. Nevertheless, overall performances of these two support catalysts are acceptable and can be considered as candidates as bio-oil upgrading catalysts.

Table1.The composition of the pyrolytic products (peak area% on the chromatograms)

Jatropha residue: Catalyst

Pyrolytic products

Alcohol Aldehyde Aromatic Carboxylic acid Ester Ether Furan HC

compound Ketone N-compound Phenol

Jatropha 2.21 0.36 3.58 60.74 1.37 0.00 1.04 7.74 4.83 10.02 3.88

Al2O3 2.80 4.82 10.05 0.00 3.46 0.00 0.66 36.67 0.75 40.37 0.00

Ce/Al2O3 0.00 3.26 9.56 8.40 8.53 0.00 0.00 34.34 0.00 33.88 2.05

Pd-Ce/Al2O3 1.65 0.00 16.80 7.75 11.66 0.00 0.00 26.49 0.97 32.03 2.67

Pd-Ce/ ZrO2 1.21 2.11 6.14 17.09 8.21 0.64 0.00 13.77 0.63 25.69 4.51

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414

SYNTHESIS AND ACTIVITY OF LaNi1-xCoxO3(x= 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, AND 1) PEROVSKITE-TYPE CATALYST

FOR TAR ELIMINATION

Chakrit SOONGPRASIT1, Duangdao AHT-ONG1, and Duangduen ATONG2*

1Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

2National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand


Perovskite-type oxide with transition metal as active site is an excellent catalyst for tar elimination in gasification process. LaNi1-xCoxO3 (x= 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1) were prepared by sol-gel method with metal nitrates and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as precursor. The TGA curve suggested that the calcination temperature of LaNi1-xCoxO3 was above 600°C to obtain pure crystalline phase. The crystalline phase of perovskite without intermediate phases was achieved successfully from calcination at 800°C. The X-ray diffraction profiles of the calcined catalysts revealed the mixed metal oxide form including LaNiO3 and LaCoO3

rhombohedral structures according to JCPDS 33-0711 and JCPDS 25-1060, respectively. SEM - EDS analysis of prepared catalysts showed good elemental dispersion with homogenous structure and low agglomeration. The particle size and BET surface area were in the range of 11.64-21.86 μm and 3.89-11.69 m2 /g, respectively. Activity of prepared catalysts on tar elimination was carried out using steam reforming of toluene as reaction medium in a fixed-bed quartz reactor at 500, 600, 700, and 800°C, as illustrated in Figure 1. Steam to carbon equivalent ratio (S/C) was set at 2:1. Product distributions obtained from reforming reaction with LaNi1-xCoxO3 were between 75.78-86.66% of gas, 15.54-19.87% of liquid, and 0.97-1.12% of solid. Both toluene conversion and CO and H2 selectivities were found to increase with the reaction temperature. The optimum operating temperature was indicated at 800°c with carbon and hydrogen conversion to syngas, CO and H2, were approximately 55.00% and 73.00%, respectively. Crystal structure of used catalysts shows clearly destruction of perovskite structure and transformed to metallic Ni and Co at effective temperature. Small amount of carbon was found on spent catalyst surface after 6 hours of reactions as observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Figure 1. Experimental setup for steam reforming of toluene.

P-BE-016


415

USE OF POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE IN CATHODE AS ELECTROLYTE TO IMPROVE THE CURRENT GENERATION

Jae kyung Jang*, Young Sun Ryou, Jong Goo Kim

Energy and Envrionmental Engineering Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science


Microbial fuel cell(MFC), using microorganism as the catalyst, are regarded as a promising technology for the production of electricity from various organic wastewater such sewage, excrements of pig and so on. This system can directly produce electricity energy without an inefficient energy conversion step. However, MFCs is limited by several factors. One of them is cathode reaction rate. Therefore catalyst such as platinum in the cathode has been used to improve the cathode reaction so far. Generally this kind of materials is an expensive noble metal. This study was to ascertain whether Ferricyanide can improve cathode reaction rate or not. The MFCs operated over 3 years after enriched by artificial wastewater (AWW) using acetate were used in this study. 50 mM Ferricyanide was fed to cathode compartment at a flow rate 10 ml/min using a peristaltic pump (505S, Watson-Marlow, Falmouth, Cornwall, UK) equipped with Marprene II tubing (Watson-Marlow). When air saturated water was supplied to cathode compartment, the current of control and comparison MFC was generated 4.28±0.10 and 5.30±0.09 mA. However after added ferricyanide to the cathode compartment, the current was rapidly increased up to about 9 mA in the control MFC but the current was immediately decreased to the 4.12±0.09 mA in the comparison MFC. In case of control MFC was gradually decrease to 7.27±0.43 mA during 24 hours. This was lower value than that of air saturated water or declined the current slop. Ferricyanide seems to adversely affect the current generation.

Key words: Microbial fuel cell, Cathode reaction, ferricyanide, current generation

References

[1] J. K. Jang, Y. S. Ryou, J. G. Kim, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22 (2012) 270.[2] Z. Du, H. Li, T. Gu, Biotechnology Advances, 25 (2007) 464.[3] L. Wei, H. Han, J. Shen, Hydrogen energy, Article in press (2012).

P-BE-017


416

COMPARISON OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROFILING (CLPP) IN ANODE OF

MICROBIAL FUEL CELL

Jae kyung Jang*, Young Sun Ryou, Jong Goo Kim

Energy and Envrionmental Engineering Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science


Carbon is a key factor governing microbial growth in environmental samples and soil. Using this, there are currently approached that use to determine community level physiological profiles (CLPP) based on carbon source utilization. These studies are to ascertain through changes in community structure of electrochemically active microorganisms. For this studies, the BLOLOG redox technology based on tetrazolim dye reduction as an indicator of sole carbon source utilization was evaluated as a classify heterotrophic microbial communities of anaerobic digestion sludge used as inoculums and anode electrode after enrichment by lapse of time. The importance of growth indicates that the color responses produced in the BIOLOG microbial community assay seems a reflection of functional potential. The color response in a given well appears to be related to the number of microorganisms which are able to use the substrate within the well as a sole carbon source. Anaerobic digestion sludge and electrode of anode all includes various heterotrophic bacteria, so carbon source utilization was high.

References

[1] H. Insam and M. Goberna, Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual, Second Edition 4.01 (2004) 853. [2] B. M. Lalor, W. R. Cookson, and D.V. Murphy, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39 (2007) 454.[3] J. L. Garland and A. L. Mills, Applied and Envrionmental Microbiology, 57(1991) 2351.

P-BE-018


417

RECOVERY OF XYLOSE PRESENT IN THE BYPRODUCTS GENERATED IN BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS

Seonghun Kim* and Chul Ho Kim

Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup 580-185, Korea


Bioethanol production using abundant biomass materials is one of green technology to produce biofuel. However this process for production of bioethanol usually generates sort of byproducts in chemical pretreatment steps to eliminate the fractions of both hemicellulose and lignin in biomasses. These byproducts contain xylose as one of major pentose sugars released from hemicellulose, which is one potential sugar to convert valuable chemical products, such as xylitol. In this study, we investigated the recovery of xylose present in the wastes generated in chemical pretreatment steps of bioethanol production. To recover xylose component in the alkali-waste water containing high content of lignin-hemicellulose complexes which was generated in alkali-pretreatment of the biomass, thermal acid hydrolysis was treated toward the waste. In the acid hydrolysis, 20.7 g/L of xylose was obtained in the alkali-pretreatment waste. The acid-treatment solution was neutralized with solid form of calcium hydroxide and then the precipitated calcium sulfate as a salt was removed. The clarified solution containing xylose was decolorized through passing activated carbon column, and then the xylose-containing aqueous solution was evaporated to increase the concentration of xylose. Finally, xylose from the alkali-waste produced from a pretreatment step of biomass was recovered as 9.3 ± 2.3 g, with less than 50% yield. These results indicate that xylose in the byproducts produced in bioethanol process could be recovered to re-utilize the production of biorefinery products.

P-BE-019


418

ETHANOL PRODUCTION USING WHOLE PLANT BIOMASS- JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE BY KLUYVEROMYCES MARXIANUS

Seonghun Kim* and Chul Ho Kim

Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup 580-185, Korea


Jerusalem artichoke, one of the low-requirement sugar crops, is an inexpensive and wildly available non-grain raw biomaterial containing cellulose and hemicellulose in the stalk and a high content of inulin in the tuber. However, the lignocellulosic component in Jerusalem artichoke stalk reduces the fermentability of the whole plant for efficient bioethanol production. In this study, Jerusalem artichoke stalk was pretreated consequently by chemical-treatment and then enzymatically hydrolyzed. In the sequential acid/alkali- pretreatment for Jerusalem artichoke stalk, approximately 90% of the hemicellulose and 60% of the lignin can be removed from the biomass. Under optimum condition, the ratio of cellulose to lignin in the pretreated stalk was 3.9 under the optimum chemical pretreatment process. This value was 2.5-fold higher than that of the untreated biomass. In enzymatic hydrolysis, approximately 88% of the glucan and xylan were converted to glucose and xylose, respectively. Batch and fed-batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated stalk and tuber by Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS1555 were effectively performed, yielding 29.1 g/L and 70.2 g/L ethanol, respectively. In fed-batch fermentation, ethanol productivity was 0.255 g ethanol per gram of dry Jerusalem artichoke biomass, or 0.361 g ethanol per gram of glucose, with a 0.924g/L/h ethanol productivity. These results show that combining the tuber and the stalk hydrolysate is a useful strategy for whole biomass utilization in effective bioethanol fermentation from Jerusalem artichoke.

P-BE-020


419

PRODUCTION OF VALUE-ADDED CHEMICALS USING LIGNIN AND THERMAL-CATALYTIC CRACKING

Chang Geun Yoo1, Kyong-Hwan Lee2, and Tae Hyun Kim3*

1Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States

2Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan Chungnam, Korea


Lignocellulosic biomass consists of three components including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignin is poly-phenolic compound and has been believed to be a strong inhibitor in bioconversion process of lignocellulosic biomass. On the other hand, lignin is the second largest components in the lignocellulosic biomass, which can be the valuable byproduct of biorefinery process. If the lignin would be produced and modified, high value-added products can be produced.

Soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) pretreatment method has been investigated to improve enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. It was also reported that SAA is the one of the most effective delignification methods for lignocellulosic biomass. Approximately 60-70% of lignin was hydrolyzed and this chemically modified lignin hydrolysate has a potential for the production of value-added chemicals through thermal-catalytic cracking of lignin because low pH decreases the reaction temperature and increases the reaction rate.

In this study, various reaction conditions were explored to convert lignin into value-added products. Reaction temperature and pressure were two main factors in this study. From the thermal cracking reaction in the presence of catalysts, several phenolic compounds and carboxylic acids were produced in the form of liquid. Produced gas and solid were also collected and analyzed.

P-BE-021


420

SHORT ROTATION WILLOW COPPICE AS BIOENERGY RAW MATERIALS

Sim-Hee Han1 and Soo-Jeong Shin2*

1Department of Forest Genetic Resources, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Korea2Department of wood and Paper Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea


For a sustainable supply for bioenergy resources, short rotation willow coppice was investigated with different clones. Biomass production ability, chemical composition of biomass and characteristics of solid fuels was focused. Two-year old willow biomass was cultivated by Korea Forest Research Institutes bioenergy raw materials and harvested as bark and woody core separated. As solid energy raw materials, elementary composition, ash content and silica content was measured between the bark and woody stem of different clone of willow coppice. Energy content was calculated from the elementary compositional analysis data with two different models.

As liquid energy raw materials based on saccharification and fermentation, carbohydrate compositional analysis was run and theoretical maximum yield of ethanol and butanol was calculated. Carbohydrate compositions were determined by acid hydrolysis of biomass with sulphuric acid and deuterium oxide, and hydrolysates were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopic method based on the peak separation of anomeric hydrogen of different monosaccharides and integration of peak area for quantitative analysis.

Bark had more hydrophobic and hydrophilic extractives content than woody core biomass for all 4 clones. Higher lignin content in bark may come from the higher tannins in bark rather than real lignin. For liquid energy by monosaccharides fermentation, polysaccharides content and composition are very important. Woody core had 63.5-71.0% of polysaccharides, which quite higher than bark 46.1-49.9% of biomass. Cellulose content was 43.8-51.2% in woody core biomass compared with 28.6-32.9% in those of bark. Also, xylan content was 18.2-19.2% in woody core, quite higher than 6.5-9.2% in bark. However, galactose and arabinose content was much higher in bark as 2.5-3.6% of galactose and 4.8-6.5% of arabinose compared with 0.2-0.8% of galactose in woody core. Higher galactose and arbinose content in bark come from arabinogalactan, which is only existed in bark.

For solid fuel raw materials, ash content is one of the important criteria. Woody core biomass had 0.6-1.1% of ash content, which quite good for solid biomass energy resources. However, bark has 3.8-4.7% of ash content, which could be poor grade of solid biomass raw materials. Among clones, BH-10 clones had 0.6% of ash content but BH-4 and BH-8 clones had 1.1% of ash content. For wood pellet raw materials, ash content should be less than 1.0% for less generation of ash and silicate formation.

References

[1] McKendry P, Bioresource Technol 2002; 83:37-46. [2] McLaughlin S, Kszos LA, Biomass Bioenerg 2005; 28: 515-35.[3] Kim SJ, Kim MJ, Jeong SJ, Jang MS, Chung IM, Ind Crop Prod 2012; 38: 46-9. [4] Shin S-J, Cho N-S, Cellulose 2008; 15: 255-60.

P-BE-022


421

Sample Temperature(oC) Time(h) Ionic liquid Extraction yield(%)

Microalgae 120 2 [Emim]OAc 23.2%

LIPID EXTRACTION FROM MICROALGAE USING IONIC LIQUID

Sun-A CHOI1,2, Min-Ji JEONG1, Won-IL CHOI1, Jin Suk LEE1, Seung Wook KIM2, and Ji-Yeon PARK1*

1Department of Clean Fuel, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea


Although fossil fuels have been the major resource used to meet the energy demand, fossil fuels are problematic, owing to concerns for global warming and environmental pollution, not to mention price increases resulting from declining fossil fuel production. Therefore, there is a strong interest in renewable energy sources such as bioenergy. Ionic liquids (ILs) are recently investigated as environmentally green solvents for biochemical application. ILs are called ‘designer solvents’ because of synthetic flexibility. ILs can be recovered and reused and have low vapor pressure. Microalgae are promising renewable energy sources as biodiesel feedstock that can continue to develop in future. In this study, the lipid extraction from microalgae was performed using ILs. ILs break up cell walls of microalgae and make lipid extraction easy. Among eight ionic liquids of [Emim] series, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ([Emim]OAc) showed good lipid extraction efficiency. Fig.1 represents the reactor for ionic-liquid treatment. After [Emim]OAc reacted with microalgae at 120 oC for 2h, the lipid-extraction yield was 23.2% (Table 1). Initial oil content of microalgae was 40.1%. We will continue to explore the IL type and optimal condition for enhancing lipid-extraction yield by ionic-liquid treatment of microalgae.

Figure 1. Reactor for ionic-liquid treatment

Table 1. Lipid-extraction yield of microalgae by ionic liquid

References

[1] G. Young, F. Nippgen, S. Titterbrandt, M J. Conney, Separation and Purification Technol. 72 (2010) 118-121.

P-BE-023


422

PYROLYSIS OF WASTE MEDIUM DENSITY FIBER WOOD

Jeong Wook KIM1, Kyung Sun PARK1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3,Dong Jin SUH4, and Young-Kwon PARK1,5*


2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 330-717, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea4Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea

5School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea


Pyrolysis is a thermochemical method used to maximize the yield of liquid products called bio-oils. Various types of biomass, including wood, herbaceous crops, sewage sludge, agricultural and forest wastes, and municipal waste, can be used for pyrolysis. In particular, conversion of waste wood into bio-oil by pyrolysis has the additional benefit of waste reduction. Municipal waste wood is usually a mixture of various materials including wood chips, particle board, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). In this study MDF was selected as a representative model municipal waste wood. TGA, batch type and fluidized bed type pyrolysis of MDF for bio-oil production were carried out. The influences of reaction conditions were investigated. The produced gas and oil were analyzed using a GC and a GC-MS system. The reaction temperature turned out to affect the pyrolysis characteristics significantly. The detailed results will be suggested.

Acknowledgement


P-BE-024


423

CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF LAMINARIA JAPONICA OVER MICROPOROUS ZEOLITES

Suek Joo CHOI1, Kyung Sun PARK1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3, Dong Jin SUH4, and Young-Kwon PARK1,5*


2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 330-717, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University,

Suncheon 540-742, Korea4Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea



The catalytic pyrolysis of Laminaria japonica was carried out over four different microporous zeolite catalysts, HZSM-5, HBETA and HY. The effects of the catalysts on the properties of the resulting pyrolysis products were examined. GC/MS was used to compare the composition of the bio-oils obtained from the non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis. Catalytic upgrading decreased the oil yield but increased the gas yield. The composition of bio-oil was changed to a large extent by catalytic upgrading. Among the oxygenates in the bio-oil, the contents of 1,5-anhydro-d-mannitol and 1,4-anhydro-d-galacitol were reduced considerably by catalytic upgrading, whereas the proportions of furans and cyclopentanones were increased. The formation of aromatics that are high value-added was enhanced considerably by catalytic upgrading, which was attributed to the acid characteristics of the zeolite catalysts. HZSM-5, which had the strongest acid sites, showed the highest selectivity for aromatics production.

Acknowledgement


P-BE-025


424

CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF UNDARIA PINNATIFIDA USING PY-GC

Bo Ram JUN1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3, Dong Jin SUH4, and Young-Kwon PARK1,5*

1Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering,University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea

2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 330-717, Korea3Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea4Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea



Catalytic pyrolysis of Undaria Pinnatifida was carried out over a mesoporous catalyst such as Al-MCM-41 and zeolites for the first time. The effect of the structure of catalyst on the product distribution was investigated. For rapid product analysis and catalyst evaluation, a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used. The characteristics of the catalysts were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, NH3 temperature programmed desorption, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. Compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis, catalytic pyrolysis produced a higher-quality bio-oil with a high stability and a low oxygen content. The detailed analysis of catalytic activity with characteristics of catalyst will be suggested.

Acknowledgement


P-BE-026


425

INFLUENCE OF REACTION PARAMETERS ON PYROLYSIS OF WOOD POLYMER COMPOSITE

Jeong Wook KIM1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3, In Gu LEE4, Changkook RYU5,Dong Jin SUH6, and Young-Kwon PARK1,7*



Suncheon 540-742, Korea4Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 303-343, Korea

5School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea6Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea



Thermal conversion of biomass in N2 atmosphere produced bio-oil. However, the synthesized quality of bio-oil is so low that it can be used only for boilier-oil. Therefore, it is necessary to perform pyrolysis using catalyst or with polymer to upgrade the quality of bio-oil. On the other hand, if we apply wood polymer composite which is comprised of wood, polymer and some additives to pyrolysis, its pyrolyzed oil can be highly stabilized than bio-oil. In this study, pyrolysis of wood polymer composite was investigated for the first time. The thermal decomposition of the wood polymer composite led to an increase in the temperature range for the decomposition of polymer, which implied an interaction in the mixture. New tarry compounds were also identified from the pyrolysis using Py-GC/MS. The oil produced from the mixtures in a batch type reactor had an increase in the mass yield, with higher C and H, and lower moisture contents. Also, the application of zeolitic catalyst increased oil quality greatly.

Acknowledgement


P-BE-027


426

CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF MISCHANTHUS OVER SBA-15 BASED CATALYSTS

Mi Jin JEON1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3 and Young-Kwon PARK4*



Suncheon 540-742, Korea4School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea


Upgrading of the vapor-phase products from the pyrolysis of biomass such as miscanthus was carried out over Si-SBA-15, Al-SBA-15, and Pt/Al-SBA-15. The characteristics of the catalysts used in this study were analyzed using N2-sorption and NH3-TPD. The catalytic activities were evaluated in terms of deoxygenation and the products composition. Catalytic upgrading improved the quality of bio-oil through deoxygenation, although the yield of bio-oil was reduced due to cracking. Al-SBA-15 and Pt/Al-SBA-15 were more effective due to their high acidity. Of the catalysts tested in this study, Pt/Al-SBA-15 showed the highest activity in terms of deoxygenation and aromatization.

P-BE-028


427

BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS USING WASTE STARFISH VIA TRANSESTERIFICATION OF SOYBEAN OIL

Yong-Beom JO1, Jong-Ki JEON2, Sung Hoon PARK3 and Young-Kwon PARK4*



Suncheon 540-742, Korea4School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea


For the effective synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil, heterogeneous catalysts such as CaO have been used. Also, various waste materials containing CaO have been applied for the biodiesel synthesis. In this study, waste starfish has been applied for the first time for the synthesis of biodiesel. Waste starfish was calcined at various temperatures (650, 750, 850 oC) to study the effect of calcination temperature. Also, thermal characteristics of starfish was confirmed by TGA. XRD showed that CaO was present in the calcined starfish. Reaction was carried out using soybean oil in a batch reactor. Besides calcination temperature, various catalyst/oil ratio, methanol/oil ratio and reaction time was investigated for the synthesis of biodiesel.

P-BE-029


428

CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF CELLULOSE AND HEMICELLUOSE OVER MESOPOROUS Y ZEOLITE

Hyung Won LEE1, Kwang-Eun JEONG2, Jong-Ki JEON3, Sung Hoon PARK4, Dong Jin SUH5, and Young-Kwon PARK1,6*


2Green Chemistry Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea


Suncheon 540-742, Korea5Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea



Cellulose and hemicellulose are main components of biomass. Pyrolyis, one of thermochemical methods, is aimed to produce bio-oil. Nowadays, pyrolysis of biomass has been widely investigated. In addition, catalytic pyrolysis has been studied using microporous zeolites and mesoporous materials. However, catalytic pyrolysis of biomass components such as cellulose and hemicellulose has been little investigated. Especially, mesoporous zeolites have never been applied for the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass components. In this study, mesoporous Y has been applied to the catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose for the first time. Py-GC/MS was used for the catalytic pyrolysis. The characteristics of catalysts were analysed by BET, XRD, NH3-TPD etc. The detailed analysis of product distribution will be suggested.

Acknowledgement


P-BE-030


429

CONTINUOUS PRETREATMENT OF EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH BY TWIN SCREW EXTRUDER

Won-Il Choi1, Ji-Yeon Park1, Joon-Pyo Lee1, Kyeong Keun OH2, and Jin-Suk Lee1*

1Clean Fuel Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea2Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan Korea


Continuous pretreatment by the twin screw extruder was studied. Effects of several operating parameters including NaOH concentrations in solvent, residence time and the ratio of solid to liquid on the enzymatic digestibility were determined. NaOH concentration was found to be the most determining factor among the parameters investigated. Enhancement of enzymatic digestibility was mainly due to lignin removal by NaOH added during the pretreatment [1]. Enzymatic digestibility was proportionally increased to lignin removal up to 60%. Optimized pretreatment conditions for EFB are determined by RSM. Continuous pretreatment by twin screw extruder was found to be effective for mass pretreatment of biomass.

References

[1] C.H. Choi and K.K. Oh, Bioresour. Technol. 110 (2012) 349.

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430

650 700 750 800 850 900 950Temperature (oC)

0

10

20

30

40

Gas

com

posi

tion

(vol

. %)

COCO2

H2

CH4

Table 1. Ultimate and proximate analysis of dimocarpus longan

Ultimate analysisC(wt %,daf) 49.25H(wt %,daf) 6.13O(wt %,daf) 44.15N(wt %,daf) 0.42S(wt %,daf) 0.05Proximate analysis Moisture(wt %) 6.02Ash(wt %) 0.25Combustible(wt %) 93.73

Figure 1. Effect of gasification temperature on gas composition. Low heating value (MJ / Kg) 18.3

SIMULATION OF A BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BED BIOMASS GASIFIER USING ASPEN PLUS

Jung-Chin TSAI1*, Chen-Yaw CHIU2, and Chih-Shen CHEN3

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan

3Taiwan Power Research Institute, Taiwan Power Company, New Taipei City, Taiwan


This study developed a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) biomass gasification model using ASPEN PLUS-based Gibbs free energy minimization. Pine Sawdust was used as the biomass for model verification, and the simulation and experimental values were considerably identical. Dimocarpus longan was used as the biomass for model simulation to discuss the sensitivity analysis of the two major influencing factors of model gasification operations (equivalence ratio and gasification temperature) regarding syngas. Proximate and ultimate analyses of Dimocarpus Longan are as shown in Table 1. The simulation results found that CO2 content decreased with rising gasification temperature; however, the H2 and CO contents increased, while the CH4 content changed little (Fig. 1). In addition, with the rising ER value, the CO, H2, and CH4

contents decreased while the CO2 content increased. The results are consistent with Narváez et al. (1996) [1], who used pine sawdust in a bubbling fluidized bed for gasification. Simulation results proved that the ASPEN PLUS-based bubbling fluidized bed biomass gasification model can accurately simulate the bubbling fluidized bed’s biomass gasification process with relatively better reliability and applicability.

References

[1] I. Narváez, A. Orio, M. P. Aznar, and J. Corella, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35(1996) 2110.

P-BE-032


431

TWO-STAGE HOT LIQUID WATER PRETREATMENT OF EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FOR IMPROVEMENT OF

ENZYMATIC DIGESTIBILITY

Minsu Kang1, Jun Seok Kim1*

1Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea


As One of the pretreatment process, the hot liquid water (HLW) pretreatment enhances enzymatic digestibility of the biomass by dissolving hemicellulose fraction of the biomass as soluble oligo- and monosaccharides, while degradation of monomeric sugar products, such as HMF (5-hydroxymethyl furfural) and furfural, which are known to inhibit bacteria or yeast in the ethanol fermentation process. In addition, The HLW pretreatment does not require addition of other chemicals, which would have to be either recovered or neutralized before further processing of pretreated solids. Due to these advantages, economics of the HLW process is excellent.

In this paper, We investigated the effect of HLW pretreatment for Empty fruit bunch(EFB) over various reaction conditions using percolation process. For the improvement of enzymatic digestibility, we used two stage heating process and the wet pretreated residue and liquid using pretreatment were conducted with enzymatic hydrolysis for economics. Thus, glucose yield of 70.05% and xylose yield of 26.8% (initial sugar basis) were obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis.

Figure 1. Yield of sugar basis on the initial biomass at the various one heating HLW pretreatment condition

P-BE-033


432

Feed Solvent Extract RaffinateMass Flow(kg/h) 50.0 50.0 47.7 52.3

Acetic Acid 1.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.5%Ethyl Acetate 0.9% 100.0% 95.6% 8.4%

Water 99.9% 0.0% 3.9% 91.2%

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLVENT SYSTEMS TO REMOVE ACETIC ACID DERIVED FROM ITS

PRE-PULPING EXTRACT

Seong Jik PARK1, Joon-Kwan MOON2, and Byung Hwan UM3*

1Department of Bioresources and Rural System Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea

2Department of Plant Life and Environmental Sciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea3Department of Chemical Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea


Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a common separation method used to recover a solute from a solution and can be applied to the recovery of acetic acid from pre-pulping extract prior to the fermentation process. Figure 1 presents the integrated pulp and biorefinery. To the chemical processing steps for producing value-added chemicals, it incorporates components from existing biorefinery-type operations of wood pulp mill processes [1]. The results from the physical runs were compared to the results of a computer simulator, Aspen HYSYS. The laboratory trials had better acetic acid recovery than that predicted by Aspen HYSYS (10 g/L-74 % v. 49% and 50 g/L-64 % v. 54 %). For the recyclability of ethyl acetate as a solvent, it was found that starting at a 4:1 mass flow ratio; ethyl acetate can be recycled 24 times.

Figure 1. Simplified block diagram representing the process flow of a pulp and biorefinery. The Acetic acid recoverys steps are the focus of this study.

Table 1. Results of the Aspen HYSYS simulation containing 1% acetic acid in water for the feed.

References

[1] Um, B.H., Friedman, B., van Walsum, G.P., 2011. Holzforschung. 65:51-58.

P-BE-034


433

CEPHALOSPORIN C PRDOCUTION BY ACREMONIUM CHRYSOGENUM M35 USING XYLOSE AS

A CARBON SOURCE FROM DILUTE ACID PRETREATED BARLEY STRAW

Sung Bong Kim1, Hyun Yong Shin1, Hah young Yoo1, Sang Jun Lee1, Seung Wook Kim1

1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea


Cephalosporins are used mainly as broadspectrum antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections. In contrast to many other penicillins, cephalosporins are effective against both gram (+) and several gram (-) bacteria [1]. Previously, stimulation of Cephalosporin C from Acremonium cresogenum M35 was performed using crude glycerol, and Cephalosporin C production pathway also investigated partly [2].

In this study, xylose from the process of dilute acid pretreatment of barley straw a cellulosic biomass was utilized as a carbon source of Acremonium chrysogenum M35. In the process of pretreatment, various inhibitory compounds were produced additionally, and removal and neutralization of the inhibitors are a critical point of utilization of hydrolysates xylose. Figure 1 shows the effects of xylose concentration to produce Cephalosporin C by Acremonium chrysogenium M35. Various concentration levels of reagent xylose were investigated. When 6~8% of xylose was employed, Cephalosporin C production was maximum at 120 h, and it is almost 2 times higher than rice oil sample which is primary carbon source of Cephalosporin C production.

Figure 1. The effect of xylose concentration to produce Cephalosporin C by Acremonium chrysogenium M35. Axis x is time (h) and axis y is concentration (g/L)

References

[1] M. Podolsky. Taylor & Francis 1998 ISBN-10: 9057025566[2] H. Y. Shin, J. Y. Lee, Y. R. Jung, S. W. Kim. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 101:4549-4553

P-BE-035


434

PRETREATMENT PROCESS OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS BY ALKALINE SOLUTION FOR FERMENTABLE

SUGAR PRODUCTION

Yong Cheol PARK and Jun Seok KIM*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea


Lignocellulosic materials are the most economic and highly renewable natural resources in the world. Lignocellulosic materials contain sugars polymerized to cellulose and hemicellulose that can be liberated by hydrolysis and subsequently fermented by microorganisms to form different chemicals. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in plant biomass have been foreseen as useful resources convertible to not only pulp and foodstuff but also energy resources such as alcohol, methane and chemical raw materials such as furfural and organic acids. Since cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall undergo lignification by the lignin, an efficient pretreatment for separating cellulose and hemicellulose from plant biomass with ease and at a low cost is a very important goal. In addition, the high prices of oil and global warming have emphasized the importance of bio-fuels such as bio-ethanol. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is also very complex and cellulose must be hydrolyzed into glucose by different types of endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases (exoglucanases), and -glucosidases (cellobiases) which act synergistically. At this moment, it is true that many researchers are very interested in ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials. However, this technique has many problems to be solved although lignocellulose is also one of the non-food materials and represents the most abundant global biomass source (90%). In this case, the development of cost-effective and sustainable technologies for bioethanol production is a priority for much research work.

Figure 1. The major components of lignocellulosic biomass.

References

[1] Park, Y.C. & Kim J.S. (2011) Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 49(3), 292-296[2] Park, Y.C. & Kim J.S. (2011) Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 49(4), 470-474[3] Kim, K.S. & Kim J.S. (2010) Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 48(6), 704-711[4] Kim, K.S. & Kim J.S. (2012) Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 50(1), 18-24[5] Chi, Z.M., Zhang T., Cao T.S., Liu X.Y., Cui W. & Zhao C.H. (2011) Bioresource Technology, 102(6),

4295-4303

P-BE-036


435

A STUDY ON BIO-ENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR EFB(EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH) FROM PALM MILL PLANT

Heung Min YOO1, Sung-Jin CHO1, Jang-Su LEE1, Yong-Chil SEO1* and Chang-Ho OH2

1Department of Environmental Engineering, YIEST, Yonsei University, South Korea 2Dae Kyoung ESCO Company, South Korea


Biomass is one of most abundant organic resources in new and renewable energy source. The research for various renewable energy sources is active worldwide with fermentation, gasification, pyrolysis, and carbonization. Woody biomass conversion and heat-chemical process is known as fast pyrolysis which can produce high yield of liquid fuel. The process uses sometimes fluidized bed, showing higher heat/mass transfer rate and faster chemical reaction rate than fixed bed due to active interaction between gas and solid phases. In this study, lab-scale fast pyrolysis system with BFB (Bubbling Fluidized Bed) type was tested to treat 1 kg/hr of EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch) from palm industry. The characteristics of EFB were investigated with elemental analysis, proximate analysis, heating value, component analysis, and apparent density. Yields of oil, gas and char at different temperature and residence time were tested to get optimum operating conditions.

1

2

3

TC2

TC1 5

4 6

7 8 9

10

11

12

13TC4

TC3

N2

14

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of lab-scale fluidized process for fast pyrolysis reaction.

[1. Pre-Heater, 2. MFC, 3. Feeder, 4. Reactor, 5. Wind-box, 6. Furnace, 7. Cyclone, 8. Quencher-1/2, 9. Quencher-1/4, 10. Oil Pot, 11. EP, 12. Vacuum Pump, 13. Micro-GC, 14. Drain]

References

[1] N.C. Kim, M.S. Eom, J. Korean Society for Environmental Analysis, 11(1) (2009), pp.75-81.[2] K. Sipila, E. Kuoppala, L. Fagernas, A. Oasmaa, J. Biomass and Bioenergy, 14(2) (1998), pp.103-113. [3] P.T. Williams, S. Besler, J. Renewable Energy, 7(3)(1996), 233-250.[4] B.S. Koo, Proc. A Study on Fast Pyrolysis Characteristics of Jatropha and Palm wastes in a Bubbling

Fluidized Bed, Sungkyunkwan, Korea,(2011), pp.99-106.

P-BE-037


436

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS STRAINS SACCHAROMYCES CERVISIAE TO PRODUCE BIOETHANOL

FROM RED ALGAE GELIDIUM AMANSII

Jeong-Hoon Park1,2, Hee-Deung Park1, Sang-Hyoun Kim3, and Jeong-Jun Yoon2*

1Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering Korea University, Seoul, Korea2Green Materials Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, Korea

3Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea


Red marine algae has enormous potential as feedstock in bioethanol production due to several advantages that include high carbohydrate content, growth rate, ethanol yield, and CO2 fixation ability [1]. However, it has been known that most yeast strains can’t utilize galactose, the major monomeric sugar of red algae, as efficiently as they can glucose. The authors investigated various strains capable of fermenting galactose and mixed-sugar (galactose and glucose) to find a suitable strain for ethanol fermentation. We found that the yeast strains exhibited varying fermentative performance on galactose and mixed-sugar. Interestingly, in mixed-sugar conditions, the existence of glucose retarded galactose resolution. Galactose wasn’t utilized until glucose was completely consumed. After S. cervisiae strains were individually incubated in galactose broth (120 g/L), strains S. cervisiae KCCM 50549 and 12028 produced ethanol concentrations of around 6.9% (v/v) within 150 h at 89% of theoretical ethanol yield (0.51 g ethanol/g galactose). In the individual galactose and glucose conditions, the ethanol concentration and yield was higher for galactose than glucose. S. cervisiae KCCM 32016, on the other hand, couldn’t utilize galactose and only fermented glucose, in all conditions. This work was supported by a grant (JA-12-0001) from Korea Institute of Industrial Technology and Republic of Korea and a grant (2009301009001A-13-1-000) from Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning, Ministry of Knowledge Economy, Republic of Korea.

Table 1. The chemical composition of Gelidium amansii

Component Concentration (%)Carbohydrate 67.3Cellulose (glucose) 14.9Agar 52.4

(Galactose) 23.1(3.6-Anhydrogalactose) 29.3

Protein 15.6Lipid 0Ash 5.7Others 11.4

References

[1] Luning and Pang, Journal of Applied Phycology, 15 (2003) 115 119

P-BE-038


437

CHARACTERIZATION AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING OF BIO-OIL DERIVED FROM SACCHARINA JAPONICA

Jae Hyung CHOI1, Yong Beom PARK1, Seung-Soo KIM2, Min Kyung SONG1, andHee Chul WOO1*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Korea


Macroalgae have considered as attractive biomass due to their high growth rate and efficient carbon dioxide fixation with producing valuable chemicals and biofuels. In particular, renewable macroalgae biomass can be converted to bio-oil and are a logical choice to replace oil recently [1]. In order to dedicate toward supplying the crude bio-oil (CBO) from macroalgae, many efforts should be focused on the qualified obstacles, such as poor volatility, low heating value, high viscosity, incompatibility with conventional fuels, coking, solid contents, corrosiveness, and chemical instability [2,3]. In this manner, upgrading of the CBO is essential to improve its properties for substitutes of gasoline or diesel fuels. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to remove the oxygen containing CBO via hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) for producing hydrocarbons.

In this study, brown algae (Saccharina japonica) were pyrolyzed in a fast pyrolysis system equipped with a fluidized bed reactor for preparing CBO, and the produced bio-oil was fractionated by traditional vacuum distillation. The fractionated CBOs for composition were analyzed by GC-MS. The model bio-oil compound for HDO was chosen, and the catalytic reaction was performed in a 25mL autoclave reactor. The catalytic activities were investigated by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (FID) and thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The commercial catalyst used for HDO is copper chromite (Cu2Cr2O5).

The brown algae are consisted of 6.9% moisture, 72.9% combustible and 20.2% ash, and the elemental composition on a dry ash-free basis was 32.9% C, 6.2% H, 60.0% O and 0.9% N, respectively. The six distilled fractions and the residue from crude bio-oil were obtained under the operation parameters of 40~180 oC and 50 mmHg. The yields of distilled fractions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were 55.4%, 0.7%, 6.5%, 7.6%, 4.8% and 3.5% (w/w), respectively. The major compounds of crude bio-oil were furans, aliphatics, cyclopentenes, and phenolics. The catalytic activities of HDO on reaction temperature (200~300 oC) and time (1~5 hr) will be discussed.

References

[1] Y. J. Bae, C. Ryu, J.-K. Jeon, J. Park, D. J. Suh, Y. W. Suh, D. Chang and Y.-K. Park, Bioresource Technology, 102 (2011) 3512.

[2] S. Czernik and A. V. Bridgwater, Energy Fuels, 18 (2004) 590.[3] G. W. Huber, S. Iborra, A. Corma, Chemical Reviews, 106 (2006) 4044.

P-BE-039

Low Carbon Technology

Energy

(Poster Session)


441

ELIMINATION OF H2S AND COS USING MICROWAVE NITROGEN PLASMA TORCH

Sang Jun Yoon1, Young Min Yun1, Yong Ku Kim1, See Hoon Lee2, and Jae Goo Lee1*

1Department of Clean Fuel, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Mineral Resources & Energy Engineering, Chonbuk National University,

Jeonbuk, Korea


During coal or petroleum coke gasification, sulfur compound in the feedstock is converted to gaseous phase of H2S and COS. The H2S and COS in a syngas must be removed before the engine or turbine because it leads the corrosion and erosion of the system and eliminated to clean use of syngas as a feedstock of chemicals. The plasma torch is widely applied because of its high temperature and high chemical reactivity accelerated by the free radicals produced by plasma [1]. In the present study, decomposition of H2S and COS using microwave plasma is conducted with the H2S and COS concentration range of 300 ppm to 1500 ppm, and 30 ppm to 300 ppm, and plasma power range of 1 to 2 kW. Nitrogen is used as a plasma forming gas. Figure 1 shows conversion of H2S with feed gas H2S concentration at 1.6 kW microwave power condition was shown. H2S gas in a nitrogen basis was supplied as a plasma forming gas. Therefore, nitrogen plasma torch at 1.6 kW microwave power was created and used for decomposition of H2S. From the results, conversion of hydrogen sulfide using microwave plasma decreased with increasing H2S concentration in the feed gas. H2S conversion by microwave plasma shows more than 96%.

Initial H2S concentration (ppm)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

H2S

exh

aust

con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60C

onve

rsio

n (%

)

90

92

94

96

98

100

H2S concentrationConversion

Figure 1. Effect of H2S concentration of the feed gas on H2S conversion.

References

[1] P. M. Kanilo, V. I. Kazantsev, N. I. Rasyuk, K. Schünemann and D. M. Vavriv, Fuel, 82 (2003) 187.

P-LCT-001


442

THE REACTION CHARICTERISTICS FOR PRODUCING METHANE-RICH GAS THROUGH CATALYTIC UCC CHAR

AND COAL GASIFICATION AT VARIOUS CONDITIONS

Hueon NAMKUNG1, Xiang Zhou YUAN1, and Hyung-Taek KIM1*

1Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea


Natural gas, which accounts for 21% of the world’s energy mix in 2010, is one of the cleanest and most efficient of all energy sources [1]. Recently the increasing demand for natural gas and its high price has led to pursue coal gasification of natural gas production because gasification technology not only satisfy future energy demand but also provide environmental options. A major problem of commercial coal gasification in the production of fuel gas is the destruction of valuable volatile gas because of high operating temperature. Especially in SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) production plant might be divided by high temperature gasifier and methanation process to produce high concentration methane. However, the direct production of methane through coal and steam by using a catalyst is one of the most attractive routes for the effective utilization of coal [2]. It is generally admitted that potassium and other alkali-metal compounds are the most active catalysts for steam-coal gasification. In this study, general thermobalance was used to verify characteristic of basic carbon and steam reactivity using UCC (Ultra Clean Coal) with potassium carbonate. The reactivity between carbon and steam was the highest such as conditions; temperature 800°C, catalyst(K2CO3) addition 10 Wt %, and steam flow rate 500ml/min. At the optimized condition, produced gas components of Low Rank Coal (Roto South) were analyzed in fixed bed reactor using NDIR. Methane percentage among the produced gas could account for maximum 36%. However, its peak was not observed through NDIR after 20 minutes because many of carbons reacted with steam within 20 minutes.

References

[1] www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2012/goldenrules/WEO2012_GoldenRulesReport.pdf[2] T. Takayuki, J. Sasaki, Y. Otsuka, Y. Tamai, and A. Tomita, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 26 (1987) 627.

P-LCT-002


443

AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR A DEMONSTRATIVE

LOW-ENERGY HOUSE

Kyoung-Ho LEE1, Nam-Choon BAEK1*, Moon-Chang JOO1, Sun-Young JEONG1, Jin-Kook LEE1,Eung-Sang YOON1, and Soon-Myung LEE1



This study describes building energy performance of a demonstrative low-energy house constructed at KIER. The evaluation is based on measured data for the whole year of 2010. Renewable energy system technologies applied to the house include a roof-integrated photovoltaic modules and a solar and ground-coupled heat pump hybrid system. To evaluate building energy performance of the building, holistic energy flow diagram is used to see energy flow through subsystem of the building as seen in Figure 1. Energy systems include solar heating system, ground-coupled heat pumps system, solar PV system, and electric power grid. Annual efficiency for each energy subsystem such as solar collector, heat pump (cooling and heating), solar PV modules and solar thermal storage tank are about 0.21, 3.7, 3.15, 0.09, and 0.77, respectively. In addition, thermal heat loss of solar storage tank is evaluated in terms of various thermal loads. Renewable energy fraction is defined and evaluated to consider the portion of renewable energy resources to total energy supply. To evaluate energy saving of the house, energy demands and fuel energy consumptions of the building are compared with those of conventional residential buildings.

Figure 1. Schematic energy flow chart of a demonstrative low-energy house.

P-LCT-003


444

A CASE STUDY ON DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL SIZE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS AT EARLY STAGE OF

NET ZERO-ENERGY HOUSE DESIGN

Kyoung-Ho LEE1*, Nam-Choon BAEK1, and Dong-Won LEE1



This study describes simulated results of a case study of conceptual design for low-energy houses or zero-energy houses using the method developed for determination of optimal size of energy systems in buildings [1]. The method was developed to determine optimal size for each energy subsystem of buildings by integrating an optimizer and the RETScreen software tool [2]. In the previous study [1], the method was applied to an imaginary office building. In this study, a residential building is considered for a test building of the method. The test building for optimal design is a demonstrative low-energy house installed at KIER, constructed in 2009. The measured space cooling and heating load of the building is used to calibrate simulation building model of the method. Design objective functions for optimal conceptual design considered in the study are initial system cost to be minimized and annual reduction of CO2 gas emissions to be maximized. Renewable energy systems involved in the study are solar heating system with vertically-installed solar collectors on the south-facing wall of the house, solar PV system installed at the building roof as the inclination angle of 30degrees, and ground-coupled heat pump system to meet part of water heating load and full space heating and cooling loads. Several case studies are performed with target design values for energy saving such as 100%, 75%, and 50% compared to typical energy consumption of conventional houses.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of energy system in low-energy house.

References

[1] K-H.Lee et al, Preliminary optimal sizing of renewable energy resources for buildings, AFORE2011, Busan, 2011.

[2] RETScreen, Natural Resource Canada, http://www.retscreen.net

P-LCT-004


445

A SIMULATED EVALUATION OF RENEWABLE HEATING SYSTEM UTILIZING RETURN WATER OF

DISTRICT HEATING

Kyoung-Ho LEE1*



This study describes simulated evaluation of a hybrid solar thermal and ground-source heat pump system in an office building integrated with district heating network. The hybrid thermal system is connected with return water pipe of district heating network to utilize thermal energy of return water. Part of return water is flowed through solar thermal storage tank and then flowed to warm up the temperature of outlet fluid of ground heat exchanger for heat pump in winter. Since temperature of return water is much higher than those of the lower part in solar storage tanks and outlet fluid from ground heat exchanger, return water heat can be used. In summer, return water heat can be used only for the backup heating of solar thermal system. Increased temperature of outlet fluid from ground heat exchanger of heat pump can improve the performance of the heat pump that would result in reduction of electricity consumption. The system is evaluated using simulation with TRNSYS [1] software program. Lumped capacitance building model used in the study is calibrated by using actual data of space heating and cooling and water heating usage for an actual office building. Four different return water temperatures such as 50, 60, 70, and 80 and four cases of overall heat transfer coefficient U of 300, 500, 1,000, 3,000W/ -K are considered to evaluate the performance. With typical value of 800 to 1,700W/ -K [2] for water-to-water heat exchangers, it is expected the performance of heat pump can be improved about by more than 9% by preheating of inlet fluid to heat pump evaporator during heating operation mode.

Figure 1. Schematic system diagram of building renewable heating system connected with district heating

References

[1] TRNSYS 17.0, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Solar Energy Laboratory.[2] Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, Incropera and DeWitt, Fourth edition, Wiley.

P-LCT-005


446

THE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WATER GAS SHIFT REACTION WITH FLUIDIZED BED/PD-BASED MEMBRANE

HYBRID TYPE REACTOR FOR THE SIMULATED REACTION/SEPARATION PROCESS

Jung Min Sohn* and Yong Taek Choi

1Department of Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea


Palladium based membranes, which are perm selective to hydrogen separation, were used for the hydrogen purification for improving conversions by shifting the reaction equilibrium .

In our study, the enhancement effect of H2 production and separation was investigated by adopting the Pd-membrane at the top of the fluidized-bed WGS reactor.

At the preliminary test, the separation capability of H2(100%), binary mixtures of H2/CO2(60/40%) and a ternary mixture of H2/CO/CO2 (40/40/20%) was measured with the composite membrane at 300oC and 2-3bar.

As a result, H2 permeation inhibition was observed due to the presence of both CO and CO2 in the mixtures.

The operation conditions of WGS/membrane hybrid system were 250-400oC and 2-3bar, Steam/Carbon(S/C) ratios were between 1 and 2.5. A maximum CO conversion of 94.5% was achieved at .S/C = 2.5, 300oC and 2.5bar.

CO conversion using Pd based membrane reactor at an appropriate condition was over 10-15% greater than that without the membrane reactor.

P-LCT-006


447

HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION OF MIDDLE DISTILLATES RAGNE FROM SYNGAS ON THE COBALT-BASED

HYBRID CATALYSTS

Suk Hwan KANG1*, Jae Hong RYU1, Jin Ho KIM1, Chan Gi LEE1,P.S. Sai PRASAD2, Kyung Su HA3 and Ki Won JUN3

1Plant Engineering Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Suwon, Kyonggi-do, Republic of Korea

2Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 607, India

3Petroleum Displacement Technology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Yuseong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea


Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction for the direct production of middle distillates range hydrocarbons (C5-C22) from syngas derived by the gasification of coal, biomass or waste, or the reforming of natural gas was investigated on cobalt-based catalysts with different promoters such as Ru, Pt, and La. The catalysts were synthesized by co-precipitation method in an aqueous solution containing Co and Al metal precursors (cobalt nitrate and aluminum nitrate with the weight ratio of Co/Al2O3 = 20/100) and Na2CO3 solution as a precipitating agent at 70oC in a slurry of ZSM-5 (Si/Al=25). The final pH of solution was maintained at around 7 and the precipitate was further aged for 3 h at 70oC followed by calcination at 500oC for 5h. The same procedure was followed for the addition of promoter using the chloride and nitrate precursors. Finally, the ratios of cobalt and promoters (Ru, Pt and La) metal components to that of ZSM-5 in the hybrid catalysts were fixed at 20/30 and 0.3/30 by weight. The hybrid catalysts are noted as a Co-Al2O3-(promoter)/ZSM-5.

Catalytic activity test was carried out in a tubular fixed bed reactor (O.D. = 12.7 mm) with a catalyst of 0.3g. Prior to the reaction, the catalyst was reduced at 450oC for 12 h in a flow of 8% H2 balanced with nitrogen. After reduction, the synthesis gas (H2/CO = 2) was fed into the reactor [1]. The FTS reaction was carried out subsequently under the following reaction conditions; T = 240 and 260oC, P = 2.0 MPa and SV=3,000 ml/gcat/h. The hybrid catalysts are characterized using BET, XRD, H2-TPR, NH3 (or CO)-TPD, SEM, TEM and XPS.

As results, the impregnated Co/ZSM-5 hybrid catalyst is taken as a reference show higher values for conversion and C1 selectivity at 240 oC than that of promoted Co-Al2O3/ZSM-5 hybrid catalysts. All hybrid catalysts show the C5-C9 yield (%) higher than that of Co/ZSM-5 catalyst. However, in the case of the promoted Co-Al2O3/ZSM-5 catalysts the CO conversion to CO2 by the water gas shift (WGS) reaction at 240oC appears to be somewhat higher. In order to understand, XRD study was also carried out. All hybrid catalysts before reaction show the characteristic reflection peak at 2 = 36.8o due to the presence of Co3O4

phase. The particle size of Co3O4 is calculated by using the X-ray line broadening method with the help of Scherrer’s equation.

Promoted Co-Al2O3/ZSM-5 hybrid catalysts show low C1 and olefin selectivity and high C5-C22 yield. At high reaction temperature (240oC) the catalysts show low CO conversion to CO2. The promoted hybrid catalysts are found to be more promising towards direct production of the hydrocarbons of gasoline range.

References

[1] S.H. Kang, J.H. Ryu, J.H. Kin, P.S. Sai Prasad, J.W. Bea, J.Y. Cheon and K.W. Jun, Catal. Lett. 141 (2011) 1464.

P-LCT-007


448

DESIGN OF A SUSTAINABLE LOW ENERGY STUDENT LOUNGE

Eun Sol KIM, Ji Hye KIM, So Hyun PARK, Jang Won SUH, and Hyeong-Dong PARK*

Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


We designed energy independent student lounge (room) for the newly constructed building (Department of Energy Resources Engineering) in Seoul National University. The purpose of this project is to reduce the total amount of carbon emissions and fossil fuel energy consumption in this particular environment where students come to relax and have snacks in their spare school hours. In addition to the built-in geothermal system, we adopted human powered energy generator using cycling machine, solar panels and solar cooker as energy source. Measurements and estimations were made on total energy consumption in the room, and how much of it can be satisfied by our adopted energy sources. Overall, we save 0.0875toe per year, 12.4% of the total energy consumption (0.704toe), this equated to reduction of 0.191tCO2. This project was conducted in a hope to encourage university students, who are major consumer of energy and contributor to production of CO2, to become aware of their original CO2 emitting lifestyle and alter it to a more renewable one.

P-LCT-008


449

GASIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM COKE IN A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR

Myung Won SEO1, Young Tae GUAHK1, Sang Jun YOON1, Ho Won RA1, Jae Goo LEE1*, Nam Sun NHO1, and Sang Done KIM2

1Clean Fuel Department, KIER, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea


The upgrading technology of heavy oils and residue can classified into three processes, which are hydroprocessing, thermal process (carbon rejection process), and gasification [1]. The extra-heavy oil fractions upgrading process, which consists of a rapid thermal pyroylzer (RTP) of extra-heavy oil and gasifier of RTP residue to produce syngas as well as supply heat to the pyrolyzer are developed in KIER (Korea Institute of Energy Research). Unreacted carbon in RTP residue from the pyrolyzer will be used as a feedstock to the gasifier. The component of RTP residue is mostly sand with 1~5 wt% of petroleum coke. The proximate and ultimate analyses of RTP residue and petroleum coke are shown in Table 1. For the RTP residue (petroleum coke) gasifier design, parameters such as reactor temperature, residence time, steam/fuel ratio and gas velocity in the gaisifier should be determined.

In this study, the continuous fluidized bed reactor (0.05 m I.D. x 1.2 m high) as shown in Figure 1. is used for petroleum coke gasification. The operating conditions were as follows; temperature: 600-900 oC, residence time: 3.3-13.2 min, steam/fuel ratio: 0.5-1, Ug/Umf ratio: 2.0-6.0. The gasification performances such as product gas composition, carbon conversion, gas yield, heating value of product gas are observed and provided for gasifier design criteria of extra-heavy oil fractions upgrading process.

Figure 1. The fluidized bed reactor for petroleum coke gasification

P-LCT-009


450

Table 1.The proximate, elemental analyses and calorific value of RTP residue and petroleum coke.

Proximate analysis (wt%) Ultimate analysis (wt%) Higher Heating Valve (kcal/kg)Moisture V.M. Ash F.C. C H N S O

RTP residue 0.41 0.87 98.55 0.17 0.18 0.23 N.D 0.02 1.02 N.D.Petroleum coke 0.58 12.20 0.33 86.89 68.70 3.65 0.66 8.55 18.11 8,560

References

[1] T. Kayukawa, S. Nagamatsu, J. Jpn. Inst. Energy, 89 (2010) 1042.


451

METHANOL ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE REMOVAL OF H2S, COS, CO2 IN A PILOT-SCALE

BIOMASS-TO-LIQUID PROCESS

Myung Won SEO1, Young Min YUN1, Sang Jun YOON1, Ho Won RA1, Jae Ho KIM1*, See Hoon LEE2,Won Hyun Eom3, Eun Do LEE4, and Sang Bong Lee5

1Clean Fuel Department, KIER, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Resources and Energy Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea

3Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea4Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, Korea

5Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Cheonan, Korea


Biomass to Liquid (BTL) process is an attractive process which produces liquid biofuels from biomass. The Fisher-Tropsch (FT) process is used to produce synfuels such as diesel and gasoline from gasified biomass. However H2S, COS and CO2 in syngas from biomass gasifiers results in a decrease of the conversion efficiency and the deactivation of the catalyst in FT process [1]. To remove acid gases, a pilot-scale methanol adsorption tower having 1 BPD (Barrel per day) diesel production was developed and the removal characteristics of acid gases were determined. The schematic diagram of methanol adsorption tower is shown in Figure 1. A total operation time of 500 h was achieved with several campaigns. The methanol absorption tower efficiently removed H2S and COS with a removal of CO2 as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Typical gas composition at various sampling points

Samplingpoint

Gas composition

H2S[ppm] COS[ppm] CO2 [%]

Rawsyngas

25 2.7 26

After Scrubber

5.7 1 24

After MeOHtower

b.d. b.d. 3Figure 1. Schematic of methanol adsorption tower

References

[1] G.W. Yu, Y. Y. Xu, X. Hao, Y. W. Li, and G. Q. Liu, Fuel, 89 (2010) 1070.

P-LCT-010


452

THE STUDY OF DRYING KINETICS OF LOW RANK COAL(INDONESIA-IBC) THROUGH USING FLUIDIZED-BED

REACTOR FOR CATALYTIC GASIFICATION

Tae-Jin Kang1, Hueon Namkung1, Dong-Ha Jang1, and Hyung-Taek Kim1*

1Division of Energy System Research, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea


Coal continues to be an important energy source in many parts of the world. The increasing world population and the continued improvement in living standards have demand that power system develop new technologies for cheaper energy with less environmental impacts, particularly reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and the other air pollutants. The development of clean coal utilization technologies has required deeper understanding of coal structure and properties than ever before.

Due to energy crisis, there has been an increasing interest in coal all over the world. Among energy resources, interest in low rank coal is rising along with energy security. That is the coal which contains higher moisture content from 30% up to 60%. In order to utilize those low rank coal as fuel for generating electricity, it should be required to precede drying process prior to its utilization. In the present work, experiments on lignite has been done using a lab scale fluidized-bed reactor. Drying lignite through fluidized-bed reactor has a higher drying rate because there is good contact between particles and gas in the fluidized-bed reactor. Fluidized-bed drying can use air of 1.5 times of the minimum fluidizing velocity performance at bubbling fluidized-bed. Experiments have been performed on coal particle sizes of 0.3-1mm, 1.18-2.8mm and 2.8-4mm, with operating temperatures being 373K, 398K and 423K, respectively. And comparison of drying kinetics between VRM(Volume Reaction Model) and SCM(Shrinking Core Model). Also, activation energy calculated from the Arrhenius equation.

P-LCT-011


453

INITIAL DEVOLATILIZATION TEMPERATURE OF LOW RANK COAL USING WIRE MESH REACTOR

Ho Won RA, Shin Young KIM, Myung Won SEO and Jaegoo LEE

Clean Fuel Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea


Recently, there have been many researches on the use of low rank coal due to the difficulties to secure high quality coal. Low rank coal has higher water contents and lower heating value compared with other coal. Therefore, upgrading technology such as fluidized bed drying process is strongly demanded for the efficient use of low rank coal. The initial devolatilization temperature of low rank coal is essential information for stable operation ranges and reliable reactor design.

In this study, wire mesh reactor was used for the determination of coal initial devolatilization temperature. Typically, a small amount of coal (normally 10mg) is sandwiched as a monolayer between two layers of wire mesh. The wire mesh containing coal sample is placed between two water-cooled electrodes and heated up by electrical power. The wire mesh itself serves as a resistance heater. The heating rate and temperature are controlled by a PC-driven feedback control system. During heating, devolitilization products are carried away from the reaction zone by a carrier gas (e.g. Nitrogen). On reaching the required peak temperature and residence time at peak temperature, the heating current is stopped and the sample cools to ambient temperature in a stream of carrier gas. Fuel conversion is determined from the weight difference of the sample before and after testing. The measurements of total volatile yields by weight loss of the coal samples were conducted several times to analyze the repeatability of the WMR devolitilization experiments.

References

[1] G. Di Nola, W.de jong, H. Spliethoff, Fuel Process Technology 90(2009) 388-395.[2] Stephen Niksaa, Gui-su Liua, Robert H. Hurt, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 29 (2003)

425-477.[3] L. Chen, C. Zeng, X. Guo, Fuel Processing Technology 91 (2010) 848-852.

P-LCT-012


454

CO2 ENRICHMENT SYSTEM USING BOILER EXHAUST GAS FOR HORTICULTURAL GREENHOUSES

Sang Min LEE1*, Keun Won CHOI2, and Kyung Sub PARK3

1Department of Eco-Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea2Department of Eco-Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Korea3Protected Horticulture Research Station, Rural Development Administration, Busan, Korea


Plant growth can be enhanced by increasing CO2 concentration inside horticultural greenhouses since CO2

is necessary for photosynthesis. Increasing CO2 level from 350 ppm (atmospheric average) to 1,000 ppm can promote photosynthesis 30-50%. In the present study, a CO2 enrichment system was developed which use exhaust gas from greenhouse heating boilers as a CO2 source. System efficiency can be improved and operating expenses can be reduced with the proper heat storage and optimized operating scenarios. In order to minimize temperature and humidity effect, a condenser was installed at the outlet of boilers. This system was applied to a Paprika glasshouse and the horticultural characteristics have been experimentally investigated. Results show that the size and the yield of Paprika were significantly increased and the operating expenses can be reduced by 20-30% comparing with CO2 dosing system using liquid CO2 tank. This system can be a viable option for CO2 utilization.

(a) (b)

Figure 1. CO2 enrichment system using boiler exhaust gas: (a) schematic diagram, (b) system photo.

P-LCT-013


455

A STUDY ON LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR UNIT PANEL OF TWO-WAY VOID SLAB

Eun Hee JOO1, Sang Mo KIM1*, Ji yeon KANG2, Hyung Geun KIM2, Jong Moon CHOI3,Sung Hoon JANG4

1Department of Resaerch, TVS korea, Seoul, Korea2Department of Resaerch, SH Corporation, Seoul, Korea

3Department of Resaerch, Poscoenc, Incheon, Korea4Department of Resaerch, Lotte E&C, Seoul, Korea


We have prepared highly efficient solar cell using a simple sol-gel process.To alleviate global warming effect, apartment house with long life spans have gained attention due to their ability to reduce CO2 emissions. The purpose of the study was to develop a clean tech for apartment house with long life spans using unit panel of two-way void slab. Two-way Void Slab system is eco-friendly technology of replacing concrete with unit panel in central part as H-beam section.

Figure 1. Structural concept of Two-way Void Slab system

Figure 2. Composition of unit panel

To compute CO2 emissions as a Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) for unit panel apply to National LCI DB of EPS and PP. The stages is made 2 groups by classification material and production for LCA.

According to the results of computing, CO2 emissions were 4.5kg/CO2, finally by conducting a case analysis, the effect of reduction under production stage compared with RC rahmen or plat plate.

Table 1. LCA for unit panel of two-way void slab

CO2 Emissions unit Material stage Production stage

4.5 kg 3.2 1.3

References

[1] Kim Rak-Hyun, Tae Sung-Ho, Sustainable durability design method in apartment houses with assessments of life cycle CO2, Architectural Institute Korea, v.28 n.02 (2012)

P-LCT-014


456

EFFECT OF NITROGEN FUNCTIONAL GROUP ON ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIORS OF

STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE-BASED POROUS CARBONS FOR ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER CAPACITORS ELECTRODES

Ji-Han LEE and Soo-Jin PARK*



In this work, we prepared Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer from styrene and acrylonitrile as carbon precursors. And then we conducted SAN carbonization and KOH activation for electrodes of electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) [1]. Nitrogen functional groups containing SAN-based carbons (N-SANs) are prepared by urea. N-dopping treatments were carried out with different temperatures to confirm the optimal thermal conditions [2]. The crystalline and structural features were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface properties of the N-SANs were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The textural properties of N-SANs were investigated by N2/77 K adsorption isotherms using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation. Also, their electrochemical behaviors were confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV).

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

N-700 N-800 N-900

Figure 1. N2/77 K adsorption isotherm of N-SANs samples as a function of carbonization temperature.

References

[1] S. J. Park, S. Y. Jin, and J. Kawasaki, J. Kor. Ind. Eng. Chem., 14 (2003) 8.[2] C. L. Mangun, K. R. Benak, J. Economy, and K. L. Foster, Carbon, 39 (2001) 1809.

P-LCT-015


457

Type ofstructures

Rahmen(existing plan)

Flat plate with void slab(advanced plan)

Materials CO2 Emission Materials CO2 EmissionConcrete 2,868 992,155 kg 2,713 938,663 kg

Reinforcement 563 ton 1,317,654 kg 259 ton 605,826 kgForm 14,790 35,940 kg 11,541 28,045 kg

Void Slab - 7,791 19,447 kgSum 2,345,749 kg 1,592,011 kg

AN EVALUATION OF CO2 EMISSION OF LONG SPAN FLAT PLATE SYSTEM WITH VOID SLAB IN APARTMENT

Ji Yeon KANG1, Hyung Geun KIM1, Eun Hee JOO2, Sang Mo KIM2, Su Won YOON3, and Tae Woo BYEON4

1Department of Urban Research, SH Corporation, Seoul, Korea2Department of Research & Enginnering, TVS Co, Seoul, Korea

3Divison of Research & Enginnering, Posco Engineering & Construction Co., Incheon, Korea4Department of Research & Development, Lotte Engineering & Construction Co., Seoul, Korea


To alleviate global warming effect, the apartment house with long life has gained attention due to their ability to conserve resource and reduce CO2 emissions. We developed the long span flat plate structure applied to the void slab(Fig. 1(a)). This structure have more advantageous than existing frame structures; spatial flexibility, saving story height, economical, etc.. In addition, this structure when applied to an apartment, how much carbon reduction rate, carbon emissions were calculated(Fig. 1(b)). The CO2 emissions were calculated using Korea LCI Database Information supplied by Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute. The results, the CO2 Emission of this structure was reduced by 32.1% than the existing Rahman structure(table. 1).

(a) concepts of void slab (b) apartment planFigure 1. Concepts of void slab and apartment plan applied void slab

Table 1. CO2 emission of structures

References

[1] H. Kim and J. Kang, The Development of Long Span Flat Plate System in Apartment for Long Life, SH Corporation’s annual report, 2011.

P-LCT-016


458

INFLUENCE OF CONSTITUENT PHASE ON THE REDUCIBILITY OF WÜSTITE UNDER H2 AND CO GAS

Wan Ho KIM1 and Dong Joon MIN1*

1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea


Current iron-making process has been based on the blast furnace operation due to the its higher energy efficiency and productivity, where carbonaceous materials was used as a reductant and hear energy source. This leads to a large emission of greenhouse gas such as CO2, resulting in a demand to mitigate the emission of CO2 with maintaining the productivity in the iron-making industry. Utilization of hydrogen instead of carbonaceous materials has taken center stage as an alternative way to reduce the emission of CO2 in the iron-making process due to higher reducibility of iron oxide under hydrogen compared with CO gas.[1] In addition, utilization of hydrogen also makes it possible to use lower grade iron ores including higher concentration of gangue materials such SiO2 and Al2O3, where the gangue oxides have formed the constituent phase of calcium silicate, fayalite and calcium ferrite during the sinter process. Although, these constituent phases play a significant role in determining the reducibility of iron ores, few studies about the role of constituent phase under hydrogen have been reported. In the present study, the role of iron oxide on the reducibility of iron oxide with considering the constituent phase was verified at 1273 K under H2 and CO using thermo-gravimetric analysis. From the results, it was founded that the constituent phase affected the reduction mechanisms of both interfacial chemical reaction and gaseous mass transport, by which the reduction behavior of iron oxide was governed. Phase identification and morphological observations were also carried out using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively.

References

[1] R. J. Fruehan, Y. Li, L. Brabie and E-J. Kim, Scand. J. Metall., 34 (2005) 205

P-LCT-017


459

H2O CO2 N2 O2

Composition (%) 2 15 79 3.9

A STUDY OF NEW ABSORBENTS FOR POST-COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE TEST BED

No Sang Kwak, Ji Hyun Lee, In Young Lee, Kyung Ryoung Jang and Jae-Goo Shim*

Green Growth Laboratory, Korea Electric Power Research Institute,65 Munji-Ro,Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-760, Korea


Capture and storage of post combustion CO2 from fossil fuel power plants is the best technique that can be rapidly and safely employed for the control of greenhouse gas emissions. A test bed for CO2 recovery of 2 ton-CO2/day from flue gas emitted from 500 MW fossil fuel power plant was tested with aqueous new amine. Based on a chemical absorption/ regeneration process with new absorbents, we have studied the effects of lean solvent flow rate, input location and intercooling of absorbent, pressure and temperature of stripper for process optimization. This optimization aimed to reduce the energy for solvent regeneration. The optimum point in flow rate of lean absorbents was 700 kg/h in 350 Sm3/h flue gas. And the regeneration energy using new solvent was 2.85 GJ/ton CO2 in 90% CO2 removal. Although the energy for solvent regeneration was very small, continued research is needed to prevent volatilization because of high volatility of new solvent.

Figure 1. 2 ton-CO2/day pilot plant process for CO2 removal

Table 1. Specification of flue gas emitted from 500 MW thermal power plant

References

[1] Lee, S., Maken, S., Park, J. W., Song, H. J., Park, J. J., Shim, J. G., Kim, J. H., Eum, H.M., Fuel, 87 (2008) 1734-1739.

P-LCT-018


460

COMPARISON OF DIESEL PM REMOVAL PERFORMANCE OF METALLIC FLOW-THROUGH FILTER AND

ELECTORSTATICALLY ASSISTED METALLIC FOAM FILTER


Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea


Metallic filters have been used widely as an exhaust gas cleaning device for diesel engines with high volumetric flow rate, however these filters have a technical limitation to achieve high removal performance for diesel particulate matters due to the low pressure drop geometry. In this study, we developed a novel particle filtration system composed of a metallic foam filter and an electrostatic charger combined with electrostatic force enhancer. In this study, we tested three types of filtration devices, a metallic flow-through filter (Emitec, Germany) which is commercially available for 4 L diesel engines, and a foam filter with and without a electrostatic device under a standard test mode (European Stationary Cycle 13 mode) using a 4 L diesel engine. The test results showed that the temperature of exhaust gas from the diesel engines was varied from 100 to 400 , mostly ranged between 300 and 400 during the ESC mode operation of the diesel engine (Figure 1 a). The particle emission from the engine without any filtration devices was 0.03 g/kW-h, and it was decreased to 0.013 and 0.012 g/kW-h with a standalone foam filter and an Emitec filter, respectively. In particular, the emission concentration with the novel foam filtration device was decreased to 0.005 g/kW-h which meant 83% of total particle mass decreased due to the filtration device, increasing applied voltage to the filtration device from 0 to 12 kV. However, the emission concentration was not increased less than 0.05 g/kW-h even with higher applied voltages than 12 kV because unstable corona discharge at high exhaust temperature with applied voltages of 15 and 20 kV was occurred by the high electrical field between high voltage electrode and grounded tube. From the experimental results, it is concluded that the low filtration performance of metallic foam filters for diesel exhaust gas could be enhanced by combination of electrostatic pre-charging and collection method, and this might broaden the application of the foam filters to other industries under significantly stringent regulation on exhaust emission.

Figure 1. Temperature profile during ESC mode operation (a) and particle mass concentration from the diesel engine during ESC mode with three different filtration devices (b).

P-LCT-019


461

SULFUR ADSORPTION ON COAL ASH FOR OXY COAL COMBUSTION

Seon Ah ROH* and Sang In KEEl



In coal combustion system, SO3 is one of the most interesting material related with corrosion and system stability. Especially, by the recirculation of sulfur concentrated flue gas, high system damage and shortening of life can be expected in Oxy-PC power plant. Usually, coal contains a certain amounts of calcium and magnesium. These minerals have shown the possibility to reduce sulfur emissions from the combustor. The sulfur retention is due to the formation of sulfates, for example CaSO4 and MgSO4. In this study, the sulfur adsorption characteristics on coal ash were determined for oxy coal combustion system in thermobalance reactor and a lab scale oxy-PC combustor. The effects of combustion temperature and oxygen concentration on sulfation conversion were determined in a thermobalance reactor and comparison experiment between oxy combustion condition and air combustion condition has been examined in a lab scale oxy-PC combustor.

Figure 1. Thermobalance reactor

P-LCT-020


462

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF HFC-134A

Seon Ah ROH1*, Woohyun KIM1, and DaeSung Jung2

1Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Taejon, Korea2Hyundai Motor Company, Hwaseong, Korea


HFC-134a has been used as refrigerants of air conditioner for the Korean vehicles. However, Global Warming Potential is high and HFCs has been regulated by Kyoto protocol and Bali Roadmap and efficient treatment has been needed. Absorption, thermal treatment and plasma treatment etc. has been applied. Thermal treatment of HFC-134a has been known as one of the effective methods to destroy HFC-134a. In this study, thermal treatment of HFC-134a from ELVS(end of life vehicles) has been performed in a lab scale reactor, 5 ton/day shaft-type gasification-melting pilot plant of ASR and 100 ton/day demo-plant of MSW(municipal solid waste). The certain amount of HFC-134a has been injected to the reactor and sampling has been performed after main reactor and produced gas has been analyzed with FTIR and GC-MS.

Figure 1. Experimental apparatus

Figure 2. Effect of temperature on removal efficiency.

References

[1] M. Jasi ski, , M. Dors, J. Mizeraczyk, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 29(2009) 363[2] K.H. Kim, H.T. Joung, H. Nam, Y.C. Seo, J.H. Hong, T.W. Yoo, B.S. Lim, J.H. Park, Waste

Management, 24 (2004) 533

P-LCT-021


463

OXYFUEL COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DUAL STAGE SWIRL-STABILIZED BURNER

Ju Hyeong CHO1*, Min Kuk KIM1, Sang Min LEE1, Han Seok KIM1, Jae Hwan JANG2, Kook Young AHN1

1Eco-Machinery Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea2University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea


Energy utilization from fossil fuel combustion has accelerated the global warming due to the Greenhouse effect, to which CO2 emission is a dominant culprit. Oxyfuel combustion, i.e., combustion with oxygen instead of air as an oxidizer, has recently drawn a significant attention because oxyfuel combustion with hydrocarbon fuels only yields carbon dioxide and water vapor as combustion products at the stoichiometric condition. Carbon dioxide produced as such can therefore be easily captured by condensing water vapor produced.

The present study examines the oxyfuel combustion characteristics of a lean premixed swirl-stabilized burner that utilizes two-staged fuel injection arrays to enhance mixing quality and minimize the possible damages due to the occurrence of flashback. A flue gas of CO2 is added to the mixture of fuel(methane) and oxidizer to control adiabatic flame temperature(AFT). The oxidizer used contains a small amount of nitrogen to simulate degradation of oxygen purity that occurs in practical air separation processes. The effect of carbon dioxide addition on the NOx and CO emissions was examined to find out an optimized range of adiabatic flame temperature. The key results show that NOx and CO emissions are both low for AFT of around 2300 K. CO emission is also quite low as long as the exhaust O2 emission is above 4%, which implies that CO2 capture with a high CO2 concentration up to 96% is viable while CO emission is kept quite low. The dependence of NOx emission upon nitrogen addition to the oxidizer shows that NOx emission is kept a single-digit ppm even when the mole fraction of nitrogen is larger than 10%.

Figure 1. Schematic of a premix burner Figure 2. Emissions characteristics with adiabatic flame temperature

0

100

200

300

400

500

1 2 3 4 5 6

15kW 2300K20kW 2300K

CO

em

issi

on [p

pm]

O2 emission [%]

Figure 3. The effect of excess O2 on CO emissions Figure 4. NOx emissions with nitrogen fraction in the oxidizer

P-LCT-022


464

A SIMULATION STUDY ON GTL FT WAX UPGRADING PROCESS

Yong Heon Kim*, Ji Han Bae, Myong Ho Park

E&P Technology Insititute, Korea National Oil Corporation, 1588-14 Gwanyang Dong, An Yang, 431-711, South Korea


A simulation study on gas-to-liquid (GTL, natural gas to Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuel) upgrading process was carried out in order to find optimum process for optimum design of GTL total process. Among heavy hydrocarbon upgrading process, hydrocracking process and delayed coking process were selected for cracking heavy hydrocarbon in FT wax. The composition of FT wax product was the feed of upgrading process. FT wax composition data from pilot test of FT reaction was used for feed data in this simulation.

Upgrading process could be selected by target product. In this study, the target product is GTL FT diesel, so the optimum process could be selected for GTL FT diesel.

In this study, Aspen Hysys was used for simulation study, and conventional heavy hydrocarbon upgrading process was considered as unconventional heavy hydrocarbon upgrading. Also, optimum upgrading process, operating conditions and product composition would be determined by simulation study.

Key words: Natural gas, Upgrading process, Synthesis gas, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, GTL

P-LCT-023


465

BIMETALLIC CATALYST FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH CALORIC SNG

Jin Ho KIM1, Suk Hwan KANG1, Jae Hong RYU1, Hyo Sik KIM1, Young Don YOO1*, Kwang Jun KIM2,Hyun Jung LEE2, Su Han KIM3, Dong Jun KOH3

1Plant Engineering Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Suwon, Kyonggi-do, Republic of Korea

2Clean Gas Project Team/ New Growth Business Dept., POSCO, 892 Daechi4-dong, Gangnam-gu Seoul, Repubric of Korea

3Coal Chemical Processing Team, RIST, San 32, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Repubric of Korea


SNG can be viewed as a domestic as well as next-generation energy fuel interest. Presently, the natural gas supplied in pipeline network is inadequate and its calorific value is also insufficient for applications like the production of iron by Direct Reduction Process. As described above, SNG with the addition of LPG acquires a high calorific value in the range of 9,700~10,800 kcal/m3 and can form a more attractive fuel.

In the present work, we performed the combined methanation and Fischer-Tropsh synthesis (FTS) using bimetallic catalysts using syngas. The Al2O3 supported bimetallic Ni-based catalysts were prepared by wet-impregnation method using different promoters such as Ga, Ce, Co, Fe and Zr. The properties of the bimetallic catalysts were further substantiated by using the characterization tools such as surface area measurement, XRD and H2-TPR. The objective of this work is to optimize the metal composition in the catalyst to obtain high calorific SNG through methanation and FTS.

The performance of the bimetallic catalysts was measured at 300 , 2.0 MPa, 2,000 ml/gcat h and H2/CO= 3.0. The activity of catalysts was tested for over 15 h. The activity and the hydrocarbons yield including methane of the catalysts after a TOS of 15 h vary in the order Co and Fe > Ce > Ga > Zr for the promoter. In the case of Ni-Fe/Al2O3, the conversion to CO2 showed the higher value than that of Ni-Co/Al2O3 because of the water gas shift reaction on iron component. However, the total yield of hydrocarbons including methane on Ni-Co/Al2O3 and Ni-Fe/Al2O3 catalysts has the higher value of 81.4% and 81.6%, respectively. In the case of Co- and Fe-based catalysts, it is well known that they show high activity under the conditions of H2/CO = 2.0, 220 - 240 . Especially, iron component has the high WGS and FTS activity under the high temperature of 300 - 350 . The C2+ hydrocarbons in products on the Ni-Co/Al2O3 and Ni-Fe/Al2O3

catalysts are lower than expected. The reason is because the H2/CO ratio is higher than 2.0. It is expected that under a H2/CO ratio lower than 3.0, FTS can proceed at high conversion rate for C2+ hydrocarbons.

On the other hand, the hydrocarbon yield including methane in the Ni-Zr/Al2O3 catalyst has the lowest value of 60.8%. Also, the catalyst shows the lowest CO conversion of 93.76%.

In order to understand the activity of bimetallic catalysts, XRD study was carried out on the catalysts before reaction. The fresh catalysts prepared by impregnation have shown the cubic NiO with the characteristic peaks appearing at 2 values of 37.3o, 43.4o and 62.8o agreeing with data reported in the JCPDS files [3]. The crystallite size of NiO is calculated around 43.4o by using the X-ray line broadening method with the help of Scherrer’s equation. The crystallite size of NiO for Ni-Ce/Al2O3, Ni-Co/Al2O3,Ni-Fe/Al2O3, Ni-Ga/Al2O3 and Ni-Zr/Al2O3 is 11.7, 14.7, 10.8, 11.6 and 9.9, respectively. It may be construed that there is no direct correlation between the activity of the bimetallic catalysts and the particle size of NiO.

References

[1] S.H. Kang, J.W. Bae, P.S. Sai Prasad, K.W. Jun, Catal. Lett. 125 (2008) 264.

P-LCT-024


466

STUDY OF FORMATION AND INVESTIGATION OF PROPERTIES OF METAL DOPED TITANIUM DIOXIDE

NANOTUBE ARRAYS SYNTHESIZED BY ANODIZING METHOD

Li Li He, Tursunkulov Oybek, Amir Abidov, Jae Jin Song, Soon-Wook Jeong, SangYeop Kim, Tae Yong Kim and Sungjin Kim*

The School of Advanced Materials and System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 1Yangho-dong, Gumi, Korea,730-701, TEL(054) 478-7731, FAX(054)478-7769


It is well known that various type of nanostructures materials have been used as a means of modern industrial technology and energy conversion materials. These structures can be classified into four types: (a) Nanocomposite (3-dimensional), (b) quantum well (2- dimensional), (c) nanowire and nanotubes (1-dimensional, 1D), and (d) nanoparticles (0-dimensional). Our interest in this work is investigation of the properties of anodically fabricated Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays in various technological conditions. Because photoactive semiconductor, titanium dioxide has attracted great attention owing to their potential applications in the areas of electronics, optics, catalysis, biotemplating, and gas-sensing materials. In this study metal doped titania nanotubes have been fabricated by electrochemical anodization process. Particularly, we controlled several anodizing condition of growing vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays in electrolytic solutions and investigated morphological and structural characteristics. The morphology and structure of the nanotubes are strictly depends on the electrolyte and other anodizing parameters, such as applying voltage, anodizing temperature and time. That is the reason it is considered different processes of electrochemical anodizing, in particular thermal condition, mixing and pH adjustment. The morphologies, structures, TiO2 nanotube array were characterizes by FE-SEM, EDS, XPS and XRD.

Key words: Titanium Dioxide, nanotubes, aqueous electrolyte, anodizing, thermal annealing

P-LCT-025


467

DEVELOPMENT OF CU-BASED WGS CATALYST FOR FLUIDIZED-BED SEWGS PROCESS

Dong-Hyeok Choi, Joong Beom Lee*, Tae Hyoung Eom, Jeom In Baek, Seong Jegarl, Chong Kul Ryu

Office of Technology Commercialization, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea


Water gas shift (WGS) reaction over Cu-based mixed oxide catalysts was studied. Copper is well known catalyst which has been widely used commercially since the early 1960s in the WGS reaction [1-2]. Four catalysts (PC-A~D) were synthesized by spray drying method for fluidized-bed sorption enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS) process. Catalysts were composed of copper as an active metal, supports, a promoter, inorganic binders, and so on. Spray dried catalysts were calcined at 823 K under air for 3 h. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption. Physical properties of the catalysts were measured by standard ASTM methods. PC series catalysts satisfied most of the physical requirements for commercial fluidized-bed process. All catalysts had a spherical shape, an average size of 107 119 m, and a size distribution of 53 183 m, a bulk density of 0.69 1.34 g/ml. Attrition index (AI) of PC-A catalyst was 20%, which was superior, compared to commercial fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts. The performance of the catalysts was investigated by multi-channel fixed-bed catalytic reactor. After activation for 3 h with hydrogen, WGS reaction was carried out at 513 K and 20 bar by feeding a gas mixture of H2O, CO, and N2 with the molar ratio of H2O/CO=3. CO conversion of PC-C and PC-D catalysts displayed nearly 99% at temperature of 513 K. This result suggested that the small crystallite size and high degree of dispersion of copper might contribute to superior catalytic activity of PC-C and PC-D catalysts.

Figure 1. Catalytic activities of PC series catalysts.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Energy Efficiency and Resources R&D program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Knowledge Economy (2011201020004A), Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) and Korea Western Power co., Ltd.

References

[1] M.J.L. Gines et al, “Activity and structure-sensitivity of the water-gas shift reaction over Cu-Zn-Al mixed oxide catalysts”, Appl. Catal. A, 131 (1995) 283-296.

[2] D.S. Newsome, “Water-gas shift reaction”, Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng., 21 (1980) 275-318.

P-LCT-026


468

SOLID CO2 SORBENTS FOR FLUIDIZED-BED SORPTION ENHANCED WATER GAS SHIFT PROCESS

Joong Beom Lee*, Dong-Hyeok Choi, Tae Hyoung Eom, Jeom In Baek, Seong Jegarl, Chong Kul Ryu

Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea


The new concept for the pre-combustion CO2 capture process proposed by KEPCO Research Institute, which is named as one loop sorption enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS) process. Proposed one loop SEWGS process consisted of two fluidized bed reactors. In first reactor, CO in synthesis gas is converted to CO2

and H2 under reacting with water vapor on WGS catalyst, then, CO2 is simultaneously captured by solid regenerable CO2 sorbent in the same reactor. Sorbents captured CO2 are regenerated by water vapor or CO2

and water vapor mixture to separate concentrated CO2. This work aimed to develop and verify the performance of CO2 sorbents and WGS catalysts to capture CO2 from coal-derived synthesis gas at temperature range of 200 500 °C and above 20 bar in one loop SEWGS process. This paper summarizes the results of performance of solid sorbent for CO2 capture using simulated syngas contained water vapor. Some promoted MgO-based dry regenerable CO2 sorbents prepared by spray-drying technique to evaluate their applicability to a SEWGS process. Each sorbents were composed of MgO as an active material, supports, a promoter, inorganic binders, and so on. Spray dried catalysts were calcined at 500, 550, 600under air for 3 hours. The physical properties, particle size distribution and average particle size, bulk density, BET, Hg porosity and shape, of the spray-dried sorbents were investigated by standard methods and the attrition resistance of the sorbents for circulating fluidized-bed application was measured with a modified three-hole air-jet attrition tester based on the ASTM D 5757-95. The chemical reactivity was measured in high temperature and high pressure conditions (carbonation at 200~240oC and regeneration at 400oC) with simulated syngas containing water vapor with 2-inch SEWGS reactor.

All of the MgO-based sorbents satisfied most of the physical requirements such as a shape, an average size and a size distribution and a bulk density for commercial fluidized bed reactor process along with reasonable chemical reactivity. All sorbents had a spherical shape, an average size of 108~150 um, and a size distribution of 45~250 um, a bulk density of 0.70~1.15 g/mL. The attrition index(AI) of all the sorbent was below 20% compare to about 20% for commercial fluidized catalytic cracking(FCC) catalyst. CO2

sorption capacity in the middle of the spray dried solid sorbents was approximately 12 mg-CO2/g-sorbents at 200 and 20 bar with synthesis gas conditions and some of sorbents showed to reach the initial sorption capacity for multi cycle. These properties are suitable for fluidized one loop SEWGS process.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Energy Efficiency and Resources R&D program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy (2011201020004A), Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) and five Korea Power Companies.

References

[1] Joong B. Lee, Chong Kul Ryu, et al., “Sodium-Based Dry Regenerable Sorbent for Carbon Dioxide Capture from Power Plant Flue Gas”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47, 4465-4472.

P-LCT-027


469

SCREENING OF Na/K-BASED SOLID SORBENT FOR CO2CAPTURE

Tae Hyoung Eom1, Joong Beom Lee1, Chong Kul Ryu1, Jeom In Baek1, Young Woo Rhee2*

1Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University., Daejeon, Korea


We have prepared solid sorbent for CO2 capture from the flue gas of coal-fired power plant using spray drying method. The formulation of prepared sorbents contained approximately 30~40 wt% Na2CO3 and K2CO3 as active materials, Al2O3 and TiO2 as supporter. These sorbents were calcined at 773, 823, 873, and 923 K under an air atmosphere with a muffle furnace. The physical properties such as attrition resistance represented with (AI), bulk density, particle size distribution and shape, and reactivity of each sorbents was examined for each sorbents. The sorbent reactivity was tested with simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at 60 ml/min NTP. The gas composition of carbonation was 14.4 vol% CO2, 5.4 vol% O2, balanced N2 and water vapor was changed up to 5~15 vol%. As can see in Table 1, CO2 sorption capacity was approximately 4~13 g-CO2/100g-sorbent.

Table 1. Attrition resistance (attrition index) and CO2 sorption capacity of sorbents

PN30-1 PN30-2 PN40-1 PK35-1 PK35-2 PK40-1

Attrition Index(%)AI(5) 3.0 18.8 37.7 0.44 0.0 0.0

CAI(5) 1.6 14.2 22.5 0.44 0.0 0.0

CO2 sorption capacity[wt%] 10.7 7.6 12.9 7.0 4.3 7.8

Figure 1. SEM images of spray dried sorbents(Í500).

References

[1] J. B. Lee, C. K. Ryu, J.-I. Baek, J. H. Lee, T. H. Eom and S. H. Kim, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47 (2008) 4465.

[2] Arunkumar Samanta, An Zhao, George K. H. Shimizu, Partha Sarkar, and Rajender Gupta, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51 (2012), 1438 1463.

[3] Qiang Wang, Jizhong Luo, Ziyi Zhong and Armando Borgna, Energy Environ. Sci., 4 (2011), 42.

P-LCT-028


470

SULFUR REMOVAL FROM SYNGAS BY ZINC-BASED SOLID SORBENTS

Jeom-In BAEK1*, Tae Hyoung EOM1, Joong Beom LEE1, Dong Hyuk CHOI1, Seong Jegarl1, Chong Kul RYU1, Young Cheol PARK2, Sung-Ho JO2, and Yongseung YUN3

1Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea 2Greenhouse Gas Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

3Center for Plant Engineering, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Yongin, Kyeonggi, Korea


There are several contaminant gases such as H2S and HCl in the coal- or biomass-derived syngas. These gases lead to the corrosion of equipments or deactivation catalysts which were located in the syngas flow. Therefore, these corrosive gases should be purified to a level which satisfies the requirements for downstream processes. Current commercial plants for syngas cleanup are using wet scrubbing processes. Wet scrubbing type processes are operated near or under an ambient temperature, resulting in a high thermal efficiency loss. To overcome this shortage, hot syngas cleanup processes operated over 400 has been under development. A circulating fluidized-bed process is usually adopted for hot syngas cleanup to treat a large amount of syngas. Therefore, a solid sorbent for hot syngas cleanup should have physical properties suitable for the high temperature fluidized-bed process and high reactivity to increase the efficiency of hot syngas cleanup. In this study, we prepared a zinc-based desulfurization sorbent by spray drying method in a scale of 8 kg/batch. The sorbent had sufficient attrition resistance and other physical properties applicable to a fluidized-bed process. The reactivity of the sorbent was measured with thermogravimetric analyzer using simulated syngas at an ambient pressure at a temperature range of 400-550 . The sorbent saturated with sulfur was regenerated with air at 650 . Sulfur sorption capacity of the sorbent was around 11 wt%. A higher sulfur sorption rate was observed at a higher reaction temperature. To apply the developed sorbent to a 0.1 MW hot syngas cleanup process connected to a 0.3 MW coal gasifier, we produced the sorbent in a scale of 30 kg/batch. The fresh sorbent produced in a large scale showed much lower attrition resistance than the one produced in a small scale, but still maintained sufficient mechanical strength. In the continuous operation of the 0.1 MW circulating fluidized-bed type unit, the sorbent removed H2S and COS in the coal-derived syngas from 350 ppmv to less than 5 ppmv at a pressure of 20 bar and reaction temperatures of 550 for sulfur absorption and 650 for regeneration.

Figure 1. Spray-dried Zn-based desulfurization sorbent (left) and its sulfur removal performance (right) in the 0.1 MW circulating fluidized-bed type hot syngas cleanup process.

P-LCT-029


471

THE CO2 SOLUBILITY DATA IN MIXTURE SYSTEM OF WATER WITH POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL DIMETHYL ETHER

Yong Seok EOM, Sung Nam CHUN, Jun Han KIM and Jung Bin LEE*

Department of Technology Commercialization Office, KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea


Carbon dioxide solubility, thermodynamics properties, and the effect of solvent with water during carbon dioxide absorption were studied. Solubility results for Polyethylene Glycol Dimethyl ether(PEGDME) and mixture of PEGDME-water with carbon dioxide over 263.15, 273.15, 283.15, 293.15 K and pressure up to 27 bar are presented. The property of PEGDME was listed in Table 1. And a new apparatus was built to carry out these experiments (Figure 1). In each case, the solubility was represented as functions of partial pressures of carbon dioxide. And Henry's constant was obtained by linear fitting of the experimental data, and thermodynamics properties of solutions were calculated from the correlation of Henry's constant. In order to correlate the obtained results, Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state (EOS) was successfully used.

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the apparatus. 1, CO2 gas cylinder; 2,CO2 storage tank; 3,Insualtion chamber; 4,CO2 absorption vessel; 5,Magnetic driver; 6,Circulator; 7;Computer.

Table 1. The property of PEGDME

Average Mn(g/mol) Density(g/mL) at 298.15 K Contains

PEGDME 250 1.03 BHT 100 ppm

P-LCT-030


472

EFFECT OF SO2 ON DEGRADATION OF MEA SOLUTION WITH CORROSION INHIBITORS IN CO2 CAPTURE PROCESS

In Young LEE*, No Sang KWAK, Ji Hyun LEE, Kyung Ryong JANG and Jae-Goo SHIM

KEPCO Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea


The reduction of carbon dioxide is one of the most important issues in the world to prevent the green house effect. Alkanolamines have been used extensively for the removal of CO2 from flue gas [1]. However, a major problem associated with the chemical absorption is solvent degradation. Oxidative degradation is quite important because it can impact the environment and process economics, and decrease equipment life due to corrosion [2, 3]. Furthermore, SO2 reacts quickly with O2 in MEA solutions to form sulfate (SO4

-2), forming a heat stable salt with MEA.

In this study, the effect of SO2 on degradation of MEA was investigated with or without corrosion inhibitors, CuCO3 and NaVO3, in CO2 capture process. The products of the degradation of MEA were analyzed and the rate of the accumulation was measured. SO2 strongly increased the degradation of MEA solution(Figure 1) and the corrosion inhibitors, CuCO3 and NaVO3, also increased the degradation of MEA solution in the presence of SO2. CuCO3 increased the oxidative degradation in the presence of SO2 much more than NaVO3. SO2 reacted with O2 in MEA solution to form sulfite(SO3

-2) and sulfate(SO4-2). The sulfite

was oxidized to sulfate in the presence of corrosion inhibitors, CuCO3 and NaVO3 much more than without the corrosion inhibitors.

Figure 1. Relative concentration of MEA solutions with or without SO2 (500ppm).

References

[1] R. M. Davidson, IEA GHG Report CCC/125: London, UK (2007) [2] P. C. Rooney , T. R. Bacon, and M. S. DuPart, HYDROCARBON PROCESS, March (1996) 95.[3] G. T. Rochelle, S. Bishnoi S, S. Chi, H. Dang, and J. Santos, Final report for P.O.No. DE-AF26-99FT01029:

DOE, Pittsburgh, PA (2001)

P-LCT-031

Marine Energy

(Poster Session)


475

STUDY ON DEMONSTRATION OF THE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM USING SEA WATER SOURCE

Kichang Chang1*, Youngjin Baek1, Hosang Ra1, Kibong Kim2, Jongwoo Kim2 and Hyungkee Yoon2

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Energy Efficiency Department, Daejeon, Korea2Korea Institute of Energy Research, Global New & Renewable Energy Research Center, Jeju, Korea


The sea water offers outstanding characteristics as a thermal source for the heat pump because it has less seasonal temperature variation and lower freezing temperature (about -2 ) than river water, and also maintains 5 to 10 temperature difference from the atmosphere (5 to 10 lower in summer and 5 to 8 higher in winter), which is ideal for heating and cooling. Heat pump is a new technology of artificial heating, heat pump technology is the key to innovation and development of breakthrough and resolution to improve heat transfer efficiency and improve the heating temperature and also high energy. In generally the district heating and cooling system of heat pump using sea water source is large system engineering. This study is shown the establishment of practical technology for a large scale district heating plant through the demonstration study on a heat pump using sea water source. Therefore the purpose of the study is development of a heat pump performance enhancement technology and an anti-bio-fouling technology by operating a sea-water-source based district heating plant simulator. The heating capacity of heat pump system for demonstration is about 70kW, the heating COP is 3.5 when sea water temperature is 15 and hot water temperature is 50 .

Figure 1. Schematic of pilot plant for demonstration

Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by strategic R&D project of “Thermal Energy Network” supported by Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER-B2-2426-06).

P-ME-001


476

THE DEVELOPMENT OF 10KW OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION(OTEC) SYSTEM USING CONDENER

EFFLUENT FROM A THERMAL POWER PLANT

Beomjoo Kim1*, Jongyoung Jo1, and Hoon Jung1

1Green Energy Laboratory, Korea Electric Power Company Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea


KEPCO RI has proposed Combined Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion system that produces electricity by exchanging heat with a warm reservoir of the condenser effluent of a thermal power plant and a cold reservoir of sea water to develop competitive renewable energy sources. The development of 10kW Combined OTEC system have been conducted through government support since 2011. We plan to install 10kW class facility in Young-Dong Thermal Power Plant next year. First of all, R134a as the working fluid has been chosen. Next, scroll expander type turbine was selected. Especially, tube type exchanger is expected to be inserted directly into the condenser. Until now, we carried out process simulation, and detailed design. Moreover, in order to investigate the economics, water temperature and terrain survey is underway off the coast of Yong-Dong Power Plant. This paper is going to introduce the progress and plan of this project.

P-ME-002

Geothermal Energy

(Poster Session)


479

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY-SLAB GROUND-COUPLED HEAT EXCHANGER

Byonghu SOHN1*, Jong Min CHOI2, and Hangseok CHOI3

1Green Building Research Division, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Goyang, Korea 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, Korea

3School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea


The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of energy-slab ground-coupled heat exchanger installed in a commercial building. In order to demonstrate the energy transfer characteristics of the energy-slab, experiments were conducted from October 2010 to September 2011. The 1-year measurement results showed that the mean EWTs of brine returning from the energy-slab were 9.6ºC in heating season and 24.9ºC in cooling season, which were in a range of design target temperatures. In addition, the geothermal heat pump system with the energy-slab showed on-off operation according to the setting temperatures of secondary fluid in water storage tank. The results also showed that the energy-slab extracted heat of 198.6 kW from the ground and injected heat of 318.9 kW to the ground, respectively.

Figure 1. Daily averaged heating performance of energy-slab: (a) EWT and LWT; (b) heat extraction rate.

Figure 2. Daily averaged cooling performance of energy-slab: (a) EWT and LWT; (b) heat injection rate.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the New & Renewable Energy of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evalua-tion and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy. (No.2009 3040110010)

P-GE-001


480

A VERIFICATION STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF ENERGY SAVING AND CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION IN LARGE SCALE

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEM

Byeong-Hak PARK1, Hyoung-Soo KIM1*

1Department of New and Renewable Energy, Jungwon University, Chungbuk, Korea


Through the actually measured data of 2 years in the geothermal heating and cooling facilities of about 1,800 RT (Heating Capacity: 7,045 kW; Cooling Capacity: 5,947 kW), known as the one of the largest system in the world, installed at Jungwon University, Korea, the effect of energy saving and CO2 emission reduction was estimated and studied. Such data were scarcely reported abroad as well as in Korea. Especially, the economic evaluation of Geothermal Heat Pump System (GHPS) based on long-term operation will contribute greatly to the objective assessment of various renewable energy resources. An economic analysis was conducted by using Benefit/Cost Ratio (BCR) method according to the scenario of which lifespan and discount rate for GHPS were changed to get objective results. The effect of relative energy saving and CO2 emission reduction was predicted in comparison with conventional heating and cooling systems. Since its BCR ranged between 1.69 and 2.03 (Case 1), or between 1.26 and 1.67 (Case 2), GHPS is considered to be more economic than other types of heating and cooling system. Moreover, compared with Scenario 1 (kerosene heating + air source heat pump system), GHPS adopted in Jungwon University was estimated to reduce more than 72 % (270 million won per year) of energy cost and showed the effect of CO2 emission reduction of more than 195 ton yearly. These verification data and results are regarded as valuable outcome to remove our concerns over the applicability of large scale GHPS.

P-GE-002


481

HEATING PERFORMANCES OF THE UNDERGROUND AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM EQUIPPED WITH A DIRECT

CONTACT HEAT EXCHANGER

Youn Ku KANG1, Moon Suk SUNG2, Young Hwa KIM1, Young Sun RYOU1,Jae Kyoung JANG1 and Jong Koo KIM1

1Department of Agricultural Engineering, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration(R.D.A.), Suwon, Korea

2Jeju - Special Self - Governing Agricultural Research & Extension Service, Seogwipo, Korea

The underground air is the air discharged from the porous volcano bedrock 30m underground in Jeju, including excessive humidity and carbon gas. The temperature of the underground air is 15-20 throughout the year. A possible area identified to utilize the underground air is about 1,571.1km2(85% in Jeju)[1]. In Jeju, the underground air is used for heating greenhouses and fertilizing natural CO2 gas by supplying into greenhouses directly. But this heating method has several problems. Purposes of this study were resolving excessive humidity problem of the underground air by developing 10RT scale of the heat pump system equipped with a direct contact heat exchanger extracting heat of the underground air and adoption of the underground air as a Renewable Energy. Fig. 1 indicates a direct contact heat exchanger and fig. 2 indicates the schematic diagram of the system and measuring points and the temperature and the water flow rate. During the heat storage period to heat water of 3 ton from 18 to 49.5 , the temperature of the air sucked up from the underground hole(underground air) remained at the temperature of 15 . The result so far showed that the underground air in Jeju was suitable for a heat source of the heat pump. Between 40and 45 of the temperature of water in heat storage tank, the heating COP was the 2.1-2.7 level and the heat quantity released by the condenser of the heat pump system using underground air as a heat source was 34.9-44.2kW(30,000-38,000kcal/h). Although the ambient air temperature was down to 0 , the air temperature in the greenhouse was remained at 20 of the setting temperature(From 1970 to 2000, The lowest ambient temperature in January in Seogwipo was 2.3 [2]). The reduction ratio of heating energy cost for heating the greenhouse from February to June, 2010 was 75%(5.625millon won/10a) as compared to diesel as heating fuel. The underground air in Jeju was adopted as a Renewable Energy in 2010. From 2011 to 2012, the heat pump systems using the underground air were installed or are installing in 12 farms(16.3ha) in Jeju.

Figure 1. The photo of the direct contact heat exchanger. Figure 2. The schematic diagram of the system.

References

[1] So. I. S, H. N. Hyoun, J. H. Kim, Y. I. Moon, M. S. Sung and K. S. Park, Study on the characteristics and utilization of underground air in Jeju island. Study report of Jeju university (2008)

[2] Korea meteorological administration, http://www.kma.go.kr

P-GE-003


482

THE EFFECTS OF DROPWISE CONDENSATION PHENOMENA ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

Kyosik Hwang1, Kichang Chang1, Kibong Kim1, Jongwoo Kim1 and Hyungkee Yoon1*

1Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju, Korea


It has been well known that a “dropwise” condensation shows a higher heat transfer rate than that of a “filmwise” condensation. To clarify the effects of dropwise condensation phenomena on the heat transfer characteristics, several hydrophobic nano-scale surface coating tubes are investigated. The surface morphologies and the wetting characteristics were investigated by SEM, together with the liquid contact angle measurements. The test tubes are SS304, Al and Copper. The tube outside diameters are 1/2 in. and 1/4in.. The coating materials include PTFE(Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene), PPS(Poly Phenylene Sulfide) and CNT(Carbon Nano Tube).

Cu: SAM Al: PPS SUS: PPS

Figure 1. Cu-SAM, Al-PPS, and SUS-PPS test tubes: Optical views, SEM views, and water contact angles

P-GE-004


483

CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND-COUPLED HEAT PUMP SYSTEM WITH THE VARIATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS

Myung Suck Oh1 and Jong Min Choi2*



Among the various renewable energy systems, ground-coupled heat pump system has been spotlighted as an efficient building energy system, because it has great potentials for energy reduction in building air conditioning and reducing CO2 emissions. In addition, ground-coupled heat pump system occupies less space compared to the other conventional building HVAC systems and so the equipment rooms related to HVAC system can be greatly scaled down [1,2]. Generally, the systems are much more energy efficient than conventional air-source heat pump systems. A higher coefficient of performance can be achieved by a ground-coupled heat pump system because the heat source and sink temperatures are relatively constant compared to air temperature. However, higher initial cost works as a barrier to the promotion of its use [3]. Therefore, it is critical to reduce the initial costs by optimum design of the system. In this paper, parameters that can affect the performance of the ground-coupled heat pump system are selected, and the geometries and performance of the system are investigated according to the design parameters. The quantitative analysis of length for ground loop heat exchanger was done using normalized ground loop heat exchanger length which is the length of ground loop heat exchanger per system unit capacity (L/Q). The value of L/Q reduced according to increasing thermal conductivity of the soil in both cooling and heating modes. As the borehole thermal resistance increased, L/Q also increased in both cooling and heating modes. L/Q decreased according to increasing EWT In cooling mode, while it increased in heating mode. L/Q decreased according to increasing borehole distance in cooling mode, but increased according to increasing borehole distance in heating mode. As ground temperature increased, L/Q increased in cooling mode and decreased in heating mode. L/Q decreased according to decreasing flow rate in both cooling and heating modes. Most of the values of the design parameters (thermal conductivity, ground temperature, borehole thermal resistance) are dependent on the ground conditions and area where the system is installed. Therefore, it is suggested that a detailed research and development about the component such as HDPE pipe geometries and grouting materials should be done to decrease initial cost of the system.

References

[1] A. Michopoulos, D. Bozis, P. Kikidis, and N.A. Kyriakis, Energy and Buildings, 39(2007) 328.[2] A.M. Omer, Renew Sustain Energy Reviews, 12(2008) 344.[3] J. Chung and J. Choi, Renewable Energy, 42 (2012) 118.[4] B. Sanner, C. Karytsas, D. Mendrinos, and L. Rybach, Geothermics, 32(2003) 579.

P-GE-005


484

INVERSE PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR SITU THERMAL RESPONSE TEST IN STANDING COLUMN WELL

Chulho Lee1, Jeehee Lim1, Dongseop Lee1, Myungsup Yoon2, and Hangseok Choi1*

1School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea 2Energy Technology Center, Korea Testing Laboratory, Seoul, Korea


As a feasible groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system, the standing column well (SCW) is popularly adopted in Europe and Japan because this system is thermally efficient and cost-effective. Although precisely evaluating effective ground thermal conductivity is of importance in designing the SCW, viable modeling tools for the SCW with consideration of subsurface hydraulics have not been well developed due to its complexity of heat transfer and groundwater flow in the well and through ground formation. In this study, to simulate a coupled thermal and hydraulic transfer surrounding the well, a two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model was developed considering the ground formation as a porous medium. The developed numerical models are verified with previous researches [Fig. 1], and then the ground thermal properties were inversely estimated by simulating in-situ thermal response tests (TRTs) performed in an actual SCW. The SCW discussed in this paper is installed in the Chungnam area of South Korea with the configuration of 400 m of depth and 200 mm of diameter. The average groundwater temperature in the well was recorded as 18.95 oC before performing the TRTs. In back-analyzing the TRTs, the hydraulic conductivity of the ground formation has considerable effect on the estimation of the effective thermal conductivity of the porous ground.

Figure 1 Comparison between numerical simulation and field monitoring data (Mikler, 1993)

References

[1] Mikler, V. (1993), A theoretical and experimental study of the “energy well” performance, Master thesis, The Pennsylvania State University

P-GE-006


485

GROUND THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF GROUND COUPLED HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS WITH HORISONTAL

GLHXS FOR GREENHOUSE

Yong-Jung Park1 and Shin-Hyung Kang2*

1R&D Center, Daihan Climate Control Co. Ltd., Gyunggi-do, Korea2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konyang University, Chungnam, Korea


The primary objective of a greenhouse is to produce higher yield outside the cultivation season, which is possible by maintaining the optimum temperature[1]. In this study, the ground thermal performance of a ground-coupled geothermal heat pump system for a greenhouse is investigated. The ground temperature variation according to the depth from the earth’s surface is measured. In addition, the heat absorption rate from the experimental device (Fig. 1) is analyzed. The ground temperature up to 0.3 m from earth’s surface varied with the variation of ambient temperature, while the ground temperature from 0.3m deeper was not affected by the ambient temperature. When the ground-coupled heat pump system with the horizontal GLHX (ground loop heat exchanger) installed in the greenhouse was operated in the winter season, the ground temperature variation of the upper zone from the installation point of the GLHX was larger than that of the lower area. Heat absorption rate from the top layer of the GLHX represented higher value than that from the bottom layer.

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.011

12

13

14

15

16

17

12.10

day/hour:28/15 day/hour:28/19 day/hour:28/23 day/hour:29/03 day/hour:29/07 day/hour:29/11 day/hour:29/15

Tem

pera

ture

(deg

)

Depth(m)

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of heat absorption device. Figure 2. Ground temperature variation.

Acknowledgement

This work was carried out with the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. : PJ0084132012)” Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

References

[1] V.P. Sethi, S.K. and Sharma, Energy, 32(2007) 1414.

P-GE-007


486

THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST EVALUATION IN ENERGY PILES

Seok YOON1, Seung-Rae LEE1*, Do-Won Park1, Gyu-Hyun Go1 and Han-Byul KANG1

1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea


Vertical ground coupled heat pump (GCHP) system generally requires several years of operation to withdraw high initial investment, and hence, it is essential to assess its long-term thermal performance for reliable evaluation of minimum withdrawal operation period. GCHP with an energy pile foundation has been used in recent years, where ground heat exchangers (GHEs) are embedded in pile. This paper presents an experimental and numerical case study on the evaluation of long-term thermal performance of an energy pile with a coil and W type heat exchanger which has increasingly been used these days. Thermal performance tests (TPTs) were conducted in precast high-strength concrete (PHC) pile installed partially saturated weathered granite soil deposit. Based on the in-situ thermal performance test results, short-term behavior of an energy pile was examined. Then, the field experiments were numerically simulated by adopting simple numerical schemes to deal with fluid circulation and consequent convective heat transfer with surrounding grout. In addition, three-month thermal performance of the energy pile was analyzed considering cooling load. Heat exchange rate of coil type GHE showed 20~30% higher efficiency than that of W type GHE in energy pile from numerical and experimental results.

Acknowledgement

This study was financially supported by National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology (under grant No. 2010-00014639) and and by the sponsorship of Korea Electric Power Research Institute by Korea Electric Power Corporation.

References

[1] ABAQUS Inc. ABAQUS user’s manual Ver. 6.5. (2004) Rhode Island[2] Gao, J. Zhang, X. Liu, K. Yang, J. (2008), “Numerical and experimental assessment of thermal

performance of vertical energy piles : An application”, Applied Energy, 85(10):901-10[3] Baek, S.K. An, H.J, Lim, S.K. (2007), “Development of ground heat exchangers installed in building

foundation”, Proceedings of SAREK Summer Annual Conference , 277-282, [4] Brandl, H. (2006), “Energy foundations and other thermo-active ground structures”, Geotechnique, Vol

56(2), 81-122.

P-GE-008


487

STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ENERGY-PILE AND AN ENERGY-SLAB SYSTEMS FOR SPACE HEATING

Jung Hoon Chae1 and Jong Min Choi2*



As a renewable energy technology, the ground source heating and cooling system technologies have increasingly attracted world-wide attention due to their advantages of energy efficiency and environmental friendliness [1]. However, higher initial cost works as a barrier to the promotion of its use [2]. Energy foundations and other thermo-active ground structure, energy wells, energy slab, and pavement heating and cooling represent an innovative technology that contributes to environmental protection and provides substantial long-term cost savings and minimized maintenance [3]. This paper focuses on earth-contact concrete elements that are already required for structural reasons, but which simultaneously work as heat exchangers. Pipes, energy slabs and energy piles filled with a heat carrier fluid are installed under conventional structural elements, forming the primary circuit of a geothermal heat pump system. The natural ground temperature is used as a heat source in winter and a heat sink in summer. The energy-pile and energy-slab ground-loop heat exchangers were designed by using the Transpile software. Heat pump system with the energy-piles and energy-slabs was installed in a transfer station, and the heating performance of that was investigated. The geothermal heat pump system with energy-pile and energy-slab represented very high heating performance due to the stability of EWT from ground-loop heat exchangers. The minimum entering water temperatures for the systems with energy-piles and energy-slabs were 8.3oC and 7.3oC, respectively. Average heat pump unit COP and system COP for the system with energy-pile ground-loop heat exchangers were 4.56 and 3.76, respectively during the winter season. Average heat pump unit COP and system COP for the system with the energy-slab ground-loop heat exchanger were 4.9 and 4.11 respectively(Fig. 1).

12/14 12/18 12/22 12/26 12/30 01/02 01/06 01/10 01/140

1

2

3

4

5

6Heating mode

CO

P

Date

EnergyPile EnergySlab COPhp COPsys

Figure 1. Variation of COP in the heating mode.

References

[1] W. Yang, J. Zhou, W. Xu, and G. Zhang, Energy Policy, 38(2010) 323.[2] J. Lee, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(2009) 1560..[3] Y. Hamada, H. Saitoh, M. Nakamura, H. Kubota, and K. Ochifuji, Energy and Buildings, 39(2007) 517.

P-GE-009


488

ClassificationMonthly average

solar radiation (kcal/m2·day)

Monthly average collected heat(kcal/m2·day)

Area of collector(m2/ea)

Number of collectors(ea)

Monthlycollected heat (Mcal/month)

September/October 3,000/3,000 1,255.3/1,255.3

2 60

4,519/4,670November/ December 2,200/2,300 829.7/882.9 2,987/3,284

January/ February 2,500/2,500 989.3/989.3 3,680/3,324March 3,000 1,255.3 4,670

Total 27,134

OPTIMAL DESIGN OF A SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM TO ASSIST GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS

Yong Ki KIM1, Duk Hee LEE1, Byong Hu SOHN1 and Tae Won LEE1*

1Building Research Division, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Seoul, Korea


Public demand for the geothermal heating and cooling system has been steadily increasing in Korea owing to its eco-friendly and energy saving advantages. Most of studies have been concentrated on how to estimate and to develop its own system efficiency. Their main concerns were also focused on the thermal performance and initial cost of a ground-loop heat exchanger in a ground source heat pump system. But if the amount of heating load is greater than that of cooling load as is the case of Korea, the heating performance of ground source heat pump system may be continuously decreased because of the getting worse geothermal environment. In this study, a solar thermal system to assist ground source heat pump was suggested in order to solve the problem of load imbalance in a medium scale office building(Fig. 1). As results, various design and operating conditions were considered such as the kind, the number and the slope of collectors, temperature level of working fluid through collectors and so on. The stored heat in underground soil with the solar thermal system during the period from September to November was also proved to treat up to 4.5% of the heating load in winter season(Table 1). It was also predicted that power consumption of heat pump system could be reduced about 35% in winter season owing to the stored heat in underground soil during the period from September to November.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1. Solar collectors installed at the test building(a), a schematic diagram of the solar thermal system to assist ground source heat pump(b) and variations of collected energy per day with daily solar radiation(c).

Table 1. Comparisons of the monthly collected heat with solar system

AcknowledgementThis work was supported by the new & renewable energy R&D Project of the Korea Institute of Energy

Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) grant funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Knowledge Economy(No. : 20113010130010).

P-GE-010


489

A STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WATER TO WATER GSHP SYSTEM USING TRNSYS

Yong Jeon CHOI1, Jea Chul JANG1, Ji Young KIM1, Eun Chul KANG1, Euy Joon LEE1*

1Department of Energy Efficiency, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea


This study was simulated for annual performance of water to water GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pump) system by TRNSYS program. Before simulation, the cooling and heating performance of GSHP system was improved through commissioning process. Also, TRNSYS model used multi-zone building model and water to water heat pump model offered TRNSYS simulation studio. Simulation results show that the annual energy saving is 18.97% lower than before commissioning GSHP system.

Figure 1. Comparison of results

References

[1] A. Green, B. Red and C. Blue, Nature, 7 (2009) 1234.[2] KS B ISO 13256-2, 2003, Water source heat pumps testing and rating for performance Part2 : Water

to water and brine to water heat pumps, Korean Standards Association, pp. 1-16.[3] Kim, J. Y., Jang, J. C., Kang, E. C., Chang, K. C. and Lee, E. J., 2010, Initial

P-GE-011


490

EVALUATION OF ANNUAL PERFORMANCE OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP WITH DIRECT EXANSION TYPE

VERTICAL GROUND HEAT EXCHANGER

Minsung KIM, Young-Jin BAIK, Ho-Sang RA

High Efficiency and Clean Energy Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, Korea

Vertical closed-loop ground source heat pump systems (GSHP) have been installed widely in Korea since it can extract moderate temperature level of geothermal heat in a small area. As a ground heat exchanger, a vertical closed-loop type with brine circulation is mostly preferred since it is simple and less harmful to ground environment. However, it requires a secondary heat exchange loop between the refrigerant in a heat pump and the brine. By adding a geothermal heat exchanger in the secondary heat exchange loop, circulation pumps should be attached and the temperature difference between refrigerant and ground is increased, which are important parts of performance degradation. In this paper, performances of direct expansion(DX) geothermal heat pump were evaluated mathematically as an alternative of classical indirect geothermal heat pump.

P-GE-012

491

>> Author Index

Adisorn THOMYA ··········································· 152, 214Ah-Reum KIM ··························································· 151Aika Kamei ································································ 267Ali Garba Ali ···························································· 197Amin Shokri ······························································ 200Amir Abidov ··································· 288, 289, 387, 466Amod PANTHEE ······················································ 240Andrea Gulisano ························································ 247Anup KC ···································································· 235Arata ITO ··································································· 402Arie Primawan ··························································· 220Atsuhiko Fukuyama ··················································· 113Baeghol BAGHERI ··················································· 393Bangwoo HAN ············· 226, 229, 364, 365, 366, 460Beom Chan Park ······················································· 325Beom Soo KIM ························································· 399Beomjoo Kim ···························································· 476Bhola THAPA ·················································· 233, 240Bich Na KIM ···························································· 273Bin-Joen Tsay ···························································· 348Biraj Singh THAPA ········································· 233, 240Bo Hwa KIM ··················································· 212, 407Bo Ram JUN ····························································· 424Bo-Chen Lai ······························································ 348Bong Gyou Lee ························································· 205Bong-Hee LEE ·························································· 122Bum suk KIM ··························································· 135Bum Sung Kim ························································· 291Bunyod Allabergenov ······································· 288, 351Bunyod Allebergenov ················································ 387Byeong Gon KIM ····················································· 237Byeong Ho HWANG ················································ 133Byeong-Hak PARK ··················································· 480Byong Hu SOHN ············································· 479, 488Byong-Hun JEON ······················································ 211Byoung Jun MIN ······················································ 279Byoungho HWANG ·················································· 314Byun Kang ························································ 176, 386Byung Cheol KIM ···················································· 137Byung Hwan UM ······················································ 432Byung Jun Kang ······················································· 292Byung Kon KIM ······················································· 236Byung Moon MOON ················································ 278Byung-Ha KIM ················································· 248, 249Byungwook Kim ························································ 114

Carlo Franchini ·························································· 188Caroline S. Lee ························································· 281Chae-Whan RIM ······································ 131, 146, 318Chakrit SOONGPRASIT ··········································· 414Chan Gi LEE ···························································· 447Chandrashekhar V. Rode ································· 160, 218Chang Geun Yoo ······················································ 419Chang Hyun Ko ························································ 409Chang Kook Hong ··········································· 104, 276Chang Kyun YU ······················································· 177Chang Su KIM ·························································· 107Change Hee KIM ······················································ 340Chang-Goo KIM ························································ 248Chang-Ho OH ···························································· 435Changkook RYU ·············································· 217, 425Chang-Soo KIM ························································ 342Changwan KIM ························································· 134Chankyu Park ···························································· 114Chel-Ho HWANG ····················································· 284Chen-Yaw CHIU ······················································· 430Cheol Wan KIM ·············································· 141, 142Chih-Shen CHEN ······················································ 430Chihye BAE ······························································· 195Chin Wha Chung ······················································ 325Chinho Park ······························································· 106Chinwha CHUNG ···································· 134, 302, 315Chong Kul RYU ···························· 467, 468, 469, 470Chonghoon Shin ························································ 294Christopher J. Bromley ············································· 253Chu Sik PARK ·························································· 340Chul Hee Jo ······························································ 250Chul Ho Kim ··················································· 417, 418Chulho Lee ································································ 484Chun Se Min ····························································· 159Chung Kyu LEE ·············································· 375, 377Chung Soo Kim ························································ 281Chungyoon CHUN ···················································· 195Churl Hee CHO ························································ 272Culho Lee ·································································· 259Dae Hyung KIM ······················································· 395Dae Young JUNG ····················································· 109DaeSung Jung ···························································· 462Dae-Woon Jeong ···························· 160, 332, 333, 409Daeyong LEE ···························································· 312Dai Kon Kim ···························································· 280

492

Danilo Visitacion Vivar ············································ 192Dao vinh Ai ······························································ 295Dawoon HAN ···························································· 282De zhong Wang ························································ 234Deok Ki LEE ···························································· 391Do Youb Kim ··························································· 250Domenico P. Coiro ··················································· 245Dong Chul Baek ······················································· 291Dong H. SHIN ·························································· 367Dong Hoon KIM ······················································· 146Dong Hyawn KIM ···················································· 313Dong Hyuk CHOI ····················································· 470Dong Jin SUH ·············· 217, 422, 423, 424, 425, 428Dong Joon MIN ······································ 277, 278, 458Dong Jun KOH ························································· 465Dong Kyu Roh ·························································· 110Dong Seok Kim ························································ 391Dong-Ha JANG ······································· 370, 373, 452DongHun NO ···················································· 268, 269Donghun SEOK ························································· 330Donghwan KIM ······························ 201, 292, 293, 396Dong-Hyeok Choi ············································· 467, 468Dong-Joon KIM ························································· 319Dong-Keun SONG ··········································· 365, 366DongSeop KIM ········································ 268, 269, 275Dongseop Lee ···························································· 484Dong-Won LEE ················································ 323, 444Doo Young GWAK ·················································· 322Do-Won Park ····························································· 486Do-Young CHOI ·············································· 284, 285Duangdao AHT-ONG ······································· 215, 414Duangduen ATONG ·············· 215, 362, 363, 413, 414Duk Hee LEE ···························································· 488Du-Re HAN ······························································· 370Eddy Ibrahim ····························································· 172En Mei JIN ································································ 285Epeli B. G. Nabolaniwaqa ······································· 144Ephrem Hassen ·························································· 193Erick Gerald Kalugira Rugabera ····························· 194Eui Chan JEON ························································ 204Eun Chul KANG ········· 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 489Eun Do LEE ······························································ 451Eun Hee JOO ··················································· 455, 457Eun Jin JUNG ·················································· 277, 278Eun Sol KIM ····························································· 448Eun Young Lee ························································· 290Eung Sang Yoon ·············································· 383, 384Eung-Kyu PARK ······················································· 282Eung-Sang YOON ····················································· 443

Eunji CHOI ································································ 212Eunkuk Son ································································ 136Eun-Young Lee ········································ 289, 351, 387Euy Joon LEE ·············· 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 489Fang FENG ································································ 320Gento MOGI ······························································ 393Geum Chun Kang ····················································· 361Geum Hi BACK ······················································· 391Geun-Ho Lee ····························································· 303Gianmaria Sannino ···················································· 246Gil Jae Lee ································································ 291Gil Soo JANG ··························································· 308Gil Yong Lee ···························································· 281Giuliana Mattiazzo ···················································· 247Goh, ingab ································································· 116Gu Young Cho ·························································· 341Gui young Han ·························································· 339Gyeong-Ho CHOI ······················································ 405Gyu-Hyun Go ···························································· 486Habib NUHU ····························································· 196Hae Joon AN ···························································· 308Hah young Yoo ························································· 433Hailong Qin ······························································· 321Hak Joon Kim ·············· 226, 229, 364, 365, 366, 460Han Seok KIM ·························································· 463Han-Byul KANG ······················································· 486Hangseok CHOI ····························· 169, 259, 479, 484Hanseok Kim ··········································· 352, 353, 366Hari S. Potdar ··························································· 333Harim Jeon ································································· 110Harkjin Eum ······························································ 315Hee Chang LIM ························································ 128Hee Chul WOO ······································ 213, 405, 437Hee Hyun GONG ····················································· 271Hee Jae SHIN ··························································· 338Hee Jung CHOI ························································ 271Hee-Deung Park ························································ 436Hee-Jun Eom ····························································· 408Hee-Youl KWAK ······················································ 382Henry Panganiban ······················································ 311Heon Jung ·································································· 228HERMOGENE NSENGIMANA ································ 89Heung Min YOO ······················································ 435Heung Woo Jeon ············································· 289, 290Hideaki MORI ·················································· 402, 403Hidetoshii Suzuki ······················································ 113Hideyuki Takakura ···················································· 267Ho Won RA ············································ 449, 451, 453Hoang Vu Ly ···························································· 404

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Hong Duc PHAM ····················································· 213Hong Gun KIM ························································· 338Hong Woo KIM ··············································· 309, 310Honghyun Cho ·················································· 176, 386Hoon Jung ·································································· 476Hoon-Sik Jang ··························································· 343Ho-Sang RA ··································· 171, 257, 475, 490Ho-Young KWAK ····················································· 190Hueon NAMKUNG ·········································· 442, 452Hun Chae Park ·························································· 169Hunyala JAKKIT ······················································· 170Hwa Young Yang ····················································· 256Hwajeong KIM ·························································· 108Hwan Ki YOON ······················································· 177Hye-Mi JUNG ·················································· 151, 158Hyeong-Dong PARK ········································ 274, 448Hyeongsik Park ················································· 294, 295Hyo Jung HEO ·························································· 109Hyo Jung Hwang ······················································ 304Hyo Sik KIM ···························································· 465Hyoung-Soo KIM ······················································ 480Hyun Bong YANG ··················································· 128Hyun Chul Park ····························· 129, 130, 315, 325Hyun Goo KIM ······························ 122, 304, 305, 308Hyun Jin LEE ··························································· 177Hyun Jin RYU ········································ 410, 411, 412Hyun Jun KO ···························································· 162Hyun Jung LEE ························································ 465Hyun Sik CHUNG ···················································· 392Hyun Taek Lee ························································· 281Hyun Tak WOO ························································ 344Hyun Woo KIM ························································ 338Hyun Yong Shin ······················································· 433Hyunchui Park ··························································· 321Hyun-Chul KIM ························································ 211Hyunchul PARK ··············································· 134, 312Hyung Geun KIM ············································ 455, 457Hyung Jin Kim ················································· 104, 276Hyung Joon BANG ·················································· 138Hyung Ki SHIN ··············································· 120, 138Hyung Won LEE ······················································ 428Hyung-Joon Bang ······················································ 301Hyungjun Bang ·························································· 147Hyungkee Yoon ······································· 258, 475, 482Hyungki Shin ····························································· 147Hyung-Taek KIM ··························· 370, 373, 442, 452Hyunkyoung SHIN ···················································· 137Hyun-Seog Roh ······························ 160, 332, 333, 409Hyunwoong PARK ···················································· 102

Ik-Soo SHIN ······························································ 282Ikwhang CHANG ·················· 153, 154, 163, 164, 346Ill Woo Jeong ···························································· 129In Gu LEE ························································ 217, 425In Young LEE ·················································· 459, 472Isireli Veitokiyaki ······················································ 143Jae Bum KIM ···························································· 280Jae Goo LEE ···················································· 441, 449Jae Hak Jung ····························································· 100Jae Ho KIM ······························································ 451Jae Hong KIM ·························································· 109Jae Hong RYU ················································· 447, 465Jae Hwan JANG ······················································· 463Jae Hyung CHOI ······················································ 437Jae Il Park ································································· 281Jae Jin Song ······························································ 466Jae Kyoung JANG ···················································· 481Jae Kyung Jang ······································· 361, 415, 416Jae Kyung LEE ························································· 306Jae Wan Park ···························································· 280Jae wook KO ···························································· 135Jae Wook LEE ········································ 279, 286, 287Jaegoo LEE ································································ 453Jae-Goo Shim ··················································· 459, 472Jae-ha Myung ···························································· 162Jaeha RYI ·································································· 126Jaehak Jung ································································ 114Jaeheung Han ····························································· 147Jaehoon JEONG ························································ 108Jaehoon Sim ······························································· 219Jaehyung CHOI ················································ 319, 405JaeKyung Lee ···························································· 301Jae-Oh Shim ············································ 332, 333, 409Jae-Wook KANG ······················································ 107Jae-Wook LEE ·················································· 284, 285Jai N. Goundar ·························································· 243Jang Won SUH ························································· 448Jang-Ho LEE ··········································· 119, 316, 317Jangkyun Kim ···························································· 114Jang-Su LEE ······························································ 435Je Hyun BAEK ························································· 324Jea Chul JANG ························································· 489Jeehee Lim ································································· 484Jeom-In BAEK ······························· 467, 468, 469, 470Jeong Ae Park ··························································· 288Jeong Eun SHIN ······················································· 271Jeong Wook KIM ··································· 217, 422, 425Jeong-Ae Park ···························································· 351Jeong-Geol Na ··························································· 409

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Jeong-Hoon Park ······················································· 436Jeong-Hoon Sa ··························································· 227Jeonghwan Lee ·························································· 387Jeong-jun Do ································································ 94Jeong-Jun Yoon ························································· 436Jeongsik KO ····················································· 156, 157Jerold Bongu BARABUTU ······································ 199Jeseong YOON ·························································· 319Je-Sung Bang ···················································· 302, 303Ji Chan Park ······························································ 228Ji Han Bae ································································· 464Ji Hoon PARK ·························································· 237Ji Hye KIM ······························································· 448Ji Hyun Lee ······························································· 459Ji Hyun LEE ····························································· 472Ji Ye LEE ·································································· 411Ji Yeon KANG ················································ 455, 457Ji Young KIM ··························································· 489Ji Yun RYU ······························································ 145Jian Chun JIANG ············································· 400, 401Jie CHEN ··································································· 401Ji-Han LEE ······················································· 345, 456Jin Ah Seo ································································· 110Jin Han YUN ························ 371, 374, 375, 376, 377Jin Ho KIM ······················································ 447, 465Jin Kook Lee ····························································· 383Jin Pil Bok ································································ 167Jin Seok LEE ···························································· 272Jin Suk LEE ······························································ 421Jin Won PARK ························································· 399Jin Woo Park ···························································· 183Jin Young HONG ····················································· 410Jinhwan LEE ····················································· 153, 154Jinjoo Park ························································ 294, 295Jin-Kook LEE ···························································· 443Jin-Seok KIM ···························································· 307Jinseop SONG ········································· 131, 146, 318Jinsoo KIM ·············································· 404, 405, 406Jin-Suk Lee ································································ 429Jintae KIM ························································ 155, 330Jin-Wook LEE ··························································· 370Jinxing ········································································ 288Jinyoung SONG ························································· 274Ji-Rae KIM ······················································· 156, 157Ji-Won Jin ·································································· 119Ji-Yeon PARK ·················································· 421, 429Jiyoung KIM ····················································· 171, 300Jiyune RYU ······························································· 307John F. Kitonga ························································· 198

Joji WATA ································································ 121Jong Chul HONG ····················································· 391Jong Goo Kim ········································· 361, 415, 416Jong Hak Kim ··························································· 110Jong Ho Yoon ·················································· 273, 280Jong Hoon Lee ·························································· 205Jong Hwan Park ························································ 325Jong Hyun HA ·························································· 212Jong Il YOON ··························································· 244Jong Koo KIM ·························································· 481Jong Kyu KIM ·························································· 177Jong Min CHOI ···················· 260, 261, 479, 483, 487Jong Moon CHOI ····················································· 455Jongchul Lim ····························································· 103Jonghoon HAN ················································· 134, 312Jong-Ki JEON ············ 217, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, ··········································································· 427, 428

Jong-Soo CHOI ························································· 126Jong-Soo Park ···························································· 334Jong-Won Lee ··················································· 147, 303Jongwoo CHOI ·························································· 350Jongwook KIM ········································ 393, 475, 482Jongyoung Jo ····························································· 476Joon Ho PARK ························································· 163Joon Soo KIM ··························································· 272Joon Young PARK ··················································· 306Joong Beom Lee ···························· 467, 468, 469, 470Joong Myeon BAE ··················································· 335Joonho PARK ···························································· 350Joonhyeon KIM ························································· 108Joon-Kwan MOON ···················································· 432Joon-Pyo Lee ····························································· 429Joon-Young Park ······················································· 301Jo-Shu Chang ····························································· 209Joshua Roqica ···························································· 143Ju Soo HYUN ·················································· 212, 407Ju-Hyeong CHO ··············································· 347, 463Ju-Hyung Lee ···························································· 346Jun Han KIM ···························································· 471Jun Kyu LEE ···························································· 272Jun lian Yin ······························································· 234Jun Ming XU ···························································· 401Jun Seok KIM ·················································· 431, 434Jun Shin LEE ···························································· 306Jun Woo Park ···························································· 384Jun Yeol PAEK ························································ 163Junbeom SHIM ·························································· 346Jung Bae LEE ··························································· 369Jung Bin LEE ···························································· 471

495

Jung Hoon Chae ························································ 487Jung Hun KIM ········································ 279, 286, 287Jung Kyu PARK ······················································· 395Jung Min KWON ······················································ 329Jung Min Sohn ·························································· 446Jung Oh Choi ···························································· 281Jung Suk Hong ·························································· 394Jung-Chin TSAI ························································· 430Jung-Hun Kim ··························································· 284Jung-Hun NOH ·························································· 158Jung-Il Yang ······························································ 228JungYup YANG ··············································· 269, 275Junhee Jung ································································ 294Jun-Ho JEUN ····························································· 282Junichi KOBAYASHI ··············································· 402Jun-Min Jeon ····························································· 368Jun-seok Park ······························································· 94Jun-Shin Lee ····················································· 300, 301Junsin Yi ··························································· 294, 295JunYoung LEE ······························· 139, 268, 269, 275Jurarat NISAMANEENATE ····································· 363Ju-Young PARK ··············································· 284, 285K.N. HUI ··································································· 393K.S. HUI ···································································· 393Kamrul ISLAM ·························································· 282Kang Hee Lee ··························································· 250Kang hoon Lee ················································· 354, 355Kang Hun LEE ························································· 349Kaushik SHARMA ···················································· 143Kazushi ITO ····················································· 402, 403Ke LI ·········································································· 401Kee Young KOO ······················································ 331Kenji Araki ································································ 270Kenji Yoshino ···························································· 113Kensuke Nishioka ············································· 113, 270Keun Won CHOI ······················································ 454Ki Hyeon Park ·························································· 130Ki Hyun Park ···························································· 129Ki Kwan KOO ·························································· 391Ki Kwang BAE ························································· 340Ki Mok Kim ······························································ 130Ki Weon Kang ················································· 119, 299Ki Won JUN ····························································· 447Ki Yong OH ······························································ 306Ki Yual Bang ···························································· 396Ki-Bok Min ································································ 255Kibong Kim ······················································ 475, 482Ki-Chang CHANG ························· 171, 257, 475, 482Ki-Tae LIM ································································ 282

Ki-Weon Kang ··························································· 316Ki-Yong Oh ······················································ 300, 301Ki-Yual BANG ·························································· 201Kojo Atta Aikins ·············································· 260, 261Kook Young AHN ···· 344, 347, 349, 354, 355, 372, 463Kotaro TAGAWA ····················································· 320Krishnil R RAM ·············································· 124, 143Kui WANG ································································ 400Kun-Hong Lee ··························································· 227Kuok Cheng ······························································· 258Kuphoonsap THANIN ··············································· 170Kwan Kyo CHAI ······················································ 177Kwang Jin JUNG ······················································ 137Kwang Jun KIM ······················································· 465Kwang Kim ································································ 258Kwang Yeom Kim ···················································· 256Kwang-Eun JEONG ·················································· 428Kwang-Soon Ahn ······················································ 105Kwang-Yul Kim ························································ 360Kwan-Young Lee ······················································ 408Kyehwan GIL ··················································· 302, 303Kyeong Keun OH ·························· 410, 411, 412, 429Kyeong Min Kim ······················································ 256Kyeongsup HAN ······················································· 307Kyong-Hwan Lee ······················································ 419Kyosik Hwang ··························································· 482Kyoung Hwan CHOI ················································ 155Kyoung Kwan AHN ················································· 244Kyoung Soo KANG ·················································· 340Kyoung-Ho LEE ····························· 382, 443, 444, 445Kyoung-mi Lee ·························································· 394Kyoung-Sik Jung ······················································· 259Kyung Dong Lee ······················································ 293Kyung Hee PARK ······· 104, 276, 279, 285, 286, 287Kyung Nam KIM ······················································ 201Kyung Ryoung Jang ········································ 459, 472Kyung Seh LEE ························································ 324Kyung Seop HAN ····················································· 127Kyung Su HA ··························································· 447Kyung Sub PARK ···················································· 454Kyung Sun PARK ··········································· 422, 423Kyung-Won Jeon ······················································· 409Lee Ku KWAC ························································· 338Leily Nurul KOMARIAH ········································ 216Li Li He ································ 288, 289, 290, 387, 466LIU Shuna ·································································· 210LU Pengmei ······························································· 210LUO Wen ·································································· 210M. Rafiuddin AHMED ·· 124, 143, 144, 243, 248, 249

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Mamoru Tani ····························································· 203Manoj Yadav ····························································· 159Maria Ortiz ································································ 188Mi Jin JEON ····························································· 426Mi Ran JUNG ··························································· 109Mi Ri KIM ································································ 399MIAO Changlin ························································· 210Michael A. Mongillo ················································ 253Min gu KIM ······························································ 268Min Jin LEE ······························································ 392Min Kuk KIM ··························································· 463Min Kyung SONG ··········································· 213, 437Min PARK ································································· 269Min U JEON ···················································· 120, 125Min-Ah Park ······························································ 105Minbum Kim ····························································· 294MinGu KIM ······················································ 269, 275Min-Ji JEONG ··························································· 421Minjin KIM ······················································· 155, 330Min-Kyu JI ······················································· 211, 295Minsu Kang ······························································· 431Minsung KIM ·········································· 171, 257, 490Minu Jeon ·································································· 136Mi-Soon LEE ····························································· 342Mohammed Asid ZULLAH ····································· 249Mohammed FAIZAL ········································ 248, 249Moon Chang Joo ·············································· 383, 384Moon Hyup Kim ······················································· 290Moon Seok JANG ·································· 138, 304, 308Moon Suk SUNG ······················································ 481Moon-Chang JOO ······················································ 443MOTOHIRO GOCHI ················································ 402Muhammad YAZID ·················································· 216Myong Ho Park ························································ 464Myung Suck Oh ························································ 483Myung Won SEO ··································· 449, 451, 453Myungsup Yoon ························································ 484Nak-Joong LEE ················································ 135, 248Nam Choon Baek ···································· 280, 383, 384Nam Hee Lee ···························································· 343Nam Ho KYONG ············································ 309, 310Nam Jin Kim ····························································· 381Nam Sun NHO ·························································· 449Nam-Choon BAEK ··········································· 443, 444Nam-Sun Nho ···························································· 228Nam-Sung AHN ·························································· 84Naoki Shibata ···························································· 270Nattawut Jaruwasupant ·············································· 152Ngudiantoro ································································ 172

Nguyen Tam Nguyen Truong ·································· 106No Sang KWAK ·············································· 459, 472Nochang Park ···························································· 292Noeon Park ································································ 394Novia SUMARDI ······················································ 216Nyun-Bae PARK ······················································· 204Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug ··············································· 233Orapin Chienthavorn ················································· 168Oybek Tursunkulov ·········································· 351, 387P.S. Sai PRASAD ····················································· 447Panchaluck SORNKADE ·········································· 362Paritta ROTWIROON ··············································· 221Patrick Mark Singh ··················································· 139Pedro Isusi ································································· 188PilHo HUH ······················································· 269, 275Pilkyu Kim ··································································· 94Pomthong MALAKUL ·············································· 221Prangtip KAEWPENGKROW ·································· 413Prof. Ali Sayigh ·························································· 83Qiang LI ····································································· 320Qingbin HE ································································ 320Qingsheng Wei ················································· 238, 239Quang Truong DINH ················································ 244Rak Joo Sung ···························································· 291Rasika B. Mane ················································ 160, 218Rawipa YONGPRAYOON ······································· 214Reda A.I. ABOU-SHANAB ····································· 211Rice Tanjung ······························································ 220Rohit CHAND ··························································· 282Rusdianasari ································································ 172S. M. Ifitiquar ··························································· 294S. Qamar Hussain ····················································· 295Sang Bong Lee ·························································· 451Sang Done KIM ··············································· 340, 449Sang Geun Lee ·························································· 313Sang Gyu Kang ················································ 354, 355Sang Hoon Kim ························································ 178Sang Hyon Lee ················································ 204, 394Sang Hyun JEONG ································· 359, 360, 368Sang In KEE ··········································· 369, 378, 461Sang In KEEL ········································· 375, 376, 377Sang J. LEE ······························································ 367Sang Ju Lee ······························································· 159Sang Jun Lee ····························································· 433Sang Jun Yoon ········································ 441, 449, 451Sang Min LEE ········································ 344, 454, 463Sang Mo KIM ·················································· 455, 457Sang Nam LEE ························································· 177Sang Won PARK ······················································ 399

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Sang Yeop Kim ························································ 290Sang-Dug KIM ·························································· 307Sang-Gyu KANG ······················································ 347Sanggyu Kang ·········································· 352, 353, 372Sangho LEE ······························································· 335Sang-Hoon Hyun ······················································· 162Sanghoon JI ······················································ 163, 164Sang-Hyoun Kim ······················································· 436Sanghyu LEE ····························································· 319Sangkon LEE ····························································· 393Sangkyoung Oh ························································· 114Sangmin Lee ······························································ 352Sang-Phil YOON ·············································· 370, 373Sang-Seok YU ········································· 347, 354, 355Sangsoo Lee ······························································· 258Sang-Sup LEE ········································· 359, 360, 368Sangwoo Park ···························································· 259Sang-Yeop Kim ······································· 289, 351, 466SangYup Kim ···························································· 288Saniporn Chanchaturaphan ········································ 168SATRIO ANINDITO ······································· 180, 181Se M. CHUN ···························································· 367Sea Seung OH ·················································· 309, 310See Hoon LEE ················································· 441, 451Seiya Ueno ································································· 270Seksan PAPONG ······················································· 221Seok Bum KIM ························································· 122Seok Chel Lee ··························································· 343Seok Jun MOOM ······················································ 145Seok Pil Jang ···························································· 178Seok YOON ······························································· 486Seokjoon Moon ················································· 131, 318Seon Ah ROH ·············· 369, 375, 377, 378, 461, 462Seon Yeong Jeong ··········································· 383, 384Seong Chan LEE ······················································ 213Seong Ho SEOK ·············································· 277, 278Seong Jegarl ············································· 467, 468, 470Seong Jik PARK ······················································· 432Seong Uk JEONG ····················································· 340Seong Wan KIM ·············································· 309, 310Seong Yeon YOO ····················································· 179Seonghun Kim ·················································· 417, 418SeongHyun Chun ······················································· 346Seongkon LEE, ·························································· 393Seong-Ryong PARK ·················································· 171Seoung Youn Lee ····················································· 178Sergio David Aldana Morataya ······························· 187Seul-Yi LEE ····················································· 336, 337Seung chul Lee ························································· 339

Seung Ho Lee ··························································· 385Seung Hoon Nahm ···················································· 343Seung Hwan Ko ························································ 153Seung hyeon CHOI ··················································· 335Seung Jin Yun ··························································· 351Seung Min LEE ······································ 125, 133, 315Seung Un YANG ······················································ 138Seung Wook KIM ············································ 421, 433Seunghoon LEE ······························ 126, 132, 314, 322Seunghwan KO ·························································· 154Seung-Hyun Lee ························································ 178Seung-Ill Moon ·························································· 323Seungmin LEE ········································· 132, 136, 314SEUNG-PYO LEE ···················································· 299Seung-Rae LEE ························································· 486Seung-Soo KIM ······························ 404, 405, 406, 437Se-Young Choi ·························································· 283Shen Dechang ···························································· 123Shihuyn Ahn ······························································ 295Shin Young KIM ······················································ 453Shin-Hyung Kang ······················································ 485Shin-Kun Ryi ····························································· 334Shiro Yano ································································· 203Shohrat Baymuradovich Niyazmuradov ·················· 189Shota Yoshida ···························································· 267Si-Doek OH ······························································· 190Sim-Hee Han ···················································· 219, 420Siriporn Larpkiattaworn ············································ 168So Hyun PARK ························································ 448Sok Kyun CHOI ······················································· 109Soni Solistia WIRAWAN ········································· 216Soo Bong HONG ······················································ 271Soo Gab LEE ·········································· 120, 125, 133Soo Hyun KIM ························································· 138Soo Jeong Jo ····························································· 290Soo Uk PARK ·························································· 391SooBong Lim ····························································· 111Soogab LEE ··························· 126, 132, 136, 314, 322Soohyun Bae ······························································ 293SooJeong Jo ······························································· 387Soo-Jeong Shin ················································· 219, 420Soo-Jin PARK ································ 336, 337, 345, 456Soon-Ho YIM ···························································· 285Soon-Myung LEE ············································· 382, 443Soon-Wook Jeong ············································· 351, 466Su Han KIM ······························································ 465Su Won YOON ························································· 457Suek Joo CHOI ························································· 423Suk Hwan KANG ············································ 447, 465

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Suk Whan KO ··························································· 308Suk Won Cha ·········································· 153, 164, 341Suk Won CHA ······························· 154, 163, 346, 350Sukkee UM ······················································· 151, 158Sun Ho KO ······························································· 338Sun-A CHOI ······························································ 421Sunbo Kim ································································· 294Sung Bong Kim ························································ 433Sung Chul HONG ····················································· 271Sung Ho PARK ··············································· 349, 372Sung Hoon Ahn ··············································· 110, 281Sung Hoon JANG ····················································· 455Sung Hoon PARK ····· 217, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, ··········································································· 427, 428Sung Hoon SHIM ··································· 359, 360, 368Sung Jin CHO ··························································· 371Sung Jin Kim ··················································· 283, 290Sung Jin LEE ···························································· 273Sung Ju Tark ···················································· 292, 293Sung Jun Hong ·························································· 228Sung Nam CHUN ····················································· 471Sung Seek Park ························································· 381Sung Tae KIM ·························································· 273Sung Yong Cho ························································ 279Sungbin Kim ······························································ 114Sungeun Park ····························································· 293Sung-Hae Park ··························································· 103Sung-Ho JO ······························································· 470Sungho NAM ····························································· 108Sunghoon Park ·················································· 212, 407Sung-Jin CHO ···························································· 435Sungjin Kim ··························· 288, 289, 351, 387, 466Sung-Woo Son ··························································· 139Sunik NA ··································································· 182Sunil Lal ···································································· 124Sun-Young JEONG ··················································· 443Supawan VICHAPHUND ········································· 215Susila ARITA ·········································· 172, 220, 216Suyong Chae ······························································ 353Tadahiro Taniguchi ···················································· 203Tae Hoon KIM ·························································· 412Tae Hwan CHO ··············································· 141, 142Tae Hyoung EOM ························· 467, 468, 469, 470Tae Hyun KIM ················································· 412, 419Tae Hyung KIM ························································ 120Tae Jin CHUNG ······················································· 311Tae Jong LEE ··························································· 254Tae Kyu AHN ··························································· 392Tae Won LEE ··························································· 488

Tae Woo BYEON ····················································· 457Tae Yong Kim ················································· 290, 466Tae Young CHUNG ················································· 145Tae Young KIM ······································ 279, 286, 287Taegon KANG ·················································· 155, 330Taehyun PARK ········································ 153, 154, 346Tae-Jin Kang ······························································ 452Tae-Won SONG ······································ 155, 156, 157Taeyong Kim ····························································· 289Tae-Young Chung ············································ 131, 318Tae-Young KIM ························································ 285Tai Jin MIN ············································ 371, 374, 376Taiho Park ·································································· 103Takashi Minemoto ··································· 101, 267, 270Takehiko TAKAHASHI ··································· 402, 403Teak-Han YUN ·························································· 317Tetsuro NAGATA ······················································· 85Thanh Dam PHAM ··················································· 137Thanh-An NGO ························································· 406Thawach CHATCHUPONG ····································· 221Thushan Ekneligoda ·················································· 255Tsuyoshi Sueto ·························································· 270Tursunkulov Oybek ·········································· 288, 466Tzong-Horng Liou ····················································· 348U Cheul Shin ···························································· 280Un Ho JUNG ··················································· 331, 332Viboon SRICHAROENCHAIKUL ·· 215, 362, 363, 413Viljar Palmrel ···························································· 258Wan Ho JEON ·························································· 122Wan Ho KIM ···························································· 458Wang Lai YOON ············································· 331, 332Wan-Ho SHIN ·················································· 365, 366Warakhom WONGCHAI ·········································· 214Wasana Khongwong ·················································· 168Wei SHI ··················································· 134, 312, 315Won Cheol KIM ······················································· 311Won Chul CHO ························································ 340Won Hyun Eom ························································ 451Won Seok Chi ··························································· 110Won Shik Choi ················································ 129, 130Won-Bi Han ······························································· 332Won-IL CHOI ··················································· 421, 429Won-Jun Jang ·········································· 332, 333, 409Won-Seok HONG ············································· 365, 366Wonwook Oh ····························································· 292Woo Hyun KIM ····························· 371, 374, 376, 462Woon Sang YOON ··················································· 254Xia CHANG ······························································ 401Xiang Zhou YUAN ·················································· 442

499

Xiao An NIE ····························································· 401Xu Honghua ································································· 99Yan LI ········································································ 320Yasuyuki Ota ····························································· 270Yeolwan SUNG ························································· 322Yeon il KANG ·························································· 268Yeon Ku Kang ·························································· 361Yeon Seok Choi ························································ 167Yeong Mi JI ······························································ 127YeonIl KANG ···························································· 269Yeonji Kim ································································ 396Yong Beom PARK ··················································· 437Yong C. HONG ························································ 367Yong Cheol Hong ····················································· 159Yong Cheol PARK ··················································· 434Yong Chil SEO ························································· 371Yong Heack KANG ·················································· 177Yong Heon Kim ························································ 464Yong Jeon CHOI ······················································ 489Yong Jin Kim ·········································· 226, 229, 460Yong Ki KIM ···························································· 488Yong Ku Kim ··························································· 441Yong Seok EOM ······················································ 471Yong Taek Choi ························································ 446Yong Wang ································································ 225Yong-Beom JO ·························································· 427Yongchan KIM ·························································· 171Yong-Chil SEO ·························································· 435Yong-Jin KIM ·········································· 364, 365, 366Yong-Jung Park ························································· 485Yongprayun RAWIPHA ············································ 170Yong-Sang KIM ··············································· 282, 346Yongseung YUN ······················································· 470Yongsun Joo ······························································ 259Yoon Ho Lee ··················································· 164, 341Yoonho CHO ····························································· 322Yoonho SONG ·························································· 254Yoon-Ki Hong Sang-Ho Chung ···························· 408Yoshihiro Kuwahata ·················································· 101Yoshiki SATO ··························································· 403Yosoon CHOI ···························································· 274Yottana Khunatorn ···················································· 152You Taek KIM ·························································· 237Youah Lee ·································································· 202You-Kwan OH ·················································· 212, 407Youn Ku KANG ······················································· 481Young Cheol HA ······················································ 122Young Cheol PARK ················································· 470Young Chul HUH ····················································· 145

Young Don YOO ······················································ 465Young Duk LEE ·············································· 349, 372Young Ho LEE ······························ 121, 135, 234, 237Young Hwa KIM ······················································ 481Young Min YUN ············································· 441, 451Young Soo AHN ······················································ 272Young Soo Kwon ····················································· 103Young Sub AN ························································· 273Young Sun RYOU ························· 361, 415, 416, 481Young Tae GUAHK ················································· 449Young Woo Rhee ····················································· 469Young-Do Choi ······································· 139, 238, 239Young-Duk LEE ························································ 347Young-Ho LEE ········································ 235, 248, 249Young-Jin BAIK ······································ 171, 475, 490Young-Jin Baik ················································· 257, 385Young-Jin Woo ·························································· 316Young-Jun SOHN ············································· 155, 330Youngkuk Kim ·························································· 295Young-Kwon PARK ··········· 217, 422, 423, 424, 425, ·································································· 426, 427, 428

Youngkyoo KIM ························································ 108YoungKyoung AHN ········································· 269, 275Youngseok Lee ·························································· 295Young-Soo Lee ················································· 257, 385Young-Woo CHOI ···················································· 342Young-Woo SON ············································· 316, 317Youn-Jung Lee ················································· 294, 295Yu Ho Rho ································································ 250Yu Jeong KIM ·························································· 395Yuan zhenhong ·························································· 210Yujin Jung ·································································· 114Yujin Song ································································· 353Yukio Enda ································································ 402Yun Ho SHIN ··························································· 145Yun Ju CHA ····························································· 338Yungpil YOO ···························································· 190Yu-Taek Kim ····························································· 234Zhan SI ······································································ 400Zheng Ruicheng ························································· 175

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