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What is Psychology? David Myers (8th Edition)

Prologue

PowerPoint SlidesMr. Mable

Tucker High School

2012

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Prologue: The Story of Psychology

Student’s will be able to:

• Define Psychology

• Explain the specific jobs Psychologist do

• Name key psychologist in its history

• Describe where Psychology came from

• List the Major Modern Perspectives

• List the types of degrees needed in psych

• Explain how to be a better psych student

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Prologue: The Story of Psychology

Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology

Psychological Science is Born

Psychological Science Develops

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Prologue: The Story of Psychology

Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Big Debate

Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Psychology’s Subfields

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

Psychology is:

The scientific study of _____ and

_____processes

• _____ = The study of

• ______ come from the Latin Psyche meaning the _______

Psychology

Psychology attempts to answer the following questions:

• Why do I do the things that I do?

• _________?

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Behavior vs. CognitiveCognitive

• Cannot normally be seen• Cognitive means ______• It is any mental activity• For example:

dreaming

perception

__________

judgments

planning

Behavior• Can be seen• Something that can be

________• i.e. Pushups

kissing

_______

playing

football

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Pre-Scientific Psychology

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Psychology’s RootsPrescientific Psychology

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In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas.

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Prescientific PsychologyConfucius (551-479 B.C.)

In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the importance of an educated

mind.

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Prescientific PsychologyHebrew Scriptures

Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the body.

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Prescientific PsychologySocrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.)

Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind

continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate.

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Prescientific PsychologyAristotle (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that

knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.

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Aristotle

• Wrote the ____ book about psychology called Peri Psyches

• Greek: “_______”

• The Greek letter ___

Is the symbol of

Modern Psychology.

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Prescientific PsychologyRene Descartes (1596-1650)

Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how

the immaterial mind and physical body communicated.

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Prescientific PsychologyFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)

Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental

method.

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Prescientific PsychologyJohn Locke (1632-1704)

Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences

wrote on it.

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Prescientific Psychology

Mind and body are connected

Mind and body are distinct

The Hebrews Socrates

Aristotle Plato

Augustine Descartes

What is the relation of mind to the body?

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Prescientific Psychology

Some ideas are inborn

The mind is a blank slate

Socrates Aristotle

Plato Locke

How are ideas formed?

Historical Perspectives

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Where did Psychology come from?

Modern Scientific PsychologyYou should know the differences between:

•_________ = Why?

•Physiology = Science of _________

•Psychology = What Causes ________?

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Psychological Science is Born__________

Wundt and _______ studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting

experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.

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Wilhelm Wundt

• Made the first ________ ________ EVER in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.

• A student of his named G. Stanley ___ made the first Psych lab in the United States at Johns _____ University in Baltimore, MD. His lab was modeled after Wundt’s.

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G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)

• Started 1st laboratory in ___

• Invited Sigmund Freud & Jung to visit USA

• Translated Freud’s work into English

• 1st President of the _____

• Founded American Journal of Psychology

• Studied adolescence and childhood

• Promoted the study of educational psychology

• Earliest study of the differences between men and women

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Psychological Science is Born_________

Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism,

which opposed structuralism.

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William James

• Wrote the first modern textbook EVER in _____ called _______ of Psychology.

• James was a professor of Psychology at _______ University.

• Much of what was in his book still holds true today!

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Gestalt Psychology• A theory of mind and brain that

proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

• Counters attempts to believe one can break down the mind or experience into bits and parts, as if we were machines .

• The idea that we tend to see the “Big Picture”, the forest instead of individual trees. Experience is always more than the sum of its parts

• Gestalt means _________or ________.

What do you see?

What do you see?

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The _____ is greater than the sum of its _____!

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Psychological Science is BornThe Unconscious Mind

Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the

unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.

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Sigmund FreudAustrian Neurologist (1856-1938)

• Invented Psychoanalysis the “talking cure”

• Unconscious mind• _____ Interpretation• Importance of early

childhood experiences• Theory of personality (Id,

ego, superego)• Defense mechanisms

such as repression, displacement

• ______ conflictTime Magazine voted him the 2nd Most

Influential Person in 20th Century

Sigmund Freud

• Medical Doctor of Neurology.

• “__________ of the Mind”.

• Founded:Psychoanalysis/Psychoanalytic Approach

Dream Analysis

Free Association(the “_____ _____”)

The ____________ Mind

And lots more…

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Psychological Science Develops____________

Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as

the subject matter of scientific psychology.

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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)Brilliant Russian ScientistWon Nobel Prize in Medicine for study

of the digestive system

Contribution to Psychology

• Concept of the “Conditioned Response”

• Classical __________ (learning by association)

Famous for his

experiments with dogs illustrating

the effects of conditioning

Who is conditioning whom?

John B. Watson and Behaviorism

• He believed it is _________ to study consciousness.

• ______: the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of ______ behavior

Little Albert – Where is he now?

Watson succeeded in conditioning fear into a normal child who previously did not react fearfully to the sight of a white rat, now the child feared all things white and furry (generalization)

B.F. SkinnerAmerican Psychologist (1904-1990)

• Pioneered “_______Conditioning” which is a kind of conditioning based on reinforcement (rewards & punishment)

• Promoted “Radical Behaviorism”, everything we do, think and say is the result of conditioning

• Invented all kinds of laboratory devices to study the learning process and measure simple behaviors in laboratory animals called a “_______Box”

Skinner Boxes

Skinner was a genius at developing ways to precisely measure behavior in laboratory settings.

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Psychological Science Develops

Humanistic Psychology

_____________ and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our

growth potential and our need for love and _______.

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of

Human Needs

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Psychology Today

We define psychology today as the

scientific study of _____ (what

we do) and ______ processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

The GOALS of Psychology

• Observe

• _____

• Explain

• Predict

• _____

What do we mean by control?

• This means to _____ something for a better outcome.

• This is not an ____ intent

• To make things _____

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American Psychological Association (Founded 1892)

• Professional organization for Psychologists

• Over 150,000 members

• Sets ethical guidelines for _____

• Lobbies for mental health and psychological issues

• ______colleges that have psychology programs

• Provides conferences, meetings and annual convention on psychological topics

• Encourages scientific research in psychology

• Headquarters in Washington D.C.

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Psychology’s Big Debate

Nature versus Nurture

Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

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• _____ versus Experience

• Am I the way I am because I was born that way or because of my _________?

Nature vs. Nurture

Can I ever be like these people, or does nature give me limitations?

Stability v. Change

• As the years pass, do we change or remain the _____?

• Are we become adults or are we always just big kids?

• Personality traits, physical appearance, sense of humor, tastes, etc…

Continuity v. Discontinuity

• Does growth occur ______ or in _____?

CONTEMPORARYPERSPECTIVES

What is a perspective?

• A point of _____• A philosophy about why things occur• A different way of ______ at something• Normally cooperative not antagonistic

Most psychologists take an _____ approach: a little bit of all the approaches depending on the patient and situation

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Biopsychosocial: Psychology’s ____ Main Levels of _____

Perspectives in Psychologya.k.a Approaches or Theoretical Perspectives

• Biological or Neuroscientific• Psychoanalytic (________)• Behavioral/Learning• Cognitive• _____________• Humanistic• Evolutionary

Biological Perspectives

• Emphasizes the influence of biology on our behavior

activity of brain cells, and ______ and ______processes Looks for the connections between events in the brain with behavior

BRAIN CELL

The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Stresses the influence of _________ forces on human behavior

The Learning Perspective

• Emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior.

Personal experience and ________ guide individual development

Social-Learning Behavior

• Suggests that people can change their environments or create new ones

• People can learn intentionally by _________ others

Cognitive Perspective

• Emphasizes the role played by ______ and perceptions in determining behavior

Studies _____ processes to understand human nature

Socio-cultural Perspective• Addresses issues such as _____, _____,

culture, and _____ status

• Based on the idea that these facts have significant impact on human behavior and mental processes

Humanistic Perspective

• Stresses the human capacity for _____ and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make _____

• Considers people’s personal _______ to be the most important aspect of psychology

The Evolutionary Perspective

• Looks at how our behaviors ensures our _______.

• What genes are inherited that influence our species.

• Focuses on _________.

• i.e. Facial Expressions: Surprise!

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Psychology’s Current Perspectives

Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsNeuroscience How the body and

brain enables emotions?

How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?

How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

Behavior genetics

How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?

To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?

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Psychology’s Current Perspectives

Perspective Focus Sample Questions

Psychodynamic

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?

How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?

Behavioral How we learn observable responses?

How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

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Psychology’s Current Perspectives

Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsCognitive How we encode,

process, store and retrieve information?

How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?

Social-cultural

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?

How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

The Subfields of Psychology

What do Psychologists do?72

Jobs Psychologists do

• ______• Counseling• School• Educational• Developmental• Industrial/

Organizational• Personality

• Social• Forensic• Environmental• _________• Health• Research/

Experimental

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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied

Data: APA 1997

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Psychology’s Subfields: Research

Data: APA 1997

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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied

Psychologist What she does

ClinicalStudies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

CounselingHelps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.

EducationalStudies and helps individuals in school and educational settings

Industrial/Organizational

Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.

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Psychology’s Subfields: Research

Psychologist What she does

BiologicalExplore the links between brain and mind.

DevelopmentalStudy changing abilities from womb to tomb.

CognitiveStudy how we perceive, think, and solve problems.

Personality Investigate our persistent traits.

SocialExplore how we view and affect one another.

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A _______(Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy.

_______ on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments

like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.

Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry

NOT TO BE CONFUSEDWITH A PSYCHIATRIST!!

A PSYCHIATRIST is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems & who can _____ medication for clients.

Psychologists Psychologists ______________ prescribe prescribe medication!medication!

VALIUM (A DRUG FOR TREATING ANXIET)

What Degree Do I Need?

College Degrees

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Bachelor of Arts / Science

• A BA or BS in Psychology on the ______ level is one of the fastest growing and popular majors

• A very diverse discipline that is a good background for any career.

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Master of Arts / Science

• To be a clinical psychologist or _______ you must obtain a Master’s.

• Requires Master’s thesis w/ research.

• The academic hood is shown to the right.

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Doctorate: PhD or Psy D

• PhD is more for teaching in college.

• PhD is a approximately 3-4 years of school and research w/ ________.

• PsyD is for _____ practice.

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Graduate Degrees

• You don’t go get a grad degree from anywhere because of the _____ or name recognition of the school.

• You look at the research being done and the facilities/program provided. Is the professor on the cutting edge of ____ on the topic you want to study???

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Other Profession Grad Degrees

• M.D. = Medical Doctor

• J.D. = Juris Doctorate (Law)

• M.S. = Master of Social Work

• M.T. = Master of Teaching

• MBA = Master of Business Admin

• MFA = Master of Fine Arts

• MTh = Master of Theology

• Pharm D = Doctor of Pharmacology85

Degree Summary

• To work in the field of psychology you will probably need to obtain at least a master’s degree.

• You will need ____ years of schooling and training, as well as a profession license from the state.

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How to be the best AP Psychology student that you

can be…

the following slide give some study tips

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Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads.

Question: Ask questions. Make notes. Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections

and chapters in entirety. Review: Margin definitions. Study learning

outcomes. Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with

quizzes.

Close-upYour Study of Psychology

Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)

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_______ your time. Listen _____ in class. ______. Be a smart test-taker.

Close-upAdditional Study Hints