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World War II: The World War II: The Road to WarRoad to War

Section 1: The Rise of Section 1: The Rise of DictatorsDictators

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TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

►Government exerts Government exerts totaltotal control over a control over a nation nation

►Dominates every Dominates every aspect of life – aspect of life – using terrorusing terror Examples: Examples: Hitler, Hitler,

Mussolini, and StalinMussolini, and Stalin

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Germany

Hitler

U.S.S.R. (Russia)

Stalin

Italy

Mussolini

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FascismFascism►Emphasizes the importance of the Emphasizes the importance of the

nation or an ethnic group and nation or an ethnic group and supreme authority of the leadersupreme authority of the leader

►Vicious form of communismVicious form of communism►Relies upon a strong, dictatorial Relies upon a strong, dictatorial

government government ►Doesn’t respect individual rights Doesn’t respect individual rights

and freedomsand freedoms►Historically, Fascism and Historically, Fascism and

Communism are fierce enemiesCommunism are fierce enemies

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Stalin’s Mass GenocideStalin’s Mass Genocide

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Stalin – Soviet UnionStalin – Soviet Union►Took power after Lenin’s death Took power after Lenin’s death

(1924)(1924)►Launched plan to modernize Launched plan to modernize

agriculture and the building of agriculture and the building of new industriesnew industries Encouraged family farms to Encouraged family farms to

combine and a huge collective of combine and a huge collective of farms (owned and run by the farms (owned and run by the state)state)

Faced resistance – forced peasants Faced resistance – forced peasants off their land in the 1920’soff their land in the 1920’s

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Stalin – More resistanceStalin – More resistance

►Punished resistant farmersPunished resistant farmers Confiscated much or all their foodConfiscated much or all their food Millions die from starvation or Millions die from starvation or

move to the citiesmove to the cities Millions are forced to work in labor Millions are forced to work in labor

camps in Siberia (Brrrrr…50 below)camps in Siberia (Brrrrr…50 below) Consequence: production fell Consequence: production fell

dramatically, food shortages, dramatically, food shortages, forced rationingforced rationing

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Stalin – Reign of TerrorStalin – Reign of Terror

►Efforts to gain political Efforts to gain political dominationdomination Purges: process of removing Purges: process of removing

enemies and undesirables from enemies and undesirables from powerpower

““Purified” the Communist Party by Purified” the Communist Party by getting rid of all of his opponentsgetting rid of all of his opponents

The Great Purge (1934-1939): 7 The Great Purge (1934-1939): 7 million arrested, 1 million executed, million arrested, 1 million executed, millions ended up in labor campsmillions ended up in labor camps

Very Successful Very Successful

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Mussolini – Italy Mussolini – Italy

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Mussolini - ItalyMussolini - Italy►WWI wounded vetWWI wounded vet►Believed strongly that the Believed strongly that the

Versailles Treaty should have Versailles Treaty should have granted Italy more territorygranted Italy more territory

►Attracted support from dissatisfied Attracted support from dissatisfied war vets, opponents of the war vets, opponents of the monarchy, Socialists, and monarchy, Socialists, and anarchistsanarchists

►Formed Fascist partyFormed Fascist party

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Mussolini – Mussolini – Il DuceIl Duce►Relied on gangs, blackshirts, to Relied on gangs, blackshirts, to

terrorize those who opposed terrorize those who opposed himhim

►Threatened to march on Rome Threatened to march on Rome … king panicked and appointed … king panicked and appointed him prime ministerhim prime minister Vowed to end Italy’s economic Vowed to end Italy’s economic

problemsproblems Suspended elections, outlawed Suspended elections, outlawed

political parties, and established political parties, and established dictatorshipdictatorship

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Mussolini’s EmpireMussolini’s Empire

►Ultimate dream was to restore Ultimate dream was to restore the Roman Empirethe Roman Empire

►““The country is nothing without The country is nothing without conquest”conquest”

►October 1935: invaded Ethiopia October 1935: invaded Ethiopia using warplanes and poison gasusing warplanes and poison gas

►““Italy finally has its empire”Italy finally has its empire”

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Hitler – Germany Hitler – Germany

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Hitler - GermanyHitler - Germany►Austrian painter & WWI Austrian painter & WWI

wounded vetwounded vet►Enraged by terms of WWI Enraged by terms of WWI

peace settlementpeace settlement Stripped Germany of land and Stripped Germany of land and

coloniescolonies Burden of debtBurden of debt War-guilt clause – Germany had War-guilt clause – Germany had

to take blame for WWIto take blame for WWI

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Hitler – Nazi PartyHitler – Nazi Party

►1919 joined National Socialist 1919 joined National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party)Party)

►Nazism: Nazism: form of fascism form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about Germany ideas about Germany nationalism and racial nationalism and racial superioritysuperiority

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Hitler – The Charismatic Hitler – The Charismatic LeaderLeader

►Powerful speakerPowerful speaker►1923: tried to overthrow gov’t. 1923: tried to overthrow gov’t.

… Sentenced to 5 yrs. in prison… Sentenced to 5 yrs. in prison Wrote Wrote MeinMein Kampf (My Struggle)Kampf (My Struggle), ,

an autobiography, views on an autobiography, views on Germany’s problems and plans Germany’s problems and plans for the nationfor the nation

Wanted to purify Germany – Wanted to purify Germany – removing the undesirablesremoving the undesirables

Promised to stabilize the Promised to stabilize the economy after depressioneconomy after depression

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Warm-Up (02/11)Warm-Up (02/11)►Listen to Hitler’s declaration of war on Listen to Hitler’s declaration of war on

Poland, September 1, 1939:Poland, September 1, 1939: Translation: For months we have been Translation: For months we have been

suffering under the torture of a problem suffering under the torture of a problem which the Versailles ‘Diktat’ created. A which the Versailles ‘Diktat’ created. A problem which has deteriorated until it problem which has deteriorated until it has become intolerable for us. Danzig has become intolerable for us. Danzig was and is a German city. The [Polish] was and is a German city. The [Polish] corridor was and is German. Danzig was corridor was and is German. Danzig was separated from us. The corridor was separated from us. The corridor was annexed by Poland…annexed by Poland…

QUESTION: Listen to and read the QUESTION: Listen to and read the translation. What evidence is that Hitler translation. What evidence is that Hitler was a “charismatic” leader?was a “charismatic” leader?

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Hitler becomes ChancellorHitler becomes Chancellor►1932: Nazi party is largest group in 1932: Nazi party is largest group in

the the Reichstag (German version of Reichstag (German version of the Capitol – center of government)the Capitol – center of government)

►1932: Hitler placed 21932: Hitler placed 2ndnd in in presidential racepresidential race

►1933: made chancellor – head of 1933: made chancellor – head of German governmentGerman government Suspended freedom of speech an pressSuspended freedom of speech an press Used storm troopers to wage violent Used storm troopers to wage violent

campaigncampaign

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Hitler – Hitler – Der FührerDer Führer►Nazi Party dominates the Nazi Party dominates the

ReichstagReichstag in the March elections in the March elections 3 weeks later Reichstag 3 weeks later Reichstag

mysteriously burns down – Hitler mysteriously burns down – Hitler blames the Communistsblames the Communists

Parliament passes an Enabling Bill Parliament passes an Enabling Bill to give him dictatorial powersto give him dictatorial powers

August 1934: becomes both August 1934: becomes both chancellor and presidentchancellor and president►Gave himself the title of Gave himself the title of Der FührerDer Führer

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ReichstagReichstagGerman German CapitalCapital

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Germany RearmsGermany Rearms►Secretly started spending Secretly started spending

money on rearmament and money on rearmament and expansion army expansion army (violated (violated Treaty of Versailles)Treaty of Versailles)

►Put unemployed back to work Put unemployed back to work AutobahnAutobahn and massive public and massive public

buildingsbuildings►1936: Industry prospered and 1936: Industry prospered and

brought Germany out of the brought Germany out of the DepressionDepression

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Increasing National PrideIncreasing National Pride

►LebenstraumLebenstraum: “Living Space”: “Living Space” Belief that Germans needed Belief that Germans needed

more territorymore territory Goal: conquer Eastern Europe Goal: conquer Eastern Europe

and Soviet Unionand Soviet Union March 7, 1936: German Troops March 7, 1936: German Troops

entered the Rhineland (Violated entered the Rhineland (Violated Treaty of Versailles)Treaty of Versailles)

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Breakin’ the Law & No Breakin’ the Law & No ResponseResponse

►Reality: Germany isn’t Reality: Germany isn’t ready for warready for war

►France & G.B. didn’t France & G.B. didn’t respond to his respond to his violationsviolations

►1936: Hitler signs an 1936: Hitler signs an alliance w/Mussolini alliance w/Mussolini (Axis Powers)(Axis Powers)

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Germany ExpandsGermany Expands►1938: Hitler invades “1938: Hitler invades “AuschlussAuschluss” ”

(Austria)(Austria) Austrian chancellor refused to surrenderAustrian chancellor refused to surrender Most Austrians warmly welcome NazisMost Austrians warmly welcome Nazis

►Oct. 1938: Hitler demands the Oct. 1938: Hitler demands the Sudetenland (Western Sudetenland (Western Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovakia) Munich Council: France & G.B. pursued a Munich Council: France & G.B. pursued a

policy of appeasement to maintain policy of appeasement to maintain peacepeace

France was bound to protect Czech. – France was bound to protect Czech. – Problem: No one consulted them about Problem: No one consulted them about the takeoverthe takeover

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SudetenlandSudetenland

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Franco – Spain Franco – Spain

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Franco - Spanish Civil WarFranco - Spanish Civil War►General Francisco Franco led General Francisco Franco led

Nationalists (rebels) vs. Nationalists (rebels) vs. Republicans (newly elected Republicans (newly elected gov’t.)gov’t.)

►Franco creates military Franco creates military dictatorshipdictatorship

►Germany provided planes, tanks, Germany provided planes, tanks, and soldiers to the Nationalistsand soldiers to the Nationalists

►Soviet Union sent arms and Soviet Union sent arms and supplies to the Republicanssupplies to the Republicans