10 neck masses - copy
TRANSCRIPT
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Congenital Neck Masses
DONE BY
Dr Duong
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Landmarks
1. Hyoid bone
2. Thyroid cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage
4. Trachea
5. Sternocleidomastoid muscles
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Anatomy of the neck
• The sternocleidomastoid muscle divides each side of the neck into 2 major triangles:
1. Anterior triangle (digastric & sup. Belly of omohyoid)
– Submandibular triangle
– Submental triangle
– Carotid triangle
– Muscular triangle
2. Posterior triangle (inf. Belly of omohyoid)
– Occiptal triangle
– Supraclavicular triangle
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Anterior triangleBorders:1. Laterally: anterior border of the SCM2. Medially: midline3. Superiorly: lower border of the mandible
Posterior triangleBorders: • Anteriorly: posterior border of the SCM• Inferiorly: clavicle• Posteriorly: anterior border of trapezius muscle
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Subclavian triangle
Occipital triangle
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Neck masses• Defintion: any abnormal enlargement, swelling, or
growth between clavicles & mandible.
• Lymphadenopathy is the most common cause
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Classification of neck masses
1. True & pseudo masses
2. Acquired & congenital
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Congenital
– Midline
• Thyroglossal cyst
• Dermoid cyst
– Lateral
• Branchial cyst
Acquired
– Inflammatory
– Neoplastic
– Traumatic (hematoma)
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Congenital neck masses
1. Thyroglossal Cyst (most common).
2. Branchial Cyst.
3. Dermoid.
4. Cystic Hygroma.
5. Hamartoma.
6. Teratoma.
7. Lipoma.
8. Laryngocele.
9. Diverticulum.
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THYROGLOSSAL CYST• Fibrous cyst that forms from a
persistent thyroglossal duct
• Most common congenital neck mass
• Childhood
• Midline mass
• Elevated with tongue protrusion
• Painless (if infected painfull)
• Smooth and cystic
Presentations:
• Dysphagia.
• Breathing difficulty.
• Dyspepsia especially if large mass. Rx:• Total resection with central part of
hyoid bone to avoid recurrence.
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Branchial Cyst
• Remnants of embryonic development
• Result from failure of obliteration of the branchial cleft
• Cystic mass
• Develops under the skin between SCM & pharynx.
Presentation:
• Asymptomatic (mostly)
• Painful if become infected.
Rx:
• Surgical excision
• Complete surgical excision may be difficult, so they can recur.
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Dermoid cyst• Cystic teratoma
• Contains mature skin complete with hair follicles and sweat gland. sometimes clumps of hair, and often pockets of sebum, blood, fat.
• Almost always benign and rarely malignant.
• Midline mass
• Not move with protruding the tongue
• Solid or hard in consistency.
• Usually limitted to the skin
Rx:
• Complete surgical removal.
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1. Inspection : a. site b. shape .
c. color . d. relation to swallowing.
e. relation to tongue protrusion .
Physical examination
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InvestigationsRules of investigations:
1. Effective in Dx & or assessment of the disease.
2. Harmless.
3. Cost-effective.
4. Guided by medical suspecion.
Types of investigation:
1. Radiological
2. Labs
3. Endoscopy & biopsy
4. FNA (diagnostic)
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Radiological
• X-ray (not helpful).
• Barium swallow in hypopharyngeal diverticulum.
• US: differentiate btw solid & cystic masses
• CT: assessment of the mass itself.
• MRI: nature of the mass
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US
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CTBenefits:1.Distinguish cystic from solid lesions.2.Define the origin and full extent of deep, ill-defined masses.3.When used with contrast can delineate vascularity or blood flow.4.Detect an unknown primary lesion.5.To help with staging purposes.
Signs of metastatic carcinoma•Lucent changes within nodes•Size larger than 1.5cm•Loss of sharpness of nodal borders are often.
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MRI
• Provides much of the same information as CT.
• It is currently better for upper neck and skull base masses due to motion artifact on CT.
• With contrast it is good for vascular delineation and may even substitute for arteriography in the pulsatile mass or mass with a bruit or thrill.
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Labs
• TB
• Sarcoidosis
• Hematological (lymphoma, leukemia)
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Endoscopy & Biopsy
• Fibro-optic or rigid endoscopy
• Nose-larynx-pharynx-esophagus-mouth.
• Take biopsy:
– If u cannot find the primary lesion in the neck, take Bx from suspected places.
• Base of the tongue.
• Tonsils.
• Nasopharynx.
• Pyriform fossa.
• Supraglottic.
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• 90% of cases it gives true Dx.
• Could have false –ve or false +ve.
• Differentiate btw inflammatory & neoplastic masses.
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RADIONUCLEOTIDE SCANNING
• Differentiate a mass from within or outside a glandular structure.
• Also indicate the functionality of the mass.
• Important for salivary and suspected thyroid gland masses.
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Cause Suggestive Findings Diagnostic Approach
Congenital disorders
Branchial cleft cyst Lateral massUsually overlying thesternocleidomastoid muscleOften with a sinus or fistula
Ultrasonography (children)CT (adults)
Dermoid or sebaceouscyst
Rubbery and nontender(unless infected)
Thyroglossal duct cyst Midline, nontender mass
Other
Simple, nontoxic goiter Nontender diffuse thyroidenlargement
Thyroid function testingThyroid scan
Subacute thyroiditis Fever, usually thyroid tenderness andenlargement
Ultrasonography
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Thank you