10. scientific writing
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
1/57
,
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
2/57
!" #$ $%
& '$ ()*+,,+- $. /001$00 (2,,+3+,45,6,7-
8 8 00 981 :: (88;0%! /
:: :: ::1 0000::-=+T*E5=@h N:: h lF+2=?,
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
16/57
8
& $8 D C#0 8C00! $%
000 8' 000$ $000 C# $$ /:::L
& $ 8C'0 D C$0 8' $
BC D 0D $ $#$8 000 000$ :'# 0CC80 0$ 00000L
& 8CC1 : " #00 0 0# $::: D 0$000
00$C% 0$ 00000L
& " 00 $:::: "" $8 )'0CC008 0'80! :$CC0$
0$0 0$0000 $0CC0$ 00000L
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
17/57
8& '80 $ 8C'0 : /
08000 #8 0$ 00000L& ;0U:CC 0':1 0'80
0%CC0 $8 $ / 88;!::: #8 BC1 $00$C0 00L
& 0%CC0 $8 $ 0 0CC0/:C00 C C# 0 "
$8 $0000L& ::$: 8' $"" 0'D! 0$ C00 C "(=+5Q5@*A *+E5)A,- 0%CC0 $8 D :$::1
8 ()*?, +,2=+E- 00 C 00L
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
18/57
8
& J' C$0 8' D 0000$1 # ""$ $8 /:C080 :0%CC0 $8 D C$0 8'
::: ::$1 C ::$::! 001C80 "8" 0$ 00000L& J' " ::$: 0
$8 /:C 000 : C$0 8'C# "" 00 C0%CC1 8 $8 D :'#$: : DK000 8C000 $8! K000 #C$0 0#$:::: ::$1 $0CC0$0 #$ 98:L
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
19/57
8
& 0%CC1 8 $8 $$ "" $ 0CC008$ %00 ::$: #
080L
& 0%CC1 #$ : D::$: """ 8' $
::'#: (>=)F?,7- 0$ 98:L
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
20/57
8
& +
h IC80 8C00# C 8'000 BC $8
h ::$: ::1! "" 8'$00000 8 0'# 0000CC80 0$
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
21/57
--
& 0%CC1 $:9 :$ $8 ::$ /:: DC$0 " /:1 C#0 $$ 0""$ 0CC0 $$ $:::: ::$1$ #L
& ': 8C0001$00 00001 $$'$! C1 8000 :: $C'0 $$ :8: ("" ::!
C0008 8' C81 0008- / $8 C#0 $$/:::L
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
22/57
--
& ':CC 8C0001$00 $ K0 !K000 8' "'""% 8000 '0'D8000 :CC ""$ 00000L
& ;0U:CC C81 "" $88C000 00 0'80! "8 " $8:$: 00 """ C# # " C$ $8 00L
& M# 0':1 K000 8C000 8::0'801! BC0000 K000 K0 $00$ #0'0000L
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
23/57
--
& I# C " /::0%CC0 $8 "8" K ::$:#8 0$ 98:L
& " : /:: :: /:CC:::! $:9::8 "
$8 0$ 00000L
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
24/57
N::
& .
h 000 8C000 $8
h " $8 8C0000 BC0000$:::: ::$
h IC81 8C000008 BC0000K000 8' "'""% ::$
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
25/57
& $ ## 0%CC0 $8 #$$'# :$:: $ D # C"$ /:1 ::$:! :::$ #00 K'0 BL
& J C! 0'%000 0%CC0 #$& J :: $ 8C'0008 0'0$
& IC81 0 $ $00$& "$ #C$0 0008 0'0 :$CC0$
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
26/57
.)'''/ '', 0'1' 234
N:$:# $8 #$& BC $8!& K0 $8!
& K0 000 %CCC80!& t $$ $8
:CC0$
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
27/57
.)'''/ '', 0'1'254
0 / #$ ` 0$000 #$.
& C0001 ""'"""
& J8 00! /0'0
& C0001 0;0! $$
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
28/57
.'*6 ''
& C00000 %CCC80 :$:$808U $ ! $ :CC0$1 808U 00u $
/
& 08U D C$0 8C000$ C$00#! ::::!
::: 8 00
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
29/57
.'*6 '/ *)'''/
'7' '' 0 * )*'
& L C0001 /0'0 $8.h C$0 8C0001 /0'01 #$
h N0'01 $ 8C0$ $C'D8CC1 00$
h N0'01 $8 C$0 8C000 K0/0'000! K0 $C'D8CC1 8C0$! K0 00$1 ::$: C80$ D808U $$! $$ "$"
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
30/57
.'*6 '/ *)'''/
'7' '' 0 * )*'
IL C0001 $ 0! ' $.h 8C0001 : CBC /:: h ' $h
'$ 00h ' $h C000 :CC0$ 0 $080$ 0CCh 0CC / CBC $C'D8CC
vv 808U $$ $! 0D K0 $C'D8CC1 $000CC0 $$ $ / 00000
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
31/57
.'*6 '/ *)'''/
'7' '' 0 * )*'
wL %CCC0$ 00.h 8C000 $$ CBC %CCC0$ 0CCh ::u #001h8CC ""! %! ::h8CC $ 0CC.
& J0C 0'0$ $& ::& C0 C0
h01 ::h C000 $0CC80 $C'Dh C000008 $08080 $C'D
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
32/57
.8 .'*6
''
08U $$ 0CC1::$: C80$.
& :CC0$! 00$! ::'8CC0$0 00$
p:0! 0CC u:! '#! ::u& $ $K/00 $ 0'0$ ()=@>57,@), 5@E,+4*A-& t00x 0000 u 0 0D;0'u& # $:::1 '! 00$ ;8
& 001 C0! 0080 /0'0CC
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
33/57
+8 9 * .'*6
& C0001 /:1 0CC $C'D8CCCC0 $$
& JC'D8CCCC0 808U $
0080 : $8! /C 0D:$:: $ 8::$ $0CC0$& J8! /C0 808U
:'# $ :CC0$ (2 4*AF,-
& 08U ;8 00 K00! $00001::%8: ; #$.
hyz{|y. }_!^~ ZL^! 2~]L]_ *@7 )R53?F*+, E,?E._~\^L\! 2~]L]\-
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
34/57
+8 9 * .'*6
& 08U ! CCC BC $0CC000 :CC0$! 000$h ;;88 $$. 08 $
$ ! "" $ 00
000 $ & z=@3E,)R@5)*A E,+T? 3 $$8 /08$$
3 )=++,A*E5=@
3 @=+T*A
3 ?5Q@5>5)*@E :q9: 808U !
! 0CC0 $0 #$ 000 :CC0$
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
35/57
.'*6 ' --- )/
& t $ 00 0'80 ::%::1 C1:CC0$h'=FE! *22+=G5T*E, 3 8 $$
& MCC1 #$ :: 0$000$. C0 08^L\< 3 ^L\_g^ 0'0$
& C0! C0 000! 800 $0/0 /#$ ::: 0'0$
& :%; 0'0$00 $'# $ C00 h _Z[!$' C0$0 ::: 0'0$ : 00'1 ::: 000 C00 0'0$ _Z![
& E,?E! } E,?E! )R53?F*+, E,?E 3 C1 _ :::C00 #$ E~_LZ^
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
36/57
: )', ;0''
& 08U $8 :$:: /00'0 C1 #! 2~]L^Z #$
& J' 808U 0# $::: : zn =+ c@=E?5Q@5>5)*@Ed $
& J' cd C0 /C0! $8 8 :0'0 #$ 0000
& :: C80 ;8 00 x8; $K/001 /00'0 $0 #$
cdC1 000 #$ D $00 u2]L^Zu
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
37/57
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
38/57
.'*6 ' 0 ' ---
3 808U 0# $:::3 / 0# $:::1 K00 $
& 808U 0# $::: h %CCC80 :: $ ::%: 0080 C0
& / 0# $::: h /p0UU :: "'#" 8 :!$$% ""#"
.)'' '''' 0*=
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
39/57
.)'' '''' 0*=
, , :
. :h h ! , h "#,
h $ , %
h #,
&. $ :' % %
'
' , %
'
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
40/57
.)'' '''' 0*=
wL ::'8CC0$.3 :CC0$! 00$
3 $$ 000 8::$! $$
3 0000 00$! /0'0#0$L #$! $.
3 $$ 000 8::$
3 808U $ #$
3 $! 000$
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
41/57
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
42/57
>- 0 (
& C000 $$ ""$ ;.
& J$ ""'" C 8C0000 $0000$ "" $8 8C000 8C0$
& C$0 # $8 8C0001 ""!' : $
& C 8C0$ 98: $! 8C0$ / :0'0$& C0001 080 ;.
& C$0 8C0001 8CCD & C00# "" 8C0001 C80
! "8 8C0001 $0D%CC0$& IC80 8C000008 K000()*+(-
:CC0$!
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
43/57
? -))'.
@8 &'())' )A) - * (ntroducton-.& C$0 8' $.
h C080!h J%8
3 8C0001 000$ $000:CC0$
3 0 080! BC 8C0#$00 000:'# $C00C $ 0%0! :CC0$
@''' 0*=
& " 8C0000 ! ::%:: 8C0000$0D%CC0$
& " $8 0# $::: $ 00808C000 /0+12-2
?
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
44/57
B8 9 ( 2d%cu%%on4.& "" 8C000008 080
0%CC0 $8 CD80 "8"8C0001 $0D%CC0 $$.h ::%:: K0 080
h BC ""! :%:: 0801 8C00#000$! $0D%CC0$
@''' 0*=
h "$ 8C0000 $0D%CC0$0 /"#!
0$000 080 c:%:d $!0001 000$ :::: $$
h IC80 8C0000 $0D%CC0 ;$0U00::#$! $CC00$008 /08$$
? -))'=
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
45/57
>- 0 '' *1
'1' ''''
N:$:# : / :CC0$ $ 8'
8::$:: 00$ : .
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
46/57
>- 0 '' *1
& : / ::$: ::: $ 8' :CC0$& ': : / :CC80
$0C%00000 :CC0$& $ $ 0008 0'80 0$ (=+5Q5@*A
7=)FT,@E-
& J /"'"""8"! /"' $ 8'8 0'0$()=++,)E A5@b! -& X,E+*)E,7 2FaA5)*E5=@ . (VWm-
h lFaW,73 +,E+*)E,7 *+E5)A,? 3 " 8$
:CC0$ h C%0080! $'& : / :CC80 $ 8' D 8:$8: $ 0'#/$! 00$! ::$ ::: 0$
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
47/57
>- 0 '' *1
& 3445 6 5478494 ;?@58AB 6 @ & C% :
h " % h " %
h D % %& E , ,
$ 6FA45?G==8@
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
48/57
C *1
*--- '' '''))
& JC'D $ :! 01 0'00! & C01 $""#! 01 0'00& ;/8
& J' !
orE!# FuG#c!ton%H -))' 0*=
3 $C1 0;0CC
3 8 $0'80CC
3 $%! $'
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
49/57
C 1 *
-))' ---=
3 J' $ $'$ $0'80 "8 0'80 ;.
(*)),2E,7-3 c5@ 2+,??d3 $ 8 """ $'$
$ 0'00 ;. (?FaT5EE,7-
3 c5@ 2FaA5?R,7 =a?,+4*E5=@?d h $$8 $/"'"""
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
50/57
: / _ 8 /0'000 #. .3 !rJ!rd %K%t"E=
3 : / 0800.
3 8 000000 : / 0800$3 ;U88 $ ;.
3 N:$:# :':3 J'8 :
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
51/57
>- 0 0'1'
3 L!ncouJ"r %K%t"E=3 : / 0800.
3 0'80 000000 : /0800$
3 ;U88 $ ;.3 00 :::: C000$ (\!_-
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
52/57
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
53/57
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
54/57
. '1*'
''
nN!For" M"dc!# Oourn!#R*A=,Sb5EE5 o! WFEE*+*b W! zQ L y+E5>*)E? 5@ T*TT=Q+*2RS. 6*S? E= 57,@E5>S
*@7 =4,+)=T, ER,TL n5@Q*2=+, W,7 _]]^< g.^`3\
Pnn!#% oQ urN"rKR*A=,Sb5EE5 o! WFEE*+*b W! zQ L y+E5>*)E? 5@ T*TT=Q+*2RS. 6*S? E= 57,@E5>S
*@7 =4,+)=T, ER,TL 0ingapore Med 1 _]]^< g.^`3\
Oourn!# oQ t$" RoK!# oc"tK M"dcn"R*A=,Sb5EE5 o! WFEE*+*b W! zQ L y+E5>*)E? 5@ T*TT=Q+*2RS. 6*S? E= 57,@E5>S
*@7 =4,+)=T, ER,TL Singapore Med 1 _]]^< g.^`3\
or#d Sourn!# oQ urNc!# Tnco#oNKR*A=,Sb5EE5 o! WFEE*+*b W! zQ L PrtQ!ct% n E!EEoNr!F$K= U!K% to d"ntQK
!nd oJ"rcoE" t$"E80ingapore Med 1 _]]^< VW.^`3\
X
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
55/57
X
& J0 $ /0'0 D L!ncouJ"r& " $'$ ""! :8:
/0'00& #$ 8.
& 8. 5E*A5)! a=A7!& N0 0'0$! :'#:$ / K000
000CC 0'D0& z*E5=@*A A5a+*+S T,75)5@, (zoW-- 0 ''
-
7/21/2019 10. Scientific Writing
57/57
>- 0 ''
'*))))
& $00! ::'# 0'0$& C0000 $00000! : "
:$CC0$& $8 CC $CC00 "" B :CC0$& : / :8: C80 8C00# ::$!
$$ :: 0$& " $8 8C000008 :CC80
$8! /C0! 00 D 00000 C8 0$& : / C$0 8 0'0$ 0001
0CC # 0$